FLORA OF TROPICAL AFRICA,
FLOKA
ere alae
OF
SRORICAL AFRICA.
EDITED BY
SIR W. T. THISELTON-DYER, K.C.M.G.; C.LE.,
{1.0 BRS, ard.
HONORARY STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD ;
DIRECTOR, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW,
VOL-Vili,
PONTEDERIACEH TO CYPERACEA,
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE FIRST COMMISSIONER
OF HIS MAJESTY’S WORKS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
LONDON:
LOVELL REEVE & CO, LiMiTED,
Publishers to the Home, Colonial and indian Governments,
6 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1902.
« Bet.Garden
1808
7
|
DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS
OF THIS VOLUME.
Part I. pp. 1-192 was published June 1901.
oa RT, 42 Ge oes * September 1901.
» III. ,, 385 to end e March 1902.
Re a ae ee ae oe
PREFACE,
For the present volume of the “ Flora of Tropical Africa” I have been
fortunate in securing the assistance of several contributors who had
made a special study of the orders they have elaborated.
It has been found impossible to include in it the Graminee, which
will have to be deferred to the ninth and concluding volume.
For the amended definition of the regions into which the area of
the flora is divided, reference may be made to the preface to the
seventh volume.
In the prefaces to the first, fifth, and seventh volumes will be
found an enumeration of the materials employed up to 1868, and of
the most important additions to them which have reached Kew since.
The only further collections at Kew cited in the present volume are
I. Upper Guinea:
Tt. N. Brown ‘ . Collection from the Gold Coast.
J. H. Holland. . . A y » Nigeria
W. Hi Joanson. . . ; », the Gold Coast.
C. Punch . ‘ ‘ : “ », Lagos.
VI. MozamBIQuE:
Honourable Mrs. Evelyn Cecil . Collection from Rhodesia.
Mrs. E. J. Lugard : : ‘ » Ngamiland.
It is intended to proceed at once with the printing of the fourth
volume. This will contain the Apocynacee, the final elaboration of
which has been delayed till the present in order to enumerate and
vi PREFACE,
describe as comprehensively as possible the important caoutchouc-
containing and medicinal plants which the order includes in Tropical
Africa.
1 must again record my acknowledgments of the assistance given
me by Mr. C. H. Wright in preparing the manuscript for the press and
in checking the proofs, and to Mr. N. E. Brown for working out the
geographical distribution.
For the detailed topography the third edition of the ‘ Spezial-
Karte von Afrika,” Gotha: Julius Perthes, 1893, has been chiefly
used,
We. ee:
Kew, February 1902.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS .
Order CXLI.
CXLII.
CXLIIA.
CXLIII.
CXLIV.
CXLYV.
CXLVI.
CXLVII.
CXLVIII.
CXLIX.
CL.
CLI.
CLII.
CLIII.
CLIV.
CLV.
CLVI.
CONTENTS.
Pontederiacez .
Xyridee .
Mayacer .
Commelinacee .
Rapateaceze
Flagellariex
Juncacee
Palme
Pandanez
Typhacex
Aroide
Lemnacez
Alismaceze
Naiadacez
Eriocaulex
Restiacez
Cyperaceze
Addenda .
Page
127
133
137
200
206
215
230
264
266
525
CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS CONTAINED IN
THE EIGHTH VOLUME.
Series iii. Coronarieve (continued).— Perianth, or at least the inner series,
petaloid. Ovary superior, very rarely slightly immersed at the base, Albwmen copious.
CXLI. PonTeDERIACER. Flowers regular or often slightly irregular, Perianth
petaloid; segments biseriate. Stamens 6 or 3, rarely 1. Ovary 3- or 1-celled, many-,
rarely l-ovuled. Embryo straight, central, about as long as the floury albumen.
Aquatic herbs.
CXLII. Xyrtpex, Flowers regular or slightly irregular, solitary and sessile
within the bracts of a terminal head. Perianth biseriate; outer segments 3, 2 or 0,
glumaceous; inner segments 3, petaloid, united below into a tube. Stamens 3.
Ovary 1- or imperfectly 3-celled; ovules numerous, orthotropous. Embryo small,
at the apex of the floury or slightly fleshy albumen. Herbs. Leaves radical.
CXLIla. Mayacex. Flowers regular, solitary and pedicellate within the thin
bracts of a terminal head. Perianth biseriate; outer herbaceous; inner petaloid.
Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous, orthotropous, Embryo small at the
apex of floury or slightly fleshy albumen. Herbs. Stem prostrate or floating, leafy.
CXLIII. Commetinacez. Flowers regular or slightly irregular. Perianth
biseriate; outer herbaceous; inner petaloid. Stamens 6 or by abortion fewer.
Ovary 3- or 2-celled; ovules solitary or few, orthotropous. Seed solitary or few and
closely packed, attached by a hilum on the inner, with an embryostega on the outer
side. Embryo beneath the embryostega, at the edge of or slightly intruded into the
floury albumen, Terrestrial herbs.
CXLIV. Rapargzacem, Flowers regular. Perianth-segments 6, all petaloid
and connate into a long slender tube, or biseriate, the outer paleaceous and connate
or free, the inner petaloid and connate below. Stamens 6; anthers dehiscing by apical
pores, Ovary 3-celled; ovales solitary or few, erect, anatropous. Embryo lenticular,
outside the albumen near the hilum. Perennial herbs,
x CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS.
Series iv. Calycinee.—Perianth calyx-like, small, rigid or herbaceous, the
inner rarely petaloid but small, Ovary superior. Albumen copious.
CXLV. FLaGELLARIEx. Flowers regular or subregular. Perianth subpetaloid
or scarious. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled; ovules solitary. Fruit succulent or
drupaceous. Embryo lenticular, outside the floury albumen. Robust herbs.
CXLVI. Juncacea. Flowers regular, Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6,
rarely 3. Ovary 1-3-celled; ovules solitary or more, Capsule 3-valved. Embryo
enclosed in the more or less fleshy albumen. Perennial herbs, rarely shrubs.
CXLVII, Parma. Flowers regular or subregular. Perianth coriaceous, fleshy
or membranous. Stamens 6 or more. Ovary 1- to many- (ueually 3-) celled,
sometimes of 3 distinct carpels; ovules solitary. Fruit baccate or drupaceous ; 1- or
more celled. Embryo small, enclosed in a pit near the margin of the albumen.
Trees or shrubs with pinnatisect or flabellate leaves.
Series v. Nudifloree.—Perianth none or reduced to scales or sete. Ovary
superior ; carpels solitary or if many syncarpous, 1- to many-ovuled. Seeds
usually albuminous.
* Flowers arranged on spadices. Trees, shrubs, or terrestrial herbs.
CXLVIII. Panpanex. Flowers dicecious. Perianth none or rudimentary
Carpels 1-celled, solitary or more frequently collected into phalanges. Shrubs or
trees, erect or climbing. Leaves sessile, long ensiform, sheathing at the base, usually
spiny on the margins and underside of the midrib. Spadices fascicled or paniculate ;
bracts spathaceous. °
CXLIX. TyPHacem. Flowers monecious, very rarely diccious. Perianth of
3-6 membranous scales, or absent. Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping rhizome,
Leaves linear, entire, sheathing at the base. Spadices naked or with 1 leaf-like bract
at the base.
CL. ARoIDEx. Flowers hermaphrodite or moneecious, very rarely dicecious.
Perianth none, or of 3-9 free or connate membranous segments.
various habit. Leaves various.
open at the base.
Herbs or shrubs of
Spadices solitary ; spathes convolute, tubular or
** Flowers solitary or in pairs in mar.
gickots esting harks ginal cavities. Minute lenticular or
CLI. Lemynacez. Flowers very minute,
enclosed in a memby
fy ee tbl lleis mbranous spathe
Series vi. Apocarpze.— Perianth 1
—2-seriate or none.
carpels solitary, or if several distinct.
Seeds exalbuminous.
CLII. Atismackz. Flowers hermaphrodite,
rarely dicecious. Perianth regular
Ovary superior ;
moncecious or polygamous, very
3 Segments 6, imbricate, biseriate, rarely uniseriate
CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS, xi
_by abortion, outer usually herbaceous, inner petaloid. Embryo horseshoe-shaped.
Aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves usually radical.
CLIIL. NarapacEz. Flowers monecious, dicecious, or hermaphrodite. Perianth
regular, membranous, or absent ; segments 2—4, valvate. Embryo curved or straight,
thick at the radicular end. Aquatic herbs of various habit.
Series vii. Glumaceve.— Flowers sessile, solitary within imbricate bracts or
glumes arranged in heads or spikelets. Perianth-segments small, scale-like,
glumaceous or none. Ovary 1-ovuled or divided into 1-ovuled cells. Seeds
albuminous. Herbs, except Bambusee.
CLIV. Er1ocauLEm. Flowers unisexual, densely crowded into monecious
involucrate heads. Perianth-segments 4 or 6, biseriate, small, hyaline, the inner
often on a distinct stipes, scarious or membranous. Ovary 3-—2-celled; ovules
pendulous, Embryo small, outside the albumen remote from the hilum.
CLY. REstTiacEx. Flowers most frequently dicecious, in spikelets; bracts
usually dry or rigid. Perianth-segments 6, regular, biseriate, glumaceous or the
inner membranous. Ovary 1—3-celled; ovules solitary, pendulous. Embryo small,
, outside the albumen remote from the hilum.
CLVI. CypEracez®. Flowers uni- or bi-sexual, in spikelets; glumes imbricate.
Perianth of 6 or fewer small scales or bristles, or absent. Ovary 1-celled; ovule
erect. Fruit anut. Seed free from the pericarp; embryo small, within the base of
the albumen,
Vol. Vill.—Part I. | Price 8s. net.
FLORA
OF
TROPICAL AFRICA.
EDITED BY
SIR WILLIAM T. THISELTON-DYER
K.C.M.G., CLE. LL.D., F.RS,
HONORARY STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD ;
DIRECTOR, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE FIRST COMMISSIONER
OF HER MAJESTY’S WORKS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
; LONDON:
LOVELL REEVE & CO., LimitTeEp,
Publishers to the Rome, Colonial and Endian Gobernwents,
6 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1901, A>
FLORA OF TROPICAL AFRICA.
OrvER CXLI. PONTEDERIACES. (By N. E. Brown.)
Flowers hermaphrodite, all alike or some cleistogamous, regular or
slightly irregular. Perianth inferior, petaloid; segments 6, biseriate,
united into a tube in the lower part, rarely free, equal or the outer
series smaller. Stamens 3 or 6, rarely 1, usually of two sizes and often
of different colours; filaments free; anthers basifixed or dorsifixed, .
2-celled, introrse, opening by longitudinal slits or rarely by terminal
pores. Ovary superior, 3-celled with axile placentas, or 1-celled with
3 parietal or more or less prominent placentas; style filiform; stigma
entire, thickened or subcapitate or shortly 3-lobed; ovules numerous
and biseriate in each cell or rarely solitary, anatropous. Fruit a many-
seeded capsule or rarely a 1-seeded achene. Seeds small, ovoid, ribbed ;
embryo cylindrical, straight, embedded in the centre of a copious
albumen.—Aquatic or marsh herbs, with the lower part of the stem or
rhizome often creeping and rooting in the mud, or entirely floating.
Leaves alternate, hastate, cordate, orbicular, ovate, lanceolate or linear,
entire, with a sheathing petiole or stipulate, the submersed leaves some-
times without blades, or different in form. Inflorescence terminal—
often apparently arising from the petioles of the leaves, the lower part
of such leaf-stalks being really sympodial branches—either fascicled in
the sheath of the flowering leaf, or spicate with the flowers solitary or
ppt along the axis of the spike, or rarely with a solitary and axillary
ower.
A small order of about 25 species, chiefly natives of. Tropical Africa and Tropical
America, about 4 occurring in North America, 2 or 3 in Tropical and Temperate
Asia, 1 in South Africa, and 1 in Australia,
Stamens 3 in the expanded flowers . ° .
Stamens 6 in the expanded flowers:
Perianth segments united into a tube below
Perianth segments free to the base . .
Excluded.
ScH@NLANDIA GABONENSIs, Cornu in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1896, xliii. 21, is
Cyanastrum cordifolium, Oliv. in HZMODORACE#.
VOL. VIII.
1. HETERANTHERA,
2. EICHORNIA.
3. MonooHoRIA.
B
2 CXLI, PONTEDERIACEE (BROWN). | Heteranthera.
1, HETERANTHERA, Ruiz et Pav. ; Benth et Hook. f. Gen.
Pl, iii. 838.
Perianth with a distinct tube; segments equal, spreading, oblong.
Stamens 8 or in the closed flowers of some species 1, affixed to the throat _
of the perianth-tube, exserted, more or less unequal ; filaments filiform ;
anthers oblong. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas, or imperfectly
8-celled with very prominent placentas; style filiform; stigma thick-
ened; ovules numerous, biseriate. Capsule oblong or linear; pericarp
thin. Seeds numerous, ovoid, ribbed.—Aquatic herbs, with the lower
part of the stem creeping and rooting in the mud. Leaves with long
petioles sheathing at the base, and cordate, ovate, or reniform blades,
or all linear and submersed. Flowering shoots bearing one leaf, whose
sheath embraces the membranous spathe, which subtends the terminal
flower-spike or includes 1-3 flowers. Flowers spicate, small, blue,
whitish or yellow, all-alike and expanding, or one or more cleistogamous
and enclosed in the sheath of the leaf at the base of the spike.
A genus of about 9 species, 3 in Africa, the rest in Tropical and North America.
The plant collected in Angola by Welwitsch (3015), and enumerated by Rendle
in Cat. Afr. Pl, Welw. ii. 67 as Heteranthera sp., does not belong to the order
PONTEDERIACE#, but to ALISMACER, and may be a species of Alisma or Sagittaria.
There are no perfect flowers upon the specimens ; the buds which I have dissected
consisting of a series of imbricating, complicate, boat-shaped segments, arranged
distichously,
Spike with one closed flower, concealed in the spathe at
its base.
Perianth-tube 3-5 lin. long; closed flower with
3 stamens é a ‘ ° ° . - lL. H. callefolia.
Perianth-tube 23-3 lin. long ; closed flower with
1 stamen ° : “ - ° . . 2. H. kotsehyana,
Spike with more than one closed flower, some being ~
mingled with the expanded flowers . “ : . 3. H. Potamogeton.
1, H. calleefolia, Reichb. ex Kunth, Enum. iv. 121 (by error 128).
Plant about a foot high, herbaceous, glabrous. Stem creeping and
rooting in the mud in the lower part. Leaves 2-3 in. long, 14-2 in.
broad, ovate, subobtuse, or shortly and obtusely pointed, cordate at the
base, with petioles 4-8 in. long, erect or ascending. Flowering stems
about 2 in.long. Flower-spike about 4 in. long, with a submembranous
spathe at its base. Flowers several, sessile, ebracteate, whitish; the
basal flower concealed in the spathe within the sheath of the leaf, never
expanding, having 3 stamens like the others. Perianth-tube of the
expanded flowers 3-5 lin. long, cylindric; lobes about 24 lin. long,
oblong, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 3, shortly exserted. Ovary oblong,
trigonous, narrowed into a filiform style as long as the stamens; stigma
slightly thickened. Capsule of the basal closed flower 6—9 lin. Jong,
of the other flowers 4—5 lin. long, oblong, trigonous.—Solms in DC.
Heteranthera. | CXLI. PONTEDERIACE# (BROWN). 3
Monogr, Phan. iv. 521; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 137; Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 419.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Sieber, 51; Perrottet,781. Senegambia, Heudelot,
230!
I have been unable to examine a closed flower of this species, and give the number
of its stamens on the authority of Count Solms.
2. H. kotschyana, Fenzl ex Solms in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.
205, Plant 5-12 in. high, herbaceous, glabrous, with the lower part of
the stem creeping, and rooting at the nodes. Leaves 1-2} in. long,
3-1} in. broad, cordate, obtusely pointed, with petioles 24-8 in. long,
erect or ascending. Flowering stems 14-4 in. long. Flower-spike 2-4
in, long, with a submembranous spathe at its base. Flowers several,
sessile, ebracteate ; the basal flower concealed in the spathe within the
sheath of the leaf, never expanding, having but 1 stamen. Perianth-
tube of the expanded flowers 24-3 in. long, cylindric, very slightly
curved and a little oblique at the mouth; lobes 2 lin. long, } lin. broad,
oblong, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 3, shortly exserted. Ovary oblong,
trigonous ; style filiform, as long as the stamens, with a simple slightly
thickened stigma. Capsule of the basal closed flower 8-9 lin. long, of
the other flowers 4—6 lin. long, oblong, trigonous.—Solms in DC.
‘Monogr. Phan. iv. 522; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137; Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 419. Monochoria vaginalis, Kirk in Journ. Linn.
Soc. viii. 147 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 67, not of Presl. J sp.,
Thomson in Speke, Nile, Append. 649.
Wile Land. Cordofan: between Melbes and Obeid, Cienkowsky, 378 (ex Solms) ;
Arashkol Mountain, Kotschy, 9! British East Africa: Bongo: Gurfala, Schwein-
Surth, 2239! Madi, Speke & Grant, 655!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in ponds near Banza de Quitage,
Welwitsch, 3013!
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Nkueza, on the River Zambesi,
irk !
Also in the. Transvaal.
This differs from H. callefolia, Reichb. in its shorter perianth-tube, and in the
closed flower having only 1 stamen, According to Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.,
67, Welwitsch’s 3013 is indistinguishable from the type of Monochoria vaginalis,
Pres], but in my opinion it is without doubt a species of Heteranthera, and, I believe,
H. kotschyana, although I have been unable to examine the cleistogamous flower, as
the specimen at Kew is in fruit only. Monochoria vaginalis has not yet been col-
lected in Africa.
3. H. Potamogeton, Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. iv. 521. Stem
elongated, sparingly rooting. Flower-stem bent backwards after flower-
ing. Leaves ovate or elongate-ovate, acuminate, with long petioles.
Flower-spike short, bearing a few distant normal and closed flowers
intermingled, the basal flower always closed and concealed in the spathe
. Within the sheath of the leaf. Normal or expanding flowers with a
gland-dotted perianth and 3 stamens; closed flowers not gland-dotted,
and with only 1 stamen; the basal one producing a large cylindric
4 “CXLI. PONTEDERIACEE (BROWN). [ Heteranthera.
capsule that is much longer than those of the other flowers on the
spike.—Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 419.
Upper Guinea. ‘Senegal; Pozo Cervalo, Perrottet, 779.
I have not seen this plant, which is described as having the facies of a Potamo-
geton, and said to differ from H. callefolia, Reichb., and H. kotschyana, Fenzl, in
having several closed flowers on the spike.
2. EICHORNIA, Kunth; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Pl. iii. 838.
Perianth funnel-shaped, with a long or short tube ; segments a little
unequal, the interior series broadest, and the upper segment of that
series usually marked with a spot. Stamens 6, the 3 upper ones
included, the 3 lower more or less exserted, usually with longer filaments
and inserted higher up the perianth-tube; filaments filiform; anthers
dorsifixed, oblong. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; style filiform; stigma
slightly dilated or very shortly 3- or 6-lobed ; ovules numerous in each
cell. Capsule included in the marcescent perianth-tube, ovoid, oblong
or linear-fusiform ; pericarp membranous. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid
or oblong, finely ribbed ; embryo cylindric, in the centre of the albumen.
—Aquatic herbs, entirely floating, or the lower part of the stem creep-
ing and rooting in the mud. Leaves with long petioles sheathing at
the base, and obovate, orbicular, ovate or lanceolate blades, cordate or
narrowed at the base, or the submersed leaves linear; sheath of the
petiole often much produced at the apex and then described asa stipule.
_ Inflorescence pedunculate, spicate or paniculate, with a convolute sheath-
like spathe or rarely an expanded bract at its base, or fasciculate within
the sheath of the leaf.
A small genus of 6 species, all (except the following) Tropical American,
1. BE. natans, Solms in Abhandl. naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. 254.
Stems branching, about 1 lin. thick. Submersed leaves 2—4 in. long,
1-1} lin. long, sessile, linear, acute. Floating leaves petiolate, 4-1 in.
long, 5—10 lin. broad, ovate or orbicular, obtuse, or rarely acute, cordate
with small rounded overlapping lobes at the base. Stipules varying
from 1 lin. long in the submersed leaves to 1} in. long on the floating
leaves, obtuse, more or less sheathing the stem, membranous, reticulate
with dark purple cross-veins. Flowers apparently arising from below
the middle of the petioles of the floating leaves, but in reality terminat-
ing short lateral 1-leaved branches of the main stem, shortly peduncu-
late, solitary in a tubular membranous obtuse spathe } in. long.
~Perianth-tube 5-6 lin. long at the expansion of the flower, rapidly
elongating afterwards to 10-11 lin. long; limb small, 6-lobed, blue,
about } in. diam. Capsule 5-6 lin. long, narrowly fusiform. Seeds
numerous, oblong, with numerous exceedingly fine longitudinal ribs.—
Solms in DC, Monogr. Phan. iv. 526; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 137;
Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 418. Pontederia natans, Beauv. FI.
Oware, ii. 18, t. 68, fig. 2; Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iv. 526. Roem. & Schultes,
Eichornia. | CXLI. PONTEDERIACEE (BROWN). 5
Syst. Veg. vii. pt. 2, 1147; Kunth, Enum, iv, 128, Monochoria natans,
Thomson in Speke, Nile, Append. 649.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, Leprieur, and Heudelot, 258 (ex Solms).
Sierra Leone; ina pool on the way to Danlilia and near Falaba, Scott-Elliot, 5290!
Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter! Oware: banks of the River Formosa, Palisot
de Beauvois (ex Solms).
Nile Land. British East Africa: Madi, Speke & Grant, 726! 727! Gazelle
River, Schweinfurth, 1166! 1208! Jur: between Gir and Addai, Schweinfurth,
2555!
Also occurs in Madagascar according to Count Solms,
The plant collected in Loanda, Angola, by Welwitsch (3014), and referred by
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii., 66 to Eichornia natans, is certainly not that
species, but appears to be a seedling, without flowers or fruit, of some Dicotyledon.
The specimen is but a worthless scrap. ‘
3. MONOCHORIA, Pres]; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 839.
Perianth-segments 6, free to the base, subequal, oblong. Stamens 6,
atiixed to the base of the perianth-segments, equal or unequal, especially
as to the anthers, the largest stamen with an erect tooth on one side of
the filament ; anthers oblong, erect, basifixed, opening by longitudinal
slits. Ovury sessile, 3-celled, with axile placentas; style filiform, very
shortly trifid or somewhat 6-fid at the apex; ovules numerous in each
cell.—Aquatic herbs. Rhizome stout and creeping, or none. Leaves
all radical, or rarely spaced out on a short erect stem, alternate, with
long sheathing petioles, and sagittate, cordate-ovate or lanceolate blades.
Flowering stems radical, with one sheathing leaf or a tubular sheath at
its summit, enclosing the membranous spathe at the base of the peduncle.
Flowers racemose, of moderate size, blue, all alike.
A genus of about 5 species, natives of the warmer parts of the Old World. The
following is the only African species.
1. M. africana, V. FH. Br. Plant 13-2 ft. high, glabrous.
Rhizome none. Leaves and flower-stems all radical, with a dense tuft
of fibrous roots at their base. Leaves 3-44 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, ovate,
acuminate, slightly cordate at the base, with long petioles. Flower-
ing stems 11-14 in. long, stout, with a leaf or a tubular leaf-sheath
at their summit, enclosing a membranous spathe or bract 8-9 lin.
long, which is abruptly terminated by a filiform point 2-4 lin. long.
Peduncle 14-24 in. long, rather stout. Flower-spike 24-4 in. long.
Flowers numerous, rather crowded, ebracteate, erect, violet. Pedicels
14-2 lin. long, erect. Perianth campanulate or somewhat funnel-
shaped, 5-6 lin. long; outer segments 1} lin. broad, oblong, obtuse,
with narrow membranous margins; inner segments 3 lin. broad, elliptic,
obtuse, with broad membranous margins. Stamens (especially the
anthers) unequal ; filaments of the largest stamen with an erect tooth
on one side. Ovary ovoid, trigonous; style filiform, divided at the apex
into 3 short bifid stigmatic lobes.— MV. vaginalis, Pres], var. africana.
6 CXLU. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [ Hichornia.
Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. iv. 525; Durand «& Schinz, Consp. Fi.
Afr. v. 419.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur ; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2296 !
This plant is perfectly distinct from the Asiatic M. vaginalis, Presl, with which
it has been associated by Count Solms.
Orper CXLIL. XYRIDEA. (By N. E. Brown.)
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx inferior, irregular; sepals 3 or
rarely 2, the two lateral exterior, boat-shaped, keeled, glumaceous, the
third interior, membranous, convolute, forming a closed obtuse spathe-
like hood, or obtusely calyptriform, circumscissile at the base and split
open on one side, closely enveloping the corolla when in bud and pushed
off as the corolla grows out and expands, rarely absent. Corolla regular,
petaloid, marcescent ; tube slender, usually split into claw-like segments
at the base by the growth of the ovary; lobes 3, cuneate-obovate,
spreading. Stamens 3, affixed at the mouth of the corolla-tube opposite
the lobes ; filaments short, flattened; anthers basifixed, oblong, 2-celled,
cells parallel or slightly divergent at the base, contiguous, or more or
less separated by a broad connective, extrorse, opening by longitudinal
slits. Staminodia 8 or 0, alternating with the corolla-lobes at the mouth
of the tube, simple and entire or bifid at the apex, or divided into two
entire or bifid arms, glabrous or hairy, or ending in dense or lax brush-
like tufts of hairs, and then very short. Ovary superior, l-celled or im-
perfectly 3-celled ; placentas 3, parietal or shortly united at the centre,
or free and erect from the base; ovules indefinite, 2-seriate, orthotro-
pous ; style filiform, sometimes with tubercles or processes at or below
the middle, trifid or 3-armed at the apex, or entire ; stigmas dilated or
subcapitate, usually oblique. Capsule dividing into 3 valves between
the placentas. Seeds minute, ovoid, apiculate; hilum basilar; testa
thin, usually ridged; albumen copious, transparent ; embryo minute,
broadly depressed-conical, seated at the apex of the albumen under
the terminal apiculus.—Perennial or rarely annual herbs of tufted
habit, growing in damp or wet situations. Leaves all radical, linear,
terete or filiform, sheathing at the base. Peduncles erect, simple,
terminated by a solitary dense head or spike, leafless or bearing one or
more pairs of convolute sheaths, and embraced at the base by a leafless
or leaf-bearing sheath. Flower-heads or spikes globose, ovoid, or
elongate; bracts glumaceous, somewhat rigid or thin and papery,
spirally imbricate one above another, or the inner all reaching to about
the same level, concave, complicate, or rarely somewhat convolute, the
lower in a few species elongated and leafy, forming an involucre.
Flowers solitary and sessile in the axils of the bracts, yellow, white, or
blue, usually of small size.
An order of 2 genera, of which only one is represented in Africa, and about
160 species, dispersed throughout the Tropical and Subtropical regions of the earth.
Ayris. | , CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 7
1. XYRIS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 842,
Sepals 3; two lateral and exterior, boat-shaped, keeled ; one interior,
membranous, convolute or obtusely calyptriform, closely enveloping the
corollawhen in the bud, circumscissile at the base and deciduous as
the corolla develops. Corolla with a slender tube and 3 spreading
cuneate-obovate lobes. Staminodia 3, simple, bifid or 2-armed,
-glabrous, hairy, or divided into a brush-like tuft of hairs, Style fili-
form, without tubercles or processes, 3-branched above ; stigmas dilated
or subcapitate. —Peduncles with a basal sheath, naked above. All other
characters as in the Order.
A genus of about 150 species, having the same distribution as the Order,
In the following descriptions, flowering bracts taken from the middle of the spike
are those described, unless others are specially mentioned, and their nervation is given
as seen by transmitted light when they are placed in water, The shape and breadth
of the lateral sepals is given as when seen lying on their side. In most of the species
the leaves and peduncles are usually more or less twisted. The ciliation or toothing
on the keel of the lateral sepals in some species is very minute, and, unless examined
under a lens of considerable power, may easily be overlooked. The dorsal area, men-
tioned in the descriptions, is an area on the back of the bracts in which the surface is
of a different character from the rest of the bract and usually appears somewhat
impressed, as if stamped upon it.
Outermost bracts 4-6 in. long, unequal, spreading, much
longer than the spike and forming a distinct involucre 1. X. foliolata,
Outermost bracts shorter or nearly equalling the spike,
adpressed, not forming a spreading involucre.
Bracts (or at least 2 or 3 of the outermost) with a stout
awn at the apex ; plants 1-3 ft. high.
Bracts dull dark brown, with broad white lacerate
and ciliate membranous margins . ° 2. X. aristata.
Bracts blackish or dark brown, shining, witht
membranous margins.
Inner bracts ciliate at the apex; lateral sepals very
distinctly and evenly ciliate all along the keel
from the base to the apex . 3. X. rigidescens.
Inner bracts not ciliate at the apex ; lateral sepals
minutely ciliate along the middle part of the
keel or occasionally to the apex, but not on
the basal third 4. X, dispar.
Bracts all without awns, but sometimes shortly muero-
nate (see also X. dispar, in which most of the
bracts are without awns).
* Bracts(or at least the inner), minutely ciliolate
at the apex, very obtuse.
Keel of lateral sepals very narrowly winged,
not ciliate . . 22. X. angustifolia.
Keel of lateral sepals ciliates bracts chestnut-
brown.
Spike 23 lin. thick ; bracts with a distinct
greyish dorsal. area . . 29. X, congensis,
Spike 3-33 lin. thick; bracts shining
rowing with an obscure dorsal area
on some of them . : : . 80. X. nitida.
CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN),
Bracts not ciliolate, entire, lacerate or erosulate.
+Keel of the lateral sepals quite entire, neither
. ciliate nor scabrid (see also under fT, as
the very minute scabridity on the keel of
some of the species there placed may be
easily overlooked, unless examined under
a powerful lens).
Peduncles 34-12 lin. broad, flattened,
2-edged ; spike globose ; bracts coria-
eous straw-coloured, with a green keel
at the apex .
Peduncles terete or slightly ‘compressed,
rarely 2-edged, and then less than
3 lin, thick, striate.
Peduncles stout, 1-14 lin. thick ; spike
globose, dark brown; keel of
lateral sepals with a very narrow
wing 3
Peduncles few, $-1 ae thick ; wiles
creeping; spike globose or ‘ellipsoid,
dark brown; keel of lateral sepals
with a moderately broad wing
Peduncles rere, filiform or very
slender, 4-4 lin, thick ; rhizome
not creeping.
Leaves subterete or subulate-filiform ; ;
spikes 15-23 lin. thick, blackish,
shining . > .
Leaves linear; spikes small, few:
flowered.
Bracts emarginate, slightly re-
curyed af the apex, fuscous
witha green keel on the upper
part . . :
Bracts obtuse or subacute, not re-
curved at the apex.
Keel of the lateral sepals dis.
tinctly (but usually nar-
rowly) winged, at least in
the basal part.
. Bragts snbeoriaceous, light
brown, the inner rather
stoutly keeled on the
upper half; lateral sepals
broadly lanceolate, acute
Bracts very thin, submem-
-branous, light reddish-
. brown, with broad trans-
parent straw - coloured
margins; lateral sepals
somewhat oblong-lanceo-
late, acute .
Bracts thin, dull purplish, the
outer nearly as long as
. the inner; lateral sepals
[Xyris.
5. X, anceps.
6. X. zombana,
7. X, capensis,
a Ae Xe, moknensie,
15. X. humilis.
16. X. huillensis.
- 17. X. anisophylla.
X yris. | CXLI, XYRIDEZ (BROWN).
oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse . - ;
Keel of the lanceolate acute
lateral sepals obtuse or
rounded, not at all winged ;
leaves sometimes minutely
rugulose in the dried state.
Bracts subcoriaceous, dull
smoky brown, the inner
convolute scarcely keeled
at the apex. .
Bracts rather thin, straw-
coloured or light brown,
the inner very distinctly
keeled and complicate-
acute at the apex .
+tKeel} of the lateral sepals very minutely
ciliate or scabrid, not absolutely entire.
Peduncles 18-24 in. long, 3-2 lin. thick ;
spike 2-23 lin. thick, brown ; bracts
coriaceous, the inner with a stout dark
green keel. . - ‘
Peduncles under 16 in, long, very slender,
3-42 lin. thick.
Outer bracts with a distinct linear
greyish dorsal area; keel of the
sepals minutely scabrid on thie
apical part only . : .
Bracts all without a dorsal area.
Keel of the lateral sepals minutely
scabrid to or at the apex only.
Leaves forming a bulbous base to
the plant ; peduncle subquad-
rangular; keel of the lateral se-
pals crimson in the apical part
Leaves distichous, not forming a
bulbous base ; peduncle terete;
keel of the lateral me
golden-brown . °
Keel of the lateral sepals. very
minutely ciliate or scabrid to
3 or 2 the way up, chiefly in
the middle part, entire in the
apical part.
Leaves filiform; lateral sepals 12
lin. long, 4 lin. broad, sig-
moid-lanceolate; corolla white
Leaves linear.
Peduncles_ with longitudinal
minutely scabrid ridges;
spike 23-43 lin. thick,
several - flowered, light
brown or dirty ochreous
Peduncles withoutscabrid ridges;
spikes small, few-flowered.
18. X. fugaciflora,
21. X. multicaulis.
. 19. X. straminea.
27. X. Barteri.
. 24, X, filiformis.
23. X. erubescens.
20. X, pumila,
8. X. nivea.
9. X. Welwitschit.
10 CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [ Xyris..
Lateral sepals 3-4 lin.
broad, broadly lanceo-
late, acute; keel regu-
larly much curved from
base to apex, with a very
narrow wing below . 10, X. scabridula.
Lateral sepals 4 lin. broad,
linear - lanceolate, very
acute; keel slightly
curved at the middle,
erect at the apex, nar-
rowly winged. . 11. X, humpatensis..
Lateral sepals 4-3 lin.
broad, oblanceolate, ob-
tuse; keel nearly straight
. in the lower 3, rather
broadly winged . . 12. X. affinis.
++tKeel of the lateral sepals distinctly and rather
coarsely serrulate ; bracts with a very
distinct greyish dorsal area.
Peduncle 4-4 lin. thick, acutely 4-6-
angled; spike 23-3 lin. thick . . 25. X. angularis.
Peduncle stout, 1-14 lin. thick, terete,
many-striate ; spike 5-6 lin. thick . 26, A. decipiens.
+tttKeel of the lateral sepals very distinctly
and usually rather densely ciliate to the
apex,
Spikes not more than 5—6-flowered ; flower-
ing bracts all reaching to nearly the
same level; peduncles not more than 4
lin, thick, slightly compressed . . 13. X. obscura.
Spikes 10-30-flowered ; flowering bracts
imbricated one above another.
Peduncles distinctly compressed ; spikes
blackish-brown, scarcely shining ;
bracts 24-22 lin, long, without a
dorsal area : ° : . 81. X. Hildebrandtit.
Peduncles terete or subterete, very
smooth and shining ; spikes chest-
nut-brown ; bracts 13-23 lin. long,
with an indistinct dorsal area . 28. X. batokana,
1, &. foliolata, Vilss.in Svensk.Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. No. 14, 65.
Peduncle about 2 ft. long, ‘‘ teretely triquetrous,” glabrous, Peduncular-
sheath green, with a subterete leafy point 14 in. long. Spike 44 lin.
long, 3 lin. thick, ovate, involucrate ; lowest involucral bract about
5 lin. below the spike, 6 in. long, subterete, sheathing at the base, the
3 other involucral bracts reduced to flat spreading sheaths, decreasing
in size from 1} to } in. long, about 1} lin. broad. Flowering bracts
24 lin. long, 1q lin. broad, broadly obovate, obtuse, very shortly apicu-
late, coriaceous, cucullate, entire, bright fuscous, lighter towards the
margins, slightly shining, with a triangular area on the back. Lateral
sepals 2 lin. long, oblong, keeled; keel narrowly winged, ciliate.
Xyris. | CXLII, XYRIDEA (BROWN). 1f
Corolla-lobes yellow, toothed at the apex. Arms of the staminodes.
very short, ending in a brush-like tuft of long yellow hairs. Anthers-
linear.--Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 420.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Mechow in Zurich Herb.
I have not seen this plant, but, according to the description, it differs from all
the other African species in its involucrate spikes, The leaves are undescribed, the
specimen being imperfect.
2. MK. aristata, V. HL. Br. Leaves 74-12 in. or more long, 1-2}
lin. broad, linear, acute, shortly awned in the young state, rather
rigid, conspicuously striate, glabrous, green, with concolorous sheaths.
3-34 in. long. Peduncular-sheath 8-9 in. long, keeled in the upper
part, with an acute flat point 1-3} lin. long, glabrous, green, passing
into pale reddish-brown at the base. Peduncle 2-3 ft. high, 1-1} lin.
thick, more or less compressed and slightly 2-edged in the upper part,
very minutely transversely rugulose, not striate ; pith loose, not hollow
at the centre. Spikes 5-6 lin, long, 4—5 lin. thick, somewhat obovoid,
about 10-12-flowered. Outer barren bracts nearly as long as the
spike, similar to the flowering bracts, all about 4-43 lin. long, exclusive
of the 1-2 lin. long awn, 3 lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with a
terminal awn, concave or hooded, dark chestnut brown with very broad
white membranous margins, lacerate and ciliate; nerves indistinct, re-
ticulated at their apex. Lateral sepals 34-32 lin. long, excluding the
? lin. long awn, rather more than 1 lin. broad, oblong or somewhat
elliptic-oblong, acute, awned, keeled, dark-brown along the keel, pale
horn-colour on the membranous sides; keel narrowly winged, ciliate
from the base nearly to the apex. Corolla yellow; petals 2 lin. long,
14-13 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, minutely crenulate-denticulate. Arms
of the staminodes about % lin, long, slender, covered with long yellow
hairs. Anthers oblong.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Kambole, south-west of Lake
Tanganyika, 5000 ft., Nutt!
A very distinct species, differing from every other Xyris known to me in its
aristate bracts with broad white membranous ciliate margins.
3. K. rigidescens, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 67.
A tall plant of robust habit. Leaves 7-10 in. long, 1-12 lin. broad,
linear, tapering rapidly above to a shortly pungent apex, rigid, glabrous.
Peduncular-sheath 3-6 in. long, leafless, ending abruptly in a sharp stiff
apiculus, glabrous, reddish-brown to the middle. Peduncle 1-2} ft.
long, compressed. Spike 4-6 lin. long and thick, subglobose. Outer
bracts very coriaceous 2—24 lin. long, 2 lin. broad, orbicular, concave,
keeled below the abruptly aristate apex, blackish, shining ; inner bracts
slightly shorter than the calyx, 24 lin. long, ovate, acuminate to a
hardened mucronate (not aristate) apex, boat-shaped, keeled, entire,
ciliate at the apex, golden-brown, with thinner and paler margins,
darker at the apex, with a narrowly lanceolate greenish dorsal area.
Lateral sepals 3-3} lin. long, % lin. broad, linear-oblong, subulate-
apiculate, golden-brown along the back, passing into light straw-
12 CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [Xyris.
colour on the sides; keel shortly ciliate from the base up to the base
of the apiculus. Corolla-lobes (withered) apparently oblong. Arms
of the staminodes with brush-like tufts of long brownish hairs, shorter
than the stamens, Anthers broadly linear.
Lower Guinea, Angola: Huilla; plentiful in spongy places, near streams,
around Lopollo, Welwitsch, 2474!
4, &. dispar, V. LH. Br. Leaves not seen. Peduncular-sheath
about 6 in. long, with a leafy linear point about } in. long, } lin. broad,
glabrous, Peduncle about 2 ft. long, ? lin. broad, much compressed,
glabrous. Spike 3-3} lin. long, and about the same in thickness, sub-
globose. Outer bracts about 2 lin. long, 14-2 lin. broad, coriaceous,
elliptic or suborbicular, obtuse, entire, not ciliate, 2 or 3 of them termi-
nated by a short awn 4-1 lin. long, the others apiculate and slightly
keeled at the apex, dark brown, shining; inner bracts all reaching to
about the same level, 23-3 lin. long, 1}-1} lin. broad, coriaceous, with
thin margins, ovate, shortly acuminate into a rigid very acute almost
pungent point, keeled, concave, entire, not ciliate, light olive-brown,
with a slight yellowish tinge. Lateral sepals 24-3 lin. long, ¢ to nearly
1 lin. broad, somewhat oblong-lanceolate, regularly curved along the
back, nearly straight along the margins, somewhat obtuse, mucronate,
golden-brown along the back, darker at the apex, the colour fading out
and disappearing at the broad membranous margins; keel very narrowly
winged, minutely ciliate or scabrid along the middle part or occasionally
nearly or quite up to the base of the short subulate mucro, but not on
the basal third. Corolla-lobes 3 lin. long, 13 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate,
subtruncate and rather coarsely toothed at the apex, bright yellow.
Arms of the staminodes short, linear, with brush-like tufts of long yellow
hairs half as long as the petals. Anthers 1} lin. long, linear-oblong.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa:| Mashonaland; at Six-mile Spruit,
near Salisbury, Hon. Mrs, Evelyn Cecil, 152!
d. K. anceps, Lam. Encycl. i. 132. Leaves 2-14 in. long, 14-44 lin.
broad, linear, obtuse or acute, glabrous, with concolorous sheaths 3-44 in.
long. Peduncular-sheath 14-64 in. long, leafless andobtuse or with a leafy
obtuse point {-} in. long. Peduncle $—2} ft. long, }—14 lin. broad, com-
pressed and acutely two-edged, especially towards the apex, glabrous.
Spike globose or broadly ovoid, 3—5 lin. diam., many-flowered. Bracts 2-3
lin. long, 1}~2 lin. broad, coriaceous, elliptic, very obtuse, or the inner ones
subacute, entire, not ciliate, light yellowish-brown or pale straw-coloured,
with a narrowly ovate or lanceolate acute green area at the slightly
keeled apex; nerves about 7—9, very slender and obscure. Lateral sepals
24-24 lin. long, } lin. broad, subspathulate-lanceolate, straight or slightly
faleate, acute, with a rather broad wing-like keel, neither ciliate nor
produced at the apex, entirely. pale straw-colour. Corolla yellow; tube
2} lin. long; lobes about 14 lin. long, }-1 lin. broad, broadly cuneate-
obovate, denticulate. Arms of the staminodes very small, with a brush-
like tuft of long yellow hairs. Anthers oblong. Capsule 14 lin. long,
trigonous, oblong, obtuse, not apiculate.—Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad.
Hand. xxiv. no. 14, 37; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 419 ; Engl.
Xyris. | CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 13:
Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 183; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii.6. X. platycaulis,
Poir. Encycl. viii. 820; Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. i. 551; Kunth,
Enum. iv. 18; Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891,
153. X. nitida, Willd. ex Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 372, not of Nilsson.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Mahela, in marshy ground, Scott-Elliot, 3931 !
Lagos, Millen, 152 of 1894 collection! Barter, 20200! Yoruba, Millson!
Lower Guinea. Congo, Smith !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk ! Hildebrandt, 1045! Bojer! German East
Africa: Zanguebar, Kirk ! between the coast and Uyui, Taylor! Portuguese East
Africa: Quilimane, Scott!
Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and Tropical America,
This species differs from all the others in its flattened 2-edged peduncles, and
straw-coloured globose spikes.
6. X. zombana, V. /. Br. Leaves and _peduncular-sheath
not seen. Peduncle more than 1 ft. long, 1-14 lin. thick, terete or
slightly compressed (flat in the dried state), hollow, with a large cavity,
striate, glabrous. Spike 3-4 lin. (in fruit up to 6 lin.) diam., subglobose,
many-flowered. Bracts 24-3 lin. long, 2-24 lin. broad, rather thin and
somewhat papery in texture, elliptic-oblong, very obtuse, sometimes
faintly keeled at the apex, concave or somewhat boat-shaped, brown,
passing into yellowish-brown at the base, nerveless or faintly 3-nerved
near the apex, glabrous, not ciliate. Lateral sepals 24-2? lin. long,
2 lin. broad, boat-shaped, acute, transparent yellowish - brown; keel
very narrowly winged, entire, not ciliate. Petals 2 lin. long, about
14 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, slightly toothed. Arms of the stami-
nodes about } lin. long, oblong, with a small brush-like tuft of com-
paratively few long yellow hairs.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Zomba, 4000—
6000 ft., Whyte!
The specimens are about a foot long, and consist of the upper part of the peduncles.
with their flower-spikes only, so that the plant is probably 13-2 ft. or perhaps more
in height. The peduncles appear to be much less rigid than those of the other
African species, as in the process of drying they have become perfectly flat, but when
placed in boiling water become nearly terete; they are unusually stout and have a
very large central cavity.
7. X. capensis, Thunb. Prodr. 12. Rhizome more or less creep-
ing. Leaves 1-7 in. long, including the }-2} in. long sheath, }~14 lin.
broad, linear, acute, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 1-5 in. long, acute
or produced into a leafy point 4-6 lin. long. Peduncle 5-21 in. long,
4_3 lin. thick, terete or slightly compressed, striate, glabrous, hollow,
Spike 2-4 lin. long, 3-5 lin. thick, ovoid, ellipsoid or subglobose, usually
several-flowered. Bracts 2-3 lin. long, 14-2} lin. broad, elliptic or
orbicular, obtuse, keeled, concave, thinly coriaceous, entire, not ciliate,
3-nerved, glabrous, blackish-brown ; nerves not reticulate at the apex.
Lateral sepals 2-3 lin. long, 4-3 lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, boat-
shaped, yellowish-brown, with the keel and apex darker brown; keel
somewhat broadly winged, quite entire and not produced at the apex.
Corolla-lobes 13-2 lin. long, about 1 lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, obtuse,
14 CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [Xyris.
minutely toothed. Arms of the staminodes very short, with brush-like
tufts of long yellow hairs.—Thunb. Fl. Cap. ed. Schult. 81; Vahl,
Enum. ii. 206; Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 255; Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. i.
552; Kunth, Enum. iv. 24; Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl.
Stockh. 1891, 154; and in Svensk Vet. Akad. Hand]. xxiv. no. 14, 40;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 420 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 133 ;
N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 6; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 68.
X. capensis, Thunb., var. nilagirensis, Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
154. X. reptans, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 68.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; in swamps on the plain of Jan Meda,
8700 ft., Schimper, 1519!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in boggy places near the banks of the River
Mumpulla; Welwitsch, 2473! near the chief stream of Morro de Lopol'o, Welwitsch,
2459!
Also in South Africa.
Var. medullosa, N. E. Brown, Peduncle 5-7} in. long, very slender, 4-4 lin.
thick, with a well developed pith, not in the least hollow. Spike 2 lin. long, about
14 lin. thiek, ovoid, 2-4-flowered. Lateral sepals 13 lin. long, 3 lin. broad, oblan-
ceolate, acute; keel neither ciliate nor scabrid.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa; without precise locality, Hannington !
I can find no character to distinguish X. reptans, Rendle, from X. capensis,
Thunb. The leaves are longer than usual, but in that respect it is very similar to
Baur’s specimen (598) of X. capensis, from Bazeia, in Tembuland. A specimen
collected by Scott-Elliot (6962) in Nandi, British East Africa, at an alt. of 7000-
8000 ft., is probably a form of X, capensis, but the leaves appear to be more fleshy
than usual, The plant is about 4 in. high.
The variety medullosa may prove to be a distinct species, but (with the exception
of the peduncle being very slender and having a very distinct pith) I can find no
character in the dried state to distinguish it from X. capensis. All the specimens I
have had the opportunity of examining of XY. capensis have a hollow stem.
8. MR. nivea, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 69. Tufted,
slightly bulbous at the base. Leaves 3—5 in. long, including the $—1 in.
long sheath, } lin. thick, filiform-subulate, stiff, erect, flexuose, glabrous.
Peduncular-sheath 14-1? in. long, produced into a short leaf-like point
at the apex. Peduncle 5-10 in. long, 4-4 lin. thick, slender, wiry,
flexuose, subterete, faintly angular, glabrous. Spike 24-3 lin. long and
-about as thick, subglobose, few-flowered. Bracts 14-2 lin. long, 11-1?
lin. broad, broadly elliptic or suborbicular, very obtuse, entire, coriaceous,
with submembranous margins, 3—5-nerved, dark brown, with paler mar-
gins, slightly shining. Lateral sepals 1? lin. long, } lin. broad, sigmoid-
lanceolate, acute (or obtuse if flattened out); keel light brown, very
minutely ciliate from the base to 3 the way up; interior sepal bright
reddish-purple. Corolla-lobes obovate-elliptic, concave, finely toothed,
“white” (Welwitsch). Staminodes pilose. Anthers 3 lin. long.
Capsule obovate. Seeds ellipsoid, pointed, red.
- Mower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in scarcely damp, sunny, wooded places
between Lopollo and Monino, Welwitsch, 2468 !
The filiform leaves, white flowers, and minutely ciliate lateral sepals, easily distin-
guish this species from its allies.
Xyris. | CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 15
9, KX. Welwitschii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 68. Leaves
3-6 in. long, 1 lin. or less broad, linear, acute, submembranous, scabrid on
the margin. Peduncular-sheath 2-4 in. long, leaf-like, acute. Pedunele
6-14 in. long, 4-4 lin. thick, somewhat compressed, with longitudinal
minutely scabrid ridges. Spike about 4 lin. long, 24-44 lin. thick, ellip-
soid when young, hemispherical when mature, several-flowered. Bracts
2-3 lin. long, 14-23 lin. broad, elliptic to obovate, obtuse, not keeled,
thin and scarious, becoming somewhat membranous towards the margins,
entire, 3-nerved, translucent, light brownish-ochreous or straw-coloured,
glabrous, with no dorsal area. Lateral sepals slightly protruding
veyond the bracts, 3-34 lin. long, $—? lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, dull
ochreous ; keel most minutely scabrid-ciliolate at the middle, otherwise
entire; third sepal crimson. Corolla yellow. Staminodes shortly
tufted, pilose. Anthers scarcely 1 lin. long, linear-oblong. Seeds
ellipsoid, minutely umbonate at the ends, longitudinally ridged, with
transverse inconspicuous bladder-like markings, dull black.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in wooded marshy meadows between
Lopollo and Monino, Welwitsch, 2465 !
I do not find the keel of the lateral sepals hispidulous as originally described, but
the central part has an exceedingly minute scabrid-denticulation, which can only be
seen under a moderately powerful lens.
10. &. scabridula, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 72. Leaves
3-2} in. long, }-} lin. broad, linear, mucronate at the apex, very
minutely scabrid on the margin. Peduncle 2-6} in. long, distinctly
striate. Spike 14-3 lin. long, 3-3 lin. thick, few-flowered. Bracts
14-24 lin. long, 14-2 lin. broad, orbicular-obovate or suborbicular, very
obtuse, sometimes mucronulate, entire, submembranous, obscurely and
imperfectly 3-nerved, very light golden-brown. Lateral sepals 1}—2 lin.
long, $—2 lin. broad, broadly lanceolate, acute, membranous, light brown
in the apical part; keel regularly curved from the base to the apex, with
an exceedingly narrow wing in the lower part, very minutely ciliate
along the middle part ; interior sepals light ochreous-brown (always ?).
Corolla-lobes rather more than 1 lin. long, scarcely $ lin. broad, obovate,
intense yellow. Arms of the staminodes hairy. Ovary oblanceolate.
Seeds ellipsoid, umbonate at one or both ends, almost smooth, crimson.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; on the Serra de Oiahoia, behind Humpata,
oo sandy meadows, which are sometimes flooded in summer, Welwitsch,
2470!
This species is very similar to X. affinis, Rendle, and X, humpatensis, N. E. Br.,
but the lateral sepals are much broader and different in form. I do not find that the
leaves are rugnlose as originally described, but some of them are slightly wrinkled
from shrinkage in drying, as is very often the case,
11. X. humpatensis, V. #. Br. Leaves 1}-3 in. long, includ-
ing the }-1 in. long sheath, }-1 Jin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous ;
sheath ciliate. Peduncular-sheath 2}-4 in. long, with a leafy acute
point 1-2 lin. long, glabrous, Peduncle }-1 ft. long, }-} lin. thick,
subterete, striate, glabrous. Spike 2}-3 lin. long, 14-24 lin. thiek,
16 CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [Xyris.
larger when in fruit, ovoid, ellipsoid, or in fruit subglobose, 4-10-
flowered. Bracts all reaching to nearly the same level, 2-2 lin. long,
1-1} lin. broad, oblong or broadly obovate-oblong, entire, light olive-
brown, rather thin, 3-nerved; the outer very obtuse, slightly keeled ;
the inner complicate-subacute and keeled at the apex, glabrous, Lateral
sepals 2-2} lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, very acute, straw-
coloured along the back, membranous and colourless on the sides; keel
narrowly winged, slightly curved at about the middle, erect at the apex,
minutely and sparsely ciliolate to 4 or 3 the way up; interior sepal
bright reddish-purple. Petals 2 lin. long, 14 lin. broad, obovate, ob-
tusely rounded at the apex, scarcely toothed, yellow. Staminodes very
shortly 2-armed, with brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs; anthers
oblong, at length subhastate at the base.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Humpata; ina pool by the River Neve, Newton !
Very like X. affinis, Welw., but differing in the narrower lateral sepals which are
very acute and erect at the apex.
12, K. affinis, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 70. Tufted.
Leaves 2-44 in. long, including the 1 in, long sheath, 4-1 lin. broad,
linear, acute, glabrous ; sheaths of the withered leaves persistent, dark
brown, ciliate. Peduncular-sheath 24-3 in. long, leafless, apiculate.
Peduncle 9-10 in. long, 4-3 lin. thick, subcompressed, glabrous. Spike
24-3 lin. long and nearly as thick, ellipsoid or obovoid when young,
becoming at length subglobose and somewhat flattened at the top,
rather few-flowered. Bracts 14-2} lin. long, 14-2 lin. broad, broadly
elliptic or slightly obovate, obtuse, entire, 3-nerved, subcoriaceous, dark
brown with paler subscarious margins, those in the centre of the head
deeply concave and much lighter in colour. Lateral sepals 2—24 lin.
long, 4-4 lin. broad, narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse and slightly hooded
at the apex, somewhat membranous, light yellowish-brown along the keel,
darker brown at the apex and pallid straw-coloured at the sides;
keel nearly straight in the lower 3, rather broadly winged, minutely
ciliate and scabridulous from near the base to about } or } from the
Apex ; interior sepal bright reddish-purple. Petals obovate, yellow.
Staminodes 2-armed, pilose. Anthers 1 lin. long, orange in the bud.
Capsule oblanceolate, beaked. Seeds as in X. nivea.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in the elevated damp meadows of Morro
de Monino, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 2467 !
Very similar to X. humpatensis, N. E. Br., and scarcely to be distinguished
without dissection, when the rather darker, broader, oblanceolate, obt d slight!
hooded sepals at once distinguish it. , obtuse and slightly
13, X. obscura, V. H. Br, Leaves and peduncular-sheath not
seen. Peduncles 12-15 in. long, }-} lin. thick, slightly compressed,
glabrous. Spike about 3 lin. long, 24 lin. thick, ellipsoid, not more
than 5—6-flowered. Bracts 2-2} lin. long, 2 lin. broad, coriaceous,
orbicular or broadly elliptic, very obtuse, minutely apiculate, entire,
dark chestnut-brown, very minutely papillate-scabrid in the apical part,
5-7-nerved ; inner bracts all reaching to about the same level. Lateral
Xyris. | CXLIS. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 17
sepals 24-2} lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-oblanceolate, somewhat obtuse,
but shortly aristate, golden-brown along the keel, colourless and mem-
branous on the sides; keel broadly winged (about 4 as broad as the
sides), distinctly ciliate from the base to the apex. Petals 2 lin. long
and the same in breadth, broadly obovate, denticulate, bright yellow.
Arms of the staminodes with brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs, half
as long as the petals. Anthers linear-oblong, | lin. long.
Mozamb. Dist. lritish Central Africa: Mashonaland, at Six-mile Spruit,
near Salisbury, Hon. Mrs, Evelyn Cecil, 152A!
14, X. makuensis, V. #. Br. Much branched and densely
tufted at the base. Leaves 14-8 in. long, including the 3-1} in. long
sheath, 4-4 lin. thick, filiform-subulate, very slightly compressed,
Peduncular-sheath 2-4 in, long, with a subulate point 4-3? in. long.
Peduncles numerous, 3-12 in. long, 4-4 lin. thick, filiform, subterete
or slightly compressed, with a raised line down one side, solid, glabrous,
Spike 3-4 lin. long, 14-2} lin. thick, ovoid, becoming somewhat flat-
topped and obovoid in fruit, 3—6-flowered. Outer bracts 2-3 lin. long,
1-1} lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, keeled, entire, rigidly coriaceous, con-
cave, 3-nerved, blackish-brown, fading to dark olive-brown on the
margins, shining; inner bracts similar to the outer, but complicate-
acute, more distinctly keeled, 1-nerved, and of a rather lighter olive-
brown in the lower part, 24-34 lin. long. Lateral sepals 2-3} lin. long,
% lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute, boat-shaped, nearly straight, olive-
brown, darker along the back; keel with a moderately broad entire
wing, neither ciliate nor scabrid, not produced at the apex. Corolla-
lobes about 24 lin. long, 2 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, toothed, yellow.
Arms of the staminodes very short, with large dense brush-like tufts of
long yellow hairs. Anthers oblong.
Mozamb. Dist. East Equatorial Africa, Taylor! Portuguese East Africa :
Makua; Namuli Mountains, Zast/ British East Africa: Nyasaland; Mount
quan Whyte! Mlanji Plateau, MeClounie ! and without precise locality, Buchanan,
_ The subulate-filiform leaves and numerous blackish shining spikes readily distin-
guish this from the other species,
15, XK. humilis, Kunth, Hrwm. iv. 15. Leaves 14-24 in. long,
very narrowly linear, acute, membranous, striate, glabrous. Peduncles
2-5 in. long, filiform, slightly compressed, glabrous. Spike small, about
2 lin. long, obovate-turbinate, about 3-flowered. Bracts about 7,
orbicular-obovate, emarginate, carinate above, with the apex slightly
recurved, fuscous on the back, with paler sides and green on the keel
in the upper part, subcoriaceous, shining. Lateral sepals narrow,
keeled, acute, glabrous. Capsule oblong, umbonate, 1-celled, fuseous,
slightly shorter than the bracts. Seeds ellipsoid, ribbed, pointed at
each end, pale fuscous.—Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv.
no. 14,40; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 133.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, ex Engler. :
Also in Madagascar and Mauritius. I bave not seen a specimen from Zanzibar,
and therefore give a translation of Kunth’s original description.
VOL. VIII. Cc
18 CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [ Xyris.
16. X. huillensis, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 71. Densely
tufted. Leaves #-2} in. long, 4-3 lin. broad, linear, acute; sheaths
with membranous margins. Peduncular-sheath about as long as the
leaves, acute or with a short leafy point. Peduncle 3-12 in. long,
1_1 lin. thick, filiform, slightly angular, reddish below. Spike about
2 lin. long, 14-2 lin. thick, ellipsoid, becoming subglobose in fruit,
about 6-flowered. Bracts 14—1 lin. long, 2—1 lin. broad, elliptic-oblong,
very obtuse, subcoriaceous, rather stoutly keeled in the upper half,
entire, 3-nerved (sometimes incompletely), light brown, slightly shining.
Lateral sepals 14-13 lin. long, }—} lin. broad, broadly lanceolate, acute,
light brown along the keel, membranous and nearly colourless on the
sides; keel narrow, quite entire. Corolla-lobes 14 lin. long, ? lin.
broad, obovate, yellow. Arms of the staminodes densely pilose, bright
yellow. Anthers subsagittate. Ovary compressed-ellipsoid, becoming
obovoid and shortly rostrate as it ripens. Seeds ellipsoid, narrowing
to a slight umbo at each end, crimson, with dark longitudinal lines.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; Empalanca, in lofty sandy pastures,
flooded in the rainy season, Welwitsch, 2469! marshes near the River Quipumpun-
hime, in the Humpata district between Nene and Humpata, Welwitsch, 2472!
17. &. anisophylla, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 72.
Leaves 2—34 in. long, 3—? lin. broad, linear, acute. Peduncular-sheath
14-2 in. long, acute. Peduncle 5-8} in. long, 4-4 lin. thick, “of a
shining copper or almost gold colour” (Welwitsch). Spike 2 lin. long,
14-2} lin. broad, ellipsoid, somewhat truncate at the apex, often
becoming hemispherical when mature, 5-flowered. Bracts 14-1} lin.
long, 14-14 lin. broad, orbicular-obovate to broadly elliptic, very obtuse,
sometimes faintly keeled in the upper part, entire, membranous,
3-nerved, very light reddish-brown, with broad transparent straw-
coloured margins. Lateral sepals 1}—1# in. long, scarcely } lin. broad,
somewhat oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute, membranous, nearly
colourless, very light brownish or straw-coloured along the back; keel
very narrow, quite entire. Petals (torn) more than 1} lin. long,
scarcely 1 lin. broad, yellow. Staminodes 2-armed, with dense tufts of
yellow hairs, more than half the length of the stamens. Anthers ? lin.
long, oblong, cordate at the base. Fruit scarcely 1} lin. long, plano-
convex, narrowly obovoid, very shortly beaked. Seeds ellipsoid, with
an apical umbo, longitudinally marked with distinct spiral ridges, red.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in spongy places in the Presi-
dium, near the huge rocks of the Barrancos de Catete, Welwitsch, 2463.
18, K. fugaciflora, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.71. Czspi-
tose. Leaves 3-4 in. long, 3-3 lin. broad, linear, acute, transversely
rugulose ; scabridulous at the margin, especially when old. Peduncular-
sheath 3-2 in. long, with a leafy point 14-3 lin. long. Peduncle 3-9 in.
long, —} lin. broad, very slender, flattened, glabrous. Spike 13-2} lin.
long, | to nearly 2 lin. thick, 4—5-flowered, ellipsoid when ia flower,
becoming semi-ellipsoid in fruit. Bracts 14-2 lin. long, 3-14 lin.
broad, varying from elliptic to orbicular, very obtuse, membranous,
Xyris.| CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 19
entire, 3- or indistinctly 5-7-nerved, dull or purplish-brown, the colour
fading out towards the margins. Lateral sepals 1}-2 lin. long,
4 lin. broad, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, membranous, transparent, tinted
with red or brown on the keel, nearly colourless on the sides; keel
moderately broad, quite entire. Corolla-lobes scarcely 2 lin. long, obo-
vate, toothed on the margin, yellow. Arms of the staminodes with
brush-like tufts of hairs. Anthers oblong, 2-3 lin. long. Ovary ob-
lanceolate, shortly beaked. Seeds ellipsoid, with a prominent apical
umbo, longitudinally striate, reddish-brown.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo: spongy places between Caghuy
and Sansamanda, but somewhat rare, Welwitsch, 2461! in spongy wooded meadows
at Mutollo, near Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 2462! plentiful in the Presidium, in
spongy places on the higher rocks of Catete, Welwitsch, 2464!
The minute rugosity on the leaves in this species and in X. straminea, Nilss., and
one or two others is probably due to some form of shrinkage in drying, as some of
the leaves show no trace of it.
19. K. straminea, NVilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Férhandl. Stockh.
1891, 153. Roots filiform, densely tufted; norhizome. Leaves 4-5 in,
long, 4-1 lin. broad, linear, acute, rarely obtuse, often from shrinkage
(but not always) minutely transversely rugulose in the dried state, with
concolorous or pale sheaths 4-14 in. long. Peduncular-sheath $-2 in.
long, leafless and mucronate, or with a leafy point {-4 in. long. Peduncle
1}~12 in. long, very slender, 1—} lin. thick, terete or subcompressed,
striate, very minutely rugulose in the upper part, slightly hollow. Spike
2-2} lin. long, lanceolate, acute, 14 lin. in diam. when in flower, opening
out when in fruit, 1—5-flowered. Bracts few, 14-22 lin. long, }-1 lin.
broad, oblong or elliptic-oblong, the inner boat-shaped, keeled, and com-
plicate-acute at the apex, but obtuse when flattened out, entire, not
ciliate, 3-nerved, somewhat membranous, very pale brownish or straw-
coloured. Lateral sepals about 2-24 lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, straight,
narrowly lanceolate, acute, membranous, straw-coloured; keel slightly
rounded, with no trace of a wing, entire, not ciliate. Corolla only
seen in a very young bud, yellow. Capsule 14-1? lin. long, # lin. diam.,
oblong, obtuse, apiculate, trigonous (or acutely triangular?) in cross
section.—Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 40;
Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421 ; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fi. Cap. vii.
751. X, filiformis, N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fi. Cap. vii. 7, not of Lam.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe ; swamps near Bakona, and at Lom,
Barter, 764!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau at
Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte !
Also in South Africa.
This species is closely allied to X. filiformis, Lam., but differs in having no dorsal
area on the outer bracts and no ciliation on the keel of the lateral sepals. The curious
and minutely rugulose surface of the leaves and peduncles is best seen by holding the
Specimens in a line with the source of light, but probably it is due to shrinkage in
drying, aud may not be evident in the living plants. An imperfect specimen collected
by Carson in a pool 2-3 miles south of Niomkolo, in Urungu, may also belong to
this species.
20 CXLII, XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [ Xyris.
20. &. pumila, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 70. A small rigid
plant, densely tufted. Rhizome bearing several crowded branches.
Leaves distichous, 2-34 in, long, including the ? in. long sheath,
searcely 4 lin. broad, linear, very acute or subaristate at the apex ;
sheaths dark chestnut-brown. Peduncle 4-5} in. long, } lin. thick,
terete, glabrous. Spike 24-24 lin. long, 1-14 lin. broad, about 3-flowered,
narrowly ellipsoid, slightly drawn out at the base. Bracts 12-2 lin. long,
3-1} lin. broad, elliptic or oblong, entire, coriaceous, minutely papillate-
scabrid on the back of the apical part, 3-nerved, dark chestnut-brown,
slightly paler at the margin, those in the centre dull ochreous-brown.
Lateral sepals 13-2 lin. long, nearly } lin. broad, lanceolate, obtuse,
golden-brown along the keel, becoming paler towards the margins; keel
very minutely scabridulous from about 4 above the base to the apex.
Corolla bright yellow. Staminodes 2-armed, hairy. Anthers ? lin. long,
linear-oblong, orange-yellow.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in thicket-grown marshes between Humpata
and the lofty plain of Empalanca, Welwitsch, 2471 !
21. XX. multicaulis, V. H. Brown. Leaves 14-3 in. long, }-1 lin.
broad, linear, subacute, sometimes slightly hardened and whitish at the
apex, glabrous, sometimes minutely rugulose in the dried state.
Peduncular-sheath 1}—2 in. long, with a short leafy point. Peduncles
numerous, 4—6 in. long, }-} lin. thick, angular, compressed, glabrous,
twisted. Spike 24-3 lin. long, 1-1} lin. thick, lanceolate, 2—3-flowered,
dull smoky-brown. Outer bracts 14-2 lin. long, thin, broad, elliptic,
subacute or obtuse, deeply concave, slightly keeled at the apex, entire,
subcoriaceous, indistinctly 3-nerved,dull brown; inner bracts thinner, orbi-
cular, apiculate, closely convolute, scarcely keeled, nerveless, Lateralsepals
2-214 lin. long, $ lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, boat-shaped, thin, scarcely
keeled, light straw-coloured, scarcely darker on the keel, which is quite
entire. Corolla-lobes 1 lin. long, ? lin. broad, obovate, very obtuse,
yellow. Arms of the staminodes broad, linear, densely fringed with
yellow hairs.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Namasi, Cameron, 51!
22. K. angustifolia, De Wild. & Durand in Comptes-rendus Soc. Bot.
Belg. xxxviii. 149. Leaves 2-4 in. long, }-4 lin. broad, linear, acute,
slightly twisted, rigid, with brown sheaths7lin.long. Peduncular-sheath
132} in. long, leafless, acute, keeled on the back, bright chestnut in the
lower part. Peduncles }—1 ft. long, more or less flattened, glabrous. Spike
small, about 24 lin. long, 1} lin.in diam. Inner bracts 2 lin. long, 1 lin.
broad, outer smaller, obovate or elliptic, sparsely ciliolate and usually
shortly emarginate at the apex, coriaceous, bright fuscous. Lateral
sepals about 2 lin. long, oblong, curved, keeled; keel scarcely or very
narrowly winged, not ciliate. Petals about 14 lin. long, 1 lin. broad,
obovate, fimbriate, yellow.
South Central. Congo Free State: Upper Congo; between Mokanga and
Skori, Dewévre.
Xyris. | CXLII. XYRIDEH (BROWN). 21
I have not seen this species; it appears to be allied to X. multicaulis, N. E. Br.,
or X, filiformis, Lam,
23. SK. erubescens, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 73. Plant
about 8 in. high, “scarcely cespitose ” (Welwitsch). Leaf-sheaths form-
ing a bulbous base, leafless in the specimens seen, the outer coriaceous
or scarious, tapering from a broad base, smoky-brown, shining. Peduncles
arising from the midst of the persistent bases of the leaves, 54-8 in. long,
flexuose, subquadrangular, glabrous, green. Peduncular-sheath about
2 in. long, rather loose above and passing into a weak acuminate point.
Spike } in. thick, ellipsoid or subglobose. Bracts 2-2} lin. long,
13-24 lin. broad, coriaceous, lowermost oblong, the others orbicular,
very concave, obtuse or slightly apiculate, entire, but often broken and
retuse at the apex, 7—9-nerved, olive-brown, paler at the margin.
Lateral sepals 24-2} lin. long, scarcely 4 lin. broad, falcate, with very
unequal sides; keel broad, minutely denticulate-scabrid (scarcely cilio-
late) from about the middle to the apex, greenish-brown below, becoming
crimson above. Arms of the staminodes with narrow brush-like tufts
of hairs, exceeding the oblong orange-coloured anthers.—Rendle in
Journ. Bot. 1899, 508.
Lower Guinea, Angola: Huilla; here and there in marshy pastures near
Nene, by the road towards Lopollo, Welwitsch, 2466 !
A very distinct species, well marked by the bulbous base formed by the leaf-
sheaths. A specimen collected by Rand in Rhodesia has been referred (Journ.
Bot., 1899, 508) by Dr. Rendle to this species, but as the leaves of Welwitsch’s
plant are unknown, and Rand’s specimen only consists of separate peduncles and
leaves, the base of the plant not being represented, it is uncertain if the Rhodesian
plant, which has terete-filiform leaves, really belongs to this species, although the
spikes are similar,
24, KX. filiformis, Zam. Hncycl. i. 152. Leaves 3-23 in. long,
3-4 lin. broad, linear, subacute, glabrous. Peduncle 44-10 in. long,
4-3 lin. thick, terete, striate. Spike 24-3 lin. long, 1-2} lin. thick,
ovoid or ellipsoid, few-flowered. Bracts 14-2 lin. long, 1-14 lin. broad,
elliptic or suborbicular, obtuse, very concave, chestnut-brown, the outer
with a linear greyish dorsal area near the apex, glabrous, entire,
coriaceous, becoming somewhat scarious at the margin, 3—5-nerved.
Lateral sepals 14-2 lin. long, narrowly spathulate-lanceolate, subobtuse,
keeled, light brown along the keel, paler on the membranous sides ; keel
very minutely scabrid on the apical part only.—Poir. Encyel. viii. 821 ;
Vahl, Enum. ii. 207; Kunth, Enum. iv. 24; Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet.
Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891, 151; and in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl.
xxiv. no. 14, 40; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 420.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, in Upsala Herb. Sierra Leone, Smeathman!
Afzelius, in Stockholm and Berlin Herb.
Lamarck described this species from a specimen collected by Smeathman, of which
I have seen a tracing, and also specimens of the same gathering in the British
Museum.
22 .CXLIl. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). [ Yyris.
25. &. angularis, V. H. Brown. Leaves and peduncular-~heath
not seen. Peduncle 14-18 in. high, about 4 lin. thick, distinctly 4—6-
angled, hollow, glabrous. Spike 3-4 lin. long, 24-3 lin. thick, ellipsoid,
about 10-flowered. Bracts 2-2} lin. long, 1} lin. broad, elliptic, very
obtuse, not keeled, concave, glabrous, rather light brown with a distinct
greyish lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong dorsal area; nerves numerous,
much reticulated. Lateral sepals 24 lin. long, }~} lin. broad, falcate-
linear, acute, keeled, brown, paler towards the margins; keel not pro-
duced at the apex, serrulate along the apical half, with the teeth often
ending in a fine hair. Corolla not seen.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter !
This species is easily recognised by its sharply angular peduncles, combined with
the distinct dorsal area of the bracts.
26. MR. decipiens, JV. L#. Br. in Dyer, Fb. Cap. vii. 3. Leaves 5-16
in. long, 14-24 lin. broad, with concolorous sheaths 14-3 in. long, linear,
acuminate, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 5}-7} in. long, acute and
leafless, or (abnormally ?) with a distinct blade like the other leaves.
Peduncle 2—2} ft. long, 1-14 lin. thick, terete, sulcate-striate, glabrous ;
pith rather loose, not hollow at the centre. Spike 6—9 lin. long, 5-6 lin,
thick, ovoid, acute or subacute, 30-40-flowered. Bracts 3-34 lin. long,
24-23 lin. broad, oblong-obovate, very obtuse, minutely subdenticulate,
concave, 7—-nerved, light chestnut-brown, slightly shining, with a
distinct oblong-lanceolate greyish dorsal area about 1—1} lin. long and
3 lin. broad; nerves reticulate at their apex. Lateral sepals 24 lin.
long, $ lin. broad, pale brown, linear-falcate or linear-lanceolate, acute,
keeled ; keel winged, serrulate along the upper part. Corolla only seen
in bud. Arms of the staminodes very short ending in dense brush-like
tufts of long hairs. Anthers linear-oblong. Capsule 2} lin. long,
oblong-lanceolate, subacute, trigonous.—X. laxifolia, Benth. in Hook,
Niger Fi., 548, not of Mart.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Samu Country, Scott-Elliot, 4220! and
without precise locality, Smeathman !
Lower Guinea. Angola, Curror!
This is the stoutest of all the African species, and the dorsal area on the bracts is
more conspicuous than in any other. The pubescence on the keel of the lateral sepals,
mentioned in my original description, seems to be due to some accidental disintegra-
tion of the superficial cells in the specimens first examined, and does not occur in the
Sierra Leone example. Since this species was described it has been discovered that
the plants collected by Curror and labelled “ W. Africa, S. of the Tropic,” were all
collected in Angola.
27, X. Barteri, V. H. Br. Leaves not seen. Peduncular-
sheath 2} in. (or more?) long, terminated by a linear acute leaf 2 in.
long, % lin. broad, glabrous. Peduncle 14-2 ft. long, 4-3 lin. thick,
Somewhat compressed, 2-edged, hollow, glabrous, striate (from
shrinkage’). Spike 3 lin. long, 2-24 lin. thick, ellipsoid or ovoid, 7—12-
flowered. Bracts spirally imbricate one above another, 24—24 lin. long,
1}lin. broad, coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, entire, sometimes
Xyris. | CXLII. XYRIDEZ (BROWN). 23
apiculate, light chestnut-brown, the inner with a stout usually dark green
keel; nerves very indistinct, very slender and irregular. Lateral sepals
1}-2 lin. long, 4} lin. broad, falcate-lanceolate, obtuse, boat-shaped,
brown along the back, fading to light yellowish-brown on the sides;
keel winged, minutely ciliolate along the middle part only, not produced
at the apex. Flowers not seen. Capsule obovoid, trigonous.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter !
Allied to X. angularis, N. E. Br., but differing in its compressed (not acutely
angled) peduncles, the absence of a dorsal area on the bracts, and other characters,
28. KX. batokana, V. H. Br. Tufted on a stout rootstock,
emitting thick roots. Leaves 4—8 in. (or more ?) long, 3-14 lin. broad,
linear, very acute, rigid, striate, often twisted, glabrous. Peduncular-
sheath 24-4 in. long, with a rigid acute point about 3 lin. long, glabrous.
Peduncle 14-2 ft. long, about 3 lin. thick, subterete, very smooth and
slightly shining, not striate, glabrous; pith not hollow at the centre.
Spike 4—5 lin. long, 3-34 in. thick, ellipsoid or subglobose, about 30-
flowered. Bracts 13-21 lin. long, 14-1} lin. broad, elliptic or elliptic-
oblong, very obtuse, neither apiculate nor keeled, 5-7-nerved, chestnut-
brown, with an indistinct slightly paler lanceolate dorsal area, glabrous,
not ciliolate; nerves reticulated at their apex. Lateral sepals 2 lin.
long, nearly $ lin. broad, linear-falcate, acutely keeled, brown, paler
towards the margins; keel very distinctly ciliate from a little above the
base to the minutely apiculate apex. Corolla yellow; tube about 2 lin.
long ; lobes 2 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, denticulate. Arms
of the staminodes small, bearing a tuft of comparatively few (20-25)
hairs. Anthers oblong.
Mozamb. Dist. British Cextral Africa: Northern Rhodesia ; Batoka High-
lands, Kirk !
This mucb resembles X. nitida, Nilss., but the very smooth peduncles and absence
of cilia on the bracts readily distinguish it.
29. K. congensis, Bittner in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxxi.
71. Leaves up to 1 ft. long, 1—2 lin. broad, linear, slightly scabrous,
striate, with dark brown sheaths. Peduncle 2-3 times as long as the
leaves, compressed, smooth. Spike 5 lin. long, 24 lin. thick, about 20-
flowered. Bracts 2} lin. long, broadly obovate, rounded at the apex,
ciliolate, chestnut-brown with a greyish dorsal area. Lateral sepals
shorter than the bracts, boat-shaped, keeled, hyaline, pale fuscous, with
a golden hue, the apex and keel darker ; keel narrowly winged, ciliate.
Corolla-lobes 14 lin. long, ? lin. broad, truncate, irregularly and shortly
denticulate, yellow.—Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14,
29; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 420, and Etudes Fl. Congo,
1. 268,
South Central. Congo Free State:-on the left bank of the River Congo,
between Lukolela and Equatorville, Bittner, 583.
I have not seen this, but possibly X. xitida, Nilss., may be the same plant.
24 CXLII, XYRIDEA (BROWN). [ Xyrvs.
30. XK. nitida, Vilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891,
156. Tufted on a thick rootstock, emitting rather stout flattened
roots. Leaves 9-14 in. long, 3-1 lin. broad, linear, acute, twisted,
glabrous; sheaths 14-24 in. long, becoming dark chestnut-brown and
shining. Peduncular-sheath 4-5 in. long, with a flat point 2-3 lin.
long, glabrous, dark chestnut-brown in the lower part. Peduncle 13-2
ft. long, compressed, 2-edged, glabrous, finely striate; pith not hollow
at the centre. Spike 5-7 lin. long, 3-34 lin. thick, ovoid or oblong-
ovoid, about 30- or more-flowered. Bracts 2}—3 lin. long, 1} lin. broad,
elliptic-oblong, very obtuse, minutely ciliate at the apex, dark brown,
shining, with an obscure oblong dorsal area on some of them, obscurely
7-nerved, nerves scarcely reticulated. Lateral sepals 24-2? lin. long,
} lin. broad, oblong-linear, slightly falcate, usually more or less hooded
and ciliate at the apex, keeled, yellowish-brown with a dark brown
keel ; keel ciliate or irregularly toothed and ciliate to the apex, which
is produced into a short subulate point. Corolla-tube 2 lin. long;
lobes 2 lin. long, ? lin. broad, oblong, obtuse. Arms of the staminodes
short, linear, terminating in a small dense tuft of long yellow hairs.
Anthers oblong.—Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 30;
Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421, not of Willd.
Lower Guinea. Corisco Island: in meadow ground, Mann, 1858!
As the flowers are in a bad state I am rather doubtful if the description of corolla-
lobes as given above is quite correct. In one head some of the bracts have a well-
marked ciliate keel down the back, the other bracts of the same head being without a
keel, which latter seems to be the normal condition, This species may prove to be
the same as X. congensis, Biittner, but the leaves are not scabrous as described for
that species ; if they should be found to be identical, the name X. congensis must
take precedence, as that species was published in September 1889 (not 1890 as stated
by Nilsson), nearly two years earlier than X. nitida,
31. K. Hildebrandtii, Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. FG
Stockh. 1891, 155, Tufted. Leaves 4-12 miata $-14 ith bee hoes
very acute, striate, often twisted, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 2 wi
lin. long, with a rigid acute point 24-3 lin. long. Peduncle 11-2 =
long, 1 lin. thick, compressed, slightly striate. Spike 34-7 lin long,
about 3 lin. thick, ovoid or cylindric-oblong, 10-30- or moredioweied:
Bracts 23-2? lin. long, 1} lin. broad, spirally imbricating one above
another, elliptic-oblong or suborbicular, very obtuse, sometimes minutely
apiculate, not keeled, glabrous, opaque blackish-brown, indistinctly 5—9-
nerved ; nerves reticulate at their apex. Lateral sepals 2 lin ae
4-2 lin. broad, falcate-oblong, or the margins nearly straight co i
keel much curved, brown with paler margins; keel winged, obtuse or
slightly produced at the apex, very distinctly ciliate from the base to
the apex, the cilia usually being grouped in small dense tufts. Corolla-
lobes 2 lin, long, 1} lin. broad, cuneate-orbicular, toothed. Arms of
the staminodes linear, with dense brush-like tufts :
ingl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 133.
Welw. ii. 67, hardly of Nilss.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in damp meadows by the banks
nse _brush-l of yellow hairs.—
X. Umbilonis, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pi.
Xyris. | CXLII, XYRIDEA (BROWN). 25.
of the Cuanza River, near Buinba, Welwitsch, 2460! Huilla ; Humpata, in spongy
marshes at the foot of the Sierra de Oiahoia, Welwitsch, 2475!
Mozamb. Dist. (erman East Africa and the region around Lake Nyasa, ex
Engler. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Shire Highlands, Buchanan ! Mount
Maloxa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte /
Also in Madagascar.
This Tropical African plant differs from the typical Madagascar form in that the
peduncles are more slender, and the cilia on the keels of the lateral sepals have a
tendency to be grouped in tufts, instead of being evenly spread as in typical X. Hil-
debrandtii, but in other respects the two plants closely agree. X. Umbilonis, Nilss.,
under which Rendle has placed it, differs in having the keel of the lateral sepals
produced at the apex, but may, perhaps, only be a local form: it was collected in Natal.
X. Hildebrandtii is distinguished from all other Tropical African species, by its dull
blackish-brown many-flowered spikes, and distinctly ciliate sepuls.
Imperfectly known species,
32. ¥. minima, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 288. Roots fibrous, very
slender. Peduncular-sheath lax, terminated by a flattish or setaceous
leafy point 3-5 lin. long. Peduncle 14-3 in. long, capillary or filiform,
Spike small. Bracts ovate-oblong, obtuse, pale chestnut-brown.
Lateral sepals lanceolate-spathulate.—X. humilis, var. minima, Nilss.
in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Férhandl. Stockh. 1891, 152; and’in Svensk. Vet.
Akad. Handl. xxiv., no. 14, 40; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr.
v. 420.
Upper Guinea. Los Islands, Jardin, 120, in Stockholm Herb.
I have not seen a specimen of this plant, and the description is insufficient for its
identification, but it would appear to be allied to X. straminea, Nilss., or X. filiformis,
Lam.
Orper CXLIII. COMMELINACEA. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Flowers small, bisexual or some sterile. Sepals 3, one entirely
external in the bud. Petals 3, free or their claws imperfectly united
into a tube in Cyanotis. Stamens 6, whereof 4—1 are often sterile and
deformed or wanting; filaments often with beaded hairs. Ovary
superior, 3—2-celled ; when 3-celled the dorsal cell often smaller with
fewer ovules or empty ; style simple; ovules 1 or several in each cell
attached to the inner angle. Fruit (except in the two first small
genera) a loculicidal capsule. Seeds having the hilum linear, vertical
(except in the two first genera); embryo small, far from the hilum,
shortly cylindric in the floury albumen; foramen prominent, covered
by an embryostega, lateral (i.e. nearly opposite the hilum), except in
Cyanotis.—Herbs. Leaves alternate, ovate to linear, bases sheathing.
Species 330, in all warm countries.
Mostly succulent weedy plants, with fugitive flowers. In some genera the flowers.
are symmetric or nearly so ; but in the majority the flower is 1-sided, the dorsal cell
of the ovary smaller or 0, the dorsal petal much shorter than the other two, and the
3 dorsal stamens sterile or rudimentary.
26 CXLIII. COMMELINACE (CLARKE). | Pollia.
Tribe I. Polliece.— Fruit indehiscent. Inflorescence
a panicle ; no spathaceous bracts.
Fruit crustaceous. Margin of leaves nearly glabrous. 1. POLLia.
Fruit succulent, Margin of leaves brown-silky . 2. PALISOTA.
Tribe II. Commelineve.— Capsule 2-3-valved. Fer-
tile stamens 3-2.
Racemes 2—1, enclosed or half-enclosed within a spathe-
like folded bract.
Spathes scattered or clustered . . 8. COMMELINA.
Spathes on the elongate branches of the panicle . 4. PoLysPaTHA.
Inflorescence various; without conspicuous folded
bracts.
Sepals small, obtuse 3 “ C . 5. ANEILEMA.
Sepals 4 in. long, lanceolate, acute : = . 6, ANTHERICOPSIS.
Tribe III. Tradescantieve.— Capsule 2-3-valved.
Fertile stamens 6-5:
Capsule 3-celled.
Seeds 4-10 in each cell, _ Panicle loose. . 7%. BUFORRESTIA.
Seeds 2-1 in each cell. Cymes often dense.
Peduncle perforating the base of the leaf-
sheath . . 8. FoRRESTIA.
Peduncle not per forating the leaf-sheath . 9. CYANOTIS.
Capsule 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell : . 10. FLoscopa.
1, POLLIA, Thunb.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 846.
Sepals 3. Petals 3, small, obovate, white or pale rose. Stamens 6
subequal, or 3 and 3 staminodes; filaments without hairs. Ovary
ovoid ; cells 3, equal or the dorsal smaller, 5—10-ovuled (in the African
species). Capsule globose or ellipsoid, indehiscent ; pericarp crustaceous,
ultimately sbining blue or lead-coloured ; seeds 5-10 in each cell, flat-
tened trapezoid.—Stem often rooting at the base. Leaves lanceolate or
obovate-lanceolate, approximate towards the top of the stem; not
densely brown-silky on the lower surface near the margin. Panicle
terminal, either loose, or denee short-ovoid. Bracts within the panicle
small,
Species 14, scattered in the warmer parts of the Old World,
Fertile stamens 6; panicle loose . x : <2 eh MANNS.
Fertile stamens-3; head dense. ; : . 2. P. condensata.
1. P. Mannii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 124. Nearly
glabrous. Stems 1-2 ft. long, slender, trailing or suberect, rooting at
the base. Leaves 4 by 1 in., broadly lanceolate, acuminate at either
end ; pseudo- petiole ai in. long. Panicle 2 by 14 in., 12-18-flowered,
loose ; bracts up to 4 in. long, lanceolate. Stamena 6 fertile, subequal.
Capsule 1 1 by 4 in. 24- seeded.— Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v.421;
Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. 1.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons ; Yaunde, 2700 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 409!
Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas: 2000 ft., Mann, 1098! at Angolares,
Pollia. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 27
300 ft., Quintas, 10! at Nova Moka, 2900 ft., Moller! Fl. Afr. Exsice. Conimbric.,
109 !
Part of Welwitsch, 6604, was referred by me erroneously to P. Manaii in DC,
Monogr. Phan. iii. 124.
2. P. condensata, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 125.
Nearly glabrous. Stems 2-6 ft. long, thick. Leaves 12 by 3 in., lan-
ceolate-obovate, acuminate at either end; petiole 0—} in. long. Panicle
1} by 1} in., 20-40-flowered, dense ; bracts }-} in. long, ovate, obtuse,
conspicuous on the young panicle, disappearing in fruit; peduncle 1-2 in.
long, with sometimes a large oblong bract. Stamens 3 fertile. Capsule
$+ by ¢ in., 24-seeded.—Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134 ; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Par. i, 118, and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p.1; Cornu in Bull. Soe.
Bot. France, xliii. 27 ; Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 74.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone; Talla Hil] Plateau, Scott-Elliot, 4851! near
Dunnia, Scott-Elliot, 4363! Ashanti ; Assin-Yan-Kumassi, Cummins, 82! Came-
roons: Efulen, Bates, 389! Fernando Po; 2000 ft., Mann, 93! Barter, 1518!
Vogel, 7B !
Nile Land. British East Africa: Uganda ; common in woods, Scott-Elliot,
7370 !
Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas: Obo de Macambrara, 4200 ft., Moller,
12! Angolares, near Rio Salgado, Quintas, 12a! Fl. Afr. Exsice. Conimbric.,
110! Princes Island, Barter, 2020! Angola: Cazengo ; in the lofty woods of
Muxaulo, Welwitsch, 6604 ! : ;
Mozamb. Dist,? Eastern Africa: Mhonda, Sacleux, 1831 !
This was erroneously placed in Sect. Hu-Pollia (i.e., with 6 perfect stamens) in
DC, Monogr, Phan. lc. It has since flowered at Kew, and Mr. Rolfe observed that
the perfect stamens were 3 only (i.e., it is of Sect. Aclisia).
2. PALISOTA, Reichb.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 847.
Sepals 3. Petals 3, small, obovate, white, sometimes tinged with
rose or bluish. Stamens 3, perfect, the anther of the stamen of the
interior whorl (anticous apparently middle of the three) somewhat un-
like that of the other two, with curved or subdivergent cells ; staminodes
2 or 3, with beaded hairs. Ovary 3-celled, the posticous cell often
smaller ; ovules 8-1 in each cell. Fruit indehiscent. fleshy or succulent,
often purple or red; seeds 2 superposed in each cell, or solitary, or
more numerous and irregularly packed, pyramidal or trapezoid.—Stem
simple, or nearly so, or hardly any. Leaves basal or in fale whorls,
hairy when young, edges permanently and densely clothed with ferru-
ginous hairs. Peduncle 1, rarely 2-3, quasi-terminal ; inflorescence a
panicle, elongate or dense; flowers in small cymes, many functionally
male, the lower pedicels of the cyme often early caducous, so that the
upper part of the cyme-peduncle appears knotted. Bracts on the axis
of the panicle short, except in P. bracteosa ; bracteoles small or 0.
28 CXLIII, COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). | Palisota.
Species, The 12 following endemic in Tropical Africa.
*MONOSTICHOS.—Seeds 3-1 in each cell, superposed in one row (fruit not knowm
in P, Mannii).
Pedicels not articulated at the base.
Stems nearly scapose ; all the leaves, except those
near the base, much reduced, bract-like.
Ovary glabrous.
Bracts prominently exserted from the in-
florescence . : - : c 1. P. bracteosa.
Bracts concealed by the inflorescence 2. P. Mannii.
Ovary with scattered long hairs . : . 38. PB. Barteri.
Stems elongate, with long nodes, the upper leaves
fully developed, appearing opposite or whorled.
Inflorescence dense; pedicels hardly 4 in. long.
Stems stout ; leaves 3-8 in. wide 4. P. Schweinfurthii.
Stems weak ; leaves 1-3 in. wide 5. P. preussiana,
Inflorescence loose ; pedicels }—} in. long 6. P. laxiflora.
Pedicels articulated at the base, many early falling
off. (Stems elongate with apparently-whorled
leaves.)
Inflorescence 2-6 in. long, 50-150-flowered . 7. P. ambigua.
Inflorescence 1 in. long ; buds minute . . 8. P. micrantha,
**DisticHos.—Seeds 5-8 in each cell, in two vertical rows or irregularly disposed.
(Pedicels in all very short, articulated, many of the lower cadacous, so that the
peduncle appears covered with knots below the small cyme.)
Peduncles 3-1 in. long . . . : ° - 9. P. thyrsiflora.
Peduncles 0—;4, in. long “ ° ° ° - 10. P. prionostachys.
1. P. bracteosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 133.
Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stems 1-8 in. long,
with leaves only near the base. Leaves 12-18 by 3-4} in., elliptic-lan-
ceolate or somewhat obovate, acuminate at either end, whe: mature
often nearly glabrate (even on the midrib beneath), except at the densely
hairy margins. Stems }{-} in. in diam.; upper leaves few, 1-2} in. long,
lanceolate, bract-like, not sheathing. Inflorescence 1-34 by 3-1} in.,
most dense, with 50-300 flowers; bracts in the upper part of the panicle
4-} in. long, broadly lanceolate, shaggy, exserted from the panicle;
pedicels 0-4 in. long, persistent. Ovary glabrous, the dorsal cell as a
rule l-ovuled. Berry } in. long, ellipsoid, apiculate, bright scarlet,
5-seeded. Seeds trapezoid, nearly smooth, not greatly flattened.—
Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France
xli. p. liv.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Samu Country, Scott-Elliot, 5933! Litveria,
cultivated specimen! Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 446!
Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas; 3000-4500 ft., Moller in Fl, Afr.
Exsice. Conimbric., 111!
The peduncles are all simple ; in Moller n. 111 there are three from one root.
The petiole, as in other species of Palisota, is very variable—1-6 in. long.
Palisota. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 29
2. P. Mannii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 132. Young
parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair, Stems 1-9 in. long, with
leaves only near the base. Leaves 12-18 by 24-4} in., lanceolate or
lanceolate-obovate, acuminate at either end, when mature often nearly
glabrate except at the densely hairy margins. Stems )-} in. in diam.;
upper leaves few, up to 34 in. long, broadly lanceolate, not sheathing.
Inflorescence 4—7 by 1-1} in., oblong, most dense, with several hundred
flowers ; bracts small, concealed by the flowers; pedicels 0—} in. long,
persistent, Ovary glabrous. Fruit not known.—Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. lv.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po ; 3000 ft., Mann, 2340! Cameroons : Came-
coon Mountain, 2000-3000 ft., Mann, 2139! Kalbreyer, 163! :
I described this in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1.c. as “ caulescent,” and Mann has noted
the herb as 2 ft. high, which probably refers to the larger leaves. The stem is as in
P. bracteosa ; the upper leaves are much reduced. The fruit being unknown, there
may be more than one species included here. The material is of 2 forms, viz—
a. P. Mannti, C. B. Clarke, type (i.e, Mann, n, 2340). Leaf in the type
Specimen 20 in. long (exclusive of the long petiole), obovate, broadest very near
the top, suddenly narrowed into a short lanceolate tip (not an in. long).
B. (i.e., Mann, 2139.) Leaf 16 in. long, lanceolate, broadest rather below the
middle, narrowed into an elongate triangular tip nearly 9 in. long, not acuminate.
Kalbreyer, n. 163, is nearly the same.
3. P. Barteri, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t 5318. Young parts shaggy
with fulvous or greyish hair. Stems 1—5 in. long, with leaves only near
their base. Leaves up to 24 by 44 in., the blade (exclusive of the quasi-
petiole 8 in. long) often 9-15 in. long, obovate-lanceolate, suddenly
narrowed into a lanceolate tip 1 in. long, when mature often nearly glab-
rate except at the densely hairy margins. Leaveson the stem 1-2 in. long,
lanceolate, bract-like, not sheathing. Inflorescence 14-2 by 1-1} in.,
very dense, short-oblong or quadrate (but see note below on the culti-
vated plant) with 100-250 flowers; bracts small, concealed by the
flowers ; pedicels 0-} in. long, persistent. Ovary with long simple hairs
scattered all over. Fruit immature, 5-seeded.—C. B. Clarke in DC.
Monogr. Phan. iii. 132; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422;
Schoenl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 62, fig.31,A—E; Hua
in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. liv.; Cornu in Bull. Soc. Bot. France,
xiii. 28. P. ombrophila, K. Schum. (MS. ?) in Zenker, Exsice, 1164.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po; Barter! Mann, 94! Cameroons: Bipinde,
Zenker, 1164!
The plant, in continued cultivation at Kew, has developed a narrow-oblong
inflorescence, 41 in. long, looser than in the wild collections, The P. ombrophila,
K. Schum., has the ovary fully as hairy as in the picture in the Botanical Magazine,
and must be conspecific with P. Barteri.
4, P. Schweinfurthii, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 132
partly. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stem 3-7 ft.
long, } in. in diam., with internodes 2-4 in. long (or more) and 2 or 3
leaves apparently whorled at the node. Leaves up to 26 by 8 in., and
30 CXLIII. COMMELINACEZ (CLARKE). | Palisota.
leaves on the stem seen 14 by 5} in., elliptic, shortly acuminate at either
end, more or less glabrate, but densely hairy on the margin. Inflor-
escence 4-7 by 1-1} in., exceedingly dense, cylindric, with several
hundred flowers; sometimes 2 or 3 peduncles together; bracts on the
main rhachis small, concealed by the flowers ; pedicels hardly + in. long,
persistent. Ovary glabrous. Fruits } in. in diam., succulent, scarlet,
5-seeded. Seeds subpyramidal, nearly smooth.—Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422; Durand & Wild. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxvil.
128; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 118, and in Bull. Soc. Bot.
France, xli. p. lv.; Rendle in Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 74, excluding
the St. Thomas’ island plant.
North Central. French Congo: Kemo, Dybowsky !
Wile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam ; Boddo River, Schweinfurth,
$054! Nabambisso River, Schweinfurth, 3697! Uganda; Kalungi, in woods,
Scott-Elliot, 7364 !
Lower Guinea. Gaboon, Buettner. 163! Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis !
Mouth of the Congo, Smith! Angola: Golungo Alto; Quilombo-Quiacatubia, 1000-
2400 ft,, Welwitsch, 6599! 66038! Pungo Andongo ; in shady valleys between the
higher rocks, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 6603 !
South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; Yuru River, Schweinfurth,
3279 ! 3281! Mbula River, north of the Kibali River, Schweinfurth, 3721! Kassai
River, Lulua River, and Sankuru River, Zaurent !
5. P. preussiana, XK’. Schum. (MS. 2), in Preuss, Exsicc. 996. Young
parts shaggy with greyish hair. Stem 3 ft. long, 4 in. in diam., with
long internodes and distant falsely-opposite leaves. Leaves 10 by 3 in.,
oblong, acuminate at either end, very glabrate except at the densely
fulvous hairy margins; uppermost pair close to the inflorescence hardly
smaller than the basal leaves. Inflorescence 3} by 1 in., cylindric, very
dense with 200-300 flowers ; bracts concealed by the flowers; pedicels
hardly 4 in. long, persistent. Ovary glabrous. Fruit not seen.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Buea, Preuss, 996!
6. P. laxiflora, C. B. Clarke. Young parts shaggy with fulvous
or greyish hair. Stems up to 4-6 ft. high (Welwitsch), with fully
developed leaves, pseudo-opposite or ternate at distant nodes. Leaves
12-18 by 3} in., narrowly lanceolate-obovate, acuminate at both
ends, when mature nearly glabrate except at the densely fulvous-hairy
margins. Inflorescence in fruit 4 by 3 in., loose, 200-flowered ; bracts
on the main axis few, 4—3 in. long, lanceolate ; pedicels persistent, of
the fruits {-} in. long. Flowers white (Welwitsch). Ovary glabrous.
Fruits succulent, } in. in diam., scarlet (Welwitsch), subglobose, 5-seeded.
Seeds trapezoid, somewhat flattened, nearly smooth.—P. Schweinfurthii,
C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 132 partly; Rendle in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 74 partly.
Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas, 3000-4300 ft., Moller, 11! in the woods
of Fazenda de Monte Caffé, 2000 ft., Welwitsch, 6602 !
Palisota. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 31
7. P. ambigua, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 130, t. 5,.
fig. 3. Young parts shaggy with fulvous hair. Stem 1-2 ft. long,
with long internodes. Upper leaves apparently 3-5 in a whorl, 8 by 2
in., obovate-lanceolate, when mature nearly glabrate except at the
densely fulvous-hairy margins. Peduncle 1-6 in. long; inflorescence
2—6 by }—} in., loose, sparingly hairy, 50-150-flowered; bracts hardly
¢ in. long; pedicels 0-4, in. long, articulated at the base; buds ,4,—,),
in. in diam., puberulous, many soon falling. Ovary glabrous. Fruit
ellipsoid, } by 4 in., with 2 (rarely 3) seeds in each anticous cell, 1-seed
in the posticous cell. Seeds superposed, of a metallic blue colour, smooth,
the top and bottom seeds pyramidal, the intermediate short cylindric,
—Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421; Schoenl.in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 62, fig. 31, F—H; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI.
Congo, i. 268; Durand & Wild.in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87, xxxvii.
127; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. lv., and in Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Par. i. 119. Commelina ambigua, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 26, t. 15.
Upper Guinea. Lagos! Musin, Millen,201! Niger Territory: Old Calabar,
Robb! Cameroons: Rio del Rey, Johnston, 1!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Sierra del Crystal, Mann! River Gaboon, Mann!
1031! Buettner, 506! Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis! Mouth of the Congo
Smith, 63! French Congo: Kakomocka, Lecomte.
South Central. Congo Free State: Lunda; Mukenje, Pogge !
>
8. P. micrantha, K. Schum. (MS. ?) in Zenker n. 956. Inflores-
cence 1 by } in. Buds scarcely 45 in. in diam. Otherwise as P.
ambigua.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Bipinde, Zenker, 956!
The buds are less than half the size of those of P. ambigua at the same stage of
development ; still it may be doubted if this is other than a small state of that species.
The stem and leaves are exactly the same as in it.
9. P. thyrsiflora, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 544, excl. syn.
Young parts shaggy with fulvous or grey hairs. Stems 3-15 ft.
long. Upper leaves apparently opposite or whorled at the distant
nodes, attaining 15 by 4 in., lanceolate-obovate or oblong-elliptic,
shortly acuminate at the tip, long-cuneate at the base, margins persis-
tently and densely hairy, midrib in the mature leaves hairy or glabrous
beneath. Panicles often 10 by 2 in., loose, not rarely 2-4 from the
uppermost whorl of leaves; bracts }—-} in. long, lanceolate. Peduncles
of the cymes, mostly simple, often $—1 in. long, slender, with a number
of adjacent knots at the top, which are the scars whence the pedicels
have early fallen; pedicels 0—;1, in. long. Corolla white. Stamens of
the genus. Ovary glabrous. Berry } in. in diam. or rather more, sub-
globose or ellipsoid, erect on the arm of the panicle, obtuse, blue, with
often 10-16 seeds. Seeds trapezoid, not much flattened, nearly smooth.
—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 133, t. 5, fig. 4; Durand &
Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i.
118,and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. lv. P. Tholoni, Hua in Bull. Soc,
32 CXLIII, COMMELINACEZ (CLARKE). | Palisota,
Bot. France, xli. pp. li. and lv.,and in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 118,
P. plagiocarpa, Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. pp. lii, and lv.
P. hirsuta, K. Schum. (M/S. ?) in Zenker & Staudt, Exsicc. 638. P,
Maclaudi, Cornu in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xliii. 30. P. prionostachys,
Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80, not of C. B. Clarke. Dracena
hirsuta, Thunb. Dissert. de Drac. 6. D.? triandra, Schultes, Syst. vii.
354. Dianella triandra, Afzel. Stirp. Guin. Med. Sp. Nov. 6.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 845! Sierra Leone: Ndomi, Samu
Country and as far as Bumban, Scott-Elliot, 4234! and without precise locality,
Afzelius! Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 64! Cape Palmas, Vogel! Gold Coast,
Burton & Cameron! Ashanti: Assin-Yan-Kumassi, Cummins, 2! 130! 204! Lagos,
Maloney, 8! Lower Niger: Aboh, Barter, 293! Old Calabar; Mann, 2339}
Adinbo, Holland, 93! Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 239! Preuss, 1133! Yaunde,
2700 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 638! 354! Victoria, Kalbreyer, 13! Fernando Po,
Barter, 293! Vogel, 77! Mann, 95! Barter!
Lower Guinea. French Gaboon: du Bellay; French Congo: Brazzaville,
Brazza, Thollon, 537, Lecomte. Lower Congo: Vivi, Johnston !
The new species of Hua have not been seen ; but they are stated to be founded
solely on the hairiness of the midrib of the under surface of the leaves, and on the
degree of curvature and divarication of the cells of the anther of the intermediate
stamen. The large series of J. thyrsiflora in Kew shows that these characters cannot
be employed to found species upon.
10. P. prionostachys, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
134. Primary branches of panicle 0-45 in. long, thick, oblique, erect,
each surmounted by a thick rugged cyme-base 4—4} in. long (numerous
lower pedicels having early fallen), the cyme-tip recurved; other-
wise as P. thyrsiflora—Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422, not
of Hua. P. congolana, Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. pp. lii.
and lv.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Old Calabar, Rodd !
Lower Guinea. [French Congo, Brazzaville, Dybowski ; Kakomocka, Le-
comte,
South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu, Schweinfurth, 3622!
The localities in Lower Guinea hang on the correct reduction of P. congolana,
Hua, which has not been seen,
It appears from an observation of Hua that his P. prionostachys had a hairy
ovary, and was therefore not the present species which has the ovary quite glabrous
as in P. thyrsiflora, to which it is very closely allied.
Imperfectly known species,
11. P. bicolor, Masters in Gard. Chron. 1878, ix. 527; C. B.
Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan, iii. 134; Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI.
Afr. v. 422; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. lv.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po,
Originally described from a cultivated plant. This appears to have been one of
the hemiscapose group ; the leaves only are described by Masters; and his description
‘may do for any one of the first 3 species above.
Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). 33
3. COMMELINA. Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 847.
Inflorescence of 2(—1) cymes included (or partly included) within a
folded or funnel-shaped spathe. Sepals 3, concave, obtuse. Petals 3,
whereof 2 are long-clawed, the third dorsal and shorter. Stamens
3-2 anterior perfect, 3-2 dorsal sterile with rudiments of the anthers.
Ovary cells 2 anterior equal, 2-1 ovuled, dehiscent in fruit, the third
dorsal 1-ovuled or empty or suppressed. Seeds 5-1 to the capsule;
hilum linear, vertical.—Succulent weeds. Flowers fugitive, blue, white
or yellow. The spathe is an ovate leaf-like bract, either simply folded
flat with an acute (often curved) midrib (keel), or with the lower
margin connate so as to form an oblique funnel, The lower cyme in
each spathe has often only male flowers, and is. early caducous by an
articulation or not rarely wanting ; the upper cyme has usually perfect
flowers at the base, male at the top. !
Species 120, in all warm countries.
The subgenus Didymoon below is well separated from Monoon—i.e., 1 know no
case of the assigned character failing, The sectional groups pass, however, into each
other. In Hu-Commelina the dorsal cell of the capsule is frequently sterile or nearly
wanting ; while in Dissecocarpus there is frequently present a rudimentary dorsal
cell which, in a few instances, has contained a small seed. So also, in Heterocarpus,
though the 4 ovules of the 2 anterior cells nearly always fail to perfect seeds, in a
few species the two upper ovules of these cells do produce seeds at least occasionally.
The line between the sections Trithyrocarpus and Spathodithyros is (as Hua has
shown) by no means absolute. The sections, nevertheless, appear to me to form fairly
natural groups. In the description of the spathe it is supposed to be unfolded and
viewed as a leaf flattened out.
*“DipyMoon.—Ovnles 2 in each ventral cell of the ovary, 1 or 0 in the dorsal cell.
t Eu-Commelina.—Capsule 3-celled, 2-valved; the dorsal valve deciduous with
the included seed, but usually finally dehiscing. Seeds normally 5 to the
capsule.
{Spathe simply folded, the margins being free or only slightly connate at the very
base.
§Seeds reticulated; the margins of the subhexagonal cells raised and forming
a continuous line round the depressed areoles ; corolla blue.
Leaves elliptic to lanceolate,
Leaves scattered ; spathes mostly peduncled . 1. C. nudiflora.
Leaves close-packed ; spathes as though sessile
on the leaf-sheaths . . ° . 2. C. Sabatieri.
Leaves linear,
Stems 5-10 ft. long ; seeds of the ventral cells
Zin. long . : . : : . 3. C, scandens.
Stems 1-2 ft. long; seeds of the ventral cells
less than ;/, in. long. ° . 4. C. Gambia,
§§Seeds pitted, obsenrely tubercled or wrinkled.
Fertile stems hemiscapose, with 2 or 3 leafless
sheaths . ‘ : : i : - §. C. scaposa.
Fertile stems leafy.
Leaves linear.
Roots fibrous ; short-lived annuals.
Leaves 2-3 in. long. . . . 6. C,subulata.
Leaves up to 6—9 in, long.
VOL. VIII. D
34
CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [ Commelina.
Seeds ovoid or ellipsoid.
Spathes shaggy with multicellular
hairs. 7. C. angustissima,
Spathes glabrous, with ciliate mar-
cis. . - . 9. C. violacea.
Seeds nearly flat, 3-lobed . : 8. C. trilobosperina.
Roots thick ; stems thicker, faidencd at the
base.
Spathes 3 in. long; leaves narrowly linear.
Spathes shaggy, with a nearly straight
tip 10:
. C. purpurea.
Spathes glabrate, with a deflexed tip . 11.
C. nyasensis,
Spathes 13 in. long; leaves long linear-
lanceolate . 12. C. celestis.
Leaves ovate 13. C. crassicaulis.
§§§Seeds smooth : ; 14. C. Schweinfurthit.
| {Spathe having its margins connate | near the base, so
that the spathe is hooded or obliquely funnel-
shaped. (See also 14, C. Schweinfurthii.)
Peduncle of spathe hardly longer than the leat-
sheath.
Leaves triangular at the tip, not very acute.
Spathes obliquely funnel-shaped 15. C. benghalensis.
Spathes with the keel much curved 16. C. uncata.
Leaves acuminate to an acute tip.
Leaves lanceolate, glabrate 17. C. congesta.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, hairy c . 18. C. condensata,
Peduncle of the spathe much longer than the
leaf-sheath.
Spathe hirsute ; seeds subglobose, smooth . . 19. C. zambesica.
Spathe glabrous; seeds abies panes
wrinkled. . . 20. C. boissieriana.
++ Heterocarpus.—Capsule B-celled, 2- sald the anal valve deciduous with thd
included seed, indehiscent, the seed very ‘intimately attached to the pericarp.
Ventral cells with 2 ovules in each cell; both usually withering (without pro-
ducing a fertile seed) ; in a few species the capsule is frequently 3-seeded.
Margins of spathe connate at the base ; capsule often
3-seeded ; corolla blue. : 21.
Spathe simply folded, the margins free at the ‘pase ;
corolla yellow,
Leaves small, at most 1} in, long : . . 30.
Leaves, or many of them, 13 in. long or more.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate.
Leaves nearly glabrous ; seeds ;4 in. long
Leaves puberulous ;
Leaves lanceolate or broader (elliptic or ovate).
Mature leaves nearly glabrous.
Spathes 1-2 in. long, acuminate .
Spathes ? in. long, shortly acute . :
Spathes up to 3 in. long, elongate-acuminate . 27.
Mature leaves pubescent,
Leaves lanceolate,
Spathes 1-2 in. long .
Spathes up to 23 in. long. .
Leaves ovate, subcordate at the base .
C. Forskalai.
C. Mannii.
. C. Kirkii.
seeds din. long . +29:
C. boehmiana.
C. africana.
. C. edulis.
C. Buchanani.
. C. krebsiana.
. C. involucrosa,
. C. cordifolia,
Vommeline. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). 35
ttt Dissecocarpus.—Capsule normally perfecting 4 seeds, in the two ventral cells ;
the dorsal cell quite rudimentary or absent, only by accident perfecting a seed.
Capsule quadrate or oblong, usually constricted between the seeds which are
prominent as 4 knobs or elevations from without.
{Spathes scattered.
Seeds smooth or wrinkled or pitted.
Capsule longer than broad; seeds _ cylindvic-
ellipsoid.
Spathe ovate, very broad at the base,
Spathes 3—# in. long ; : : . 81. C. Kotschy.
Spathes 1 in. long or more : : . 32. C. imberbis.
Spathe elliptic-acuminate ; : : . 33. C. Petersii.
Capsule nearly square ; seeds globose.
Leaves oblong to ovate.
Mature leaves glabrous or very nearly so.
Upper leaves rounded, eared or cana
at the base : c . B4. C. latifolia.
Upper leaves cuneate at the base, ‘quasi:
petioled . 5 : . 35. C. cuneata.
Mature leaves hairy on both surfaces.
Spathes 2 in. long, striate : . 86. C. spectabilis.
Spathes 1 in. long, not striate, box n- ‘
purple. . 8%. C: Cecile.
Leaves linear or lineage heentite: ona dilated
at the very base.
Margins of the spathe free at the base.
Spathes 3—% in. long.
Whole plant hairy. : : . 38. C. demissa.
Nearly glabrous : : : . 39. C. madayascariea.
Spathes 1 in. long or more.
Plant nearly stemless ; : . 40. C. huillensis.
Plant with a leafy stem.
Scabrous or glabrate; seeds small,
globose. . 41. C. Carsont.
Shaggy; seeds ellipsoid, rather large . 42. C. Welwitschii.
Margins of the spathe united at the base
(very shortly so in C, subcucullata).
Spathes very shortly united at the margin 48. C. subcucullata,
Spathes unitedat the margin for}-}in, . 44. C. newrophylla.
Seeds echinate . . . 45. C, echinosperma,
| {Spathes approximated at the ends of the branches, apparently i in heads.
Leaves sessile, oblique, unequal at the base.
Flowers yellow (or white) : seeds large, cylindric 46. C. capitata.
Flowers blue ; seeds small, subglobose . 47. C. rufociliata.
Leaves with a long quasi-petiole . - . » 48. C, longicapsa.
**Monoon.—Ovules 1 in each ventral cell of the ovary, 1 or 0 in the dorsal cell.
} Trithyrocarpus. —Capsule with 3 similar 1-ovuled dehiscent cells, thin and papery
when ripe. The third dorsal cell is frequently smaller and sometimes barren
or wanting.
Spathes solitary, none in clusters,
Leaves linear. 5 : - “ . . 49. C. umbellata.
Leaves elliptic . : : : ; : . 50. C, bracteosa.
Leaves lanceolate ° . . 51. C. guineensis.
Spathes (or most of them) approximated i in clusters.
Leaves linear.
36 CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE. ) [ Commelina.
Seeds #1 in. long, smooth . 52. C. aspera.
Seeds } in. long, transversely wrinkled. . 53. C. mensensis.
Leaves oblong or elliptic-lanceolate.
Mature leaves hairy on both surfaces : . 54. C. firma.
Mature leaves nearly glabrate : : 55. C. Vogelit.
++ Heteropyris.—Capsule of 3 1-seeded cells, 2-valved ; the dorsal cell indehiscent
and tough, often rough.
Spathes all scattered, peduncled.
Leaves narrowly oblong : : : : - 56. C. Bainesii.
Leaves broadly elliptic ‘ : : c . 57. C. lagosensis.
Spathes several together at the ends of the branches.
Petals {—% in. broad.
Leaves narrowed at the base; spathes 2-4 on a
branch.
Spathes hooked ; seeds large ellipsoid. . . 58. C. albescens.
Spathes slightly curved ; seeds small globose . 59. C. sphaerosperma.
Leaves not narrowed at the base ; spathes 10-20
on a branch : : . 60. C. opulens.
Petals ? in. broad : : : : : . 61. C. venusta.
++4Spathodithyros.—Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; capsule 2-valved, 2-seeded.
Leaves linear c A : : . - 62. C. Livingstont.
Leaves elliptic or oblong.
Seeds ellipsoid ; leaves ovate at the base < . 68. C. Zenkeri.
Seeds globose ; leaves narrowed at the base.
Leaves 2-4 in. long, oblong. c : - 64. C. ethiopica.
Leaves up to 43 in. long, elliptic . : . 65. C. pyrrhoblepharis.
Leaves 1 tolj in. long . : : : . 66. C. obscura.
1. C. nudiflora, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 41, ed. it. 61, not of Linn.
Mant. Hairy or glabrate. Stems 1-2 ft. long, diffuse, decumbent at
the base, often rooting at the nodes ; roots fibrous, not thick. Leaves
1-24 by 4-2 in., lanceolate, narrowed at the base, the quasi-petiole
very short. Spathes scattered on peduncles 4-2 in. long, simply folded
(the lower margins of the leaf free or hardly connate), ovate-lanceolate.
Racemes in each spathe usually 2, the lower 1—3-flowered and rarely
maturing a capsule, the upper with 3-8 flowers usually maturing 3-!
capsules. Petals blue or nearly white, ovary with 2 ovules in each 0
the two anterior cells. Capsule normally 5-seeded, the dorsal 1-seeded
cell dehiscing later or not at all. Seeds black, reticulated, the hexagonal
areoles depressed, farinose—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 144
incl. var. /3 werneana, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 8; Schoen]. in Engl.
& Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 64;. Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Aft.
v. 427, and Etudes Fl. Congo i. 269; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 369;
Durand & Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soe. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87, and in Bull.
Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 134;
Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 74. C. agraria, Kunth, Enum. iv. 38; Webb & Berth. Iles
Canaries, Phyt. iii. 356, t. 238; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 541.
communis, Walter, Fl. Carol. 68; Kunth, Enum. iv. 36 excl. sy.)
C. B. Clarke, Commel. et Cyrt. Beng. t. 1 excl. syn. C. africana ; Benth:
in Hook Niger. Fl. 541, ef. note. (. werneana, Hassk. in Schweinf.
Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 37
Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 206, 295. C. barbata? Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 76, not of Lam.—Pluk. Phytogr. t. 27, fig. 4, not Alm. p. 135.
Nile Land. British East Africa: White Nile, Petherick! D’ Arnaud!
Niamniam, Schweinfurth, 3739! 3797!
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone; Sugarloat Mountain, Welwitsch, 6625!
6625B ! and without precise locality, Don, 2! Vogel,11! Scott-Elliot, 3875! Hart !
Niger Territory : Opobo, Holland, 140! Old Calabar, Holland, 75! Robb! Came-
roons : Cameroon Mountain, Mann, 2137 ! Batanga, Bates,18! Efulen, Bates, 268 !
and without precise locality, Preuss, 1320! Fernando Po, Vogel, 67!
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller,9a! Quintas,9! Don, 1! F1.
Afr, Exsic. Herb. Conimbric. 112! Gaboon : Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 378 !
French Congo: Bramaya, Paroisse, 209 ; Nyanga River, Dybowski, 14; Brazzaville,
Dybowski ; Njobe, Schwebisch and Thollon. Loango,.Soyaux, 16! Congo Free
State: Lower Congo; Bingila, Dupuis! Kisantu, Gillet! Lukungu, 1000-2000 it.,
Hens, ser, A, 247! and without precise locality, Smith! Boma, Monteiro! Angola:
north of Ambriz, Welwitsch, 6612! between Ambriz and Mosul, Welwitsch, 6623 !
by the River Bengo, near San Antonio, Welwitsch, 6617! by the larger lake of
Quilunda, near Prate, Welwitsch, 6619! Golungo Alto; near Canguerasange and
Zengas do Queta, Welwitsch, 6609! by the River Quiapoze, and at Varzea d’Isidre,
Welwitsch, 6608 ! Sange, Welwitsch, 6606! Mossamedes; by the River Bero,
Welwitsch, 6580! by the River Cuanza, Johnston !
South Central. Congo Free State: Mpala, on Lake Tanganyika, De Beerst !
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa? Lower Zambesi, Expedition Island,
Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Sochi, Scott-Elliot, 8652 !
Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte !
In the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world—a weed,
The typical C. xudiflora is a weak rambling plant with distant long-lanceolate
leaves and acuminate spathes. OC. agraria, Kunth, is a shorter, neater plant with
shorter (almost ovate) shortly acute leaves, and short spathes. C. werneana, Hassk.,
18 a robust state with leaves up to 33 in. long, and long spathes. The Lower Guinea
form, referred doubtfully by Rendle to C. darbata, may be a distinct species; it has
the mature leaves densely hairy on both surfaces, the stem nearly concealed by the
“pproximate hairy leaf-sheaths; but it has the capsule and seeds exactly of C. nudiflora,
and must be closely allied to it.
2. C. Sabatieri, (’. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 146. Nearly
glabrous. Root fibrous. Stems decumbent, nearly concealed by the
leaf-sheaths. Leaves 1 by 4-1 in., elliptic-oblong, scarcely acute,
Margins wavy, whitened, subsessile ; leaf-sheaths scarious, inflated,
slightly hairy at the mouth. Spathes rather more than 4 in. long,
Smnply folded, ovate, acute, nearly sessile, ie., the peduncle hardly
exserted from the leaf-sheath. Capsule and seeds as of C. nudiflora.—
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 427.
Nile Land. British East Africa : Sources of the White Nile, Sabatier ’
3. ©. scandens, Welw. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 146.
Robust, nearly glabrous. Stems 5-10 ft. long, little divided, with inter-
nodes 3-4 in. long. Leaves 44 by } in., linear. Peduncles exserted
3-1 in., often from the lower leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1-2} in. long,
Simply folded, ovate-lanceolate, long attenuate, rounded at the base.
Petals deep blue. Capsule nearly } in. long; seeds more than 4 in.
38 CXLUI., COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [ Commelina.
long, cylindric-ellipsoid, reticulated—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. v. 428; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 75.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; 3300 ft., on the banks of the
River Cuanza, near Nbilla, Welwitsch, 6642.
Mozamb. Dist. Lake Tanganyika, Cameron?
Also from Madagascar.
This almost surely belongs to the present group. There were 4 seeds in the two
ventral cells ; the dorsal cell in the one capsule preserved is empty, as happens occa-
sionally.
4, ©. Gambiz, (. 2B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 146. Thinly
villous. Stems 20 in. long, much divided ; base decumbent, rooting at
the nodes; roots fibrous. Leaves 2-3 by } in., linear. Spathes on
peduncles exserted (—} in., numerous, solitary, 3 in. long, simply folded,
ovate, shortly acuminate, rounded or rhomboid at the base. Flowers
small, deep blue. Capsule usually 5-seeded; seeds of the ventral cells
searcely ;, in. long, subglobose, strongly reticulated, the margins of the
reticulations much raised, continuous.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. v. 425.
Upper Guinea. (iambia, Ingram! Senegambia, Heudelot, 577 !
This is the plant “ indicated” by Bentham (in Hook. Niger Fl. 542) as C. Fors-
kalzi from Senegambia. The leaves and spathes resemble fairly well those of
C. Forskala@i, Vahl; but the capsules and seeds are totally unlike.
5. C. scaposa, C. B. Clarke in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxviii-
220. Nearly glabrous. Leaves on sterile stem not seen. Fertile stems
8-12 in. long, simple, leafless, with 2 or 3 distant leaf-sheaths ; free
point to the leaf-sheaths less than } in. long. Spathes solitary, on
peduncles up to 2} in. long, simply folded, the margins hardly united at
the base, $—2 in. long, ovate, shortly acuminate. Seeds normally 5 to
the capsule, those in the ventral cells slightly pitted and tubercular.
South Central. Congo Free State : Upper Marangu, De Beerst !
6. C. subulata, Roth, Vov. Pi. Sp. 23. A nearly glabrous annual.
Stems 6-15 in. long, weak, divided. Leaves 2 by 4-} in., linear.
Spathes scattered, solitary, on a peduncle hardly exserted from the
leaf-sheath, 4 in. long, ovate, shortly acute, simply folded, not striated
by curved coloured parallel lines ; inflorescence little exserted from the
spathe. Petals small, blue (see note below). Capsule 3-1 in, long,
with normally 5 seeds. Seeds of the ventral cells (often strongly}
wrinkled, as well as pitted subtuberculate.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr.
Phan. iii, 148, inel. var. 3; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154; Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428 ; K. Schum in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C.
134 ; Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 429; C. B. Clarke in Dyer, FI.
Cap. vii. 9. (. striata, Hochst. ex Kunth, Enum. iv. 44; Hassk. in
Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 207, 295. C. subawrantiaca, Hochst. ex
Kunth, Enum. iv. 658 ; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 208, 295.
C. linearifolia, Kunth, Enum. iv. 43.
Mile Land. Kordofan: Abu Gerad, Kotschy, 59! and without precise locality,
Kotschy, 341 Eritrea: Bogos, Hildebrandt, 370! Keren, Beccari, 172; Habab,
Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). 39.
6000 ft., Hildebrandt, 368! Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 531!
Abyssinia : near Adowa, Schimper, 360! 5900 ft., Schimper, 45 ; Lotho, Schimper,
419! and without precise locality, Schimper, 574! British East Africa : Kast
Ongalea Mountains at Kinani, 2200 ft., Gregory !
Upper Guinea. Bornu, Vogel, 53!
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa : Quilimane, Scott! British Central
Africa : Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan !
Also in South India, and Extratropical South Africa.
The flowers in C. subulata, Roth, and C. striata, Kunth, are always blue as far
as known. The name ©. subaurantiaca, Hochst., appears to have been given by
Hochst. in the herbarium (not from any field note by the collector, Schimper) ; and
Hasskar! suggests that it refers to the yellow colour of the dried plant, not to that of
the flower, the colour of which is unknown in C. subaurantiaca.
Var. 8 heterantha, C. B. Clarke. Petals yellow.—C. heterantha, Welw. ex C. B.
Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan, iii, 148 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 75. :
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; on sandy rocks of the Presidium,
Welwitsch, 6333 partly! meadows near Condo, Welwitsch, 66338! Mossamedes,
Welwitsch, 6587! Huilla, 3800-5500 ft. ; on the banks of the River Ema, among
crops, Welwitsch, 6588! near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6589!
Welwitsch has carefully noted the colour of the flower in all these numbers—as
“yellow,” “light yellow,” or “ brownish-yellow.” Except, however, in the colour of
the flower, I can discover no difference between this plant and typical C, subulata, Roth.
7. CG. angustissima, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134.
Annual. Stems slender, 16 in. high. Leaves 7 by } in., very narrowly
linear. Spathes solitary, less than } in. long, villous. Flowers deep
blue ; otherwise as C. swbulata, Roth.
‘ Mozamb. Dist, German East Africa : Usinja ; Karumo district, Stuhlmann,
564.
No example seen ; but the three subjoined plants agree with the description in
the long linear leaves, and small spathes shaggy with white multicellular hairs.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; on sandy rocks of the Presidium,
2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 6633 partly !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Kesokwe, Hannington ! in wet ground
on the edges of streams at Tabora (Kaseh), 3960 ft., Speke & Grant !
8. C. trilobosperma, XK. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134.
Probably annual. Stems 1 ft. high, slender. Leaves up to 5 by } in.,
elongate-lanceolate. Spathes less than } in. long, glabrous. Flowers
blue. Seeds trigonous, nearly flat, conspicuously 3-lobed. Very near
C. subulata, Roth, but excellently separated by the 3-lobed seeds.
‘ oe Dist. German East Africa: Usinja ; Karumo district, Stuhlmann,
566.
' Not seen ; the above abstracted from K. Schumann. The seeds described would
Separate the species excellently from any other species of Commelina , it is difficult
to imagine how they would pack into the 5-seeded 3-celled capsule of the Sect. Hu-
Commelina,
9. ©. violacea, (. B. Clarke. A nearly glabrous erect annual
growing in water. Stems 15 in. long, little divided, with long inten -
nodes. Leaves 9by tin. Spathes few, solitary, nearly } in. long, op
peduncles scarcely exserted from the leaf-sheath, ovate-lanceolate,
glabrous with ciliate margins, slightly striated by curved purplish
40) CXLIII, COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). [ Commelina.
veins. Flowers hardly exserted from the spathes, violet (Schinz).
Capsule + in. long, 5-seeded; seeds strongly tubercled, deeply
wrinkled.
Lower Guinea. Amboland ; in marshy places at Olukonda, Schinz, 21! 33!
The flowers are violet in the tinely preserved specimens.
10. C, purpurea, C. B. Clarke ex Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xxx, 429. Nearly glabrous, except the spathes. Stems 15 in. high,
with long internodes; base erect, thickened, almost woody ; roots 7 in.
long, thick. Leaves 9 by } in. Spathes few, scattered, on peduncles
exserted 0-1 in., simply folded, } in. long, ovate, acute with the tip
nearly straight, some shaggy, some only slightly hairy, striated by
chocolate-coloured parallel nerves. Racemes exserted from the spathes.
Flowers chocolate-colour (Speke d: Grant). Capsule 5-seeded ; seeds
moderately pitted.—C. nigritana, Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 163,
not of Benth. C. subulata, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 148
partly, not of Roth. Commelina, sp. n. 2,T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile,
Append. 650.
Nile Land. British East Africa: between Ndoro and Guaso Thegu, Gregory.
Mozamb. Dist. (ierman East Africa: Unyamwezi district, by water, 3600 ft.,
Speke & Grant!
In the dry examples, the spathes are very strongly striated by chocolate-coloured
nerves, the petals are a deep purple, In the colours noted in the field of the flowers
in this Order, a question often arises whether the petals, the anthers, or the spathes
have caught the eye of the collector.
11, C.nyasensis, (’. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 12-20 in.
long, much divided, rather slender, with very long internodes up to
6-8 in. long; base of the stem (imperfectly preserved) appears similar
to that of C. purpurea. Leaves 6 by } in., narrowly linear. Spathes
scattered on axillary branches, approximate, sometimes many in dense
clusters, less than } in. long, simply folded, broadly ovate, with a very
short acute deflexed tip, striated by coloured veins (blue to chocolate in
the dried plants), which are very prominent or nearly disappear in
spathes on the same stem. Capsule 5-seeded ; seeds moderately wrinkled
or pitted.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau, at
Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte! Monganja Highlands, 4000 ft., Kirk !
12. C. ceelestis, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 69. Minutely
hairy. Stems 1-2 ft. high, erect at the base; roots thick, often clavate
at the ends. Leaves 5 by 4-} in. Peduncles scattered, 1-1} in. long.
Spathes 1} in. long, ovate-lanceolate, simply folded, often purplish or
striate. Flowers blue, much exserted from the spathe. Capsule 5-
seeded; seeds deeply pitted—cC. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
153; efr. Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 369.
Nile Land. British East Africa : Machakos, Scott-Elliot, 6387!
Mozamb. Dist. British Centra) Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, Carson, 35
between Lake Nyasa and Lake Tanganyika, 6000-8000 ft., Thomson !
Indigenous in Mexico.
This plant is disposed to establish itself in various parts of the world.
Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). 41
13. C. crassicaulis, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 149.
Nearly glabrous ; margins of the leaves and spathes ciliate. Stem 6 in.
long, erect from a bulb. Leaves 3 by 1} in., sessile, ovate-lanceolate,
subcordate at the base. Peduncles 2 in. long, rigid. Spathes 1} in.
long, simply folded, ovate-lanceolate, striated, cordate at the base. Cap-
sule 5-seeded ; seeds {—} in. long, deeply wrinkled—Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 425.
Lower Guinea. Angola: near Guingongue, Herb. Paris.’
14. C. Schweinfurthii, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
158, Nearly glabrous, except the spathes. Stems 15 in. long, divided,
with very long internodes, the base not well shown in the specimens,
but similar to that of C. purpurea. Leaves up to7 by 3-4 in., elongate,
linear-lanceolate. Peduncles }—2 in. long, scattered. Spathes ?—1 in.
long, very broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, not striate with coloured
veins, shaggy or nearly glabrate ; the two margins of the spathe shortly
connate at the base. Capsule normally 5-seeded, but the ventral cells
contain sometimes 1 seed only (the lower ovule having proved infertile);
seeds subglobose, smooth.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428;
K. Schum, in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: on a rocky hill, 3 miles south of Falaba, Scott-
Elliot, 5164 !
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur ; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2022!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi; Kakoma (ex K. Schumann).
15. ©. benghalensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 41, ed. ii. 60, ewel. fig.
Pluk. cited. A diffuse, more or less hairy annual, rooting at the base,
1-24 ft. long, much branched. Near the base are often present branches
that grow underground, or stolons, on which reduced leaves and spathes,
with apetalous often closed flowers, and abnormal usually 1—2-seeded
capsules are formed plentifully—even where the perfect regular cap-
sules are also present on the upper branches. Leaves 1-3} in. long,
ovate-elliptic, shortly triangular or subobtuse at the tip, suddenly nar-
rowed at the base into a quasi-petiole. Spathes on peduncles hardly
exserted from the leaf-sheaths, often a few near together near the tips
of the branches, }—? in. long and broad, obliquely funnel-shaped, i.e.,
the lower margins of the spathe connate for }-} in. Petals blue. Cap-
sule 4 in. long, 5-seeded ; seeds rough or wrinkled.—Forskh. Fl. Aigypt.-
Arab. 12 partly ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 50; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 541 ;
Hassk. Commel. Ind. 28, 29; Wight, Ic. t. 2065; C. B. Clarke, Com-
mel. et Cyrt. Beng. t. 4, DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 159, and in Dyer,
Fl. Cap. vii. 9; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 370; Hassk. in Schweinf.
Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 209, 295, incl. var. 8 longepetiolata; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. 424; Durand & Wild. in Comptes-rendus
Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87, and in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
ii, 76; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 53 (var. y). C. cucul-
data, Linn. Mant. 176. C. canescens, Vahl, Enum. ii. 173; Webb &
Berth. Iles Canaries, Phyt. iii. 358, t. 239. C. procurrens, Schlecht.
42 CXLIII. COMMELINACES, (CLARKE). [| Commelina.
in Linnea, xxiv. 656, xxv. 183; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.
209, 295. (C. latifolia, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsice. 341, not of
A. Rich. C. rhizocarpa, Afzel., C. radiciflora, R. Br. and C. vivipara,
Ritchie ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 159-160; cfr. Wein-
mann in Flora, 1820, 733.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Isles, Cardoso, 61! Hooker, 101! Sierra Leone:
near Wallia, Scott-Elliot, 4250! Lagos, Millen, 31! Niger Territory : Lower
Niger, Stirling Hill, Anse//! Cameroons: Yaunde, Zen/-er & Staudt, 344 !
Mile Land. Nubia: Soturba Mountains, Schweinfurth, 5833! Hor Samanib,
near Suakin, Lord / Eritrea: Damas Valley, 1600 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1180!
Mogod Valley, 4500 ft., Schweinfurth § Riva, 1607! Galabat; region of Matamma,
Schweinfurth, 530! Abyssinia: Tigre ; Sholoda Mountain, near Adowa, 6700 ft...
Schimper, 341! Shoa ; Alia Amba, near Ankober, Ro/h! Somaliland: Golis Range,
Mrs, Lort-Phillips! Shaile (? Sheikh) Pass, Miss Edith Cole! British East
Africa: Uganda ; near Kampala, Scott-Hiliot, 7268! Nyika country, near Mombasa,
Wakefield !
Lower Guinea. [French Congo: Loango, Soyaur, 102! Lower Congo:
Bingila, Dupuis! Angola: Loanda, Welwitsch, 6621! Cazengo, Welwitsch, 6611 !
Golungo Alto ; near Bango, Welwitsch, 6598! Pungo Andongo; in thickets on the
huge rocks of the Presidium, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 6646! Huilla ; Morrode
Monino, 3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6582!
South Central. Congo Free State: M’towa, on Lake Tanganyika, Descamps !
Mozamb, Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi; Hill of Tette,
Kirk! British Central Africa: Ngamiland ; Kwebe, near Lake Ngami, 3300 ft.,
Lugard, 243! Mrs. Lugard, 148! Zambesi Valley ; Shesheke, Holub! Matabele-
land, Elliott !
Very common through the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World.
Usually recognised by the broad-elliptic leaves subobtuse at either end and the
funnel-shaped spathes. The leaves are usually hairy, sometimes glabrate (though in
that case often rufous-ciliate at the top of the leaf-sheath). Neither in this nor in
other species of Commelina do I find either the quantity or the colour of the hairs
constant. Various other species of Commelina are similarly amphicarpic. The
example of Schweinfurth, 1607, at Kew, distributed as C. beccariana, Mart., is
C. benghalensis, Linn, with a piece of C. Petersii mixed with it. But C. beccariana
is described as having a yellow flower, so that it is not C. benghalensis.
Var. 8 hirsuta, C. B, Clarke in DC, Monogr. Phan. iii. 160. Leaves longer and
more hairy, sometimes very villous with brown or rufous bairs.—Martelli, Fl. Bogos.
87; Schweinf, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 53; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 76. C. hirsuta, R. Br. in Salt, Abyss. Append. 63; Hassk. in Schweinf.
Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. C. kilimandscharica, K. Schum. in Engl. Pil. Ost-Afr.
C. 134. C, latifolia, Hochst., partly, not of A. Rich. as see DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 160.
Upper Guinea. Togoland: Misahéhe, Pawmann, 403!
Wile Land. Abyssinia, Parkyns !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda ; in thickets at Alto das Cruzes, Welwitsch,
6622 !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Goodwin! German Kast Africa : Kilimanjaro ;
Marangu, 4900 ft., Voikens, 2254! British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 464!
This variety is also common in India.
Schweinfurth gives many localities for this variety in Eritrea; the numbers, how-
ever, he cites (so far as I have seen them) I should rather call typical C. benghalensis,
Linn. ; but no line can be drawn between the species and the Var. 8 hirsuta.
16. C. uncata, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 169. Spathe
having its midrib (keel) strongly curved. Capsule 4 in. long, some-
Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEA (CLARKE). 3
times perfecting 5 seeds ; dorsal cell indehiscent or dehiscing very late ;
seeds larger than those of C. benghalensis, wrinkled, obscurely reticulate;
otherwise as C’. benghalensis—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
42%. C. latifolia, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsicc. 2269.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Agow Country ; mountains near Gageros, 4000 ft.,
Schimper, 2269! Gursarfa, Schimper, 1499!
The affinity of this species with C. benghalensis is so close that it might be treated
as a variety of it.
17. C. congesta, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 160.
Robust, nearly glabrous. Leaves 4} by 14 in., lanceolate, acuminate
to an acute tip. Spathes several close together near the end of the
branches, more than ? in. long, glabrate ; peduncles less than } in. long.
Capsules generally 3-seeded, the two lower ovules of the ventral cells
not producing seeds. Seeds ellipsoid, smooth, dusky. Flowers white
(Soyaux).—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 424. C. Heudelotii,
C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 184; Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 425.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 788!
Lower Guinea. Loango: near Chinchocho, Soyauz, 47 !
Soyaux, 47, is the type above described. The example of Heudelot, which is
imperfect, shows the spathes less approximate, the lower peduncled, and may not be
the same plant. But the capsule and seeds are the same.
18. ©. condensata, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 190.
Branches seen 9 in. long, undivided except at the tip, glabrate; internodes
1-2 in.long. Leaves 3 by 1-1} in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute, when mature
inconspicuously hairy on hoth surfaces, at the base broadly cuneate,
unequal, sessile; leaf-sheaths with long loose hairs. Spathes in a
terminal head, 4 in. long, obliquely funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous.
Capsule exceeding } in. long; each ventral cell with one seed in the
upper part; the dorsal cell with one seed, dehiscent. Seeds of the
ventral cells ;', in. long, ellipsoid, smooth, brown.—Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 424.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Mann, 91 partly!
The capsule has only 3 seeds, but I believe it was 5-ovuled ; I have therefore
ryt its place. It is so near C. congesta that it may prove to be only a variety
of it.
19. ©. zambesica, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 161.
Robust, more or less hairy, Leaves 5} by 1} in., narrowly elliptic,
lanceolate, and acute at the tip, narrowed at the base. Peduncles
solitary, mostly longer than the leaf-sheaths; uppermost leaves geme-
rally reduced, the uppermost sheath frequently without a blade. Spathes
7-1 in. long, very broadly ovate, scarcely acuminate, hispid, not striated
by coloured nerves; the margins connate at the base for {—j in. Petals
blue. Capsule rather more than } in. long; normally 5-seeded; ventral
face appears quadrate with 4 knobs ; seeds subglobose, obscurely tetra-
hedral, nearly smooth.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 429.
44 CXLIII, COMMELINACE& (CLARKE). [ Commelina.
C. communis, Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 163. C. sambesiaca, K,
Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Commelina sp, n. 1, T. Thoms.
in Speke, Nile, Append. 650.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Speke §& Grant! German East Africa : Rovuama,
River, Kirk! Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi ; opposite Sena, Kirk /
banks of the River Shire, near Morambala Mountain, Kirk! Shupanga, Kirk !
Zambesi Delta; mouth of the Kongoni River, Kirk! British Central Africa:
Nyasaland; Plains of Zomba, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte! Lake Nyasa, Simons !
The leaves are used as spinach according to Speke & Grant.
20. CG. boissieriana, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 161.
Nearly glabrous. Leaves 3} by } in., lanceolate, sessile. Peduncles
scattered,exserted } in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1 in. long, broadly
ovate, acute, thinly hairy, margins connate at the base. Petals blue.
Capsule } in. long, broadly oblong, obtuse, soon 3-valved; seed of the
dorsal valve smooth; seeds of the ventral cells unknown.—Schweinf. in
Bull. Instit. Egypt. 1887, 329 (36 in reprint); Aschers. & Schweinf. nm
Mém. Instit. Egypt. ii. 776 (154 in reprint); Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 424; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 53.
Nile Land. Eritrea: Geleb, 5000 ft., Schweinfurth, 117. Ginda, 3300 ft.,
Schweinfurth, 437. Keren, Steudner, 1481, 1483. Abyssinia, Gaillardet, 297 !
Also in Extratropical Egypt.
This species was founded on Gaillardet, 297, in which the capsule was imperfect ;
and it is very possibly the same plant as C. Schinzii described below.
21. C. Porskaleei, Vahi, Enum. ii. 172. Glabrous, grey-puberu-
lous or pubescent. Stems 8-24 in. long, much branched, weak rooting
from the lower nodes. Leaves up to 2 by # in., oblong or scarcely elliptic,
tips usually obtuse, never acuminate, margins often wavy. Peduncles
scattered, exserted 4-4 in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes attaining $—%
in. long, obliquely funnel-shaped, glabrate or sparsely hispid. Petals
blue. Capsule small, 3—1-seeded ; dorsal cell scabrous, subindehiscent,
1—seeded ; ventral cells of the ovary 2-ovuled, 0—1-seeded ; seeds of the
ventral cells small, subglobose, smooth.—Kunth, Enum. iv. 49; Benth.
in Hook. Niger Fl. 542 in obs.; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.
208, 295; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 168 incl. all vars. ;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.425; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 371;
Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 56; K. Schum. in Engl.
Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 135; Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 430, and in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw.77. C. falcata, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mozamb. Bot. 527.
C. Kotschyi, K. Schum. in Eng]. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135, not of Hassk.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Isles, Cardoso, 253! Senegal, Roger, 93! Perrottet,
766! Senegambia, Heudelot, 276! Leprieur ! Bornu, Vogel, 67! Niger Territory :
Nupe, Barter, 1477!
Nile Land. Nubia: Wady Erkowit, near Suakin, Schweinfurth, 286! coast
to between 3000 and 4000 ft., Bent! Kordofan: Bir Sodari, Pfund, 188! Gebel
Kurbag, Pfund, 357! 795! Obeyad, Pfund, 367! on plains, Kotschy, 34! Arashkol
Mountain, Kofschy, 105! Eritrea: Mount Ghedem, near Massowa, Schweinfurth Sf
Riva, 113! Otoumbo, near Massowa, Schweinfurth § Riva, 196! near Saati,
Schweinfurth § Riva, 338! Gulabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 532!
Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEE# (CLARKE). 45
Abyssinia: near Schumdalake, 4000 ft., Schimper, 380! Somaliland, Mrs, Lort-
Phillips! Donaldson Smith! British East Africa: Nyika country near Mombasa,
Wakefield ! Witu, Thomas, 2038 !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in damp meadows by the River
Cuanza, near Nbilla, Welwitsch, 6634! Damaraland, Een !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1053! Kirk! German East Africa :
Tanga, Holst, 2078! Portuguese East Africa : Zambesi Delta ; mouth of the River
Kongoni, Kirk ! Lower Zambesi ; between Lupata and Tete, Kirk! British Central
Africa: Rhodesia ; Zambesi Valley, at Shesheke, Holub! Ngamiland: Kwebe, near
Lake Ngami, Lugard, 1386! Mrs. Lugard, 147! Matabeleland, Elliott !
Also in Arabia, Socotra, Mascarenia, Southern India.
In this species, as in C. benghalensis, stolons or basal almost leafless branches
carry abnormal, often apetalous, flowers, and produce capsules usually abnormal, often
1-seeded.
22. C. africana, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 41, ed. ii. 60. Nearly glabrous.
Stems 1—3 ft. long, rambling, much divided, almost woody at the very
base, with thick roots. Leaves 3 by } in., or much smaller, oblong, nearly
sessile, usually obtuse at the base, often with rusty hairs at the mouth
of the sheath. Spathes scattered, on peduncles exserted 4-3 in.,
varying in length (in one example) from }—2}in., simply folded, ovate,
commonly triangular at the top, sometimes acuminate or rarely caudate-
attenuate, glabrous or nearly so with white margins. Petals yellow.
Filaments often } in. long. Ovary 5-ovuled. Capsule nearly always
1-seeded, i.e., the dorsal cell falls off apparently quite indehiscent, while
the four ovules in the two ventral cells (after swelling somewhat) remain
infertile ; occasionally the upper ovule in each ventral cell produces a
perfect cylindric-ellipsoid reticulated seed.—Gertn. Fruct. i. 50, t.15,
fig. 1; Lam. Encyel. ii. 67, Ill. t. 35; Schmidel, Ic. i. 113, t. 30; Red.
Lil. t. 207; Gawler in Bot. Mag. t. 1431; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr.
Phan. iii. 164, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 9 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr.v. 422 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl.Ost-Afr.C. 135 ; Rendle in Journ..
Linn. Soc, xxx. 429, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot.iv. 52; Huain
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119. (C. angolensis, C. B. Clarke in DC.
Monogr. Phan. iii. 167 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 155; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 77.
C. involuerosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165 partly.
C. Elliotii, C. B. Clarke & Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 98.
Hedwigia africana, Medicus in Roem. & Usteri, Mag. x. 124.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: between Kahreni and Port Lokko, Scott-
Elliot, 5749!
Wile Land. | Habab, 6000 ft., Hildebrandt, 368! Eritrea: Saganeiti, 6800—
7000 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1701! Abyssinia: Samen; Shoata, Schimper, 590!
Shoa, Petit! British East Africa : Niamniam : by the River Nabambisso, Schwein-
furth, 3739! and Makporru Hill, Schweinfurth, 3797! British East Africa:
Leikipia ; Njoro Larabwal, Gregory ! Machakos, 5000-6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6388 !
Lower Guinea. French Congo: Bramaya, Paroisse, 196. Angola: Huilla,
3500-5800 ft. ; near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6581! Monino, Welwitsch, 6583! Morro
de Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6593! Pungo Andongo; Sobato Cabanga, Welwitsch, 6626 !
German South-west Africa : Upingtonia ; Ovambate, Schinz, 28!
46 CXLIIL. COMMELINACEZ (CLARKE). [| Commelina.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; at Marangu, 5000—-
5500 ft., Volkens, 1244! 2324! British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, Carson,
25! Kambole, South-west of Lake Tanganyika, 5000 ft.; Nutt! Nyasaland ; marshy
promontory of Lake Shirwa (Chilwa), Weller! Zomba Rock, Whyte! Mount Sochi,
Scott-Elliot, 8525! Mount Mlanji, Whyte ! and without precise locality, Buchanan,
338! Ngamiland: edge of the rivers near Lake Ngami, McCabe, 24! along the
River Chobe, McCabe, 47 !
Frequent also in the Mascarene Islands and Extratropical South Africa,
This is a very common species; and the plentiful material shows that, on the
same plant, the length and acumination of the spathe varies excessively, and that the
leaves vary considerably from oblong to elliptic-oblong. Where there is no fruit and
the colour of the flowers is not noted, I have (in general) not cited the example in
the foregoing geography. The plant is frequent in Abyssinia, and Schweinfurth
gives many localities which are not copied here, though I do not doubt that his
numbers are either C. africana, or one of the species following (C. edulis, C. involu-
-crosa), which I am not sure to differ. In C. Elliotii, the capsule is noted to be
5-seeded, but the plant is otherwise very exactly C. africaxa, in which there are
always 5 ovules. As to Schimper, 590, it is larger than C. africana usually is in
leaf, spathe, and capsule, and it may be A. Richard’s C. involucrosa, but, if so, I
-fear C. involucrosa, A. Rich., is not distinct from C. africana.
23. C. edulis, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss.ti. 341, Leaves elliptic, not
Janceolate ; stems and sheaths marked by a longitudinal line of hairs ;
three interior sepals heart-shaped and equal ; otherwise as C’. africana.—
‘Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan.
ili. 165; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.v. 425; Engl. Hochgebirgsfi.
‘Trop. Afr. 155. C. beccariana, Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 87; Sehweinf. in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 54.
Nile Land. Eritrea: Mogod Valley, 4500 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1608!
Abyssinia: Tigre ; Mount Sholoda, near Adowa, 67060 ft., Schimper, 60! Wojerat
district, Petit ; Shoa, Petit !
The above is condensed from A. Richard’s description. The only part of the dif-
ferences alleged that appears distinctive is the broader !eaves. The specimen of C. edulis
in herb. Kew. from herb. Franqueville (believed to be a piece of A. Richard’s type)
agrees very well with the description ; the upper leaves are 13 by 2 in., more elliptic
than as in C, africana. The spathe in this type specimen is less than 3 in. long,
not acuminate, but hardly differs from some spathes to be found in C. africana.
This type shows no capsule; but it is either closely allied to C. africana, or to be
united therewith. Buchanan, 6360, from Nyasaland, and Scott-Elliot, 8525, from
the Shire Highlands, have the leaves elliptic at the base, but they do not match
C. edulis, and are rather forms of C. africana.
24, C. involucrosa, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 342. Very large.
Leaves sheathing at the base, sessile, lanceolate, acute, pubescent and
ciliate when young. Spathes 2-24 in. long, long-peduncled, simply
folded, hairy ciliate on the margin.—Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 2955
C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165 (excl. Schweinf. 590) ;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F). Afr. v. 425.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; Tchelalchekenneh, Quartin-Dillon.
No type of this has been seen ; the above is condensed from A. Richard, who was
“ disposed to believe the flowers yellow.” Assuming the flowers yellow, and noting
the large size of the plant, A. Richard’s C. involucrosa was probably the plant of
Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). 47
‘C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. l.c.—i.e., Lord’s plant from Hor Tamanib, near
Suakin ; in this: Leaves up to 5 by lin. Peduncles 1 in. long, stout, pubescent.
Spathes 23 in. long, pubescent.
25. C. krebsiana, Kunth, Hnuwm. iv. 40. Leaves hairy on both
surfaces when mature ; otherwise as C’. africana.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer,
Fl. Cap. vii. 10. C. africana, var. krebsiana, C. B. Clarke in DC.
Monogr. Phan. iii. 164; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154 ; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 76.
C’. karooica, var. Barberw, Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119 2
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Yaunde, Zenker, 1499!
Nile Land. Eritrea: Habab, 6000 ft., Hildebrandt, 367! British East
Africa : White Nile, at the mouth of the Bahr el Gebel, Schweinfurth, 1132!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in thickets between Catete and
Quilanga, Welwitsch, 6635! and between Pungo Andongo and the River Cuanza,
Welwitsch, 6640!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Niomkolo Island, in Lake Tangan-
yika, Carson! Matabeleland, Elliott ! Gold-tields, Baines !
Also in Extratropical South Africa.
The plant of Baines is hispid, and altogether like the C. krebsiana of the
Kalahari. The leaves in Schweinfurth, 1132, are softer with shorter denser hair, and
may indicate an additional species.
Var. 8 villosior, C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 10. Leaves elliptic, 2 by ? in.
Whole plant softly hairy, not hispid C. dardata, var. B villosior, C. B. Clarke in
DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 167, not of Lam, ; Hua in Bull. Mns. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119.
C. africana, var. polyclada, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 76.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla ; in cultivated fields near Lopollo, Welwitsch,
6581!
Mozamb. Dist. Rhodesia: Leshumo Valley, south of the Zambesi, Holub !
Frequent in Extratropical South Africa.
26. ©. cordifolia, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 341. Leaves oval-
oblong acute, sessile, sub cordate at the base, with soft hairs on both sur-
faces. Peduncles exceeding 14 in. inlength ; spathes very large, cordate-
oblong, acute, simply folded, hairy, ciliate on the margins. Flowers
yellow.—Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr.
Phan. iii 165; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 425; K. Schum.
in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; Adowa, Quartin-Dillon. Somaliland, Mrs.
Lort-Phillips !
Mozamb. Dist. (erman East Africa : Usagara (ex K. Schumann).
No authentic example has been seen ; the description above is condensed from
A. Richard, from which there can be little doubt that Mrs. Lort-Phillips’ plant
belongs to the species; in this: Leaves 3 by 13 in., distinctly cordate at the base.
Peduncles exceeding 2 in. long, hairy. Spathe 1-1} in. long, 14 in. broad. Capsule
perfecting 1 seed in an indehiscent deciduous cell. This is a strongly marked species.
—K, Schumann’s may have been C, Buchanani (the following species).
27. ©. Buchanani, (’. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Straggling, the
internodes up to 4—6 in. long. Leaves 4 by ?~1 in., elliptic-lanceolate,
48 CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [ Commelina.
acute, suddenly contracted at the base. Peduncles scattered, 1—2 in.
long. Spathes up to 3 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, long-attenuate, very
nearly glabrous; margins free at the base. Flowers large, “ pale yellow ”
(L. Scott), some long exserted from the spathe ; in the dried examples
2 petals yellow, the third smaller and brownish. Filaments } in. long.
Capsule of the section Heterocarpus.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Ukamba; Kitui, Hildebrandt, 2643!
Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Blantyre, Scott ! Shire
Highlands, Buchanan, 285!
This differs from all the species of the C. africana group (except C. invoiucrosa)
by its large spathes; it is too glabrous to be put with C. involucrosa, nor does the
leaf-base match.
28. C. Kirkii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 167. Nearly
glabrous. Stems 15 in. long, with internodes 2-3 in, long. Leaves
4-6 by }-} in., linear or scarcely linear-lanceolate. Peduncles 4-1} in.
long towards the ends of the branches. Spathes 13-24 in. long, lanceo-
late long-attenuate; margins free at the base. Flowers yellow, some
much exserted from the spathe. Capsule (though not seen well ripened)
of the section Heterocarpus.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 426; K.Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135.
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Moramballa Mountain, 1000-3000
ft., Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Ndirandi Mountain, near Blantyre,
Scott-Elliot, 8498! Shire Valley, Waller !
Also in Mauritius.
29, ©. boehmiana, A. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Stems
12-14 in. long, pubescent at the top. Leaves upto 4 by # in., elongate-
lanceolate, puberulous on both faces. Spathes cordate, acuminate, not
ora ea (i.e., margins at the base free). Seeds { in. long, pitted,
lack.
Mozamb. Dist.
German East Africa: Unyamwezi ; Gonda (Igonda), Boeh:n,
12.
K. Schumann does not mention the colour of the flowers nor describe the capsule ;
but he says the species is close to C. Kirkii, from which it is supposed the flowers
are yellow, the dorsal cell of the capsule indehiscent and 1l-seeded. If these things
are not so, the species may belong to some different section of the genus.
30. ©. Mannii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 167.
Very sparingly hairy. Stems up to 12 in. long, weak; internodes up
to 2 in. long. Leaves up to 14 by 3 in. (mostly smaller), elliptic, tip
triangular and subobtuse. Peduncles few, near the tops of the
branches, scarcely $ in. longer than the leaf-sheaths. Spathes } in.
long, ovate, not acuminate; margins free at the base. Capsule small ;
in each ventral cell 1 reticulated seed; in the dorsal indehiscent cell
1 seed closely sticking to the cell-wall——kEngl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop.
Afr. 155; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426.
: . ss Commelina sp.;
Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 223.
Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). 49
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 7000 ft., Mann, 2136!
Var. 8 Lyallii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 168. Rather stouter,
Peduncles a little longer. Seeds slightly pitted, not distinctly reticulated.—C. am-
plexicaulis, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 203, 295; Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423? C. edulis, A. Rich., forsan var. ex C. B. Clarke in DC.
Monogr. Phan. iii. 165.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen ; Kabere, 10,000 ft., Schimper, 573! Ankober,
Roth, 175! and without precise locality, Plowden !
Also in Madagascar.
31. C. Kotschyi, Hussk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 207, 295.
Nearly glabrous. Leaves 21 by 2 in., subsessile, very little narrowed
at the base; margins often crenulated. Spathes 2 (or 3-1) near the
ends of the branches, exserted scarcely 4 in. from the leaf-sheaths,
2-3 in. long, very broadly ovate, obtuse or with a very short point
(not acuminate) ; margins free or very shortly and obscurely connate at
the base. Petals intensely blue (Welwitsch). Capsule more than } in.
long, quadrate-oblong, constricted in the middle, flat; the dorsal-cell
absent, or rudimentary, or small and 1-seeded. Seeds } in. long or
rather more, cylindric-ellipsoid, smooth, brown.—C. B. Clarke in DC.
Monogr, Phan. iii. 173; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 77. CO. Forskailii, Hochst. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr.
Phan. iii. 173. Dissecocarpus Kotschyi, Hassk. ex C. B. Clarke in DC.
Monogr. Phan. iii. 173.
Nile Land. Kordofan, Kotschy, 34!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Barra do Bengo; between Teba and Cacuaco,
Welwitsch, 6624! Loanda; near Quicuxe, Welwitsch, 6614! in the dense thickets
of Alto das Cruzes, Welwitsch, 6620 !
32. C. imberbis, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 209, 295.
Nearly glabrous, even to the mouths of the leaf-sheaths. Stems
1-2 ft. high, suberect at the base, with internodes 2-3 in. long; roots
long, rather thick. Leaves 5 in. long, varying from 14-} in. in
breadth, from ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate; the upper sessile
dilated (often rounder or auricled) at the base. Peduncles few,
Scattered, exserted 4-1} in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1-1} by
1} in., very broadly ovate, triangular acute at the tip, green, nearly
glabrous, not conspicuously nerved; margins free, or very nearly so.
Corolla blue. Capsule 1-4 in. long, oblong-quadrate, 4-seeded. Seed
ellipsoid, brown, obscurely wrinkled or pitted (nearly smooth).—
C. latifolia, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 175, partly.
Wile Land. Eritrea: lower part of Damas Valley, 1600 ft., Schweinfurth &
Riva, 1181! Abyssinia: Tigre; Melata, 5000 ft., Schimper, 576! Mount Sholod:,
near Adowa, Quartin-Dillon Sf Petit, 13! Soudan, Fenton ! Somaliland : Darror,
James § Thrupp ! Harradigit, James § Thrupp! British East Africa: Machakos,
Hinde! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Zaylor !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt,1054! British Central Africa : Lake
Tanganyika, Cameron ! Kavala Islands, Carson, 24! 25! Nyasaland ; Kondowe to
Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Ngamiland; Kwebe, Lugard, 146! 244!
VOL. VIII. E
50 CXLIII, COMMELINACEZ (CLARKE). [| Commelina.
Also in Madagascar.
The variation m the leaves in this species is very great; in Quartin-Dillon &
Petit, 13, the upper leaves are ovate, sessile, and rounded «t the base, the lower
lanceolate ; while the lowest has a quasi-petiole 3? in. long.
Var. loandensis, C. B. Clarke. Leaves (even the upper ones) narrowed at the base
int> a short quasi-petiole—C. latifolia, Rendle in Cat, Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 77,. partly.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda ; about Alto das Cruzes, Welwitsch, 6613 !
at Praia de Zamba, near Loanda, Welwitsch, 6616! near Maianza de Povo, Wel-
witsch, 6618! Ambriz; near the River Quizembo, Welwitsch, 6615!
33. C. Petersii, /Hassk. in Peters, Reise “Mossamb. Bot. 522.
Nearly glabrous. Stems 18 in. long, with internodes 2-3 in. long.
Leaves 4-5 by } in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rather suddenly
contracted at the base, often very shortly quasi-petiolate. Peduncles
seattered, near the top of the stem, exserted $—1 in. from the leaf-
sheaths. Spathes 1 by # in., elliptic or ovate, acuminate, glabrous or
very nearly so, with obscure longitudinal green nerves; margins nearly
or quite free at the base. Petals blue. Capsule } in. long, 4-seeded ;
the dorsal cell sometimes present, usually empty. Seeds oblong-
ellipsoid, with transverse wrinkles and pits.—Hassk. in Flora, 1863,
385; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 169; Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 427; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135.
Lower Guinea. German South-west Africa: Amboland ; Olukonda, Schinz, 6!
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi, at Shiramba,
Kirk ! Mozambique, Peters !
This is near C. boissieriana, but differs from that (as from C, Schinzii) by its
much narrower spathes.
34. C. latifolia, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 340. Slightly
hairy or glabrate. Stem 15-30 in. long, rather weak, with long inter-
nodes, decumbent and rooting at the base ; roots fibrous, not thickened.
Leaves 34 by } in,, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, dilated at the base; upper
leaves often cordate, eared or nearly sagittate at the base. Peduncles
solitary, 2 or 1 near the top of a branch, exserted 4-1 in. from the
leaf-sheath. Spathes ? in. long or rather more, broadly ovate, with a
short acute point, not acuminate, very thinly hispid, slenderly striate ;
margins very shortly connate at the base. Petals (dried) blue.
Cxrpsule } by [-} in., 4-seeded. Seeds globose, brown, nearly smooth.—
Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295; C. B. Clarke in DO.
Monogr. Phan. iii. 173 partly; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 426; Durand & De Wild. in Bull. Soe. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128;
K.Schum in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135; Schweinf. in Hoéhnel. Zum
Rudolph-See u. Stephanie-See, ii. 353, and in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell.
dan a 556. C. sagittifolia, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.
206, 295.
Wile Land. Kordofan: Abn Harara, Pfund, 114! Abyssinia : without precise
Ioeality, Schimper, 1686! Pearce! Somaliland, Donaldson Smith !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Sicia, Dupuis !
Commelina. | OXL1IT, COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). 51
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Bojer! German East Africa: Kilimanjaro ; at
Marangu, 5000 ft., Volkens, 2270! Usambara ; Tanga; Holst, 2079!
The plant above described is Schimper, 1686, which A. Richard took as the
type of his C. latifolia, and Hasskarl as the type of his C. sagittifolia. The name
fatifolia is misleading, for the leaves cannot be called broad, though (as Rendle
observes) they vary so greatly in width that they might be called polymorphous.
The species must not be called C. latifolia, Hochst., as Hochstetter meant by that
C. benghalensis, Linn., and issued various plants under that name. Schweinfurth
and K. Schumaan, in the places above cited, included probably C. cuneata, the species
following, which is very closely allied to C. latifolia.
35. C. cuneata, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrate except the sparsely
hispid spathe. Stem 18 in. long, with long internodes, suberect at the
base; roots thick. Upper leaves 4} by ? in., lanceolate, cuneate at the
base, almost into a quasi-petiole. Peduncle at the end of the branches ;
spathes, flowers, capsule, and seeds as of C. latifolia.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga,
2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Kavali, Carson !
The spathe, with the strongly exserted lower cyme-stalk, appears identical with
that of C, latifolia. There is, however, no example of C. latifolia thit has the
upper leaves like those of C. cuneata,
36. C. spectabilis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. tii. 175.
Very hairy. Stem erect, 3-10 in. long, almost woody at the base with
thick roots. Leaves 4 by } in., oblong, dilated at the base, hairy on
both surfaces. Peduncles scattered, exserted 3-1} in. from the leaf-
sheaths. Spathes #-1 by 1} in., very broadly ovate, with triangular
tip, very hairy; margins free to the base or very nearly so. Flowers
humerous, blue. Capsule immature, probably nearly as of C. hudlensis.—
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 78.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in woods near the River Monino, 3800-
5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6594!
Var. 8 ramosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 175. Less hairy. Stem
2 ft. long, decumbent, rooting at the nodes, much branched. Spathes rather smaller,
‘Scarcely 3 in. long. Flowers bright dark blue (Welwitsch), not sky blue.—Rendle
n Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 78.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in sandy marshes between
Quibanga and Guinga, Welwitsch, 6629 !
37. ©. Cecile, (. B. Clarke. Hairy. Stem up to 18 in. long,
repeatedly branched towards the top, with internodes 2-3 in. long.
Leaves 34 by 3 in., broadly triangular-oblong, hairy, densely fringed on
the margins, sessile, rounded and much dilated at the base, sometimes
lin. broad. Peduncles scattered towards the ends of the branches, white-
hirsute, exserted 1-2 in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1 by 1} in.,
broadly ovate-triangular, brown-purple, white-hirsute, not distinctly
Striate, margins free to the base or very nearly so. Flowers numerous,
blue, rather large. Capsule not seen.
Mozamb. Dist. Matabeleland: Gwelo, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil 139!
52 CXLIII, COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). [ Commelina
38. C. demissa, (. B. Clarke. Pubescent. Stem 1 ft. long,
branched, with internodes 1-3 in. long; leaves 3} by } in., narrowly-
oblong, attenuated at either end, when mature hairy on both faces, ;
Peduncles scattered, exserted 0-} in. from the leaf-sheath. Spathes
4-2 in. long, ovate, acute, considerably smaller than in any other species
of the C. latifolia group, hairy, with obscure longitudinal purple veins,
margins free at the base. Petalsblue whendry. Capsule scarcely } in.
long, square, 4-seeded. Seeds small, globose, dark brown, smooth.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Mount Malosa, 4000-
6000 ft., Whyte !
39. C. madagascarica, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iti,
174. Very nearly glabrous. Stem 15 in. long, much branched, with
internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 2-24 in. long, linear-lanceolate,
except for a dilatation (not always present) at the very base. Peduncles
scattered, near the end of the branches, exserted } to } in. from the
leaf-sheaths. Spathes }-? in. long, ovate, acute, not acuminate;
margins nearly free to the base. Capsule (in Scott-Elliot, 7588) 4 in.
long, 4-seeded. Seeds globose, smooth, brown.—Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426. C. latifolia, var. angustifolia, Schweinf.
(MS. ?).
Nile Land. Eritrea: Ambelaco, near Maldi, 6500 ft., Schweinfurth, 131!
British East Africa: Ruwenzori ; Kasamaga, 6300 it., Scott-Elliot, 7588!
Frequent in Madagascar.
This differs from C. latifolia, A. Rich., not only in the narrow leaves but in the
spathes, which are very much smaller.
40. C. huillensis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 175.
Stemless, or very nearly so; roots thick. Leaves 4-10 by 4-4 in,
dilated at the base, hairy, Peduncles radical, 4-7 in. long, shaggy
towards the top. Spathes 1-1} by 14 in., very broadly ovate, shaggy,
with triangular tip; margins free. Cymes 2, with stout pedicels,
the upper with numerous blue flowers. Capsules-not ripe, nearly
square, } in. long, 4-seeded.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v-
425; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 78. :
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; between Lopollo and Nene, 3800-5500 ft.
Welwitsch, 6585 !
41. ©. Carsoni, C. B. Clarke. Hairy, the leaf-sheaths and
spathes shaggy. Stems 1 ft. high, branched, suberect at the base, with
internodes 2-44 in. long. Leaves 2 in. long, curved, narrowly lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, except near the base, where there is a dilata-
tion sometimes } in. wide at the top of the leaf-sheath. Peduncles
solitary towards the ends of the branches, erect, exserted 1-2 in. from
the leaf-sheath. Spathes ? in. long, broadly ovate, acute, not acumi-
nate; margins free to the base, or very nearly so. Capsule small,
nearly quadrate, 4-seeded. Seeds subglobose, brown, nearly smooth.
p Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Tanganyika Plateau, at Fwambo,
‘arson !
Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEX (CLARKE). 53
42, C. Welwitschii, (. 5. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 175.
Scabrous-pubescent, or nearly glabrous. Stems 4-11 in. long, erect,
thickened at the base, sometimes into bulbs 4 in. in diam.; roots
thickened. Leaves linear, 4-8 by }-} in.,, or (in Welwitsch, 6639) ex-
ceeding 12 in., dilated at the base. Peduncles scattered, exserted
1-3 in. from the leaf-sheaths, mostly very pubescent. Spathes }—14 in.
long, ovate, acuminate acute, hairy or nearly glabrate ; margins free.
Two posticous petals yellow; anticous petal yellow-brown or dull
violet-green (Welwitsch). Capsule nearly 4 by + in., 4-seeded. Seeds
much longer than broad, wrinkled or obscurely reticulate —Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 429; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
ii. 78,
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, 2400-3800 ft.; on the slopes of
the volcanic rocks of the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6627! damp rocks of Cabonda, on
the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6632! 6637! Cazella, Welwitsch, 6638! plentiful
throughout the district on rocks and in damp pastures, Welwitsch, 6639! Huilla ;
plentiful in pastures at Humpata, 3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6586 !
There may be two species here; in 6627 the spathes are scarcely ? in. long, with
conspicuous purple striations ; in 6586 they are 14 in. long, green : in both these the
two postivous petals are yellow, the anticous dull violet-green. The other numbers
cited come all between these two extremes, nor have I been able to sort the species
into two varieties.
43. ©. subcucullata, (. B. Clarke. More or less hairy. Stems
1 ft. long, suberect at the base; internodes 2-44 in. long. Leaves
4-5} in. long, linear, but more or less dilated at the base, where they
are sometimes } in. wide. Peduncles solitary towards the ends of the
branches, erect, exserted 1-2 in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes } in.
long, ovate-acuminate, acute, more or less hairy, pale brown, with
purple longitudinal veins ; the margins connate at the base for ;',—§ in.
Petals (from the dried plant) appear yellow to brown-red. Capsule
3 in. long, square, 4-seeded. Seeds globose, smooth, brown.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Malosa, 4000-
6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Mlanji, Scott-
Elliot, 8675!
This may prove only a variety of C. Carsoni. The typical five specimens of
Whyte, with acuminate highly coloured spathes, having the margins distinctly
connate at the base; look distinct enough; but Scott-Elliot, 8675, has less acuminate,
less coloured spathes, with nearly free margins, and looks half-way to C. Carsoni.
44. ©. neurophylla, (. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Branches
12-18 in. long ; internodes 2~5 in. long. Leaves 34 by } in. (usually
narrow), linear-oblong or linear, often dilated at the base ; longitudinal
nerves 5-7, conspicuous in the dry specimens. Peduncles solitary
towards the ends of the branches, exserted }—2} in. from the leaf-
sheath. Spathes #~} in. long, triangular in outline, obliquely funnel-
shaped, green, with obscure green longitudinal veins ; margins connate,
often for 1 in. Petals blue. Capsule } in. long, square, 4-seeded.
Seeds globose, smooth, brown.
D4 CXLIII, COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). (Commelina.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau,
2000-3000 ft., Whyte! Nyika Plateau, 6000-7000 1tt., Whyte! Kondowe to
Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Shire
Highlands, Buchanan !
45. C. echinosperma, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 135.
Stems 12-18 in. high, erect, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves 4-6 by
4-2 in., lanceolate or elongate-lanceolate, glabrous or puberulous.
Rpathe 2—} in. long, pubescent. Capsule 4 in. long, subquadrate.
Seeds globose, ;4, in. in diam., chestnut-brown, farinose, echinate.
Wozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi ; Gonda (Igonda), Kakoma,
Boehm, 2, 8.
K. Schumann does not say that the seeds are 4, but he places the species in Sect.
Dissecocarpus. The subquadrate capsule implies 4 seeds.
46. C.capitata, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl.541. Nearly glabrous,
except the spathes. Stems 1-3 ft. long. Leaves up to 5 by 1-1? in.,
varying from broadly-oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, subrhomboid,
unequal-sided at the base. Spathes 3-8, collected into a quasi-terminal
head, 3-1 in. long, obliquely obovate ; margins free nearly to the base,
densely ciliate with rutous hairs, or nearly glabrate. Flowers yellow
(or white, H. H. Johnston). Capsule oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds 4—} in.
long, cylindric, deeply pitted.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
176; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F). Afr.v.424; Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 269;
Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 875
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 78.
Wile Land. British East Africa: east side of Lake Albert Edward, Scott-
Elliot, 8027 !
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 772! Sierra Leone : Luseniya, Scott-
Elliot, 4080 ! and without precise locality, 4fzelius ! Smeathman! Morson! Hart!
Liberia : Cape Palmas, Vogel, 52! Lagos, Moloney, 9! Niger Territory: New
Calabar, at Degema, Holland, 125! Cross River, Johnston! Cameroons: Victoria,
Kalbreyer, 17! Cameroon Mountain, upper slopes, Johnston, 97! Bipinde, Zenker,
1143! Yaunde, Zenker g Staudt, 687! Efulen, Bates, 442! Batanga, Bates !
Fernando Po, Mann, 91! ;
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis ! Angola ; Pungo Andongo ;
in the shady woods of Barranco de Pedra Songue, 3300 ft., Welwitsch, 6647 !
Also in the West Indies. :
The two examples from the West Indies I have seen are probably of one collection,
and the locality on the ticket is possibly an error.
47. C, rufociliata, C. B. Clarke. Hairy. Stems 18 in. long.
Leaves 4 by 1 in., elliptic-lanceolate, when mature hairy on both sur-
faces ; base unequal, narrowed above the leaf-sheath, rufous-ciliate.
Spathes densely clustered at the ends of the branches, broadly and
obliquely funnel-shaped, hairy, varying much in size(in one head from } to
1 in, long); margins connate at the base, often for }-} in. Corolla
blue. Capsule scarcely t in. long, subquadrate, 4-seeded. Seeds hardly,
longer than broad, small, obscurely reticulate-wrinkled. ,
Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACE& (CLARKE). dd
Mozamb. Dist. Jritish Central Africa : Nyasaland ; between Mpata and the
commencement of the Tanganyika Plateau, 2000-3000 ft.. Whyte! Kondowe to
Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte /
48. C. longicapsa, (’. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 176.
Robust, nearly glabrous. Leaves 6 by 2 in., lanceolate-obovate, narrowed
at the base into a quasi-petiole $3 in. long. Spathes nearly 1 in. long,
glabrous, 2 or 3 together, terminal. Capsule } by 4 in., quadrate-oblong,
4-seeded. Seeds cylindric, smooth.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 426.
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Gaboon River, Mann !
The long quasi-petioles, leaves and capsules, show that this fragment indicates
some very distinct species.
49. C. umbellata, Zhonn. in Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 21.
Sparingly hairy. Stem 15 in. long, much branched, slender, with
internodes 2—3 in. long, at the base decumbent and rooting. Leaves
4 by j-} in. Peduncles scattered, exserted 0-4 in. from the leaf-
sheath. Spathes 4-4 in. long, brvadly ovate, acute, hispid, slightly
curved ; margins connate at the base. Flowers purple or white
(Zhonning), or almost flesh-coloured (Voyel). Capsule } in. long,
papery, 3-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds 4 in. long or rather more,
ellipsoid, brown, smooth, each with 2 pits on the back.—C. B. Clarke
in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 179 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
428; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. C. nigritana, Benth.
in Hook. Niger Fl. 541. ;
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1473! Quorra, Vogel, 85!
Mozamb. Dist. (rerman East Africa: Unyamwezi District (ex A. Schumann).
\0. C. bracteosa, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Lot. 524.
Sparingly hairy. Stems 8-15 in. long, branched ; internodes 2 in. long.
Leaves up to 34 by 1 in., elliptic, acuminate, narrowed at either end.
Peduncles 1 (or 2) at the ends of the branches, exserted 0—] in. from
the leaf-sheaths. Spathes 3 by 1 in., obtusely triangular at the tip,
slightly white-hispid ; margins connate at the base. Capsule { in. long,
papery, 3-seeded. Seeds ;}, in. long, subglobose, flattened.—Hassk. in
Flora, 1863, 386; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 180 ; Durand
& Schinz, Conspect.. Fl. Afr. v. 424; K.Schum. in Engl. Pti. Ost-Afr.
C. 135; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i119.
Nile Land. British East Africa : Kich District; at Ador Village, Petherick !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Sacleux, 218, Portuguese East Africa : Mozam-
bique, Peters ; Zambesi Delta; Luabo River, Airk, 32 partly !
51. C. guineensis, Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par.i. 119. Root
fibrous. Stem branched from the base, ylabrescent. Leaves rather
long, lanceolate, sessile. Inflorescence terminal, usually 1 only,
peduncled. Spathe hooded, not curved, striate, puberulous. Capsule
Subglobose, with 3 one-seeded cells. Seeds smooth.
Lower Guinea. French Guinea, Puroisse, 195; Brazzaville, Thollon, 961.
D6 CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [ Commelina.
Not seen, The above condensed from the description by Hua, who says the
species belongs to the Section Trithyrocarpus.
52. C. aspera, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 542. Hairy. Stem 4-6
in. long; internodes up to 1} in. long. Leaves up to 3 by q in., linear
or linear-lanceolate. Spathes in a terminal head, } in. by } in., ovate,
acuminate, much curved ; margins shortly connate at the base. Capsule
small, 3-celled, papery, 3-seeded. Seeds 3/5 in. long, globose or very
shortly ellipsoid, smooth.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1. 180;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Rendle in Cat. Afr. FL
Welw. ii. 78.
Upper Guinea. (told Coast: Accra, Don! Niger Territory: at the Con-
fluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers, Vogel !
53. GC. mensensis, Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii.
57. Leaves 4-5 by } in., narrowly linear, rough hairy on the upper
surface. Spathes 2 or 3 clustered at the end of the branches, } in. long,
shortly lanceolate, hispid, striate; margins united at the base for } in.
Capsule } in. in diam. ; cells 3, equal, thin, smooth, all dehiscing. Seeds
lin each cell, globose, } in. in diam., smooth, sculptured on either side
of the hilum by 4 transverse wrinkles.
_ Nile Land. Eritrea : below Geleb, 4800-5500 ft., Schweinfurth, 1414, 1434 ;
Anseba, near Keren, Stewdner, 1417.
Not seen; the above condensed from Schweinfurth’s description.
54. C. firma, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii, 78. Hairy. Stems
12-18 in. long, robust ; internodes up to 3 in. long. Leaves 3-4 by 4
in., oblong, when mature hairy on both surfaces. Spathes ciustered,
often many in a terminal head. Seeds}in.long. Otherwise nearly as
C’. aspera,—C. aspera, var. (3 firma, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan.
iii. 180. Cyanotis hirsuta, Baker in Trans. Lim. Soc. xxix. 162.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Unyoro; Ukidi Forest, Speke § Grant !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, 2400-3800 ft.; Pando woods,
between Calundo and Mangue, Welwitsch, 6644! in shady woods around Pedras de
Guinga and Mangue, Welwitsch, 6645 !
Flowers dark blue (Welwitsch), as they probably are in C. aspera. This is
altogether a inuch stouter plant than C. aspera, with longer capsule and seeds.
55. ©. Wogelii, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan, iii. 189.
Sparingly hairy. Stems 1-2 ft.long ; internodes 2—5 in.long. Leaves
4} by 1} in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base. Spathes
mostly in clusters of 2 or 3 at the end of the branches, }—2 by ? in.
broadly ovate, very shortly acuminate, pubescent, margins shortly
connate at the base. Flowers white (Vogel). Capsule small, papery,
3-seeded, or sometimes 2-seeded (the dorsal cell being suppressed). Seeds
tz-yo in. long, subglobose, more or less angular.—Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135;
Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 120, C. suleata, Benth. in Hook.
Niger Fl. 541, not of Willd.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 476! Senegal, Bellamy, 2. Lagos
Millen, 77! Rowland! Fernando Po: in woods, Vogel, 261!
4]
“J
Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE, (CLARKE).
Lower Guinea. Angola; Guingongue, Herb. Paris !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland (ex K. Schumann)
56. C, Bainesii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 184.
Hairy. Stems | ft. long ; internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 6 by 2 in.,
narrowly lanceolate, narrowed at the base, with wavy margins, when
mature hairy on both surfaces. Peduncles few, scattered towards the
end of the branches, exserted 0-} in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes
% by # in., obtuse or with a very short point, hairy ; margins shortly
connate at the base. Capsule small, obovoid, trigonous, 3-seeded ; dorsal
cell similar, indehiscent. Seeds 51, in. in diam., globose, brown, smooth.
—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 79. CO. bracteosa, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135,
partly.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, 3300 ft. ; in thickets near Ponte
de Luxillo, Welwitsch, 6636 ! by streams on the Presidium near Fonte de Cazella,
Welwitsch, 6641! in woods near Condo, Welwitsch, 6643 !
Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 2600 ft.,
Volkens, 2147! British Central Africa: Matabeleland; River Mangwe, Baines !
Var. 8 glabrata, Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 52. More glabrous.
Mature leaves glabrate; sheaths more or less hairy. Spathes more exserted on
peduncles up to Zin. long, sparsely hispid or glabrous——Rendle in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxx. 429. C. angustifolia, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mosamb. Bot. 528, and in
Flora, 1863, 388, not of Michaux.
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: province of Rios de Sena, Peters ;
Makua; Namuli Mountains, Zast! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount
Mlanji, Whyte! Zomba Plains, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte! and without precise locality,
Buchanan, 508! 1374!
All the examples of this variety 8 have dried brown, unlike the typical C. Bainesii,
which is greyish, and might be esteemed specifically distinct.
57. C. lagosensis, (. B. Clarke. Stems 2 ft. or more long, weak,
branching, prostrate, rooting at many nodes; internodes 1~3 in. long.
Leaves 2} by 1 in., broadly elliptic, shortly acute, obscurely hairy when
mature on both surfaces, suddenly narrowed at the base into a very
short quasi-petiole. Peduncles few, scattered, exserted 0—} in. from
the leaf-sheath. Spathes 2 by 2 in., tip obtuse or depressed triangular,
pubescent ; margins shortly connate at the base. Capsule small, ob-
ovoid, trigonous, 3-celled, 3-seeded ; dorsal cell indehiscent. Seeds ;, in.
in diam., globose, brown, smooth.
Upper Guinea, Lagos, Willen, 21!
58. C.albescens, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 210, 295.
Nearly glabrous. Rhizome woody, knotted, with thick roots. Stems
8-20 in. long, branched; internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 4 by } in.,
narrowed at both ends. Spathes clustered at the end of the branches,
usually 2 or 3 together, } in. long, funnel-shaped, very much curved,
acute; margins connate for } in. at the base. Capsule } in. long,
3-celled, 3-seeded, the dorsal cell smaller and indehiscent. Seeds of the
ventral cells 1 in. long, ellipsoid, flattened, brown, nearly smooth.—
58 CXLIII. COMMELINACEZ (CLARKE). [ Commelina.
C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 184; Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 373; Martelli, Fl.
Bogos. 88; Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 429; Hua in Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Par. i. 120; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly.
C. multicaulis, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsic. 1242. C. schimperiana, Hochst.
in Schimper, Exsic. 2268.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verde Isles: Brava, Lowe! Senegal, Bellamy, 573.
Dahomey, Burton !
Wile Land. Eritrea: Keren; 4800 ft., Beccari, 297! Abyssinia: Jaja,
Schimper, 1242! Agow district ; on mountains near Gageros, 4000 ft., Schimper,
2268! Somaliland; Ahl Mountains, Hildebrandt, 1473! Wagga Mountains, Mrs.
Lort-Phillips! oobi, James & Thrupp! Witu, Gregory. Dadaro, 3700 ft.,
Lord Delamere !
Also in Socotra, Arabia, and Scinde.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mlanji, 6000 ft., Whyte,
112!
59. C.spherosperma, (. 2. Clarke. Thinly and obscurely hairy.
Stems 18 in. long, branched ; internodes 2-4 in. long. Leaves 4—5 by
3-1 in., narrowly lanceolate, narrowed at the base, when mature ob-
scurely pubescent on the surfaces or glabrate. Spathes 2—4 together at
the ends of the branches, 3-3 by 1 in., shortly acuminate, acute, not
much curved; margins connate for + in. at the base. Petals blue when
dry. Capsule 1 in. long, obovoid, trigonous, 3-celled, 3-seeded, dorsal
cell indehiscent. Seeds of the ventral cells ;1, in. long, globose or sub-
cuboid, black-brown, smooth.—C. Gerrardi, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr.
Phan. iii. 183, as to Trop. Afr. examples. C. albescens, K. Schum. in
Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly ; Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. iv. 52.
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta ; at the mouth of
the River Melambe, Kirk! Lower Zambesi; between Lupata and Tete, Kirk f
opposite Sena, Kirk! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Zomba, 2500-3600 ft.,
Whyte !
60. C. opulens, (. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 4-6 in.
long, decumbent, rooting at the base, densely leafy in the upper half
with very short internodes. Leaves 4 by 4 in., narrowly oblong-
lanceolate, not narrowed on the leaf-sheath. Upper branches for 2 in.
clothed with numerous subsessile spathes. Spathes 3 in. long, ovate,
shortly acuminate, acute ; margins connate at the base. Capsule 1—} in.
long, obovoid, 3-celled, 3-seeded, the dorsal cell smaller, indehiscent and
sometimes sterile. Seeds ;', in. long, very shortly ellipsoid (subglobose),
smooth.—C. aspera, C. B. Clarke in DC, Monogr. Phan. iii. 180, partly ;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 78.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, 3800-5500 ft., among crops of Penicillaria,.
near Humpata, Welwitsch, 6592 !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga,
2000-6000 ft., Whyte !
61. C. venusta, (. B. Clarke. Sparsely hairy. Branches 10 in.
long, undivided, with 1-3 approximated spathes at the end of each
Commelina. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 59
branch ; internodes 1-2} in.long. Leaves 4 by } in., linear, acuminate,
acute. Spathe scarcely exserted from the leaf-sheath, $—? by 1 in,
very acute, curved, hairy ; margins hardly connate at the base. Petals.
blue, # by ? in., exclusive of the claw. Capsule small, 3-seeded, the
dorsal cell smaller, indehiscent. Seeds ;4, in. in diam., globose (some-
what tetrahedral), smooth, brown.
Wile Land. British Somaliland : Golis Range, Miss Edith Cole !
Separate expanded flowers have been carefully dried ; they must be unusually
large and bright. The stamens, barren and fertile, are just as those of C. nudiflora,
Linn, (and numerous other species), but larger.
62. C. Livingstoni, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 190.
Nearly glabrous, or somewhat hairy, Stems 1-2 ft. long, sometimes
robust, suberect from a stout base, straggling, branched ; internodes
2-5 in. long. Leaves 54 by } in., lanceolate, narrowed at either end.
Peduncles 1 (or 2, rarely 3, close together) at the end of a branch, hardly
longer than the leaf-sheaths. Spathes attaining 1 by 1} in., shortly
acuminate, acute, nearly glabrous; margins connate for j—} in. at
the base. Petals blue. Capsule } in. long, obovoid compressed, 2-
seeded. Seeds } in. long, ellipsoid, brown, smooth.—Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii.
11; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Witu; Mkanumbi, Gregory! Rabai Hills,
near Mombasa, Taylor.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., Johnston !
Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta ; near Vicente, Scott! Lower Zambesi ;
between Lupata and Sena, Kirk! between Lupata and Tete, Kirk! Tete, Kirk!
near Sena, Kirk! Lower Shire Valley; near the foot of Morambala Mountain, Kirk !
Matabeleland, Elliott !
Also in South Africa.
63. C. Zenkeri, C. B. Clarke. Sparsely hairy. Stems cxspitose
from a stout base, up to 12 in. long, branched, decumbent and rooting
at the lower nodes; internodes up to 3 in. long but mostly short.
Leaves 2 by 1-1} in., ovate, shortly acute, suddenly narrowed at the
base, sessile. Peduncles solitary, few, scattered, exserted 0—{ in. from
the leaf-sheaths. Spathes $-3 by 1 in., hardly acute, minutely pubes-
cent or glabrate; margins very shortly connate at the base. Petals
blue when dry. Capsule 1 in. long, quadrate, compressed, 2-seeded.
Seeds nearly } in. long, ellipsoid, smooth.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Yaunde, 2600 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 432!
Distributed from Berlin Herbarium as C. ethiopica, C. B. Clarke ; but it is not
that species.
64. C. wthiopica, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 189.
Nearly glabrous. Stems 8-14 in. long, suberect, cespitose, thick at
the base; internodes 1-2} in. long. Leaves 3} by #-1 in., broadly
oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a very short pseudo-petiole.
Peduncles solitary or 2 at the end of a branch, hardly longer than the
leaf-sheath. Spathes } by 1 in., acute, hardly acuminate, sparsely
60 CXLIII, COMMELINACEAY (CLARKE). | Commelina.
white-hispid ; margins shortly connate at the base. Flowers deep blue
(Schweinfurth). Capsule 4 in, long, 2-seeded. Seeds § in. long, sub-
globose, smooth.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 189.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2027!
Kurshook-Ali’s Seriba, Schweinfurth, 1601!
This may prove to be only a 2-seeded form of C. bracteosa ; it has larger leaves,
smaller capsule and seeds, More material of both species is desirable.
65. C. pyrrhoblepharis, HWassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.
209, 295. Stems 2 ft. long (at least), rooting freely by stout roots
from the lower nodes; internodes up to + in. long, robust, glabrate.
Leaves attaining 54 by 2 in., broadly elliptic, acuminate, when mature
minutely pubescent, unequally and rather suddenly narrowed at the base
into a quasi-petiole 0-} in. Jong; leaf-sheaths often with long rufous
hairs at the mouth. Spathes 2 or 3, near together at the ends of the
branches, hardly exserted from the leaf-sheaths, 3-3 in. long, very
broadly ovate, shortly acute, slightly hairy; margins connate at the
base for } in. Flowers blue. Capsule small, 2-seeded. Seeds 33, in.
long, round-ellipsoid, smooth._—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
190; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 155; Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
F). Afr. v. 427. (©. acuminata, R. Br. in Salt, Abyss. Append. 63,
pave wae not of H. B, K. C. saltiana, Steud. Nomencl. Bot. ed.
n. 402.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Lotho, 7000-8000 ft., Schimper, 591! 1591! Mount
Sholoda, 6700 ft., Schimper, 341 ; Adowa, Quartin-Dillon & Petit. Gondar, Rochet
@ Héricourt ! and without precise locality, Plowden !
Hasskarl does not describe the capsule, nor does he cite the number of Schimper
he had. So far as his description goes of the large leaves with red hairs at the mouth
of the leaf-sheaths and turbinate clustered spathes, his plant might have been the large
state of C. benghalensis, which Schimper, 1591, closely resembles. The species really
stands on the assumption that Plowden’s examples (which contained one capsule) are
truly conspecific with Schimper, 1591.
66. C, obscura, K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Hairy;
small. Stems 4-6 in. long, weak, branched, annual, rooting at the
lower nodes ; internodes 1-1} in. long. Leaves 1} by § in., elliptic-
oblong, shortly acute, when mature hairy on both surfaces ; leaf-sheaths
with long spreading red hairs. Spathes 1~} in. long, solitary, on very
short peduncles, ovate, hardly acute. Petals blue or rarely violet
(A. Schumann). Capsule 4 in. long, quadrate, 2-seeded. Seeds sub-
globose, somewhat wrinkled.
_ Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 5000 ft.,
Volkens, 2267! 633!
K. Schumann has referred this plant to the Section Dissecocarpus, but I find
only 2 seeds to the capsule,
Imperfectly known species.
67. C. grossa, U. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 6—10 in.
long, erect, bearing 1 or 2 leaves and 1 peduncle. ‘Leaves up to 14 by
Commelina. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 61
4-} in., linear, slightly dilated at the very base. Peduncle exserted
3-2 in. from the leaf-sheath. Spathe 14 in. long, 14 in. broad, ovate-
triangular, acute, purple-green; margins free. Cymes paired in each
spathe, upper with many flowers. Sepals } in. long, elliptic, nearly
free. Corolla in the dried state purple-blue.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Kambole, south-west of Lake Tan-
ganyika, 5000 ft., Nutt /
The examples of this call to mind the large Mexican C, elliptica, H. B. & K.,
but the leaves are totally unlike.
68. C. Holubii, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 5 in.
long, with 2 leaves and 1 spathe each. Leaves 4 by }—1 in., linear,
slightly wider at the base. Peduncles exserted }~1 in. from the leaf-
sheath, nearly glabrous. Spathe ? in. by ? in., ovate-lanceolate, acute,
very nearly glabrous, pale yellow-brown in the dried examples ; margins
free or obscurely connate at the base. Flowers numerous, some exserted
entirely from the spathe. Petals 4 in. iong, appear to have been pale
violet. Two fertile anthers intensely blue in the dried state. Capsule
about } in. long, square, 4-seeded.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Rhodesia ; Leshumo Valley, Holub
715!
From the imperfect capsule, this almost certainly belongs to the Section Disseco-
carpus,
69. ©. senegalensis, Linn. ex Cat. Ort. Bot. Napol. 1845, 22.
(name only) ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 429.
Upper Guinea. Senegal?
4, POLYSPATHA, Benth. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Pl. ni, 849.
Sepals 3, small, concave. Petals 3, white, 2 very long-clawed.
Stamens 3 fertile, 3 sterile with dissimilar rudimentary anthers.
Ovary sessile, 2-celled, with one ovule in each cell. Capsule 2-celled,
loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds half-ellipsoid; hilum vertical ; embryo-
stega opposite the hilum.—Cymes few-flowered, scattered along simple
(rarely branched) elongate axes springing from the axils of the upper
leaves and sometimes piercing their sheaths; spathes ovate, folded flat,
sessile, each enclosing one cyme.
Endemic, monotypic.
1. P. paniculata, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 543. Stem 1-2} ft.
long, trailing or weak, often rooting at the lower nodes, undivided but
in one example throwing several weak stems from the rooting node.
Leaves 6 by 24 in., broadly elliptic, acuminate at either end, quasi-
petioled, glabrate above, pubescent beneath ; lower leaves smaller,
sometimes reduced to sheaths. Panicle of 1-6 branches, each 3-6 in.
long, pubescent ; spathes } in. long, about 4 in. apart, pendent in fruit.
62 CXLISI, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). | Polyspatha.
Flowers 4—5 in each spathe; bracteoles small. Capsule { in. long,
flattened, shining, obtuse at the apex. Seeds with ribs radiating from
the embryostega.-—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr, Phan. ui. 154, incl.
var. 8; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 429, incl. var. / ;
Schoenl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 64; Baill. Hist. Pl.
mitt, 271.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Kukuna on the River Scarcies, Scott-
Elliot, 4678! Ashanti: Assin-Yan-Coomassie, Cummins, 163! Lagos: by the side
of forests on the road to Otto, Millen, 4! Otto, Millen, 26! Lagos Botanic Station,
Millen, 7! Cameroons: Yaunde, 2600 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 566! Bipinde, Zenker,
1239! Efulen, Bates,447! Cameroon Mountain, 3000 ft., Mann, 2138! and without
precise locality, Preuss, 1186! Fernando Po, Vogel, 93! Barter, 1474! 2055! Mann!
5, ANEILEMA, R. Br., partly ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
PI, iii. 849.
Sepals 3, small, elliptic or ovate, obtuse, concave. Petals 3, obovate,
blue or yellow. Stamens 3 (or 2) fertile, the intermediate one with
more or less dissimilar anther, and 3-2 sterile, rudimentary or cruci-
form; filaments with or without beaded hairs. Ovary 3~2-celled.
Capsule ovoid to linear, 3-valved; seeds several (or 2-1) superposed in
one vertical row (in the Tropica] African species) in each cell.—Panicles
dense or lax; peduncles simple or divided; cymes simple, 1-sided;
bracts to the cymes flat or hardly folded, never spathaceous (as in
Commelina).
Species 60, tropical or subtropical, whereof 5 only are American.
The genus differs from Commelina in the absence of the strongly folded or hooded
bracts which enfold the cymes in Commelina.
*TRICARPELLARIA.—Capsule subequally 3-celled. Cells
2-seeded, acute, in the African species. Inflores-
cence dichotomous . : . : : ~ iL. A, sinicum.
** DICARPELLARIA.—Capsule 2-celled ; a dorsal small cell with 1 (or no) seed
sometimes added,
} Amelina.—Panicles terminal, Capsule truncate, with 2 acute corners.
Sepals 4-3 in. long.
Capsule with 3-5 seeds in each cell : . 2. A. equinoctiale.
Capsule with 2-1 seeds in each cell . : - 4. A. nyasense.
Sepals 4 in, long : : i ; ‘5 . 98. A. tacazzeanum.
ttLamprodithyros.—Panicles terminal. Capsule ellipsoid without angles at the
top.
Petals yellow or green-yellow.
Panicle short, hardly exserted from the leaves . 5. A. angolense.
Panicle peduncled; cyme-peduncles in false-
whorls. : : : é . . 6. A. Johnstoni.
Petals (where known) blue to white.
Ovules often 3 in each cell.
Leaves ovate or elliptic ; panicle dense .
Leaves lanceolate ; panicle lax
Ovules 2—1 in each cell.
Le ives ovate to elliptic-oblong (see also 16, Wel-
witschi),
- %. A. beniniense.
8. A. Rendle.
Aneilema. | CXLII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 63
Inflorescence very loose. : : . 9. A. ovato-oblongum,
Inflorescence dense,
Leaves sessile, base rounded.
Medium-sized plant; leaves up to 23 in.
long . . 10. A. somaliense.
Plant 5in. high; Jeaves up to 1} in.
long . ; : : : 11. A. Smiths.
Base of leaves acuminate into a pseudo-
petiole.
Panicle glabrate ; : c . 12. A. dregeanum.
Panicle patently hispid : . 13. A. Nicholsoni.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong to linear (sometimes
elliptic in A. Welwitschii).
Inflorescence lax. 3 : : . 14. A. Petersit.
Inflorescence dense.
Stem erect at the base ; roots thick.
Flowering stem with few reduced leaves 15. A. Schweinfurthii.
Flowering stem with many well-devel-
oped leaves.
Minutely pubescent . ; - 16. A. Welwitschii,
Hispid . ; : ; . 17..A. soudanicum.
Stem decumbent or rooting at the lower
nodes ; roots fibrous.
. Many pedicels sterile, ended by a black
rudiment . : : . 18. A. Whyte.
Sterile pedicels none (or very few occa-
sionally).
Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long . 19. 4. lanceolatum.
Leaves lanceolate . - : . 20. A. Speket.
Leaves linear, hardly 2 in. long . 21. A. gracile.
{++Pseudo-axillares—Panicles appearing irregularly scattered, all terminal, but
not rarely on remote short axillary branches.
Leaves 1-2 in. long.
Inflorescences of very many flowers ¢ : . 22. A. pedunculosum.
Inflorescences of about 8 flowers. : A . 23. A. Clarket.
Leaves at most 3 in. long . ; ‘ ‘ : . 24. A. Taylori.
1. A. sinicum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 659. Nearly glabrous. Roots
occasionally bearing tubers. Stems 1-3 ft. long, sparingly leafy. Leaves
linear, 8-18 by 1-1 in. (but see var. 3). Panicle-branches elongated,
slender, subracemose ; bracts 3—2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, flat ; cymes
usually thin, loose, but sometimes the inflorescence is dense with
numerous flowers; lower flowers of the cyme often sterile, early cadu-
cous, so that the top of the cyme-peduncle appears knotted. Sepals
t in. long, elliptic, obtuse, half-petaloid in texture. Petals } in. long
and upwards, blue, or sometimes dull purple. Stamens 2 only fertile
(but see var. 3). Capsule 1-1 in. long, 3-valved ; seeds normally 2 in
each cell, obscurely wrinkled.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
212, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap, vii. 12; Oliv. in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 352; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 432; Durand &
Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 271; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.
136; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87,
and in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128; Rendle in Journ. Linn.
64 CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [ Aneilem
Soe. xxx. 430, in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 52, and in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 79; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 120. Commelina
sinica, Roem. et Schultes, Mant. i. Addend. i. 376.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone; Bumban to Port Lokko, Scott-Elliot, 5742 !
Worth Central. French Congo: Uaddas, on the Ubangi River, Dybowski,
26.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Agad Seriba (Wan), Schweinfurth,
1684! Ruwenzori, below 6000 ft., Scott-Hiliot, 6673! Leikipia district, at Gnaso
Thegu and Kithungulu, Gregory! Ukamba, above 4000 ft., Scott-Elliott, 2340!
Ribe to Galla Country, Wakefield! Nyika Country at Duruma, Wakefield, 26!
Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor !
Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyauxr, 341! French
Congo; Franceville, Thollon, 314; Brazzaville, Dybowski ; Bangui, Dybowski, 525-
529; Lower Congo: Lukungu, Hens, 228A! Bingila, Dupuis! Stanley Pool,
Biittner, 305! Quiballa, Monteiro! Angola; Pungo Andongo, in marshes to the
west of the Presidium, and by streams in the Presidium itself, 2400-3800 ft., Wel-
witsch, 6627! 6628! Huilla; marshy places round the base of Morro de Lopollo,
3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6591! Dammara-land, Hen !
South Central. Congo Free State : Bolobo, on the River Congo, Johnston !
Upper Marungu, De Beerst! Lualaba River, Briart ! Katanga, Briart ! Mussima,
Briart !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1055! Sacleux, 406! German East
Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., Zohnston! Rovuma Bay, Kirk! ‘Portuguese East
Africa: Zambesi Delta; mouth of the West Luabo River, Kirk, 2! British Central
Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, Carson, 43! 76! 77! Kambole, south-west of Lake
Tanganyika, 5000 ft., Nutt! Nyasaland; Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft.,
Whyte! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft.,
Whyte! Zomba and vicinity, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte! Mount Mlanji, Whyte, 39!
and without precise locality, Buchanan, 368!
Also in South China, Malaya, South India, Mascarene Islands, and South Africa.
Var. 8 longifolia, C. B. Clarke, Rather larger in all parts ; leaves often 3-5 in.
broad ; fertile stamens commonly 2, but sometimes 3.—<A. longifolium, Hook. Exot.
Fl. iii, t. 204; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix, 163. 4. giganteum, as to the
African plants, C. B, Clarke in DC. Monogr, Phan. iii, 212 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp.
Fl. Afr. v. 480; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1840!
Niamniam ; by the River Sway, Schweinfurth, 3904!
Lower Guinea. Cameroons: Batanga, Bates, 120!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Bojer! Lake Tanganyika, Carson! German East
Africa: Unyamwezi ; near Tabora, in swamps, 3000 ft., Speke & Grant ! Usambara,
Hoist, 2962! Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta; Luabo River, Kirk, 50!
River Shire, near Morambala Mountain, Kirk ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland;
without precise locality, Buchanan, 1835! 1863! Rhodesia: Six-mile Spruit, near
Salisbury, Hon. Mrs, Evelyn Cecil, 148!
This series of plants runs without a break into the typical form. It was
attempted, in DC. Monogr. Phan, iii. 212, to separate 4. giganteum with 8 fertile
stamens specifically from 4. sinicum with 2 fertile stamens. Hooker says that his
A. longifolium had 2 or 3 fertile stamens ; and I do not find that the Indian A. gigan-
teum has always 3. 1 think the number of fertile stamens is not absolute, and that
all the African plants cited under A. sinicwm, var. longifolia, are one species. The
Indian A. giganteum differs very little ; it is rather more robust, with thicker branches
to the panicle.
Var. simplex, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 212. Leaf-sheaths shaggy-
Aneilen. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 65
Panicle small, Capsule depressed, as broad as long. Durand & Schinz, Consp, FL.
Afr. v. 432. A. simplex, Kunth, Enum. iv. 71 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 547,
Commelixa simplex, Vahl, Enum. ii.177; Thonn in Schamacher, Beskr. Guin. Pl, 22.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Accra, Dow!
This may represent a distinct species, but the material is small,
2. A. equinoctiale, Kunth, Enum. iv. 72. Hairy, sometimes
hispid or viscous. Stems 2-8 ft. long. Leaves often 4 by 1 in., some-
times 7 by 1} in., elliptic or lanceolate, the lower attenuated, the upper
often ovate at the base. Panicle terminal, often 5 by 2-3 in., rigid,
loose ; the cyme-peduncles in distant false-whorls or less often alternate ;
bracts at their base 1—} in. long, oblong; empty bracts on the lower
part of the cyme-peduncles hardly } in. long, ovate or obovate; pedicels
4-2 in. long. Sepals } in. long and upwards, oblong, not acute. Petals
yellow, blue, mauve, or lilac. Fertile stamens 2 or 3. Capsule } by
$ in., 2-celled with a dorsal small or imperfect cell sometimes added,
truncate at the top, the two upper angles acute or minutely horned ;
seeds 3-5 in each cell, pale, stony.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan.
ili, 221, incl. all the vars., and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 12; Oliver in
Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 352 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. vy. 429, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 270; Schoenl. in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 65; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soe. bot.
Belg. xxxvi. 87; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136; Rendle in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 430, in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 52, and
in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 79; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 120;
Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80. A. adherens, Kunth, Enum. iv.
72. A. tacazzeanum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 343, not of Hochst.
Commelina equinoctialis, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 65, t. 38. Lamprodithyros
equinoctialis, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 211. ZL. adherens,
Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 211. Amelina Wallichii,
C. B. Clarke, Comm. et Cyrt. Beng. t. 26.
Upper Guinea. Ashanti: Dumassi, Cummins, 19! Western Lagos, Rowland !
Lagos, Punch! Old Calabar River, Mann, 2338! Cameroons : Efulen, Bates, 376.
Nile Land. British East Afiica: Uganda, Scott-Elliot, 7263! Ukamba ;
Kitui, Hildebrandt, 2641! Taita: Maungu Mountain, 2000 ft., Johnston! Ribe,
near Mombasa, Wakefield! Nyika Country, near Mombasa, Wakefield! Fimbine,
near Rabai, Taylor !
Lower Guinea. Loango: Chinchocho, Soyaux, 19! Landana, Du Parguet.
French Congo: Brazzaville, Brazza, 313, Thollon, 957, Dybowski. Lower Congo :
Lukungu, Hens, a,272! Bingila, Dupuis ! Congo, Smith, 52! 58! Burton! Angola:
30 miles inland to Bembe, Monteiro! Golungo Alto ; banks of the River Delamboa,
Welwitsch, 6605 !
South Central. Monbuttu: near Bongwa, Schweinfurth, ser. iii, 215!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Grandidier, 28. German East Africa: Usambara ;
Lutindi, Holst, 3451! Tanga, Holst, 2107! Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft., Johnston! Por-
tnguese East Africa: Beira Railway, Hon, Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, 5! Lower Zambesi ; near
Sena, Kirk! Tete Hill, Kirk! Shupanga, Kirk! Shamo, near the mouth of the
River Shire, Kirk ! Morambala Mountain, 2000 ft., Kirk! British Central Africa:
North Nyasaland and Upper Loangwe River, Nicholson! Nyasaland: Nyika Platean,
6000-7000 ft., Whute! Mount Mlanje, Whyte, 131! Mount Zomba and vicinity,
2500-3500 ft., Whyte! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Shire Highlands,
VOL. VIII. F
66 CXLIUI. COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). | Aneilema.
Buchanan, 286! Movnt Sochi, Scott-Elliot, 8527! Manganja Hills, Waller!
Mount Chiradzulu, Meller ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 459! 510! 528!
1401! Matabeleland, Elliott ! Salisbury to Buluwayo, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, 81!
Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and Arabia.
Schimper, 1660, contains, by admixture, both 4. equinoctiale and A. tacaz-
zeanum. -A, Richard describes therefrom his 4. tacazzeanum as having six seeds to
each cell of the capsule, so that his plant was certainly 4. equinoctiale, Kunth.
Lamprodithyros tacazzeanus, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 531, is said to
be Aneilema tacazzeanum, Walp. Ann, iii. 658, which is merely copied, with a little
confusion, from A. Richard ; but Hasskarl describes his Zamprodithyros tacazzeunus
at great length, and says the ovules were only 2-1 in each cell; so that Hasskarl’s
plant was really the tucazzeanus of Hochsteiter, excluding the citation of Walpers.
There is ample evidence of the variation in the colour of the petals; the different-
coloured flowers have been esteemed different species by many collectors.
3. A. tacazzeanum, Hochst.ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan.
iii. 222, not of A. Rich. Thinly hairy. Stems 1—2 ft. long, weak, de-
cumbent at the base and there sometimes divided, rooting often at the
lower nodes. Leaves 3 by 1 in. (in Hochstetter’s two ‘“ types ”), elliptic,
acute, base contracted, often subpetioled. Inflorescence terminal, pe-
duneled, 1? by 14 in., very lax, obscurely pubescent; cyme-peduncles
alternate ; bracts less than } in. long, ovate; bracteoles less than ¢ in.
long, obovate. Sepals about } in. long, elliptic, concave. Corolla
smaller than in 4. eguinoctiale, appears to have been yellow. Ovules
3-2 in each cell. Capsule nearly 4 by 4 in., white, truncate, with the
two upper angles acute, mostly 2-celled, with 3-1 seeds in each cell.—
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 432; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf.
Ost-Afr. C. 136. A. Forskalei, Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii,
Append. ii. 58, not of Kunth. Lamprodithyros tacazzeanus, Hassk.
in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 531 (excl. the syn. of Walpers), and
in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. Cfr. DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
222.
Mile Land. Eritrea: Gorge of Ailet, Schweinfurth & Riva, 427! below
Geleb, 5000 ft., Schweinfurth, 1416, 1788 ; Ginda, 3259 ft., Schweinfurth, 128, 392.
Abyssinia: Valley of the River Tacazze, Schimper, 1660, 1729! Quartin-Dillon &
Petit, 449!
This is a much weaker plant than A. equinoctiale, the capsule smaller, with often
only 2-1 seeds in each cell. The example of Schweinfurth, 427, is much stonter
than Schimper’s, with larger inflorescence and 3 seeds to each cell; this is separated
from the smaller examples of A. equinoctiale by the smaller, more concave elliptic
sepals. Hua (in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 121) appears to draw the line between
the two species at a different point.
Schweinfurth reduces here A. Ehrenbergii, C. B. Clarke (which see No. 27 helow);
and A. Forskalai, Kunth. The latter is fully described as Commelina paniculata by
Vahl (Enum. ii. 179), who appears to have had Forskal’s plant; and who describes
inter alia “ peduncles lateral and terminal, paired, with a sheath 3 in. long at the base
of each”; so that this plant must have been very remote from 4. tacazzeanum, and
was almost certainly a species of Commelina.
4. A. nyasense, (’. B. Clarke. Pubescent. Portion of stems seen
1 ft. long, unbranched. Leaves 3 by 1 in., elliptic, acute. Panicle
terminal, 5 by 2} in., loose; cyme-peduncles mostly in distant false-
Aneilem. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 67
whorls, the bracts at their base } in. long, elliptic ; one or two of the
lower cyme-peduncles supported sometimes bya leaf 21in. long. Cyme-
peduncles glabrate ; several of the lower bracteoles empty,4—} in. long,
ovate; pedicels in fruit }—2 in, long. Sepals nearly } in. long, narrowly
elliptic, glabrate. Capsule + in. long, truncate, with acute angles at the
top; seeds 2-1 in each cell.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; 2000-6000 ft., Kondowe
to Karonga, Whyte, 337 !
This species is close to the small examples of A. equinoctiale, but has broader
sepals, and not more than 2 seeds to each cell of the capsule.
+. A. angolense, (. B. Clarke. Sparsely hairy. Stems 24-3 ft.
long, with long internodes, and branches from most axils. Leaves 3 by
4 in., broadly ovate, acute, narrowed at the base almost into a quasi-
petiole ; the uppermost large and folded. Inflorescence sessile on the
upper leaves, and shorter than they, of several lax panicles (i.e. of one
panicle divided at the very base); an axillary panicle is added in one
‘example. Bracts very small; no ovate smal! empty bracts seen. Pedicels
of the fruit 4 in. long. Flowers green, the lower petal yellowish
(Welwitsch). Capsule + by 4 in., papery, shining, 2-celled, 4-seeded.
—A. Khrenbergii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 79.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; in woods on the mountains of Alto
Queta, 1000-2400 ft., Welwitsch, 6610!
A description of this plant is given in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 230, where it is
supposed that it may be Lamprodithyros Ehrenbergii, Hassk., an Abyssinian plant,
which probably differs, cfr. No. 27 below.
Var. magis-lutea, C. B. Clarke. Stems slenderer, 6-14 in. long. Leaves smaller,
attaining 2} by 14 in. Panicle depauperated, lax, few-flowered. Sepals green
(Welwitsch). Petals 2 yellow, 1 green or yellow (Welwitsch).—A. peduncutosum,
var. lutea, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 228; Dnrand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 431; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 79.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; 2400-3800 ft., in shade on the
rocky heights of Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6630! on the rocks of the Presidium,
Welwitsch, 6649!
The habitat, the colour of the flowers twice noted by Welwitsch, the lax panicle,
the tendency to produce short branches from the leaf axils all tend to show that this
plant is nearer to 4. angolense than to A. pedunculosum.
6. A. Johnstonii, HK. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135.
‘Thinly hairy. Stems 18 in. long, not rarely branched. Leaves up to
+ by 3-}in., lanceolate. Panicle terminal, peduncled, 34 by 1} in,,
open, nearly glabrous, erect; cyme-peduncles in apparently distant
whorls; bracts hardly } in. long ; pedicels attaining }-4 in. ; bracteoles
scarcely ;', in. leng, ovate or obovate. Sepals 4 in. long, roundly
elliptic, obtuse. Petals 2, yellow, the odd one a_brown-yellow.
Capsule 1 by 1 in., broadly ellipsoid, very obtuse at the top, but with-
out horns at the corners; seeds usually 2 in each cell.—Anetlema, cfr,
lanceolatum, Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 352.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Lower slopes, 2000-
3000 ft., Johnston! below Marangn, 2600 ft., Volkens, 2146! Usambara; Pare
68 CXLIII. COMMELINACES (CLARKE). | Aneilema.
Mountains, Hoehnel, 159. British Central Africa: Rhodesia; on the road from
Missala to Luia River, Nicholson ! Nyasaland ; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 435.
Oliver regarded this as belonging to the sect. Lamprodithyros ; K. Schumann
transferred it to sect. Hu-Aneilema.
7. A. beniniense, Awnth, Knum. iv. 73. Stem trailing 1-2 ft.
long, rooting near the base; the axillary shoots sometimes boring
through the base of the Jeaf-sheaths. Leaves 2-5 in. long, ovate
elliptic or oblong, acuminate, very slightly hairy, upper much less
narrowed at the base than the lower. Inflorescence usually of 1 (or 2)
terminal peduncled dense nearly glabrous panicles 2 by 14 in.: the
cyme-peduncles often 100 or more, spreading at right angles; bracts
inconspicuous; bracteoles minute, obovate; the inflorescence is some-
times evolute into a mass 7 by 2 in. of a number of congested panicles.
Flowers very small, blue or whitish. Sepals about ;}, in. long, thin,
ovate, concave. Fertile stamens (at least often) 3; filaments without
hairs. Capsule } by } in., shining, thin in texture, not truncate,
normally 7—5-seeded. Seeds pale, stony.—Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl.
546; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 224; Durand & Schinz, Con-
“spect. Fl. Afr. v. 430,and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 270; Durand & De Wild.
in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-
Afr, C, 136; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 121, inel. var. oaycarpa ;:
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 79; Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898,,
80. Commelina beniniensis, Beauv. Fl, Owar. ii. 49, t. 87. Lampro-
dithyros beniniensis ? Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 529.
Upper Guinea. Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 40! Cape Palmas, Ansell!
Gold Coast, Burton § Cameron! Ashanti, Cummins! Togo, Buettner, 262! Lagos,
Millen, 22! 91! Moloney! Western Lagos, Rowland! Old Calabar, Holland, 110!
Robb! Cameroons : Barombi, Preuss, 1195! Batanga, Bates, 71! Fernando Po,.
Vogel, 7! Barter! Mann, 92!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam; at Linduku (Unduku) River,.
Schweinfurth, 3284! at Nabambisso River, Schweinfurth, 3698! Ruwenzori ; Butugu
Valley, Scott-Elliot, 7977 !
Lower Guinea. (iaboon, Du Bellay, Du Parquet. French Congo : France-
ville, Brazza, Bangui, Dybowski, 528; Cape Lopez, Dybowski, 172 ; Congo, Smith,
53! 57! Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis! Blakasi, Burton ! Angola: Golungo
Alto, 1000-2400 ft., Mata de Quibanga, Sobato Mussengue, Welwitsch, 6600! Zengas-
de Queta, Welwitsch, 66008! in woods on the banks of streams near Trombeta, Cam-
bondo, and Sange, Welwitsch, 6601! 6654!
Mozamb, Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Masuku Plateau, 6500-
7009 ft., Whyte, 305! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! and without precise
locality, Buchanan, 1167!
The number of ovules is often 3 in each cell of the ovary, but not always. The
varjation in the size of the panicle is great. :
8. A. Rendlei, (. 2. Clarke. Sparsely hairy. Stems 15 in. long,
undivided, rather slender. Leaves 3} by 4 in., exactly lanceolate,.
acuminate at either end, the base almost pseudo-petiolate, with a few
scattered brown hairs especially on the lower margins; leaf-sheaths
unusually long (some 1 in, long) glabrescent. Peduncle terminal, 3-4
in. long, with a leaf-sheath (without leaf) in the middle. Inflorescence
Aneilema. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). 69
dense, minutely or scarcely pubescent; primary axis weil marked;
primary branches having in their lower half many approximated small
ovate empty bracts (as in A. beniniense and many other species).
Capsule 4 by + in., linear-oblong, obtuse, 2-celled, papery, shining ;
seeds 3-5 in each cell.
Nile Land. Somaliland, Donaldson Sinith !
This species resembles the Australian A. acuminatum, R. Br.; it bas-a much
denser inflorescence and a longer capsule. On the same day, Donaldson Smith also
collected his 346, which has a looser inflorescence and a smaller capsule (in which
a l-seeded third cell is sometimes present), and is very near 4, acuminatum, R. Br.,
under which possibly both plants may be hereafter placed.
9. A. ovato-oblongum, Beawy. Hl. Owar. ii. 71, t. 104, fig. 1.
Very sparingly hairy. Stem 1-2 ft. long, trailing, rooting near the
base. Leaves 2} by 1 in., elliptic, acuminate. Panicle 2 by 1} in.,
with 8-18 primary branches often falsely whorled, slender, nearly
glabrous; bracts at their base minute. Flowers very small, pale lilac
or white. Sepals less than 4 in. long, thin, ovate, concave. Fertile
stamens (at least often) 3; filaments slightly hairy. Capsule ;',—} in.
long, shining, thin, quadrate, the upper shoulders rounded, normally
4-seeded. Seeds pale, stony.— Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 545; C. B.
Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 226; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. y. 431, and Etudes FI. Congo, i. 270; Durand & De Wild. in
Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87; Schoenl. in Eng!. & Prantl,
Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 65; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 121. A.
bracteolatum, R. Br. in Bowditch, Mission to Ashantee, 444. Com-
melina umbrosa, Vahl, Enum. ii. 179; Thonn. in Schumacher, Beskr.
Guin. Pl. 23. C. ovato-oblonga, Roem. & Schultes, Mant. i. Add. i. 376.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Berria, in dense forest, Scoté-E/liot, 5424!
Liberia : Cape Palmas, Ansell! Dahomey: Lake Porto Nova, Newton, 14! Gold
Coast, Burton § Cameron! Fernando Po, Vogel, 143! Milne! Cameroons, Preuss,
96 !
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 336! and without
precise locality, Zedlie! French Congo: Ogowe River, Z'hollon, 266 bis; Brazza-
ville, Dybowski. Loango ; Chinchocho, Soyaux, 169! Landana, Phillips. Lower
Congo: Bingila, Dupuis !
Also in Tropical South America.
Var. 8 nigritana, C, B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 227. Leaves 6 by 2 in.
Panicle hardly peduncled, much overtopped by the leaves; its main axis and the
sepals minutely pubescent. Empty bracts at the base of the cymes numerous, close
together,
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe; Jeba, on the Quorra (Niger),
Barter !
10. A. somaliense, (. 2. Clarke. Sparingly pubescent. Upper
leaves 24 by 1} in., ovate, acute; base sessile on the leaf-sheath,
rounded. Peduncle to the panicle 3 in. long, terminal; panicle TZ. by
1} in,, main axis straight; cyme-peduncles about 24, spreading,
scattered, not whorled, bracts at their base less than } in. long, ovate.
Sepals 1-1 in. long, concave, nearly glabrous. Petals small, white.
70 CXLIII. COMMELINACE& (CLARKE). | Aneilema.
Capsule 2-celled, ellipsoid, shining, with rounded shoulders, obscurely
emarginate, 4-seeded.
Wile Land. Somaliland: Harradigit, James § Thrupp !
The specimen consists of a panicle with the 3 uppermost leaves.
11. A. Smithii, (. B. Clarke. Sparingly pubescent. Roots.
clustered, thick, several thickened at the end. Stems cespitose, erect,
5 in. high, often divided, the flowering with several well-developed
leaves. Leaves small, broadly ovate, subacute, the largest seen 1} by ?
in. Inflorescence terminal, 1} by ? in., dense; peduncle 1-1} in.
long; main rhachis well marked; bracts at the base of the primary
branches +}; in. long, ovate or obovate, obtuse, somewhat scarious ;
similar small empty bracts on the lower half of the primary branches.
Flowers very small; pedicels and sepals obscurely pubescent.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Lake Rudolph, Doxaldson Simith !
12. A. dregeanum, Awnth, Hnum. iv. 73. Sparingly hairy.
Stems 12-18 in. long, suberect, frequently branched. Leaves 4 by
#-1} in., oblong-elliptic or subovate, lower with a quasi-petiole, }—? in.
long, all (but occasionally the topmost) shortly acuminate at the base.
Panicle 14 by ?-1 in., dense, nearly glabrate. Sepals 1-4 in. long.
Petals small, blue. Fertile stamens usually 3. Capsule } by } in.,
thin, shining, usually 2-celled, shoulders rounded. Seeds 2—1 in each
cell, pale, stony.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 229, and in
Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 13. Lamprodithyros dreyeanus, Hassk. in Peters,
Reise Mossamb. Bot. 529.
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi ; Tete, Kirk!
Also in the North-Eastern parts of South Africa.
13. A. Nicholsoni, C. B. Clarke. Leaves 34 by 1 in., broadly
elliptic acuminate at either end, when mature thinly hispid on both
surfaces, those near the top of the stem with a pseudo-petiole } in. long.
Peduncle 1—2 in. long, terminal, patently hispid. Panicle 14 by ?-1 in.,
very dense ; cyme-peduncles very numerous and (as the pedicels) hispid ;
bracts minute. Calyx small, nearly glabrous. Petals very small, bright:
blue in the dry specimens. Capsule } in. long, 2-celled, 4-seeded.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa ; Rhodesia; on the road from Missala:
to Luia River, Nicholson !
14. A. Petersii, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 225.
Thinly hairy. Stems 12-18 in. long, sometimes branched in the upper’
part. Leaves up to 34 by 3-} in,, lanceolate. Panicle 2 by 14 in.,
rather loose ; primary branches not whorled ; in several cases a second
penultimate panicle makes the inflorescence appear as dichotomous.
Sepals $-} in. long, nearly glabrous. Petals blue. Capsule 1—} in.,
normally 2-celled with 2 seeds in each cell, minutely glandular pubescent,
less papery than in most of the section Lamprodithyros.—Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 431; K.Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C-
Anedlema. | CXLIII. COMMELINACE& (CLARKE). ca
136. A. tetraspermum, K.Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 136. Lam-
prodithyros Petersii, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 529.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; Tanga, Volkens, 175!
Stuhlmann, 6062, 6458. Portuguese Eust Africa: Zambesi Delta; mouth of the
River Melambe, K7rk / Mozambique, in damp places, Peters /
15. A. Schweinfurthii, ('. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
227. Minutely pubescent. Roots thick. Stems 8-14 in., with few
oblong leaves, 1-2 in. long; erect from a short rhizome (not annual),
Leaves ona barren stem 44 by } in., oblong-linear. Panicle in fruit
1} by ? in., very dense, pubescent ; lowest bracts to the cyme-peduncles
4 in. long, lanceolate ; bracteoles ;1; in. long, obovate. Sepals 35 in.
long, glabrate. Petals small, blue. Capsule nearly } in. long, white,
2-celled, 4-sceded.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 432 ; Durand
& De Wild. in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128; K. Schum. in Engl.
Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 186; DC. Monogr. Phan, iii, 227. Lamprodithyreos
gracilis, Kotschy & Peyr. Pl. Tinn. 47, t. 23, fig. A; Kanitz in Flora,
1868, 513; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1832!
ser. iii, 214! Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 1886!
South Central. Congo Free State: Tanganyika, De Beerst!
16. A. Welwitschii, (. B. Clarke i DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 229.
Minutely grey pubescent. Stems czespitose on a bundle of thick roots
clavate and subtuberous at their extremities. Fertile stems 10-16 in.
long, rather robust, little divided, with many fully developed leaves.
Leaves 3 by }-1 in., oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, sessile, tip obtuse.
Peduncle 2—4 in. long, terminal, with often a sheath or nearly obsolete
leaf in the middle. Panicle in fruit 1 by ? in., even in fruit very dense ;
flowers blue (Welwitsch). Capsule 4 by } in., quadrate-oblong, shining,
thinly crustaceous, 4-seeded.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
432; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 79.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; edges of woods, Lake Ivantala, 3800-5500 ft.,
Welwitsch, 6596! Golungo Alto; marshy places between Catumba and Ohai, Wel-
witsch, 6597 ! :
The leaves in 6596 are considerably broader than in 6597 ; but no one has
doubted their being one species. I think this may be only a state of A. Schwein-
Surthii,
17. A. soudanicum, (’. B. Clarke. Hispid, especially the stems
and leaf-sheaths. Stems 15 in. long, branched throughout their lengtb,
at the base erect, with the lowest leaves reduced to pale brown scales ;
roots thick. Leaves up to 34 by 4-4 in., linear-lanceolate. Panicle
terminal, peduncled, 1} by #-1 in., dense, thinly hairy ; lowest bracts
3—} in. long, lanceolate ; bracteoles hardly } in. long, ovate. Sepals } in.
long, glabrate. Petals small, blue. Capsule + in. long, 2-celled, 4-seeded,
?
i2 < OP:
reunded on the shoulders.—Ad. lanceolatum, var. /3 evoluticr partly,
72 €XLUII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). [| Aneilema.
C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr, Phan, iii. 227; Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 431 partly.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Musgu; on the Fellata Hills, Vogel, 101!
18. A. Whytei, (. B. Clarke. Upper portions of stems 10 in,
long, rather slender, pubescent, not rarely branched. Leaves 2} by 3 in.,
lanceolate, when mature hairy, especially beneath. Panicle 1 by ? in,
dense, with long spreading white hairs; lower bracts minute or 0; many
of the lower pedicels sterile, terminated by a black glandular knob (the
rudimentary flower). Sepals ;, in. long, glabrate. Petals small, blue.
Capsule hardly 1 in. long, 2-celled, 4-seeded.—A. hirtum, C. B. Clarke
in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 228 partly (i.e. by confusion), not of A.Rich.
(which see at p. 74 seq.).
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: North Nyasaland, Whyte !
The description of A. hirtum in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 228 is grounded on the
assumption that the plant here described was the 4. hirtum of A. Richard (which I
now believe to have been a Floscopa).
19. A.lanceolatum, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 546. Sparingly
pubescent. Stems up to 15 in. long, occasionally divided, weak, decum-
bent at the base. Leaves up to 6 by 3 in., narrowly lanceolate. Panicle
terminal, peduncled, up to 14 by 1 in. (but usually much smaller), dense,
minutely pubescent ; lowest bracts ;15 in. long, ovate; bracts to the
cyme-peduncles ;1; in. long, obovate. Sepals 5}
;'9 in. long, glabrate.
Petals small, blue. Capsule + in. long, 2-celled, 4-seeded, shoulders
rounded at the top.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 227;
Durand «& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 431. A. rhodospermum, K, Schum.
in Zenker, Exsice. 1110.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Lower Niger; Stirling Hill, Vogel! Ansell!
Quorra, Vogel! Cameroons: Bipinde, Zenker, 1110!
Var. 8 evolutior, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 227 partly. Stems stout.
Leaves up to 10 by 3 in., linear or scarcely linear-lanceolate, very hairy or with
sparse long hairs. Panicle 4 in. long, 2 in, wide at the base, 1 in. wide at the top;
branches very numerous, lower in false whorls. Lower part of cymes represented
often by numerous approximate empty bracts 34, in. long.
: Flowers and capsules as
of laxceolatum, but slightly larger.
Upper Guinea. Western Lagos: Eruwa, Rowland !
Foe ne ae Niger Territory: Nupe,
The base of the stem and roots are not shown : it seems probable that the stem
may be erect, with thickened roots ; and, if so, near Welwitschii. 1t, however, recalls
A, lanceolatum, Benth., by the very long narrow leaves.
20, A. Spekei, (. B. Clarke. Rather thinly hairy. Stems 15—2+ in.
long, often branching ; base decumbent, rooting at the nodes. Leaves +
by }-1 in., rather broadly lanceolate, hardly acute. Panicle 2 by } in.,
terminal, peduncled, dense, sparingly pubescent ; lowest bracts minute,
cyme-branches short. Sepals ;'5 in. long, glabrate. Petals small, blue.
Capsule + in. long, 2-celled, 4-seeded, rounded on the shoulders.—
A. tucuzzeanum, Baker in Trans. Linn Soc. xxix. 163, not of Hochst.
A, lanceolatum, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 227 partly ;
Aneilema. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEX (CLARKE), 73
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 431 partly; K. Schum. in Engl,
Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136. <Aneilemu, sp. n. 1., T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile,
Append. 650. Lamprodithyros lanceolatus, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr.
F]. Aethiop. 211, 295.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi; near Tabora, 3800 ft.,
Speke § Grant! Mininga, Speke § Grant, 165! British Central Africa: North
Nyasaland, Whyte !
This has not the elongate leaves of 4. lanceolatum, and the panicle is different ;
but it is closely allied to it.
21. A. gracile, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 228, exel.
syn. Sparingly hairy or glabrate. Stems 10—12 in. long, slender, often-
divided. Leaves attaining 2} by 4 in. Panicle terminal, peduncled,
2} in. long, 2 in. wide at the base, } in. wide at the top; lowest bracts
¢ in. long, lanceolate; cymes short, with few empty bracts. Sepals
zo in. long, glabrate. Petals small, bluish-purple (Barter). Capsule
¢ in. long, 2-celled, 4-seeded, shoulders rounded at the top.—Durand &
‘Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 430, excl. syn.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, in cultivated soils, Barter, 1474!
This may be only a variety of 4. lanceolatum, var. evolutior ; it is much more
glabrous, slenderer, with smaller leaves and smaller panicle. But in the shape of the
panicle, the flowers and the capsules, it agrees perfectly ; and comes from the same
locality.
22. A. pedunculosum, ('. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
em
228, excl. var. y. Weak, trailing and rooting, sparsely hairy. Stems
6-24 in. long, often branched. Leaves 2 by ? in., elliptic or ovate,
acuminate, when mature nearly glabrous. Inflorescences dense, small,
q-14 by 3-3 in.; peduncle terminal, sometimes few-flowered, freauently
on short lateral branches, 1-4 in. long; axis of inflorescence with small
crisped hairs. Sepals hardly ;, in. long, minutely pubescent or glabrate.
Petals very small, blue. Fertile stamens usually 3; filaments slightly
hairy. Capsule } by } in., thin, shining, pale, the shoulders rounded at
the top ; usually 2-celled, with 2 pale stony seeds on each cell.—Oliver
‘in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 352; Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI.
Afr. v. 431; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136. A. leiocaule,
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Uganda, Scott-Elliot, 7266! Wilson, 139!
Toru; Wimi River, 6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7335!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, 6500-9000 ft., Johnston,
175! Volkens, 1486! Rovuma River, Kirk! Portuguese East Africa: Lower
Zambesi ; Shiramba, Kirk, 265! British Central Africa: Zambesi Valley ; Boruma,
Menyharth, 610! Nyasaland ; Nyika Plateau, 6000-7000 ft., Whyte, 212!
23. A. Clarkei, Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 430, t. BA, fig.
7-12. Sparingly hairy. Stems (portions seen) up to 14 in. long, trailing,
rooting, with long nodes and many branches. Leaves somewhat poly-
morphic, upper (as some lower) 1 by } in., ovate-elliptic, tip triangular
obtuse or almost rounded ; on the same stem are other leaves 13 by
“4 CXLIM, COMMELINACES (CLARKE). [ Aneilema.
3 in., lanceolate, acute. Inflorescences of about 8 flowers “in axillary
cymes” (Rendle), or rather terminal on short axillary branches ; bracts
to the lower cyme-branches }—} in. long and leaf-like; no small ovate
empty bracts on the primary panicle branches. Stamens 3 or 2 fertile,
3 sterile. Capsule ;4, in. long, the two anterior cells 2- (or 1-) seeded,
the dorsal cell 1-seeded. Seeds stony, much as those of species of the
section Lamprodithyros.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Lower Tana Valley at Lake Dumi, Gregory /
24. A. Taylori, (. B. Clarke. Sparingly pubescent. Fragment
of stem seen 8 in. long, with 4 inflorescences on short axillary branches.
Leaves attaining 2 by 4 in., broadly lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence
very weak, lax, subdichotomous, without bracts at the main divisions;
branches slender }—3 in. long, with several small empty ovate bracts
below, and few capsules on pedicels 1 in. long. Capsule Jess than { in.
long, 2-celled, 4-seeded, very thin, white, papery.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Fimbine, in the Rabai Hills, near Mombasa,
Taylor !}
Imperfectly known species.
25. A. Sacleuxii, Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 121.
Panicle loose, elongate; peduncles pubescent; bracts lanceolate;
cymes peduncled, 4—6-flowered, sometimes 2-3 close together, with
acute bracteoles ciliate at the base. Capsule stalked, 2-angled at the
top, 2-valved. Seeds 2 in each cell, a third 1-seeded (or empty) cell
added.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar ?, Sacleuxr.
Next to A. tacazzeanum. The bracts and bracteoles as described appear very
unlike those of any plant in sect. Amelina, The description (except as to the capsule
being 2-angled at the top) might do for A. soudanicum,
26. A. hirtum, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 343. Root fibrous.
Stem a span high, much branched from the base, hairy. Leaves oval-
oblong, acute. Panicle terminal, dichotomous from the base, many-
flowered; primary peduncles paired, 2 in. long. Capsule obcordate,
compressed ; cells 2, with one long ovoid seed in each cell.—Lamprodt-
thyros hirtus, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Shireh province, in moist places near Kouaieta,
Quartin-Dillon (ex A, Richard).
The whole of the above is condensed from A. Richard’s description. I have little
doubt, from the description of the inflorescence, that this was a species of Floscopa ;
it certainly was if A. Richard is correct as to the obcordate capsules with one seed in
each cell. In DC. Monogr. Phan, iii. 228, I have confused it with an <Aneilema,
described above (p. 72) under the name 4. Whyftei.
—amet
A procumbent rooting herb. Leaves round-ovate or ovate, acute,.
ciliate at the base. Inflorescence terminal, or terminal on lateral
branches, loosely panicled, minutely bracteate at each division, with
spreading branches. Flowers small. Fruits shining, 2-celled, with 2
27. A. Ehrenbergii, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 229.
Aneilema. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 75
superposed seeds (or 1) in each cell.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F.
Afr. v. 430. Lamprodithyros Ehrenbergii, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr.
Fl. Aethiop. 210,295. Commelina ebracteata, Ehrenberg ex Hassk.].c.
Nile Land. Eritrea: near Togodele, in Sholos district, Hhrenberg.
This is reduced by Schweinfurth (in Bull, Herb. Boiss, ii. Append. ii. 58) to
A. Forskalei, Kunth; which appears to me impossible, as see the remarks under
A, tacazzeanum above (p. 66). A. Lhrenbergii may have been the same as Schimper’s
1660, 1729, i.e. A. tacazzeanum above.
28. A. Russegeri, (. B. Clarke. Lamprodithyros Russegeri, Fenzl
in Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, Math. Nat. i. Abth. ii. (1865) 138 ; Schweinf.
Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295 ; cfr. Kotschy & Peyr. Pl. Tinn. 48 in obs.
Wile Land. Nubia and Fazokl, Fenzl.
I have no specimen of this, nor have I been able to see the original description of
Fenzl]. According to Kotschy & Peyritsch, it is very near A. Schweinfurthii.
6. ANTHERICOPSIS, Eng]. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 139.
Sepals $ in. long, lanceolate, very acute, herbaceous, striate..
Otherwise as Anetlema
Species 1. Endemic.
Engler says that the seeds are in two rows in the capsule, which is true in the
sense that they are biseriate in the culinary pea-pod. In separating this plant from
Aneilema, Rendle mentions various distinctive points—viz. 1st, that the 3 fertile
stamens belong to the external whorl; but I believe that they do not, but are as in
other Aneilemas ; 2nd, that the inflorescence is umbellate; but I do not consider it is.
even pseudo-umbellate ; I regard it as essentially that of Aneilema (Indian Section,
Murdannia) ; 3rd, that the pollen is echinate. I have seen the pollen well and think
it not echinate, and hardly more strongly granular than in some species of Aneilema ;
but it is without the longitudinal groove present in Aneilema pollen. The sepals are,
however, very unlike those of any Aneilema, and show an approximation to the genus
Buforrestia. :
1. A. Pischeri, Engl. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 139. Nearly
glabrous, 2-8 in. high. Roots wiry, 2-3 in. long, each terminated by
a hard ovoid tuber 4-} in. long. Stem only 1-2 in. long (exclusive of
the flower scape). Leaves up to 3 by } in., ovate or elliptic acute.
Inflorescence a panicle of 2 (or 1) distant clusters of falsely-whorled
pedicels ; bracts sessile, lanceolate, attaining 14 by } in., flat, not at all
hooded. Pedicels unequal, often }—1} in. long in each cluster. Petals
din. long. Stamens 3, fertile; filaments without hairs; anthers nearly
Similar, of 2 oblong cells; pollen small, ellipsoid-subglobose, granular,
not grooved longitudinally. Capsule (unripe) ? by ;/5 in., with 5 or
more seeds in each cell in one row.—A. sepalosa, Engl. in Eng]. & Prantl,
Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii.—iv. 69. Aneilema sepalosum, C. B. Clarke
in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 202 ; Durand & Schinz. Consp. Fi. Afr. v. 432 ;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Gillettia sepalosa, Rendle in
Journ. Bot. 1896, 56, t. 355, fig. B.
Wile Land. Somaliland : El Modu, Donaldson Smith. British East Africa
Ukambi ; Kitui, Hildebrandt, 2640!
76 CXLIII, COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). | A nthericopsis.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Umba Valley, Smith! Masai High-
lands, Fischer, 258. Portuguese East Africa: in a journey to the mountains east of
Lake Nyasa, Sleere !
7. BUFORRESTIA, C. B. Clarke; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Pl. ii. 850.
Sepals 3, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong. Petals 3, obovate. Stamens
6, perfect; filaments without hairs. Ovary subequally 3-celled.
Capsule oblong, 3-valved. Seeds 4-10 in each cell, in one vertical
row.—Leaves with long cylindric sheaths, which are not rarely pierced
at the base by a roundish hole through which a lateral shoot or a
peduncle is extended. Panicle open.
Species, 2 in Tropical Africa, 1 in Cayenne.
Sepals in fruit 4 in. long, glabrous, striate : . 1. B. Mannii.
Sepals in fruit } in. Jong, viscid-hairy —. é . 2. B. imperforata.
1. B. Mannii, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 233, t. 6.
Nearly glabrous. Stem 2 ft. long. Leaves up to 64 by 2} in., tip
shortly acuminate, base cuneate. Peduncles none near the end of stem,
but boring through the base of the leaf-sheaths, 1-3 in. long. Panicle
2 by }in., about 12-flowered ; pedicels 3 or 4 in each false whorl, } in.
long, with an oblong bract about 4 in. long at their base. Sepals } in.
long in fruit, elliptic-lanceolate, striated, glabrous, ‘‘ green” (Mann); in
flower hardly } in. long. Petals white (Zann). Capsule }-+4 in. long,
oblong, glabrous, with 4—7 seeds in each cell.—Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 452.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Mann, 96.
The material consists of 13 in. of the middle of the stem, with 2 leaves and
“2 peduncles ; and of 14 in. of the tip of the stem with 3 leaves.
2. B. imperforata, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 234, t. 7.
Plant thinly viscous with scattered brown several-celled hairs. Stem
often rooting near the base ; branches 10-20 in. long. Leaves 4 by 13
in., acuminate, acute ; lower leaves much smaller, sometimes reduced to
sheaths. Peduncles several from the axils of the uppermost closely
approximated leaves, very short, irregularly branched, bearing ultimate
racemes ; in these racemes, the small broad bracts } in. long are mostly
sterile, the upper bracts only bearing a pedicel 4—} in. long (exactly as
in many species of Aneilema). Sepals in fruit about } in. long, viscid
hairy, dark green. Petals small, white, or “ white with purple streaks :
(Welwitsch). Capsule } by } in., with 6-10 seeds in each cell.— Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 433; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-
rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 80.
B. minor, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone; Kukuna, near the River Searcies, Scott-Elliot,
4678 partly! Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 2500 ft., Mann, 1340! Preuss,
1297 ! near the Lobe River waterfall, near Batanga, Bates, 145! Barombi, Preuss,
287! Efulen, Bates, 258! Lolodorf, Staudt, 385! Bipinde, Zenker, 1094! Fernando
Po, 2000 ft., Mann!
Buforrestia. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). ‘ge
Lower Guinea. Princes Island, Mann! Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis !
Angola: Cazengo; by streams in the Coffee region of Mount Muxaulo, Welwitsch,
6607 !
B, minor, K. Schum., differs by having the leaves with very few hairs or glabrate
. except at the month of the sheaths. The lower axillary shoots sometimes perforate
the leaf-sheath, as in the type.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; Nguelo, near Nderema
(? Ngerema), on the Handei Mountains, Holst, 2280a.
8. FORRESTIA, A. Rich.; Benth. et Hook. f, Gen. Pl. iii. 850.
Sepals 3, small, concave, hooded. Stamens 6 fertile ; filaments.
with beaded hairs. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-1 ovules in each cell.
Capsule subglobose; otherwise as Buforrestia.—Flowers in small
clusters on very short axillary peduncles, which generally perforate.
the base of the leaf-sheaths.
Species 8, viz. 6 in South-east Asia, and the 2 following:
Spikes subglobose ; stems quadrangular . < . L. #. tenuis.
Spikes linear-oblong ; stems terete . . : . 2. F. africana,
1. FP. tenuis, Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 851. Nearly
glabrous, except at the ciliate mouths of the leaf-sheaths. Stems 1-2 ft.
high (J/ann) ; portions seen 9 in. long, subacutely quadrangular, with
3 subterminal leaves and 4 leafless lower nodes 2} in. apart. Leaves 3}
by 14 in., broadly elliptic, tip very shortly acuminate, base rounded on
the quasi-petiole, |} in. long. At each of the lower nodes is a leafless.
cylindric sheath } in. long, bored at the base by a peduncle { in. long,
carrying a dense head hardly } in. in diam. Sepals ;'5 in. long,
glabrous. Filaments with a few hairs. Ovary glabrous, with 2-1
ovules in each cell.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 433.
Buforrestia ? tenuis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 234.
Lower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon : Corisco Bay, Mann, 1873!
The essential difference of Forrestia from Buforrestia lies in the 2—1-ovuled cells
of the ovary leading to a globose (not narrow-oblong) capsule. As I was not abso-
lutely certain abont the number of ovules, and as Forrestia is a genus confined to
South-east Asia, I attached this species with (?) to Buforrestia in DC, Monogr. Phan.
lc. Mr. Bentham has satisfied himself that the ovules are 2—1 only in each cell, and
he observes that the inflorescence is exactly that of Forrestia, and (as between these
two genera) considers that this species ought to be attached to Forrestia But I suspect,
when the fruit is known, thatit will be found to be a new genus ; the quadrangular
branches and rounded leaf-base are exceedingly unlike Forrestia.
2. F. africana, K. Schum. Nearly glabrous, except the ciliate.
mouth of the leaf-sheaths. Stem 2 ft. (at least) long, trailing, rooting
at the nodes, terete or very obscurely angular, leafless below. Leaves
4 by 4 in., elliptic, narrowed at the base into a quasi-petiole }-} in.
long. Peduncles less than } in. long, perforating the base of the leaf-
sheaths. Inflorescences 3-11 by } in., very dense unilateral spikes,
obscurely pubescent ; the ovate greea bracts } in. long, imbricated in
two series (as in many species of Cyanotis).
Upper Guinea. Cameroons, Preuss, 1319! Bipinde, Zenker, 853!
78 CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). | Cyanotis.
9. CYANOTIS, D. Don; Benth et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 851.
Sepals 3, lanceolate, more or less connate at the base. Petals 3,
‘small, blue or reddish, long-clawed, free at the base, the claws more or
less adherent into a tube. Stamens 6, perfect, similar; filaments with.
many or few beaded hairs, rarely quite glabrous. Ovary sessile, hairy
at the top, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule thin, 3-celled,
loculicidally 3-valved, normally 6—5-seeded. Seeds 2 in each cell, super-
posed ; the large embryostega at the apex of the upper seed, at the
base of the lower.—Flowers, in all the Tropical African species, packed
closely in very short scorpicid cymes; the falcate bracts frequently
imbricate in 2 rows, or the rows are not well marked, the flowers
appearing irregularly and densely clustered ; the clusters are sometimes
in the leaf-sheaths, sometimes collected in heads—i.e. compound
clusters.
Species 30 or more in the warm regions of the Old World.
The Tropical African species all belong to the subgenus Lu-Cyanotis, and are very
closely allied; the flowers and capsules are so very similar in all the species that the
description in the genus may do well for all.
*Stem suberect from a bulb.
Infiorescences in smal] heads, exserted from the leaf-
sheaths.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Bulb about 4 in. in diam. : : ee CO. hirsuta.
Bulb scarcely + in. in diam. . : : . 2. C. parasitica,
Leaves linear : : : : x . 3. C. angusta.
Inflorescences axillary, hardly exserted from the
leaf-sheaths . : : : ; : . 4. C. feecunda.
“Stem annual, suberect, slender, often much divided.
Inflorescences dense, often clustered 3 : . §. C. lanata.
Inflorescences very weak, few-flowered . : . 6. C. paueiflora.
*=*Plants neither bulbous nor annual. Flowering stems often lateral ; sterile stems
very short, bearing a tuft of larger leaves.
Inflorescences not included (nor nearly included) in
the leaf-sheaths.
Stems abrupt at the base; roots thick.
Flowering stems hemiscapose with 1 or 2 heads 7. C. longifolia.
Flowering stems with well-developed leaves.
Small plant with many axillary heads . . 8. C. polyrrhiza.
Tall plant with few axillary heads. - 9. C. djurensis.
Stem abrupt at the base; roots not thickened,
Stems erect, hemiscapose; roots wiry. . . 10. C. cespitosa.
Stems with well-developed leaves at the base . 11. C. wodiflora.
Stem creeping in water, with slender rootlets . 12. C. Mannii.
Inflorescences included, or nearly so, in the leaf-
sheaths.
Flowering stem 4-9 in. long, undivided . 13. C. somaliensis.
Flowering stem 20 in. long, much-branched . 14. C. flexuosa.
1. C. hirsuta, Fisch. et Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. viii. 57.
Softly shaggy, or nearly glabrous. Bulb 3 in. in diam., eatable (Roth).
Stem 3-15 in. long, suberect, often divided, with many heads, roundish,
Cyanotis. | CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 79
sometimes with spreading hair on all sides, often with a dense line of
shaggy hair on one side, sometimes nearly glabrate. Leaves in Schimper’s
type collections, attaining + by in., oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescences
6-15 on one stem, }-? in. in diam., of one or several clustered
cymes; outer bracts sometimes 1—2 in. long with elongate falcate
recurved tips, sometimes ovate abbreviated 4 in. long; cymes many-
flowered; bracteoles 41—} in. long, falcate-lanceolate, very regularly
imbricated in two rows, or in other heads on the same stem, obscurely
(or not) 2-ranked. Capsule } in. long.—C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr.
Phan. iii. 254; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 155; Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 433; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append.
1.59; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136 (incl. var. 3 glabra) ;
Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxx. 431. C. abyssinica, A. Rich. Tent. FI.
Abyss. 11. 344, t. 98 ; Hassk. Commel. Ind. 139, and in Schweinf. Beitr.
Fl. Aethiop. 295. C. barbata, Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295
partly, not of D. Don. Zygomenes abyssinica, Hassk. in Schweinf.
Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 211. Commelina hirsuta Hochst. ex C. B. Clarke in
DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 254, not of R. Br. nor of Kunth.
Nile Land. Eritrea: Mount Kube, 5900 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1511!
Mogod Valley, 4200 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1554! Ginda, 2600 ft., Scheweinfurth,
395 ; Bizen, 5800 ft., Schweinfurth, 1885; Habab, 7800 {t., Hildebrandt, 371!
Abyssinia : near Adowa, Schimper, 14! Quartin-Dillon ! Mount Sholoda, Schimper,
59, Agrima, Schimper, 584! near Jelajeranne (Tchelatchekenneh), Schimper, 1556!
Begemeder ; Debra Tabor, Schimper, 1107! Shireh province, Quartin-Dillon !
Wojerat province, Quartin-Dillon! Shoa, Petit ! Ankober, Roth, 176! and without
precise locality, Plowden! British East Africa: Leikipia, 6000-8000 ft., Thomson !
near Mombasa, Zaylor.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 8700 ft., Volkens, 1915!
British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Zomba Plateau, 5000-6000 ft., Whyte !
Zomba and vicinity, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte !
The last-cited two collections of Whyte do not show the root ; many of the species
of Cyanotis are so much alike that I do not feel at all confident (in the absence of
@ bulb) that Whyte’s specimens belong to C, hirsuta.
2. C. parasitica, Hochst.ex Hassk. Commel. Ind. 116. Sparingly
hairy. Stems erect, 3-4 in. long, slender, creeping at the base from
bulbs } in. in diam. Flowers rather large for the genus. Otherwise
as C, hirsuta.—C. B, Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 256; Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 435; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
156. Zygomenes parasitica, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 214.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen ; Acallo-Meda, 10,500 ft., Schimper, 506!
The type specimens of C. parasitica are very complete, and show that the plant
is not parasitic; its small bulbs were clustered in earth—probubly in the fork of a
tree.
3. C. angusta, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 260.
Hairy. Stems 4-8 in. long, slender, erect from a bulb ? in. in diam.
Leaves up to 3 by 3; in., linear. Heads $—§ in. long, of 1 or few
cymes, very oblique; the lower bract often 1 in. long, linear from
an oblique lanceolate base. Flowers small, the bracts crowded in 2
rows, shaggy.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 433.
80 CXLIII. COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). | Cyanotis.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe, on rocky soil, Barter, 1476.
Lower Guinea, Congo Free State: Lower Congo; Kisantu, on the Inkissi
River, Gillet !
4. GC. foecunda, Hassk. Commel. Ind. 110. More or less shaggy.
Stems 6-14 in. long, weak, rising obliquely from bulbs }—} in. in diam.
Leaves 24 by $ in. or (as in K. Schumann’s plant) much smaller,
oblong-lanceolate, not narrowed into a pseudo-petiole at the base.
Inflorescences numerous, hardly 4 in. long, quite or nearly included in
the leaf-sheaths ; bracts not (or obscurely) 2-seriate.—C. B. Clarke in
DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 255; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr-
v. 4383; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137. C. montana,
K. Schum. in Engl. Hochgebirgsfi. Trop. Afr. 156; Durand & Schinz,
_Conspec. Fl. Afr. v. 434. Commelina faccunda, Hochst. ex C. B. Clarke
in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 255.
Wile Land. Eritrea: Plain of Keren, Stewdner, 1485. Abyssinia: Serraba,
in Uschan, 5000-6000 ft., Schimper, 459! Samen, Schimper, 1242! Berrechowa,.
5200 ft., Schimper, 280 !
Mozamb. Dist. (German Kast Africa: Unyamwezi district (ex K. Schumann) ;
Usambara ; Duga, Holst, 3163! British Central Africa : Matabeleland, Ei/iott !
Also in Arabia.
K. Schumann notes that this species belongs to the sect. Ochreeflore as defined
in DC. Monogr, Phan, iii, 244. This is so. But, from the bulbous roots, I think
still that its true affinity is here.
5. C. lanata, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 542. Annual, with woolly
fine hair, persistent about the bracts. Stems 4—18 in. long, often erect,
slender, much divided, sometimes thicker and decumbent at the base,
rooting at the nodes. Leaves up to 3 by } in. (often much smaller) nar-
rowly oblong-lanceolate. Infiorescences scattered, axillary and peduncled,
often numerous, of 1-4 clustered cymes, }—3 in. in diam.; outermost
bract usually $—1 in. long, similar to the leaves but widened at the base ;
bracts faleate in 2 rows in the cymes of Bentham’s type, but densely
packed and very obscurely 2-ranked in the nodose heads in Schwein-
furth’s.—C. B, Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258, incl. both
varieties; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 434; Schoen]. in
Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. 4,67 ; Rendlein Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx-
431, and in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 80 (incl. both varieties); K. Schum.
in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 187; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par.
i. 122 (incl. var. sublanata). C. Schweinfurthii, Hassk. Commel-
Ind. 134, and in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. C. barbata,
Schweinf. Fl. Aethiop. 295 partly, not of D. Don. Cyanopogon
sp., Schweinf. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 276! Senegal, Bellamy, 8, 639, 665.
Sierra Leone, Afzelius! Morson ! Dahomey, Menager. Wagos: Abeokuta, a weed
in Yam ground, Millen, 100! Irving, 101! Yoruba, Millson ! Niger Territory:
Nupe, Barter, 1475! Jeba, on the Niger, Barter ! Lower Niger : Patteb Mountain,
Vogel, 183! Quorra (River Niger), Vogel, 122! Cameroons: Yaunde, 2600 ft.»
Zenker & Staudt, 502!
Nile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 534! 535! British
Kast Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2334! Borgo; Gurfala, Schwein-
Cyanotis. CXLIII, COMMELINACE (CLARKE). 81
¥
furth, 2246! Ukamba, 5000-6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6483! Giryama and Shimba
Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; on the highest rocks of the
Presidium, Cazella, San Antonio, and Songue, Welwitsch, 6650! on rocks between
Candumba and Mangue, Welwitsch, 6653 ! and without precise locality, Welwitsch,
6648 !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Masai Highlands (ex K. Schumann).
Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi ; opposite Sena, Kirk, 246! British East
Africa : Nyasaland, Buchanan, 903!
The var. sublanata (C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 258) is only the
ordinary plant with the wool more rubbed off than usual. The var. Schweinfurthii
(C. B. Clarke, l.c.), i.e., Schweinfurth, 534, 535, 2334, has the heads of flowers much
included in the leaf-sheaths.
6. C. pauciflora, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 345. Annual, with
some arachnoid wool. Stems erect, 4in. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate
to linear. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, much included in the
sheaths of the floral leaves; cymes small, of 1-4 pairs of 2-ranked bracts.
—Hassk. Commel. Ind. 121, and in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295 ;
©. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 256; Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.435 ; Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 88. Zygomenes pauciflora,
Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 213.
Wile Land, Eritrea : on Mount Deban, near Keren, 4580-5500 ft., Beccari, 262.
Abyssinia: Tigre ; Mount Sholoda, near Adowa, Quartin-Dillon! Shireh province,
Quartin-Dillon !
It may be doubted whether this species is other than a depauperated form of
C. lanata, Benth., var. Schweinfurthii, C. B. Clarke.
7. GC. longifolia, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 543, not of Wight.
Shaggy or glabrate. Stem abrupt at the base; roots thick, somewhat
clavate. Central stem very short, sterile, with 3-8 leaves, 6 by $ in.,
very narrowly lanceolate, or linear. Flowering stem lateral, arising
close to the crown of the root, 8-12 in. long, carrying 2~—1 (or no)
leaves. Inflorescences 2 or 1, 3 in. broad, of 4-1 cymes ; floral leaves
(outermost bracts) 1-3 in. long, linear-lanceolate ; flower-bracts 2-ranked.
—T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 650; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xxix. 163; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 259 excl. var.
y cespitosa ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 434 excl. var. y ;
Schoenl. in Eng]. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. 4, 67; K. Schum. in Engl.
Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 137; Schweinf. in Hoehnel, Zum Rudolph-See u. Step-
hanie-See, ii. 353; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 80.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Unyoro district (ex K. Schumann); Leikipia ;
upper course of the Guaso Narok, 6500 ft. (ex Schweinfurth).
Lower Guinea. Congo; Curror,1! Angola: Huilla ; in damp rocky pas-
tures, 3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6595! Pungo Andongo ; in damp rocky pastures
on the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6651!
Mozamb. Dist. (erman East Africa: Unyamwezi ; between Tura and Tabora,
3800 ft., Speke & Grant! British Cental Africa: Kambole, south-west of Lake
Tanganyika, 5000 ft., Nutt / :
The citations of Schweinfurth and K. Schumann are of their names only—their
plants not having been seen.. It is not improbable that these authors identified their
VOL. VIII. G
82 CXLIII. COMMELINACE (CLARKE). | Cyanotis.
plants as C. longifolia, Benth., var. cespitosa, C, B. Clarke ; which I now think
a distinct species, i.e., C. cespitosa, Kotschy & Peyr., n. 10 below.—The var. 6 bake-
riana, C. B. Clarke (in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 259), is more glabrous with larger
leaves than in Bentham’s type; in Natt’s plant the leaves attain 12 by j in., and are
glabrate.
8. C. polyrrhiza, Hassk. Commel. Ind. 150. Moderately villous,
becoming glabrate. Roots many, thick, long; on the crown of the
roots (or shortened sterile stem) is the central tuft of leaves; these
leaves 2 by }in., lanceolate. Lateral flowering stems 4—5, 3-5 in. long,
frequently divided, with 3-5 heads of flowers, and smaller leaves ; outer-
most bracts to the terminal heads } in. long, ovate; bracts of the
cymes obscurely (or not conspicuously) 2-ranked.—Hassk. in Schweinf.
Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295 ; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iil. 255;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 435. Zygomenes polyrrhiza,
Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 214.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Acallo-Meda, 10,500 ft., Schimper, 504!
9. C. djurensis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 256.
Young parts villous and with white wool, but the whole plant becomes
nearly glabrate. Roots thick. Sterile central stem short; leaves on
this attaining 10 by }in., linear. Lateral flowering stems 12-20 in.
long, rather robust, with 2 or 3 heads of flowers and 2-0 leaves
(besides the outermost bracts to these heads). Stem leaves attaining
6 in. in length, linear. Heads of several clustered cymes, $—1 } in. broad ;
outermost bracts to the terminal heads 2-3 in. long, linear. Bracts to
a cymes distinctly 2-ranked.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 433.
. Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1944!
ser. iii. 217!
10. C. cespitosa, Kotschy & Peyr. Pl. Tinn. 48. Leaves and
stems villous, becoming glabrate. Stems abrupt at the base, with
slender wiry roots. Basal leaves tufted, up to 3 by 4 in., oblong-lanceo-
late, usually persistently shaggy near the base beneath. Flowering
stem 8—12 in. long, slender, erect, scapose, with 2—6 heads of flowers.
Leaves on the flowering stem 1 or 0 (besides the floral leaves), reduced
to sheaths with a leafy triangular point hardly } in. long. Flower-
heads hardly } in. long, of 1 or few cymes, usually very oblique ; outer-
most bracts 3-1 in. long, lanceolate, faleate; bracts in the cymes con-
spicuously 2-ranked, hairy.—Schweinf. Beitr. FI. Aethiop. 299.
C. longifolia, var. cespitosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 259;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 434, Zygomenes ccesprtosa,
Kotschy & Peyr. Pl. Tinn. t. 22 A.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe district ; Ilorin, Barter, 3440!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 1811! Nandi
Hills, 6000-7000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6911!
The fiowers, according to Barter’s label, are red,
11. C. nodiflora, Kunth, Enum. iv. 106. With spreading hair
usually prominent. Flowering stems 8-18 in. long, robust, with well-
Cyanotis. | CXLIII, COMMELINACE® (CLARKE). 83
developed leaves, and 2~3 heads of flowers, oblique at the base, some-
times rooting at the lower nodes ; roots wiry, occasionally thickened at
the tips. Leaves on the flower stems attaining 4 by $—# in., usually
persistently hairy; those of the basal tuft often larger, sometimes
9 by lin. Heads usually sessile, often }-1 in. broad, very dense, with
several cymes ; outermost bract 1-1} in. or more, falcate linear-oblong
from a broadly ovate base ; bracts in the cymes crowded, apparently
irregularly.— Bot. Mag. t. 5471; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr,
Phan. iii. 257,and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 14, with all synonyms; Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 435; Schoenl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflan-
zenfam. ii. 4, 67, fig. 36 A; K. Schum.in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137;
Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 88; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 80.
Mile Land. Eritrea: Keren, 4500 ft., Beccari.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Unyamwezi ; Uyui, Taylor! Usambara ;
Mlalo (ex K. Schumann). British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, Carson, 32 j
Nyasaland ; Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft.,
Whyte! Rhodesia; Inyanga Mountains, 6000-7000 ft., Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil,
211!
Frequent in South Africa.
12. ©, Mannii, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258. Hair
scattered, shaggy. Growing in water; stem oblique at the base with
many slender fibrous roots. Stems 2-12 in. long, much branched, with
3-21 heads, the internodes often curved, much grooved and distinctly
quadrangular under the nodes. Basal leaves not seen; stem leaves
2-4 by } in., linear-oblong to linear. Heads } to } in. broad, of 1-4
clustered cymes; outermost bract ovate or ovate-oblong, scarcely longer
than the heads. Cymes few-flowered, the falcate hairy bracts 2-ranked.
—KEngl. Hochgebirgsfil. Trop. Afr. 156; Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 484; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 80. C. abyssinica,
Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soe. vi. 21, not of A. Rich. Cyanopogon, gen.
nov., Welw. ex C. B. Clarke in DC, Monogr. Phan. iii. 258.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 7000-9000 ft., Johnston,
34! Mann, 1310! 2140! Buea, Preuss,800! Fernando Po: Clarence Peak, 9000 ft.,
Mann, 616!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in wooded places near Mangue
and Mutollo, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 6652 !
13. ©. somaliensis, (. B. Clarke in Kew Bulletin, 1895, 229.
Shaggy. Stem woody and abrupt at the base, with slender wiry roots.
Basal leaves 1} in. long, narrowly triangular. Flowering stem 4—9 in.
long, rather stout, undivided, with several leaves, and 2-8 axillary
heads hardly exserted from the leaf-sheaths. Stem leaves 1 by }-} in.,
the upper (with axillary heads) shortened. Flower heads dense, the
bracts to the cymes appearing irregularly clustered,
Nile Land. Somaliland: Golis Range ; Hammar, Miss Edith Cole! Darra-as
Mrs. Lort-Phillips! Halrawal, Donaldson Smith! British East Africa: Ruwen-
zori, 6000-7000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7813: !
The lower heads of flowers are included in the Jeaf-sheaths, the uppermost quite
84 CXLIII, COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). | Cyanotis.
exserted. The sect. Ochreeflora (DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 244) is not a section—but
a group of species with undefined limits. Scott-Elliot’s examples are incomplete, and
are less shaggy than the type specimens ; but they must be either C. somaliensis, or
a species closely allied thereto.
14. ©. flexuosa, (. B. Clarke. Glabrescent. Roots fibrous.
Stem procumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, with very numerous stout
branches attaining 20 in. long, with flexuose internodes. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, attaining 2 in. long, the upper by degrees shortened into the
floral leaves, which are ovate abbreviated into a short narrow recurved
tip. Inflorescences axillary, very numerous, nearly included in the leaf
sheaths ; bracts not appearing 2-ranked.—C. nodiflora, var. B madagas-
carica, C.. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258 partly ; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 435; Rendle, Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 80.
Commelina flexuosa, Welw. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
258.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Auilla; Monino, in damp rocky places, very rare,
3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6584!
This is more remote from C. nodiflora than is the Madagascar plant with which
it was united in DC. Monogr. Phan. l.c.
Imperfectly known species,
15. ©. Dybowskii, Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 122.
Hirsute. Stem simple, rather large, erect. Leaves linear, the upper
surface glabrous, the lower hairy. Cymes at the apex of the stem or of
axillary branches, several, approximate, nearly sessile ; bracts similar
to the leaves, or shorter; bracteoles up to 20, falcate, hairy.
Upper Guinea. French Congo; Kemo Station, Dybowski, 760.
Not seen. Hua compares it with C. djurensis ; he does not describe, and pro-
bably did not possess, the root. There is a Cyanotis from Mount Eiphinstot
Flemming, on the Kworra (Niger), Barter, 492, wrongly referred by me to C. lanata,
Benth. (in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258). The root of this is not known, but the
portion seen of the robust stems is 18 in, long, little divided, the stem-leaves 43 by
3 in. It is certainly not C. lanata, Benth., and had been removed to the neighbour-
hood of C. djurensis. So far as the description goes, it might be C. Dybowskii, Hua.
16. C. cephalotes, Fenzl ex Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop, 299;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 435.
Nile Land. Sennaar (ex Fenzl).
(}. This appears to be @ bare name; at least, Durand cannot find where it is described.
10. FLOSCOPA, Lour.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii, 852.
Sepals 3; oblong to obovate. Petals 3, obovate, sessile or scarcely
clawed, distinct. Stamens 6 (rarely 5), perfect ; filaments without
hairs. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule obovoid,
compressed, membranous, loculicidally 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds soli-
tary, attached laterally, hemispheric or depressed conic.—Stems all
bearing leaves. Inflorescence hairy and often glandular, of many
flowers in a terminal more or less leafy panicle; upper part of the
Floscopa. | CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). 85
panicle with minute or no bracts (in F. avillaris the panicles are mainly
axillary) ; ultimate branches of the panicle bearing 2 rows of very short-
pedicelled flowers, are defined by Bentham as “ 1-sided, not scorpioid
cymes” ; bracts at the base of the pedicels minute or 0. Corolla from
purple to rose-colour except in /. flavida; colour unknown in F.
Schweinfurthit and F. tuberculata, which are allied to F. flavida.
Species 15, very closely allied, found in the hotter parts of Africa, Asia, and
America.
Stems 1-2 ft. long, rather stout (except in F. axillaris
and #, Mannii), decumbent and often rooting at
the base, scarcely ever branched.
Leaves quasi-petioled, i.e., much contracted above the
sheath.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate . - , : . 1. F. africana.
Leaves elliptic, with triangular tip : : . 2. #. Mannii.
Leaves sessile on the leaf-sheaths,
Leaves 1-4 in. long.
Seeds with ribs radiating from the embryostega 3. F. rivularis.
Seeds smooth, without ribs . F. glomerata.
Leaves 3 in. long : : - ; . 5. #. axillaris.
Stems 3-10 in. long, erect, annzal, often branched (except
F, tuberculata).
ore
Leaves elliptic : “ : : : . 6. F. Schweinfurthit.
Leaves oblong. : : : é : . 7. #. tuberculata.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate . : : : . 8. FF. flavida.
1. PF. africana, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 267.
Sparingly hairy, except the inflorescence. Stem 8-24 in. long, scarcely
divided (except the inflorescence), decumbent at the base, rooting from
the nodes. Leaves up to 34 by 2 in., lanceolate, acuminate, tapering
at the base into a pseudo-petiole often + in. long. Panicle terminal,
oblong (often 4-6 by } in.) with numerous flowers (but see var. /);
upper part without leaves or bracts; viscid-pubescent not very hairy ;
ultimate cymes often 4-3 in. long. Capsule about ;, in. long; seeds
with radiating ribs.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F). Afr. v. 435, and
Etudes FI. Congo i. 271; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soe,
bot. Belg, xxxvi. 87; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 122.
Aneilema africanum, Beauv. Fl. Owar. ii. 57, t. 93, fig. 1. Commelina
Chantransia, Roem. & Schultes, Mant. i. Addend. i. 376.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: in mud, near Regent, Scott-Elliot, 3918!
Lomaburn, near the River Scarcies, Scott-Elliot, 5030! Lagos: by streams at
Agagee, Millen, 2! 95! by water, Koboro, Millen, 154! Benin, Beauvois! Came-
Yoons ; Batanga, near the River Lobe, Bates, 183! Bipinde, Zenker, 1219! Yaunde,
2750 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 143!
Lower Guinea. (iaboon: Gaboon River, Mann, 1022! Munda; Sibange
Farm, Soyaux, 357! French Congo: Ogowe River, Thollon, 240, 276; Lower
Congo : Lispa, 1000 ft., Hens, C., 168! Bingila, Dupuis !
Var. 8 majuseula, B. C. Clarke. Stems stouter ; leaves attaining 4-6 in. long ;
panicle 5-6 by 4 in., ovoid, ultimate cymes often 2 in. long ; capsules rather larger.
Upper Guinea. Lagos, Millen, 97! Punch! Cameroons: Yaunde, 2600 ft.
Zenker & Staudt, 143!
This does not match the typical F. africana, but the points of difference are trivial.
86 CXLIU. COMMELINACEH (CLARKE). | Floscopa.
2. EF. Mannii, (’. B. Clarke in DC Monogr. Phan. iii. 268. Frag-
ments of stems 4-7 in. long, undivided, rooting from the lower nodes,
glabrate. Leaves 24 by 13 in., elliptic, when mature nearly glabrous,
the leaf-sheaths shaggy ; tip shortly triangular, not acuminate ; base
triangular on a quasi-petiole }—} in. long. Panicle terminal, 1} in.
long and broad, thin, subdichotomously branched, sparingly pubescent,
much overtopped by the upper leaves ; cymes small, with small flowers
and capsules.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect, Fl. Afr. v. 436.
Lower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon : Corisco Bay, in wet places, Mann, 1867 !
This looks very unlike the other species of the genus, but the ripe capsules aud
seeds are those of Floscopa.
3. F. rivularis, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 267, incl.
var. 3. Stems 1-2 ft. long,rather robust, glabrate, not or scarcely divided,
decumbent and rooting at the base. Leaves 2-4 by 4—3 in., oblong-
lanceolate, acute, glabrate, sessile on the sheaths. Panicle 1-2} in.
long, dense, with much brown hair, exserted above the uppermost
leaves. Capsule ;4,-} in. long. Seeds of the genus, conical depressed,
with ribs radiating from the embryostega, sometimes densely covered
with white circular short-stalked glandular discs (which wear off more
or less), sometimes black, with reticulated hexagonal cells, and no (or
few) glands.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 436; Engl.
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr, 157 (incl. var. /3); K.Schum. in Engl. Pf.
Ost-Afr. C. 137; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 122. Anedlema
rivulare, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 342. Lamprodithyros rivularis,
Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 211, 295; Baker in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxix. 163. Dithyrocarpus sp., T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile,
Append. 650.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Shireh; near Kouaieta, Quartin-Dillon! by the
Addo-Hohot stream, in the valley of the River Mareb, Quartin-Dillon! Wojerat
district, Quartin-Dillon! Begemeder ; Senka Berr, on the River Reb, and Plains
of Dembea, north of Lake Tana, 6000-8000 ft., Schimper, 1226! British East
Africa: Bongo ; between Dugu and Daggudu, Schweinfurth, 2099! Dugguda,
Schweinfurth, 2269! Dar Fertit: Nguggu (? Nduggu), Schweinfurth, ser. iil., 212!
Ukidi (Unyoro), Speke g Grant ! Ukamba, 5000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6918!
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Bellamy, 193 (ex Hua).
Mozamb. Dist. (erman East Africa: Masai Highlands and Region c* the
Great Lakes, up to 8000 ft. (ex K. Schumann); Wadiboma (? Kwadiboma), Fischers
597! British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, 5250 ft., Carson, 39! Nutt!
Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau at Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft, Whyte ! Masuka
Plateau, 6500-7000 ft., Whyte! Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte!
Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 333! Zomba, 5000 ft., Kirk! and without precise
locality, Buchanan, 818!
4. F. glomerata, Hassk. Commel. Ind. 166. Seeds without
radiating ribs from the embryostega; otherwise as /. rivularis.—
C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 267, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vil-
15; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 436; K. Schum. in Engl.
Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137; Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 93s
and in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 80. Tradescantia glomerata, Roem. &
Floscopa. | CXLIII. COMMELINACE& (CLARKE). 87
Schultes, Syst. Veg. vii. 1175. Dithyrocarpus glomeratus, Kunth, Enum.
iv. 78.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in wooded marshes at Sobato de
Quibanga and near Quilunga, Welwitsch, 6631! Huilla ; in Lake Ivantala, about the
mouth of the River Moambo, growing 4-10 ft. high, in deep water, Welwitsch, 6590 !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : on an island at Victoria Falls, Kirk /
Nyasaland ; Zomba, Whyte !
Frequent in South extratropical Africa and the Mascarene Islands.
I doubt if this species can be kept distinct from F. rivularis.
5. F. axillaris, (. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 268. Nearly
glabrous, except the inflorescence. Appears to be an annual. Base
of stem procumbent, rooting copiously from many nodes, whence
spring clusters of weak stems 2-5 in. long, obliquely erect, very leafy.
Leaves 3-1 in. long, elliptic or lanceolate, acute. Panicles terminal,
and terminal on short axillary branches, pubescent. Ultimate branches
of the inflorescence nearly 1 in. long, with numerous small flowers.
Pedicels hardly ,4, in. long; bracts at their base ;'; in. long, ovate.
Capsule and seeds of the genus.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 436. F. aquatica, Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 122 (from
description). Polygala axillaris, Poir. Encycl. v. 489.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet,771! Sierra Leone, Smeathman! Afzelius!
Guinea, Smith !
6. F. Schweinfurthii, (. 2B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
269. A thinly hairy annual. Stems 6-8 in. high, erect, repeatedly
branched from the base. Leaves 2 by ? in., ovate-lanceolate, sessile.
Panicles terminal, more or less leafy, 1-2} in. in diam.; cymes often
1-1} in. long, villous, dense with flowers; pedicels 0—} in. long.
Capsule small, ;', in. long; seeds radiately ribbed.—Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. F]. Afr. v. 436.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Bongo; Sabbi, Schweinfurth, 2648! Kulongo,
Schweinfurth, 2672!
7. F. tuberculata, (. B. Clarke. A thinly hairy annual. Stems
6-8 in. high, erect, undivided. Leaves 24 by $—% in., oblong, sessile.
Panicles terminal, 2 in. long and broad, not leafy, rusty-hispid. Cymes
1} in. long and upwards, dense; pedicels very short. Capsule ;'y in. long ;
seeds apparently coarsely tubercled, the radiating ribs being interrupted
by few deep depressions.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau at
Fort Hill, Whyte !
A close ally of F, Schweinfurthii.
8. F. flavida,(. B.Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 269. A slightly
hairy, weak annual. Stem 14-5 in. long, erect, frequently branched
from the base. Leaves up to 24 by } in. and linear-lanceolate in the
Niger plant, or 24 by } in. and lanceolate in the Djur examples, sessile.
Panicles terminal, slender, of few cymes, not leafy; cymes 4-1} in.
88 CXLIII. COMMELINACEE (CLARKE). | Floscopa.
long, dense ; pedicels 0-3, in. Calyx pubescent, purple (Schweinfurth).
Corolla yellow (Schweinfurth). Capsule small; seeds minute, obscurely
ribbed.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Borgu; near the town of Fakun, in swamps,
Barter, 760!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Agada, near Jur Ghattas, Sehwein-
furth, 2537! Abu Guroon’s Seriba, Schweinfurth, 4286!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; 3000-6000 ft., Tangan-
yika Plateau, at Fort Hill, Whyte !
Imperfectly known species.
9. F. paucifiora, (. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous, except the in
florescence and the mouths of the leaf-sheaths. Portions of stems
seen up to 10 in. long, slender, nearly undivided. Leaves up to 2} by
4-1 in., narrowly lanceolate, sessile. Inflorescence terminal, attaining
1} by # in. at most, very loose, open, with at most 20 flowers (in some
cases the inflorescence is a small cyme of 6 flowers). Flowers very
small. Sepals rusty sticky-pubescent. Capsule small, shining white,
probably 2-seeded.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone ; Samu, Scott-Elliot, 5030!
From the rusty hairy sepals this must be a Floscopa ; and, if a Floscopa, it must
be a new species, unless it is a depauperated state of F. glomerata ; but the species is
founded on very slender material.
10. FP. Elliottii, C. B. Clarke. Annual, nearly glabrous, except
the inflorescence. Stems erect, 24 in. long, branched. Leaves 1 by
4-1 in., ovate-oblong, sessile, sheaths very short. Panicle terminal,
subdichotomous, of few very long loose cymes (many 2 in. long);
bracteoles minute or 0; pedicels0—4, in. Capsule small, of the genus.
Seeds with strong ribs radiating from the embryostega.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: in marshes near Kitchom, Scarcies River,
Scott-Elliot, 4340 !
OrDER CXLIV. RAPATEACEZR. (By N. E. Brown.)
Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Perianth-segments 6, all petaloid
and connate below into a long slender tube, or in 2 series; the 3 outer
forming a calyx, connate at the base into a short hyaline tube or quite
free, paleaceous or slightly rigid; the 3 inner petaloid, connate into a
tube below. Stamens 6, inserted in the throat of the corolla-tube;
filaments short ; anthers 4-celled, the cells confluent above and opening
by one. introrse oblique pore at the apex. Ovary superior, obtuse,
retuse or 3-lobed, perfectly or imperfectly 3-celled ; style terminal or
arising between the lobes of the ovary. Ovules 1-8 in each cell of the
ovary, erect from the base, or laterally affixed to the axis, anatropous.
Capsule 3-valved, with the valves septiferous along the middle, or by
abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded. Seeds ovoid, oblong or subglobose ; testa
rather thick, smooth or minutely reticulate-striate, sometimes produced
Maschalocephalus.| QXLIV. RAPATEACEE (BROWN). 89
at the apex into a short conical or mitre-like appendage; albumen
copious, mealy.; embryo lenticular, seated on the albumen near the
hilum.—Perennial marsh herbs of robust habit, with short thick
rhizomes. Leaves all radical, usually more or less distichous ; sheaths
well developed, conduplicate ; blades elongate, broadly linear-lanceolate
or oblong, sessile on the sheath or distinctly petiolate, with numerous
parallel veins. Flowers in dense heads involucrate by two large bracts,
or in a unilateral spike enclosed in a spathe, usually on long peduncles,
or (in the African species) very shortly pedunculate or subsessile in
the axils of the leaves; each flower surrounded by numerous bracts,
which sometimes form an involucre resembling that of the Composite.
A small order of 7 genera and about 24 species, all natives of Tropical America,
except the following.
1. MASCHALOCEPHALUS, Gilg & K. Schum. in Engl,
Jahrb, xxviii. 148.
Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Perianth with an elongated tube
and 6 subequal lobes. Stamens 6, inserted on the tube of the perianth ;
anthers linear, rounded at the base, tapering towards the apex, opening
by introrse pores at the apex, 4-celled, the 2 inner cells about } shorter
than the outer. Ovary 3-celled; style elongated; ovules solitary in
each cell, affixed near the base of the axile placenta, erect. Capsule
triangular, shortly apiculate, faintly striate. Seed ellipsoid, acute at
both ends, with an elongated gibbosity above the hilum; testa smooth,
thinly punctulate, milk-white, provided with a radiating fibrous yellow
appendage or callus at the apex; albumen copious ; embryo very small.
—Marsh herbs of tufted habit. Leaves alternate, hard, somewhat
rigid, densely crowded, linear-lanceolate, sheathing at the base. Flowers
in heads in the axils of the leaves.
An endemic genus of 1 species, which I have not seen.
1. M. Dinklagei, Gilg d: K. Schum. in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 148.
A tufted herb. Leaf-sheaths unequally plicate, 43-5} in. long, 7 lin.
broad at the base, narrowing to about 2 lin. broad where they pass
into the blades, which are about 16 in. long, 14 lin. broad, linear-
lanceolate, tapering towards both ends, very acute, many-nerved. In-
florescence about 3 in. long. ‘Capitulum sessile in the axils of the
leaves, bracteate at the base, with a few unequal complicate and carinate
subulate bracts, pedunculate above the bracts; peduncle thick, trian-
gular, short, almost concealed by the two larger involucrating bracts,
many-flowered.” Flowers surrounded by many bracteoles. Perianth-
tube slender, about 14 in. long, 3 lin. diam., cylindric ; lobes 6, sub-
equal, 54 lin. long, 24 lin. broad, very thin and membranous, whitish-
yellow.
Upper Guinea. Liberia; in a swamp at Fish Town, Grand Bassa, about 10 ft,
above sea-level, Dinklage, 2088.
90 CXLY, FLAGELLARIEE (BROWN). | Flagellaria.
Orver CXLV. FLAGELLARIEA, (By N. E. Brown.)
Flowers hermaphrodite or diccious, regular. Perianth 6-partite,
persistent ; segments small, biseriate, subpetaloid or scarious, slightly
unequal. Stamens 6, hypogynous or shortly adnate to the base of the
perianth-segments ; filaments free ; anthers basifixed, introrse, dehis-
cing by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with a solitary
anatropous ovule in each cell; style short or none; stigma 3-lobed and
sessile, or of 3 linear, spreading branches. Fruit a 1—3-seeded berry.
Seeds with a crustaceous testa, and copious farinaceous albumen; em-
bryo minute, lenticular, placed on the outside of the albumen near the
hilum.—Herbs of robust habit, with stout stems bearing leaves up to
the base of the inflorescence, erect or sarmentose, sometimes climbing by
means of tendrils at the tips of the leaves. Leaves alternate, elongated,
sheathing at the base, sometimes produced into a tendril at the apex ;
veins numerous, parallel. Panicle terminal; flowers small, sessile or
subsessile.
A small Order of 3 genera, and about 8 species, confined to the warm regions of
the Old World. Only 1 species in Africa.
1. FLAGELLARIA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook.f. Gen. PI. iii. 860.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth subpetaloid; segments oblong,
obtuse, the three outer slightly shorter than the inner. Stamens 6,
hypogynous; filaments ultimately long and much exserted. Ovary
with a short style and 3 linear stigmas. Berry 1- (rarely 2-) seeded.
Seed globose or ovoid, with a crustaceous testa.—Stem sarmentose,
climbing by means of the tendril-tipped leaves. Panicle terminal.
Flowers small, spicate at the ends of the ultimate branchlets of the
panicle.
A small genus of 3 species, one African, one in Fiji, and the third widely dis-
persed in the tropics of the Old World, but apparently not occurring on the continent
of Africa.
1, F. guineensis, Schumach. in Schumach. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin.
Pi. 181. A tall climber, with a moderately stout herbaceous stem.
Leaves sheathing ; sheath open to the middle, with the thin membranous
margins often closely overlapping but never connate at the top; blade
43-9 in. long, 6-13 lin. broad, elongate-lanceolate, gradually tapering
from about the middle into a spiral tendril at the apex, abruptly con-
tracted into a rounded base immediately above the sheath. Panicle
terminal, 3-44 in. long, 2-4 in. broad, pyramidal, with ascending or
spreading branches, the lower subtended by leafy bracts, the upper
bractless. Bracteoles minute, hyaline, ovate or suborbicular, obtuse or
subacute. Flowers subsessile along the rather slender flexuose or Zig-
zag ultimate branchlets of the panicle, usually with distinct internodes
between them, whitish or pale yellowish. Perianth campanulate ;
segments 1-1} lin. long, 3 lin. broad, the 8 outer shorter than the 3
Flagellaria.] CXLY, FLAGELLARIEX (BROWN) d1
inner, all oblong, obtuse, subpetaloid. Stamens ultimately much
exserted ; filaments 2-24 lin. long; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate at
the base, 14-1} lin. long. Ovary narrow, trigonous ; stigmas 3—3 lin.
long, linear, rather stout, exserted and recurving over the tips of the
perianth-segments. Berries globose, 2-3 lin. diam., bright red.—N. E.
Brown in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 16; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 81.
#. indica, T. Thomson in Speke, Nile, Append. 650; Hook. Niger
Fl. 540; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 163; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.
133; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. 4, 3; Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 436; De Wild. & Durand, Contrib. Fl. Congo, i
fase. 2, 64; and of other authors partly, not of Linneus.
Upper Guinea. (old Coast : Aquapim (Acropong) Mountains, Vogel! Cape
Coast Castle, Vogel, 14! and without precise locality, Burton ! Lagos, Barter, 20172!
Lagos Island, Barter, 2216! Cameroons: banks of the Cameroon River, Mann, 1!
425!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Mombasa Island, Hildebrandt, 10473!
Lower Guinea. Congo, Smith! Angola: Ambriz; on damp wooded hills
near the town of Ambriz, Welwitsch, 3009!
South Central. Congo Free State : Luvituku, Zuja,
Mozamb. Dist. (German Kast Africa: Usambara ; Doda, Holst, 2945 ! Khutu ,
banks of the River Mgeta, Speke & Grant ! Zanguebar, Kirk? Portuguese East
Africa: near the mouth of the River Shire; at Shamo, Kirk! Morambala Hill,
Waller ! and at Shimwara Hills, Kirk ! Lower Zambesi ; Shupanga, Kirk !
Also in South Africa.
This has been confused with F. indica, Linn., by almost all authors ; but, as was
pointed out by Schumacher, it may be at once distinguished by the leaf-sheaths being
open to about half-way down, although the margins often closely overlap, and also by
the slender zigzag axes, along which the flowers are spaced out, with distinct inter-
nodes ; whilst in F. indica the margins of the sheaths of the leaves are connate to the
top, forming a closed tubular sheath, and the flowers are usually crowded together
into very short subglobose spikes or glomerules, on a rather thick straight axis,
without internodes or with extremely short ones.
OrpeR CXLVI. JUNCACEZ. (By J. G. Baker.)
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth inferior, cut down to
the base into 6 subequal biseriate glumaceous segments. Stamens
usually 6, hypogynous or attached to the base of the perianth-seg-
ments; filaments tiliform or flattened; anthers dorsifixed or basifixed,
2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled ; ovules
anatropous, usually many in a cell; style filiform, simple or trifurcate ;
stigmas filiform, papillose all over. Fruit capsular, splitting into 3
valves. Seeds ovoid, globose or angled by pressure, rarely compressed ;
testa thin or moderately thick, pale or black, the thin outer membrane
often produced into a tail; albumen copious, firm ; embryo small,
placed near the hilum.—Perennial or annual herbs, rarely shrubs with
a woody caudex. Stem usually leafy only at the base. Leaves terete
or linear. Flowers small, usually clustered; bracts minute scariose.
92 CXLVI. JUNCACEE (BAKER). | Juncus.
Species 200-250. Cosmopolitan, mainly in temperate regions.
Leaves glabrous, Ovary more or less completely 3-celled,
with many ovules in a cell . : : - - . 1. JUNCUS.
Leaves hairy. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 nearly basal ovules . 2. LuzuLa.
1. JUNCUS, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 867.
Perianth rigid, cut down to the base; segments subequal, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 6, rarely 3, shorter than the perianth,
hypogynous or attached to the base of the perianth-segments ; filaments
filiform or flattened ; anthers linear or oblong, basifixed. Ovary sessile,
completely or incompletely 3-celled ; ovules many in a cell; style short;
stigmas 3, filiform or linear, papillose down to the base. Seeds very
small, often tailed by the pale outer membrane of the testa being
produced beyond the nucleus ; albumen copious, firm ; embryo minute,
placed near the hilum.—Perennial or annual herbs. Leaves flat or
terete, sometimes septate, rarely reduced to membranous sheaths.
Inflorescence terminal or apparently lateral, panicled or capitate.
Species 170-180. Cosmopolitan, concentrated in the North Temperate zone.
*“GENUINI. Leaves all reduced to sheaths. Panicle lateral.
The only Tropical African species . 5 : - 1. J. effusus.
““MARITIMI, Produced leaves few, resembling the stems, Panicle lateral.
The only Tropical African species . Z . - 2. J. maritimus.
““SARTICULATI. Leaves septate. Inflorescence terminal.
Leaf 1, produced from the middle of the stem . 3. J. punctorius.
Leaves 3-5.
Stems all erect . : 5 : : : . 4. J. oxycarpus.
Stems often long and decumbent : : . 5. J. Fontanesit.
*GRAMINIFOLII. Leaves not septate. Inflorescence terminal.
Perennials.
Leaves narrowly linear. : : 2 - 6. J. Bachiti.
Leaves broadly linear ; : : . . 7. J. lomatophyllus.
Annuals,
Flowers solitary, in forked spikes : : . 8. J. bufonius.
Flowers in a terminal cluster. é ; . 9. J. capitatus,
1. J. effusus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 326. Perennial. Stems densely
tufted on a short creeping rhizome, 2-3 ft. long, green, finely
striated, with continuous pith. Leaves all reduced to sheaths, clasping
tightly the base of the stems. Panicle dense, lateral, sessile,
1-2 in. diam. Perianth-segments lanceolate, rigid, pale green, 31; ™.
long. Stamens 3, much shorter than the perianth. Capsule oblong,
obtuse, as long as the perianth. Seeds not tailed.—Buchen. in Engl.
Jahrb. xii. 228. J. communis, var. effusus, E. Meyer, Monogr. June. 22;
Kunth. Enum. iii. 320.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Kukuyu district ; in Kedung Valley, 6000 ft.,
Scott-Hiliot, 6876! Mount Kenia, in the lower forest zone, 8100 ft., Gregory.
Juncus. | CXLVI. JUNCACE (BAKER). 93:
Cosmopolitan, concentrated in the North Temperate zone. Occurs also in Mada-
gascar and South Africa.
2. J.maritimus, Lam. Hncycl. iii. 264. Perennial, densely tufted
on a short rhizome. Leaves few, basal, terete, resembling the stems,
dilated at the base into pale brown sheaths. Stems terete, pale green,,
wiry, finely striated. 2—3 ft. long. Panicle very compound, lateral, sessile,
reaching } ft. long, bracts rigid, pale green, ovate-lanceolate. Perianth-
segments lanceolate, acute, pale green, ;/, in. long. Stamens 6. Capsule
oblong, acute, as long as the perianth. Seeds distinctly or indistinctly
tailed.—Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii. 256; Baker in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii.
19. J. Kraussti, Hochst. in Flora, 1845, 342.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 511!
Nile Land. Somaliland ; Maid, Hildebrandt, 1475!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes; marshy places at Aguadas near
Mossamedes and by ponds near the River Bero, Welwitsch, 3007!
Also in South Africa and the North Temperate zone of both hemispheres.
3. J. punctorius, Linn. fil. Suppl. 208. Perennial, tufted on a
short creeping rhizome. Produced leaf one from the middle of the
stem, terete, septate ; basal leaves reduced to clasping sheaths. Stem
stout, terete, hardly at all striated, 1-4 ft. long. Inflorescence an
ample terminal panicle; flowers many ina cluster; bracts ovate-cuspi-
date, pale green, much shorter than the flowers. Perianth-segments
lanceolate, acute, pale green, rigid, 54, in. long. Stamens 6, rather
shorter than the perianth. Capsule oblong, acute, brown, as long as
the perianth. Seeds not tailed.—Buchen. in Abhand. Naturw. Ver.
Bremen, iv. 424, t. 8; Engl. Jahrb. xii. 277 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop.
Afr. 158 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 59, 107; Baker in
Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 20. J. Schimperi, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss.
No. 56; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 338.
Nile Land. Eritrea: near Saganeiti, 7400 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1747 !
1802! Godofelassi, Rohlfs & Stecher. Abyssinia: Tigre; near Adowa, Schimper, 56!
Magdala, Steudner, 927. Somaliland: Golis Range, Miss Edith Cole! Mrs. E.
Lort-Phillips !
Also in South Africa, North Africa, and Western Asia.
4, J. oxycarpus, 4. Meyer ex Kunth, Enum. iii. 336. Peren-
nial, densely tufted. Produced leaves 3-5 to a stem, short, subulate,
septate. Stems moderately stout, terete, 1-2 ft. long, pale green,
hardly at all striated. Inflorescence a sparse terminal panicle ; flowers
about 20 in a cluster; bracts ovate-acuminate, as long as the flowers,
Perianth-segments lanceolate, brownish-green, } in. long. Stamens
usually 3, much shorter than the perianth, Capsule oblong, dark
brown, as long as the perianth. Seeds not tailed—Buchen. in Abhand.
Naturw. Ver. Bremen, iv. 431, t. 8; Engl. Jahrb. xii. 336; Pfl. Ost-
Afr. C. 137; Baker in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 20.
Wile Land. Usambara (ex Engler).
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla ; plentiful in wet sandy situations through-
out the district, Welwitsch, 3008!
Also in South Africa.
94 CXLVI, JUNCACE (BAKER). [ Juncus.
5, J. Fontanesii, /. Gay ex Laharpe in Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Par. iii. (1827), 130. Perennial, densely tufted. Leaves 3—5 toa stem,
short, subulate, septate. Stems moderately stout, scarcely at all striated,
erect or long and decumbent. Infloresence a lax terminal panicle, com-
posed of few or many globose heads ; flowers many to a head ; bracts
ovate, acuminate, pale green, as long as the flowers. Perianth-segments
janceolate, very acute, brownish-green,} in. long. Stamens6. Capsule
oblong, acute, dark brown, as long as or longer than the perianth. Seeds
not tailed—Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii. 328; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 158; Pfl. Ost-Afr.C.137 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. rie
App. ii. 59,107. J. articulatus, Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 313. J. quarti-
nianus, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 339. J. pyramidatus, Laharpe
in Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. ii. (1827), 128; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 359.
Mile Land. Eritrea: vicinity of Saganeiti, 7000 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva,
$15! 892! Abyssinia: Begemeder ; Anadehr, 7800 ft., Schimper, 555! Harre
Shoa, 6500 ft., Schimper, 850; Shireh province, Quartin-Dillon. British East
Africa : Karia Ndusi, near Lake Elmeteita, 6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6623! steppes
between Ndoro and Guaso Thegu, Gregory.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; Leboma, Holst, 2556!
British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Mount
Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte !
‘Also in the Mediterranean Region and Western Asia.
6. J. Bachiti, Hochst. in Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 305. Peren-
nial, densely tufted. Produced leaves 3-5 to a stem, short, narrowly
linear, not septate. Stem slender, 1-14 ft. long, leafless, finely striated.
Inflorescence a sparse terminal panicle; flowers many in a globose
cluster; bracts ovate, green, shorter than the flowers. Perianth-
segments lanceolate, 4 in. long, dark brown. Stamens 6, much shorter
than the perianth. Capsule ovoid, dark brown, as long as the perianth.
Seeds not tailed—Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii, 437 ; Engl. Hochge-
birgsfl. Trop. Afr. 158, and Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; in swamps on Mount Bachit, 10,700 ft.,
Schimper, 114! Begemeder ; Selamuko, 8700 ft., Schimper, 1332! Mount Gana,
Schimper, 11,300 ft., 1557!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Usambara, Holst (ex Engler); Kili-
manjaro; Marangu, 7700 ft., Volkens, 1309.
7. J. lomatophyllus, Spreng, Newe Endeck. ii. 108. Perennial,
tufted, and stoloniferous. Leaves many in a basal tuft, linear, flat,
3-1 ft. long, }-$ in. broad, not septate. Stem moderately stout,
leafless, deeply sulcate, 1-2 ft. long. Inflorescence terminal, laxly
panicled ; flowers 6-12 in a cluster; bracts ovate, cuspidate. Peri-
anth-segments 4 in. long; outer lanceolate, acute; inner oblong.
Stamens 6, rather shorter than the perianth. Capsule oblong, brown,
shorter than the perianth. . Seeds not tailed.—Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb.
xii. 429; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137; Baker in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 27.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara (ex Engler).
Widely spread in South Africa.
Juncus. | CXLVI. JUNCACEH (BAKER). 95
8. J. bufonius, Zinn. Sp. Pl. 328. Annual, densely tufted,
without any creeping rootstock. Leaves all basal, subulate, not septate,
the outer as long as the stem. Stem slender, 3-12 in. long. Flowers
usually single, arranged in lax forked spikes ; bracts minute. Perianth-
segments pale green, lanceolate, acuminate, } in. long. Stamens 3-6,
much shorter than the perianth. Capsule oblong, brown, obtuse,
minutely cuspidate, rather shorter than the perianth. Seeds not
tailed.—A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 339; Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii.
174; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 158; Baker in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii.
23.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; in marshes near Adowa, 10,000-11,000 ft.,
Schimper, 1088! Samen; near Debra Eski, 9700 ft., Schimper, 33 ; swamps on
Mount Bachit, 11,700 ft., Schimper, 117 ; Shireh province, Quartin-Dillon (ex
Engler),
Cosmopolitan,
9. J. capitatus, Weiy. Obs. 28, Annual, tufted, without any
rootstock. Leaves all basal, subulate, very slender, much shorter than
the stem, not septate. Stem very slender, 2-6 in. long. Flowers
usually 4-8 in a single globose terminal cluster, subtended by a subu-
late bract. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, brownish, 4 in.
long, recurved at the tip. Stamens 3, much shorter than the perianth.
Capsule ovoid-trigonous, brown, much shorter than the perianth.
Seeds not tailed.—Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii. 450; Engl. Hochge-
birgsfl. Trop. Afr. 158.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 7000 ft., Mann, 2094!
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; summit of Mount Semayata, near Adowa,
10,400 ft., Schimper, 539!
Also Central and Southern Europe and North Africa.
2. LUZULA, DC.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl, iii. 868.
Perianth rigid, cut down to the base; segments ovate, subequal.
Stamens 6, shorter than the perianth, hypogynous or attached to the
base of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers linear or
oblong, basifixed. Ovary sessile, l-celled; ovules 3, arising from a
short basal placenta; style short, subulate; stigmas 3, filiform. Seeds
3 or fewer, subglobose or angled on the inner side, sometimes tailed ;
testa minutely striated; albumen copious; embryo minute.—Densely
tufted perennial herbs. Leaves linear, ciliated. Inflorescence terminal,
laxly or densely panicled. Perianth brown in the Tropical African
species,
Cosmopolitan, concentrated in the North Temperate zones. Species about 50,
Flowers solitary, forming a lax panicle . ° . 1. L. Johnstoni,
Flowers many in a cluster. j
Clusters of flowers usually peduncled , . . 2. L. campestris, -
Clusters of flowers sessile.
Stamens much shorter than the perianth . . 3. L. spicata.
Stamens slightly shorter than the perianth . 4. L. Volkensii.
96 CXLVI, JUNCACEE (BAKER). [ Luzula.
1. L. Johnstoni, Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii. 79. Nearly allied to
L. Forsteri, DC. Stcloniferous. Leaves many in a basal rosette, linear,
3-4 in. long, slightly hairy. Stem very slender, erect, a foot or more
long, bearing 2-3 remote reduced leaves. Panicle small, lax, terminal ;
branch-bracts subulate; branches very slender, ascending; flowers
solitary, sessile; flower-bracts ovate, acuminate, bright brown, shorter
than the perianth. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acute, bright brown,
din. long. Stamens 6, much shorter than the perianth. Capsule sub-
globose, stramineous, much shorter than the perianth.—Eng]. Hochge-
birgsfl. Trop. Afr. 157; Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 8000-9000 ft., Johnston,
28!
2. L. campestris, DC., var. Mannii, Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii.
159. Leaves many in a basal rosette, linear, 4-12 in. long, 4 in. broad,
densely ciliated towards the base. Stem 3-1 ft. long, erect, bearing 1-2
reduced leaves. Panicle subumbellate, composed of several peduncled
clusters or congested by the suppression of the peduncles ; branch-bracts
linear-subulate, 1-3 in. long, densely ciliate towards the base ; flower-
bracts ovate, acuminate, scariose, pale green, as long as or shorter than
the flowers. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, dark brown, $in.
long. Stamens 6, rather shorter than the perianth. Capsule ovoid-
trigonous, rather shorter than the perianth.— Engl. Hochgebirgs#.
arop. Afr. 157.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 10,000-13,500 ft., Mann,
2108! Johnston! Fernando Po: summit of Clarence Peak, 8000 ft., Mann, 658!
1467!
Nearly allied to the European L. multiflora, Lej.
The species is almost cosmopolitan, concentrated in the North Temperate zone.
3. L. spicata, DC., var. simensis, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss.
Ezxsicc, 1154. Shortly stoloniferous. Basal leaves several, linear, 3-4 in.
long, glabrous when mature. Stem slender, 4-1 ft. long, erect, bearing
2-3 erect reduced leaves. Inflorescence a small, oblong, erect, congested
panicle ; lower branch-bracts linear, densely ciliate at the base ; flower-
bracts ovate, acuminate, brown with stramineous tip and edges, shorter
than the perianth. Perianth-segments dark brown, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, j'; in. long. Stamens 6, much shorter than the perianth.
Capsule ovoid-trigonous, about as long as the perianth.—Buchen. in
Engl. Jahrb. xii. 128; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 157 ; Pfi. Ost-
Afr. C. 137. JZ. abyssinica, Parl. Fl. Ital. ii. 310. Z. macrotricha,
Steud. Syn. FI. Glum. ii. 294.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Samen ; Demerki Mountains, Schimper, 1154; Bege-
meder ; Mount Guna, 11,700 ft., Schimper, 1328. British East Africa : Mount
Kenia, in the Bamboo zone, 000-6000 ft., Gregory.
The type occurs on the mountains of the North Temperate zone in both hemi-
spheres,
4. L. Volkensii, Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 192. Leaves 6-8 to
a stem, erect, linear, 3-4 in. long, } in, broad, thick, firm, ciliate with
LInuzula. | CXLVI. JUNCACEH (BAKER). 97
long deciduous hairs. Stem short, terete. Inflorescence a dense terminal
panicle ; flowers many in sessile clusters; lower branches subtended by
reduced leaves; flower-bracts small, ovate, acuminate, pale, ciliate.
Perianth-segments lanceolate, dark brown, ;'; in. long. Stamens 6,
rather shorter than the perianth. Capsule ovoid-trigonous, dark brown,
shorter than the perianth.—Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137.
Mozamb. Dist, German East Africa: Kilimanjaro ; Mawenzi Peak, 12,300 ft.,
Volkens, 1365 ! . : : :
Orper CXLVII. PALMA. (By ©. H. Wright.)
Flowers usually small, regular or subregular, hermaphrodite or
unisexual. Sepals 3, distinct or united, in the male flower open or
imbricate in estivation, in the female usually widely imbricate. Petals
3, distinct or united, valvate or imbricate in estivation. Stamens 6 to
many (rarely 3), inserted at the base of the petals or in the corolla-tube ;
anthers elongate, sometimes sagittate, basi- or dorsi-fixed, dehiscing
longitudinally ; filaments free or connate, subulate or filiform ; stami-
nodes various. Ovary superior, more or less globose, entire or 3-lobed,
or of 3 distinct carpels, 3- or more celled, often represented by a
rudiment in the male flowers; style very short or none; stigmas 3,
erect or recurved ; ovules solitary, erect, pendulous or attached to the
inner angle of thecell. Fruit seated on the more or less enlarged calyx
and corolla, dry, baccate or drupaceous, bearing at its apex, side or base
the remains of the stigma, 1- or more celled, rarely of 3 distinct carpels,
in Tribe Lepidocaryee covered with retrorsely imbricate scales ; mesocarp
often containing fibres; endocarp membranous, crustaceous, woody or
stony, smooth or marked inside with the branches of the raphe. Seeds
of the same shape as the cell, free or adherent to the endocarp; hilum
basal or lateral; raphe short or long, usually branched and the branches
often much reticulated; albumen horny or cartilaginous, more rarely
oily, solid or hollow, homogeneous or ruminate; embryo small, conical
or cylindrical, usually near the hilum on the dorsal side, more rarely
lateral or apical.—Solitary or gregarious plants, monocarpic or polycarpic.
Stems robust or slender, simple, more rarely branched (in Hyphene),
erect or climbing, smooth or spiny, ringed or bearing the scars or remains
of old leaves. Leaves collected in a crown near the apex of the stem
or scattered along it, usually very large, at first entire, then splitting
pinnately or flabellately into more or less distinct leaflets, induplicate
or reduplicate in vernation; rhachis in the pinnate leaves convex on
the back, keeled above, channelled along the sides where the leaflets are
inserted ; petiole subcylindrical or more or less channelled on the upper
side, in flabellate leaves produced into a ligule at the apex, more or less
sheathing at the base; margins of sheath often breaking up into fibres.
Inflorescence (spadix) on a long peduncle from amongst the leaves or
on a short one below them, moneecious, dicecious or polygamous, branched
or simple ; spathes various in number and shape; bracts and bracteoles
distinct or connate into a cup, or cylindrical or wanting.
VOL. VIII. H
98 CXLYII. PALME (WRIGHT). [ Areca.
Genera about 140; species about 1200, dispersed throughout the tropics and
extending a short distance outside,
TriBe I, Arecese.—Leaves pinnatisect ; segments distinct or confluent into an
entire, bifid or laciniate lamina, reduplicate in vernation, Flowers monecious or
diecious. Seeds umbilicate ; raphe ventral ; embryo dorsal,
Ovule erect. Albumen ruminate . ° ° - 1. ARECA.
Ovule pendulous, Albumen homogeneous.
Stamens6 . - . ° . . st 6 2. RODOCOCOUS:
Stamens many . < > . . . . 38. SCLEROSPERMA,
TriBE II. Phoenicese.— Leaves pinnatisect ; segments acuminate, induplicate
in vernation. Spadices interfoliaceous, diwcious; spathe 1. Carpels 3, one only
ripening ; stigma terminal. Seed deeply grooved ventrally, umbilicate ; embryo
dorsal.
The only genus - 4. PHa:NIX.
Trize III, Lepidocaryeve.—Leaves pinnatisect (in the Tropical African
genera) ; segments reduplicate in vernation, Spadices terminal or axillary ; spathes
many or none. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Ovary entire, more or less
perfectly 3-celled. Fruit clothed with shining retrorsely imbricate scales. Seeds
umbilicate ; raphe dorsal ; embryo ventral.
Stems erect . : C : : : : . 5. RAPHIA.
Stems climbing.
Polycarpic.
Spathes present,
Ovary imperfectly 3-celled . : : . 6. CALAMUS.
Ovary perfectly 3-celled : : : . 7. ONCOCALAMUS.
Spathes none . : : : : : . 8. EREMOSPATHA.
Monocarpic . < : c : : : . 9. ANCISTROPHYLLUM,
TriBe [V. Borasseve.— Leaves fan-shaped ; segments reduplicate in vernation.
Spadices interfoliaceous, diwcious ; spathes many, sheathing. Ovary entire, 3-
celled ; ovules ascending. Seed with a diffuse hilum.
Albumen homogeneous.
Male flowers many in pits on the spadix. 2 . 10. BoRaAssts.
Male flowers solitary in pits on the spadix . . 11. HYPHENE.
Albumen ruminate . : . 12. MEDEMIA.
TRIBE V. Cocoineve.—Leaves pinnatisect ; segments reduplicate in vernation
Spadices interfoliaceous ; spathes 2 or many. Flowers (at least on the lower par t
of the spadix) in threes, the central female, the lateral male. Ovary 1-7-celled.
Fruit 1-7-celled ; stigmas terminal ; endocarp with 3-7 pores. Seed adhering to
the endocarp ; hilum diffuse ; embryo opposite a pore of the endocarp.
Male flowers sunk in pits on the spadix. Pericarp
spongy . . : . ° - ° . 13. ELH#Is.
Male flowers superficial, Pericarp thick, fibrous . 14. Cocos,
1. ARECA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 883.
Male flowers minute, solitary or geminate on the spadix-branches.
Sepals 3. Petals 3, much longer than the sepals, broadly ovate.
Stamens 3 or 6. Female flowers much larger than the male, solitary
towards the base of the spadix-branches. Sepals and petals usually
Areca. | CXLVII. PALM& (WRIGHT), 99
enlarging after flowering. Ovary entire, 3-celled; ovule erect, basal.
Albumen ruminate.—Unarmed palms. Stems solitary or cespitose,
annulate. Leaves in a terminal crown, equally pinnatisect. Spadix
infrafoliaceous ; branches patent, pendulous in fruit ; spathes 3 to many,
caducous.
Species about 24, distributed through Tropical Asia, New Guinea, and Tropical
Australia.
1, A. Catechu, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 1189. Stem cylindrical, un-
branched, 40-50 ft. high, 20 in. in diam., annulate. Leaves 6-9;
petiole thick, concave above, convex beneath, sheathing and coriaceous
at the base; leaflets many, opposite, broadly linear, acuminate, broad
at the base, the lower 3-4 ft.long. Spadix 2-3 ft. long, much branched,
male above, female below; spathes 2, boat-shaped, obtuse, striate,
coriaceous; bracts 0. Male flowers sessile. Sepals 3, ovate, acute,
Petals 3, much longer than the sepals, broadly ovate, acute, yellowish.
Stamens 6; filaments short, more or less united into a column below;
anthers dorsifixed. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 3, broadly ovate,
fleshy, very thick in the centre, thin at the margins, concave, persistent.
Staminodes none or forming a hypogynous 6-toothed ring. Ovary large,
ovoid, acute, smooth, 3-celled; ovules solitary; stigmas 3, triangular,
acute, papillose. Fruit ovoid, tapering upwards, 2-2} in. long, smooth,
orange when mature, l-celled; pericarp at first soft, afterwards con-
taining many distinct longitudinal fibres. Seed conic-globose, solitary,
erect, 1 in. in diam.; testa very thin ; endosperm very hard, white or
pinkish ; embryo small, basal.—Mart. Palm. 169, tt. 102, 149, fig. 4;
Blume, Rumphia, ii. t. 102, fig. A; Bentl. & Trim. Med. Pl. t. 276;
Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. B. 15, C. 131; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 405.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar and coast of German East Africa, cultivated, ex
Engler,
Also in India, South China, and Malaya.
2. PODOCOCCUS, Mann et Wendl. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Pl, iii. 915.
Male flower: Sepals 3. Corolla stalked, 3-lobed. Stamens 6 ; fila-
ments subulate, adnate at the base to the corolla-tube and to the
rudiment of the ovary ; anthers oblong, cordate at the base, dorsifixed.
Female flower: Sepals 3. Corolla stalked, trifid. Staminodes 6, very
small. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, recurved; ovule pendulous. Fruit
baceate 1- (rarely 2—3-) seeded, with the stigmatic scar near its base.
Seed surrounded by the branches of the raphe, which radiate from the
hilum and anastomose towards their extremities; albumen homo-
geneous; embryo dorsal,.at or below the middle of the albumen.—
Slender unarmed palm. Stems reed-like, annulate. Leaves alternate,
pinnate ; leaflets membranous. Spadix simple, on a long peduncle;
Spathes 4, tubular, marcescent; bracts short; bracteoles minute,
glumaceous.
Endemic, monotypic.
100 CXLV1I. PALME (WRIGHT). | Podococeus.
1. P. Barteri, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 426, t. 38,
fig. A, t. 40, fig. B, and t. 43, fig. A. An erect, unbranched palm,
covered with rusty scurf on all its parts. Stem 5-8 ft. high, 9 lin. in
diam., annulate, with innovations arising from the base; internodes
3-5 in. apart. Leaves 6-9, 5-6 ft. long, pinnatisect, glaucous green ;
sheath about a foot long, striate, splitting obliquely, lacerate at the
margins ; petiole 1-1} ft. long, subterete, channelled on the upper side
towards the base; rhachis convex on the back, acute above; leaflets
8-10 on each side, alternate, elliptic-oblong, 3-4 in. apart, plicate,
many-nerved, the longest 1 ft. by 4 in., the lower smaller, the two
terminal confluent, lower margins entire, upper irregularly eroso-
dentate. Spadix lateral, patent, at length pendulous, about 2} ft. long;
peduncle subterete, about as long as the rhachis; rhachis 3 lin. thick ;
spathes 4 on the lower part of the peduncle, tubular, marcescent, the
two lower incomplete and 4-5 in. long, the upper more complete,
oblique, splitting irregularly and 8-12 in. long. Flowers produced from
June to August in 8-10 straight or spiral rows of pits, ternate, the
central female, the lateral male, reddish. Male flower: Sepals 3, dis-
tinct, elliptic-oblong, often trifid at the apex, keeled, subfalcate, scarcely
1 lin. long, contorted in bud. Corolla 2 lin. long; lobes elliptic-oblong,
concave, cartilaginous, striate on the back, patent, valvate. Stamens 6,
alternately long and short ; filaments filiform, adnate at the base to the
corolla-tube and rudimentary 3-toothed ovary; anthers oblong-cordate,
dorsifixed. Female flower: Sepals as in the male, but less rigid. Corolla
3-fid, united with the base of the ovary into a short stalk ; lobes oblong,
acute, concave, striate on the back, erecto-patent. Staminodes 6, minute.
Ovary 3- (or by abortion 1-) celled, stipitate, oblong ; stigmas 3, terminal,
short, recurved; ovule pendulous, Fruit baccate, edible, oblong or
elongate-oblong, orange, bent above the base, with the scar of the
stigma subbasal, stipitate, nearly 1 in. by 4-5 lin. Seed elongate-
ellipsoid, slightly oblique, 9 lin. by 2 lin.—J. Braun & K. Schum, in
ee Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 148; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi.
Upper Guinea. Niger Delta: mouth of the Brass River, Barter, 36! 325!
1837! Left bank of the River Nun, Mann, 452!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaua, 94! 95.
3. SCLEROSPERMA, Mann et Wendl.; Benth. et Hook. f.
Gen. Pl. iii. 919.
Male flower: Sepals 3. Corolla-lobes 3, valvate. Stamens many ;
filaments very short; anthers linear, extrorse, basifixed. Female
flower: Calyx of 3 distinct sepals or 3-lobed. Corolla 3-lobed ; lobes
convolute below, valvate at the apex. Staminodes 6 or 9, very small.
Ovary unicarpellary, 1-celled ; ovule pendulous ; stigma large, oblique.
Fruit a large drupe, obliquely depressed, stigmatic scar lateral ; epicarp
thin; mesocarp fibrous; endocarp thin but hard. Seed depressed
globose, surrounded by the branches of the raphe, which radiate from
Sclerosperma. | CXLVII, PALM (WRIGHT). 101
the linear hilum and form a loose network towards their extremities ;
albumen copious, very hard, homogeneous ; embryo dorsal near the
apex, almost opposite the hilum.—Slender, gregarious, unarmed palms.
Stems very short, densely fastigiate. Leaves fascicled, erecto-patent,
imparipinnate ; leaflets subopposite. Spadix short, simple, bearing at
the base two male flowers at the side of each female, in the upper part
male flowers only ; spathes 2, persistent; bracts membranous.
Endemic, monotypic.
1. 8S. Mannii, Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 427, t. 38, fig. C,
and t. 40, fig. A. Slender cespitose palms. Stem very short. Leaves 10-
13 ft. long, rigid, sparingly clothed with rusty evanescent scurf ; sheath
1-14 ft. long, breaking up at the margin into reticulate fibres ; petiole
7-8 ft. long, subterete ; blade elliptic-oblong, 4—5 ft. by 2 ft.; rhachis
acute above, convex beneath; leaflets 9-12 on each side, obliquely
truncate, slightly contracted at the base, light green, smooth and
shining above, whitish and covered with deciduous rusty scales beneath,
crenate and minutely toothed at the apex, 14-2 ft. by 2-3 in., 3-5-
nerved ; terminal leaflets unequal, confluent below, 12—17-nerved.
Primary spadix about 8 in. long, the lateral erect, concealed amongst
the leaf-bases ; peduncle 4 in. long, 9 lin. thick, brownish tomentose.
Spathes 2, persistent, fuscous; outer 5-6 in. long, irregularly laciniate
at the apex ; inner about 8 in. long, ellipsoid, breaking up at the apex
into reticulate fibres. Flowers spirally arranged, in the lower part one
female between two male, in the upper part male only densely crowded ;
bracts broadly ovate, acute, concave; male bracteoles small or obsolete,
female broadly ovate, acute. Male flower: Sepals oblong-lanceolate,
concave, keeled, membranous, 14-2 lin. long, those of the apical flowers
one-half the size, linear-spathulate, obtuse, incurved, membranous
below. Corolla-lobes elliptic-oval, rigid, thick, 3-4 lin. long, those of
the upper flowers broadly obovate, mucronate, incurved, 5 lin. long,
reddish. Filaments very short, hemispherical; anthers linear; con-
nective percurrent. Female flowers: Sepals free or shortly united,
broadly ovate, acute, incrassate, concave, slightly keeled, margin with
deciduous scales. Petals ovate, abruptly acuminate, concave, marces-
cent, as long as or slightly longer than the sepals. Staminodes 6 or 9,
minute, lanceolate. Ovary ellipsoid, shorter than the petals ; stigma
large, suberect ; ovule basal. Drupe 1} in. diam., subglobose, obliquely
depressed, bearing the stigmatic scar near the apex; epicarp brown,
thin, rather shiny ; mesocarp of very thin fibres; endocarp thin,
stony. Seed 1 in. by 9 lin.; hilum slightly excentric, with radiating
anastomosing fibres; albumen copious, very hard; embryo near the
apex.— Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112.
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: in swampy places near the River Gaboon, from
Point Clara upwards, Mann, 1046! Soyaux (ex Drude).
102 CXLYII. PALM& (WRIGHT). [ Phenix.
4. PHGINTIX, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 921.
Male flower oblong or lanceolate. Calyx cupular, 3-toothed. Petals
3, slightly connate at the base, valvate. Stamens 6 ; filaments connate
at the base; anthers linear-oblong, dorsifixed. Rudiment of ovary
smallor none. Female flower globose. Calyx asin the male. Petals
3, rotundate, concave, broadly imbricate. Staminodes 6, connate.
Carpels 3, distinct ; stigma sessile; ovule erect. Fruit drupaceous ;
stigmatic scar terminal. Seed deeply grooved on the ventral side;
albumen cartilaginous; embryo minute, dorsal. — Unarmed trees.
Stems cylindrical. Leaves pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, induplicate.
Spadix interfoliaceous, branched. Spathe solitary. Flowers small,
yellow, dicecious.
Species about 12, dispersed through Tropical and Subtropical Asia and Africa.
Fruit fleshy . 4 : : . : ° . 1. P. dactylifera.
Fruit dry.
Endocarp hard. Seed slightly pointed above, 7 by
Aphine : : : 9 4 : . 2. P. abyssinica.
Endocarp thin. Seed rounded above, 5-7 by 2}—
olin ~ ° . ’ . : . 3. P. reclinata,
1. P. dactylifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 1188. Stem tall, straight,
cylindrical, soboliferous at the base, scaly in the younger parts with
the remains of leaf-bases. Leaves 10 ft. or more long, glaucous;
leaflets lanceolate-linear, acuminate, somewhat 4-ranked, the anticous
often distichous, irregularly and remotely aggregate, the central
longest. Female flower globose. Corolla twice as long as the calyx.
Drupe long, elliptic, variously coloured, usually more than 1 in. long;
pericarp thick, fleshy, saccharine.—Gertn. Fruct. i. 23, t. 9, fig. 2;
Forsk. Fl. Atgypt.-Arab. exxvi.; Lam. Encycl. ii. 261, and IIl. t.
893, fig. 1; Hook. Journ. Bot. 1834, 212; Delile, Fl. Egypte, 169,
t. 62; Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig, 1838, 638, and 1839, 38, and Palm.
ili, 257, t. 120, t. X, fig. 1, t. Z, i. fig. A; Kunth, Enum, iii. 255;
Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 233; Becc. Malesia, iii. 355, t. 43, figs.
a Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. B. 12, C. 130; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia: Fort St. Louis, Brunner (ex Martius). Isle
of Goree ; Porto Prana, Brunner (ex Martius).
Wile Land. British Somaliland: Waggar Mountains, Mrs. Lort-Phillips
Lower Guinea. Congo and Benguela (ex Martius).
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: “On the Zambesi there is one
solitary tree outside the stockade of Sena,” Kirk. German East Africa: Kiliman
jaro, up to nearly 6000 ft., Johnstoz, 197! British Central Africa: Nyasaland
on the Upper Shire at Matope, Scott-Elliot, 8494!
Owing to this species having been cultivated throughout Tropical Africa from
remote times, it is difficult to decide where it is truly indigenous.
2. P. abyssinica, Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110, 119. Habit
of P. dactylifera, Linn. Lower leaflets reduced to spines; upper
lanceolate, more or less aggregate, 10 in. by 4 in. Calyx of male
Phenix. | CXLVII, PALME (WRIGHT), 103
flower half as long as the corolla, urceolate. Fruit dry, seated on the
marcescent cup-shaped calyx and corolla; endocarp hard. Seed very
slightly pointed above, 7 lin. long, 4 lin. broad.—P. dactylifera ? Engl.
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153.
Nile Land. Eritrea: Valley of Ainsaba, near Keren, Steudner, 1540!
between Keren and Adowa, Steudner, 1511; Hamasen district, Steudner, 1541.
Abyssinia : Adowa, Schimper, 794! Steudner, 1539.
3. P. reclinata, Jacq. Fragm. i. 27, t. 24. Stem erect, 3-4 ft.
high. Leaves 3-5 ft. long, bright green; petiole flat above, slightly
convex beneath, expanded at the base into a fuscous fibrous sheath ;
leaflets rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, pungent, the central 1 ft. by 1 in.,
the lowest subspinescent and aggregate, the remainder equidistant,
midrib with white floccose indumentum on the lower side. Male
flower lanceolate, acuminate. Female spadix 2 ft. long; branches 6-8
in. long; peduncle over 1 ft. long, complanate, glabrous. Petals
fuscous. Drupe cylindric-elliptic, 7-8 lin. long, 4—5 lin. wide at the
middle, dullred. Seed ovate, 5 lin. long, deeply sulcate; embryo a
little below the middle.— Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 731; Mart. in Miinch. gel.
Anzeig. 1838, 638, and Palm. iii. 272, t. 164; Kunth, Enum. iii. 256 ;
Bece. Malesia, iii. 349; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. B. 13, C. 130; C. H.
Wright in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 29; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv.
App. iii. 33; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 82; Penzig in Atti Congr.
Bot. Genova, 1892, 363. P. spinosa, Schum. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl.
437; Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 638, and 1839, 45; Kunth,
Enum. iii. 256; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 234; Benth. in Hook.
Niger Fl. 526; Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 428;
J. Braun & K. Schum. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 148 ;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 272; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb.
Boiss, ii, App. ii. 51. P. leonensis, Lodd. ex Kunth, Enum. iii. 256.
P. senegalensis, Van Houtte ex Salomon in Gartenflora, 1884, 305.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 760! South Senegambia, Brunner!
Sierra Leone, Oldfield! Gold Coast: Aburi Hills, Johnson, 459! Niger Delta :
banks of the River Nun, Mann, 528!
Nile Land. Eritrea: Aidereso, 4000 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1610! Arrot
Valley, Barario, 4400 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 740! Geleb, 4592 ft., Schweinfurth !
near Keren, 6232 ft., Schweinfurth ! Steudner, 1540! Penzig. British Kast Africa :
Pemba Island, Stuhlmann, 1128 (ex Drude) ; Jur; Genana, near Jur Ghattas,
Schweinfurth, 1358! Uganda; Kampala, Scott-Elliot, 7352! Stuhlmann, 1800 (ex
Drude) ; Mombasa, Wakefield !
Lower Guinea. Estuary of the Congo, as far as the Isle of Mateba, Dupont,
Roger. Congo: Masongolo, Burton! Smith! Angola: Pungo Andongo ; plentiful
on the marshy banks of the Rivers Cuanza, Lombe, &c., and at Sansamanda and
Mopopo, Welwitsch, 6667! Icolo e Bengo ; between Tantambonda and Quicanda,
Welwitsch, 6658! Barra do Dande ; plentiful on the banks of the lake and of the
River Dande, near Bombo, Welwitsch, 6659 | 66598 ! Calumquembo district, Wel-
witsch, 6672!
South Central. Congo Free State: Lunda; at Muschi Brook, Buchner, 689
(ex Drude).
104 . CXLVIL PALM (WRIGHT). [Pheniz.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Ugalla River, Bohm, 424 (ex Drude) ;
Usambara; coast region, Holst, 2847, mountains to 6200 ft., Holst, and Pangani
River, 2600 ft., Volkens, 462 (ex Drude), British Central Africa: Nyasaland ;
Fort Hill and Songue, Whyte! Central regions of the continent and on the coast,
ex Kirk,
Also in South Africa,
5. RAPHTIA, P. Beauv.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ii. 935.
Male flower: Calyx tubular, entire or minutely toothed. Corolla
curved ; petals 3, linear-lanceolate, valvate. Stamens 6-16, inserted at
the base of the petals; filaments subulate or thickened and connate at
the base; anthers erect, linear, inserted near their bases. Rudiment
of ovary none. Female flower larger than the male. Calyx as in
the male. Corolla more or less campanulate, 3-toothed. Staminodes
in a 6- to many-toothed cup adnate to the corolla. Ovary 3-celled,
retrorsely scaly; stigmas sessile, recurved, subulate; ovule inserted
slightly above the base of the cells. Fruit large, oblong or ellipsoid,
rostrate, 1-seeded, covered with retrorsely imbricate scales; pericarp
thick; endocarp spongy; seed laterally fixed, oblong, sulcate; hilum
lateral ; raphe linear with reticulate branches; albumen bony, solid,
ruminate; embryo ventral.—Monocarpic palms, unarmed or with the
sheaths only armed. Stems erect, simple or dichotomously branched,
densely annulate. Leaves in a terminal crown, equally pinnatisect ;
leaflets linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins recurved at the base and
setose or aculeolate, rhachis not produced at the apex. Spadices mone-
cious, large, pendulous, cylindrical, much-branched; branches and
branchlets thick, compressed, the latter pectinately arranged, densely
covered with cup-shaped bracts; common spathe none. Flowers solitary
in each bract, the male at the base of the ultimate branches of the
spadix, the female at the apex.
Species about 12 in Tropical Africa and the Mascarene Islands, and 1 in Tropical
America.
Fruit more or less turbinate.
Fruit-scales rounded at the apex l. R. Ruffia.
Fruit-scales acuminate . 2. R. textilis.
Fruit cylindrical or ellipsoid.
Stamens 6. Scales of fruit in 12 rows . a . 38. R. Monbuttorum.
Stamens 8. Fruit oval-ellipsoid, with 8-10 rows of
scales ‘ : : ‘ - 4, R. Gertnert.
Stamens 10, Fruit cylindric-ellipsoid, with 8-9
rows of scales . . : : : . 5. R. vinifera.
Stamens 15. Fruit long oval, with 12 rows of scales 6. R. longiflora.
Stamens 16. Fruit oval-ellipsoid, with 12-15 rows
of scales . - ‘ : : 7. R. Hookeri.
1. R. Ruffia, Mart. Palm. iii. 217. Stem 6-26 ft. high, 1 ft.
thick. Leaves up to 65 ft. long; petiole up to 13 ft. long, 10 lin. thick.
Calyx of male flowers pedicelled. Fruit obovate or pyriform, somewhat
depressed and mucronate at the apex ; scales in 12-15 rows, very convex;
Raphia.]| ss CXLVII, PALME (WRIGHT). 105
polished, chestnut-brown, adpressedly ciliate—Kunth, Enum. iii. 217 ;
Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. B. 16, C0. 131. Raphia pedunculata, P. Beauv. in
Desv. Journ. Bot. ii. 87, and Fl. Owar. i. 78, t. 44, fig. 2, t. 46, fig. 2.
Sagus farinifera, Gertn. Fruct. ii. 186, t. 120, fig. 3. Sagus Ruffia,
Jacq. Fragm. 7, no. 27, t. 4, fig. 2. Sagus pedunculata, Lam. Encycl.
Suppl. v. 13, and Ill. iii. 357, t. 771, fig. 2.a-g. Metroxylon Ruffia,
Spreng. Syst. ii. 139.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Taveta, near Kilimanjaro, ex Engler.
Mozamb. Dist. Pemba Island and Zanzibar, ex Engler. German East
Africa : on the coast, and Usagara and Usambara regions, ex Engler ; Kilimanjaro
region; Lake Yipe and Kahe, ex Engler.
Also in Madagascar,
2. R. textilis, Welw. Apont. 584. Fruit oval-turbinate, 2} in.
long, nearly 2 in. thick; scales in 11-14 rows, 11 lin. long, 11-12 lin.
wide, rather convex at the base, flatter towards the apex and witha
broad shallow furrow, dark chestnut, acute at the base, darker and
slightly fimbriate at the margin. Seed oval-turbinate, 2} in. long, 16
lin. thick ; albumen slightly ruminate.—Syn. Explic. 39; Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 83. R. Welwitschii, Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv.
439, t. 42, fig. B; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; near rivulets at 1800-2000 ft., and
120 miles from the coast, Welwitsch, 6666! 6671! and fruit 1054! Barro do
Dande ; gregarious on the River Dande, Welwitsch, 6663!
3. R. Monbuttorum, Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111, 180.
Acaulescent or with a stem up to 5 ft. long. Leaflets irregularly
arranged, up to 1} in. wide. Male flower: Calyx shortly campanulate,
—4 as long as the corolla. Corolla-lobes curved, narrowly lanceolate
trom a linear base, long acuminate, 9-10 lin. long. Stamens 6, adnate
to the base of the corolla-lobes ; anthers narrowly linear from a sagittate
base, shorter than the filaments; connective shorter at the back than
the anther-cells. Female flower scarcely half as long as the male,
obtuse and broad. Calyx enclosing, and its teeth overtopping, the short
corolla. Staminodes absent. Young fruit long-pointed from an oval
=. ia unknown; scales in about 12 rows.—Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Okel (Okale), Schweinfurth, 1738!
Lakes Albert Edward and Albert Nyanza, ex Engler.
South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; in the water of the valleys
near Munza, Schweinfurth, 3357 !
Mozamb. Dist. Tanganyika, ex Engler.
4. R. Geertneri, Mann d: Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 437,
t. 42, fig. D. Spadix laxly branched ; branches slender, the lower 5-7
m. long, 4 lin. thick. Male flowers 6 lin. long. Petals elliptical.
Stamens 8; filaments clavate. Female flower: Petals 6 lin. long.
Staminodes about 8. Fruit elongate- or oval-ellipsoid, 2}—3 in. long,
1} in. thick, obliquely mucronate; scales in 8-10 rows, slightly emar-
ginate at the base, 8 lin. long, 8 lin. broad, light chestnut, slightly
106 CXLVII, PALM (WRIGHT). | Raphia.
fimbriate at the margin. Seed elongate-ellipsoid, acute at either side,
2-21 in. by 9-11 lin.; albumen with narrow ruminations.—Drude in
Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. &. vinifera, Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111, not
Beauv. Sagus Palma-pinus, Gertn. Fruct. i. 27, t. 10, fig. 1.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Berria (Beria), Scott-Elliot, 5002! Fernando
Po; from the shore to an altitude of 500 ft., Mann! Gold Coast, Cameron !
5. R. vinifera, P. Beawv. Fl. Owar. i. 77, t. 44, fig. 1, t. 45, t. 46,
fig. 2. Stems of medium height. Leaves 6-7 ft. long; leaflets spiny.
Spadix about 8 ft. long, laxly branched ; lower branches 3-34 ft. long,
upper 1 ft. long; lower branchlets 8-10 in. long. Stamens 10-12. Female
flowers usually in the upper part of the spadix. Staminodes about 20.
Fruit cylindric-ellipsoid, shortly mucronate, 3 in. long, 14—1? in. thick ;
scales in 8—9 rows, very broad, slightly emarginate at the base, rather
convex above the base, with a deep groove within the apex, flattened
at the margin, 9-10 lin. long, 9 lin. wide, greenish, margin slightly
fimbriate and brownish. Seed 2} in. long, 1 in. thick; albumen with
narrow ruminations.—Mart. Palm. iii. 216, and in Miinch. gel. Anzeig.
1838, 639; Hook. Niger Fl. 526; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 234;
Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 437, t. 42, fig. C; J. Braun
& K. Schum. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 148; Kew
Bulletin, 1891, 1; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111; Durand & Schinz,
Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 273; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 82.
Metroxylon viniferum, Spreng. Syst. ii. 139.— Palma conifera ex Guinea,
C. Bauh. Pinax, 510. Palma vinifera Theveti, C. Bauh. Hist. i. 369.
Upper Guinea, Sierra Leone, Afzelius! Winterbottom (ex Martius). Niger
Territory: Oware and Benin; abundant by the sides of rivers, ex P. Beauvois ;
banks of the Old Calabar River, Mann!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Hens, Demeuse, Laurent, and Dupuis (ex
Durand & Schinz), Congo, Smith, and Lockhart (ex Martius), Angola : Huilla ;
Morro de Lopollo, 5200-5800 ft., Welwitsch, 6657 !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; hilly regions south of
Lake Nyasa, Kirk, and without precise locality, Buchanan !
_The Bamboo Palm. In the Yoruba language this palm is variously known as
Igi-oguro, Eriko, and Akpako ; its bass-fibre as Iyo, and the fishing-lines made
from it as Lyo-oguro and Iyo-agbe, P. Beauvois states that the negroes of Oware
and Benin call the wine made from the sap of the trunk Bourdon.
6. R. longiflora, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 438,
t. 39, fig. A. and t. 42, fig. E. A palm 40-50 fi. high. Stems czespitose,
3—4 together, 15 ft. high, 1 ft. thick. Leaves 33 ft. long; petiole 11-12
ft. long, breaking up at the margins into rigid fibres ; leaflets about 160
on either side, coriaceous, 5-54 ft. long, 21-21 in. wide, spiny on the
upper side of the midrib and on the margins near their base, unarmed
towards the apex; secondary nerves solitary near the margins, promi-
nent beneath; tertiary nerves 9-10 on either side of the midrib.
Spadix with thick branches. Male flowers 12-13 lin. long. Stamens 15.
Female flowers 4—5 near the base of the lower branches. Fruit elongate-
oval, 3-3} in. long, 16-17 lin. thick, crowned by a long oblique mucro}
scales in 12 rows, 8 lin. long and wide, very convex, very shallowly
Raphia. | CXLVII. PALME (WRIGHT). 107
furrowed, obtuse (rarely slightly emarginate) at the base, almost entire
at the margins. Seed long ellipsoid, 24 in. long, 11 lin. thick ; albumen
with narrow ruminations.—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: River Volta, Rumsey, 6!
Lower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon: Corisco Island, Mann, 1910!
7. R. Hookeri, Vann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 438,
t. 39, fig. B, t. 42, fig. A. Stem about 30 ft. high, 1 ft. thick. Leaves
about 40 ft. long; petiole 10-12 ft. long, breaking up at the edges into
curved pendulous fibres; leaflets about 200 on each side, rather rigid,
4-5 ft. long, 12-2 in. wide, spiny on the upper side of the midrib
towards the base and apex and on the keel, glaucous beneath. Spadices
in pairs, rarely solitary, from the upper part of the stem, pendulous,
densely and compactly branched, slightly glaucous; primary branches
about 60; branchlets rigid, the lower 10-11 in. long. Male flowers
9 lin. long. Stamens 16. Female flowers 9-12 at the base of the
lower branches. Fruit oval-ellipsoid, 33-4 in. long, 13-2 in. thick,
obliquely long mucronate; scales in 12-15 rows, 9 lin. by 8 lin., very
slightly sulcate, chestnut or cinnamon, obtuse at the base, almost entire.
Seed 24-3 in. by 13-15 lin.; albumen narrowly ruminate.—Drude in
Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111.
Upper Guinea. Old Calabar and Cameroons, in humid places along the coast,
Mann, 1911! also cultivated.
Lower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon: Corisco Island, Mann, 1911!
The Wine Palm. Native name, Ukot.
Imperfectly known species.
8. R. angolensis, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 83. Fruit
larger than in R. longiflora, and longer in proportion to its breadth,
43 in. by 1} in ; scales almost square, light brown, getting darker
towards the blunt base, the largest rather more than 9 lin. each way.
Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, blunt and almost flat at the apex, tapering
very gradually from above the middle to the base; embryo 4 the way
from the apex; rumination similar in character to that of 2. longiflora,
but not so copious.
Lower Guinea. Angola; without precise locality, Welwitsch !
9. R. maxima, Pechwel-Loesche, Loango-Exped. iii. 164 ; Drude in
Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 128; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 83.
Lower Guinea. French Congo: Loango, Pechuel-Loesche.
Drude suggests that this (which has not been described) may be synonymous with
R. Hookeri.
6. CALAMUS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 931.
Male flower: Calyx cupular, trifid. Petals 3, free or connate at
the base, oblong or lanceolate, acute, valvate. Stamens 6, inserted at
the base or throat of the corolla; filaments short, free or connate
at the base; anthers linear, sagittate or oblong, dorsifixed. Rudiment
108 CXLVII, PALME (WRIGHT). [ Calamus.
of ovary minute or absent. Female flower: Calyx cupular, trifid.
- Corolla tubular at the base ; lobes 8, ovate, acute, valvate. Staminodes
6, united into a cup free from or adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovary
ovoid or globose, incompletely 3-celled; style short or long; stigmas
short or long; ovules 3, erect. Fruit globose or ellipsoid, 1- (very
rarely 2-3-) seeded; style terminal; pericarp covered with retrorsely
imbricate scales. Seed various in shape, smooth or sinuously sulcate,
suberect ; chalaza lateral; branches of the raphe extending from the
chalaza to opposite the position of the subbasal or central embryo ;
albumen homogeneous or slightly ruminate—Armed, usually slender
palms. Stems long climbing, rarely erect, remotely ringed. Leaves
remote, equally pinnate ; leaflets equidistant or fascicled, usually setose
on the nerves and margins; rhachis usually prolonged into a long leaf-
less spiny cirrhus; petiole short or long, trigonous ; sheath spiny, some-
times bearing a long spiny flagellum from ome side. Spadices short or
long, with slender (rarely thick) paniculate branches, polygamous or
diccious; spathes many, tubular; bracts densely imbricate; flowers
distichous or subdistichous on the branches, 1 or 2 to each bract;
bracteoles free or connate.
Species about 200, chiefly in Tropical and Subtropical Asia, and a few in Australia.
Leaflets linear-lanceolate.
Fruit ovoid, pointed, brown . . : 1. C. deeratus.
Fruit globose, obtuse, mucronate, reddish 2. C. niger.
Leaflets oblong-lanceolate 3. C. Bartert.
Leaflets obovate-trapezoid 4. C. Cabre.
1. C. deerratus, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 429,
i. 41, fig. F. Stem climbing, 20-25 ft. long. Leaves about 5 ft. long,
ovate, patent ; sheath cylindrical, tight, unarmed below, with transverse
rows of recurved subulate-conical spines above, oblique and furnished
with very acute spines at the mouth; petiole semiterete, 3 in. long;
6 lin, thick, slightly channelled above, margins and back with a few
erect subulate spines 9-12 lin. long; leaflets linear-lanceolate, much
contracted at the base, acuminate, about 35 on each side, alternate,
equidistant, 7-nerved, with black bristles on the margins and under
(rarely upper) side of the nerves, and minute light brown scales on the
undersurface ; central leaflets 14-15 in. long, 12-14 lin. wide, 1-1} in.
apart ; terminal leaflets 6 in. long. Spadix elongate, slender, decurved,
main axis prolonged into a very long terete naked appendage, primary
branches twice or thrice simply branched; peduncle connate at the
base with the sheath of the uppermost leaf; spathes long, cylindrical,
obliquely split at the apex, the lowest about 1 ft. long, ancipitous and
distantly spinulose on the margins, the upper unilateral and sparingly
spiny ; bracts cup-shaped, obliquely acuminate, bracteoles dense, smaller
than the bracts and less acuminate; flower-bearing branches 2 in. long:
Male flowers 3 lin. long, solitary, yellow. Calyx cup-shaped, trifid ;
lobes broadly-ovate. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, tripartite;
lobes oblong-ovate. Stamens 6; filaments subulate, united at the base ;
anthers linear-oblong, sagittate at the base. Rudiment of ovary glo
Calamus. | CXLVII. PALMZ (WRIGHT). 109
bose ; stigmas 3, long. Female flower enclosed in a bracteole together
with a male or neuter flower, yellow. Calyx and corolla as in the
male. Staminodes 6. Ovary oblong; stigmas 3, shortly recurved, tri-
angular. Fruit ovoid, attenuate at the apex, 7-8 lin. long, 4 lin. diam.;
scales in 19-21 rows, rather convex, marked with a shallow median
furrow, shining, margin membranous, erose, brown. Seed 4-5 lin.
long, oblong-ellipsoid, slightly compressed, rugulose; chalaza dorsal,
incrassate ; albumen horny ; embryo basal, erect, close to the hilum.—
Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111; Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Bagru River, Mann, 895! Cameroons :
Cameroon River, Mann, 2147! Gold Coast: Kibbi, in Akim district, Johnson, 242!
Ashanti, Cummins, 128!
2. C. niger, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 203. A palm armed with many long
subulate dark brown spines. Leaves remote; petiole semiterete, 1 in.
thick, beset with many short spines; sheath covered with subulate.
spines ; leaflets many, linear-lanceolate, very acuminate, 15 in. long, 4 in.
wide, 3-nerved, midrib prominent, margins setigerous; rhachis cirrhi-
ferous above, furnished with uncinate spines. Spadices near the apex
of the stem, nodding, paniculately branched; peduncle long. Fruit
globose, nearly 1 in. diam., with a short mucro on the obtuse apex;
scales reddish when ripe.—J. Braun & K. Schum. in Mitth. Deutsch..
Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 147. Demonorops niger, Blume, Rumphia, iii. 5.
Deemonorops melanochetes, Mart. Palm. iii. 203, partly; Kunth, Enum.
iii, 202.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons, Braun.
Also in the Malayan Archipelago.
3. C. Barteri, Becc. ex Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 134. Stem
30-50 ft. long, about the thickness of the finger. Rhachis of leaf not.
produced into a cirrhus ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong ; margins, midrib on
both surfaces and secondary nerves on the under surface only beset with
fine pungent hairs 1 lin. long. Ultimate branches of the spadix disti-
chous, compressed, 9-14 lin. apart, 23-3} in. long, each bearing 30-40:
flowers distichously arranged; bracteoles of the male flowers half as long
as the flowers, with two wing-like keels. Calyx 2-} as long as the
corolla. Corolla narrowed at the base intoa short pedicel. Stamens 6,
nearly as long as the corolla ; anthers versatile, fixed at their centre to
the three-sided subulate filaments. Kudiment of ovary shortly trifid,
scarcely as long as the filaments. Fruit 6 lin. long, 4—5 lin. in. diam.,.
acuminate ; scales in about 20 rows, rhomboid, darker and slightly fim-
briate at the margins.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Musaia, in marshy ground, climbing, Scott-
Elliot, 5121! Kambia, Scott-Elliot, 4738, and without precise locality, Scott-Hiliot,.
4460 (ex Drude). Niger Territory : Lower Niger; Onitsa, Barter, 110!
In Barter’s specimen a cirrhns nearly 2 ft. long, bearing numerous recurved
spines, springs from within one of the leaf-sheaths. ‘Stem much used in the lower
part of the river [Niger],” Barter. ‘Used for making rope. Native name ‘ Tembi,’”
Scott-Elliot.
110 CXLVII, PALMA (WRIGHT). [ Calamus.
4, GC. Cabree, De Wild. d&: Durand in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot.
Belg. xxxviii. 151. A climbing shrub. Leaves long; rhachis gradually
attenuate upwards and prolonged into an unarmed or slightly armed
cirrhus, convex below, slightly rounded above, bearing 1—2 uncinate re-
curved black-tipped spines 2 lin. long between each pair of leaflets ;
leaflets nearly equidistant, rather more remote towards the apex, alter-
nate, 23-54 in. long, 14-34 in. wide, obovate-trapezoid, flat, much
narrowed and reduplicate at the base, chartaceous, longitudinally pli-
cate, midrib and secondary nerves slightly prominent, margins repando-
crenate in the upper part, sparingly spiny, shining on the upper side;
“ abortive leaflets opposite, the lowest 43-7 in. distant from the upper-
most, 9-14 lin. long, 1-24 lin. broad, thick, confluent and thickened at
the base, slightly sigmoid, horny, subulate-triquetrous, two faces concave,
the upper gradually getting nearer and smaller.”
Lower Guinea. Lower French Congo: forests of Mayombe, Cabra.
I have seen no specimen of this species, of which the leaves alone are known.
Imperfectly known species.
5. ©. Heudelotii, Becc. ex Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112, 134.
Petiole short, flat and unarmed above, convex and with recurved spines
up to7 lin. long beneath; sheath tubular, oblique at the mouth, sparingly
armed with short stout spines; rhachis in the upper part of the leaf acute
and unarmed above, convex and armed with black-tipped recurved spines
3 lin. long beneath ; Jeaflets about 6 lin. apart, linear-lanceolate, gradually
acuminate, with pungent upward pointing sete on both surfaces and
margins ; terminal cirrhus copiously armed with small recurved spines.
Ultimate branches of spadix 2 in. long ; bracteoles cupular, irregularly
lacerate at the mouth. Fruit ovate, shortly apiculate; scales in about
15 rows, light brown, with a central furrow.—Calamus sp., Mann &
Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 430, in note.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 372! Gambia, Ingram !
The material is, as stated by Mann and Wendland (l.c.), insufficient to allow a
satisfactory description of this species being drawn up.
7. ONCOCALAMUS, Mann et Wendl.; Benth. et Hook. f.
Gen. Pl. iii. 936.
Spadix lateral, monecious, distichously branched; branches long,
pendulous ; spathes incomplete. Flowers 11~3 in alternate distichous
bracteolate glomerules, the central one female, the rest male. Male
flower: Calyx campanulate, shortly 3-lobed. Corolla 3-partite almost
to the base. Stamens 6; filaments united into a minutely 6-toothed
campanulate cup; anthers cordate, dorsifixed. Rudiment of ovary
oblong ; style cylindrical ; stigmas minute. Female flower: Calyx and
corolla as in the male. Staminodes like the filaments of the male
flower. Ovary 3-celled; style very short; stigmas 3, tongue-shaped ;
ovule fixed slightly above the base of the cell. Fruit unknown.—
Oncocalamus. | CXLVII. PALME (WRIGHT). nee |
Climbing palms with long slender stems. Leaves pinnate or bifurcate ;
rhachis produced into a cirrhus armed with weak spines.
Species 2, endemic.
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets about 16 on each side . - 1. O. Mannis.
Leaves bifurcate, or pinnate in the upper part only . 2. O. acanthocnemis.
1. O. Mannii, Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 252. Stems about 60 ft.
long, 6-12 lin. thick, Leaves remote, 5-6 ft. long, dark green, copper-
coloured when young; sheaths 1-14 ft. long, cylindrical, clothed (as well
as the rhachis) with dark brown caducous or deliquescent scales ; stipules
sheathing, 6-9 lin. long, obliquely truncate; rhachis sparingly and
minutely spiny at the margins, produced at the apex into a cirrhus 3 ft.
long armed with weak deflexed spines 6 lin. long and 14-2 in. apart,
alternate below, opposite above; upper leaflets about 16 on each side,
alternate or sub-opposite, long lanceolate, acute, slightly falcate, shining,
9-10 in. long, 12-15 lin. wide, midrib distinct, secondary nerves 6-7 on
each side, obscure, margins with minute distant spines; lower leaflets
smaller and nearer together. Spadices 4—5 ft. long, dark brown, pen-
dulous, distichously branched, unarmed, naked at the base, clothed above
with tubular adpressed sheaths 2 in. long, truncate and irregularly
splitting at the mouth; branches 10 in. long, pendulous, alternately
distichous, naked and adpressed to the spadix below, clothed above with
infundibuliform imbricate bracteoles splitting down one side. Flowers
fascicled, in the lower part of the branch in groups of 11, at the apex of
3, the central one female and ebracteolate, the lateral male, in equal
numbers on each side of the female, bracteolate-—Calamus (Oncocala-
ong Mannii, Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 436, t. 41, fig. E, t. 43,
g. E.
Upper Guinea. Lagos: Ebuti Metta, Millen, 18! Lagos Island, Barter,
20220!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Gaboon River, Mann, 1044! and on the Sierra del
Crystal, 1500 ft., ex Mann.
2. O. acanthocnemis, Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111,133. Stem
slender, reed-like, 3 lin. thick; sheaths long, cylindrical, sparsely
covered all over with blackish reflexed spines. Leaves very shortly
petioled, simply bifurcate or irregularly pinnately divided between the
upper nerves; lobes broadly lanceolate and acute when the leaf is
simply bifureate, or when more divided the upper lobes narrowly
linear-lanceolate and 9-14 lin. apart, bearing marginal spines 4 lin.
long; primary nerves about 8 on each side, prominent on the upper
surface, scarcely raised on the lower; cirrhus many times longer than
the very short midrib, armed with slender spines, destitute of larger
prickles. Inflorescence and fruit unknown.
Lower Guinea. Gaboon : in intertwining masses (bushropes) in the woods,
Biittner, 527, 529 ; Gaboon River, Mann, 10444! Congo: Bolobo, Hens, C, 170!
8. EREMOSPATHA, Mann et Wendl. ; Benth. et Hook. f.
Gen. PI. iii. 936.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx campanulate, 3-toothed. Corolla
112 CXLVII, PALM (WRIGHT). [ Zremospatha.
urceolate; lobes 3 short, acute, valvate. Stamens 6, perigynous ; fila-
ments short, broad, connate ; anthers cordate, fixed near the base at
the back, Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, lingulate; ovule subbasal.
Fruit baccate, 1- (rarely 2-3-) seeded ; scales thin, fragile; endocarp
membranous. Seed peltate, slightly rugose ; hilum linear ; raphe linear,
its branches radiating from the hilum ; albumen homogeneous ; embryo
ventral.—Climbing palms. Stems long, slender, ringed. Leaves
equally pinnate, subsessile ; leaflets alternate and opposite; rhachis
bearing weak spines, produced at the apex into a long cirrhus bearing
opposite decurved spines (reduced leaflets), Spadices short ; peduncle
and branches compressed, distichous, thick, patent; spathes none ;
bracts minute.
Species 3, endemic.
Leaflets elliptic-obovate . “ c : : . 1. #. Hookert.
Leaflets long lanceolate,
Fruit scales in 18 rows, Leaflets acuminate . . 2. E. euspidata,
Fruit scales in 24 rows, Leaflets acute. : . 3. EH. macrocarpa.
1. E. Hookeri, Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 244. Stem 6 lin. thick.
Leaves 4—5 ft. long; sheath tubular, glabrous, produced at the apex
into an obliquely truncate ochrea 6-9 lin. long; rhachis 6 lin. thick at
the base, prolonged at the apex into a cirrhus unarmed except for the
recurved spines representing reduced leaflets ; leaflets 12-14 on each
side, the basal ones rather closer together than the upper, elliptic-
obovate, 6-7 in. by 2-2} in., flat, thin; central nerve and 5 secondary
nerves rather prominent on both surfaces; upper margin slightly
repand-crenate, lower furnished with a few spines 2 lin. long. Spadix
long peduncled, 14-2 ft. long; rhachis slightly compressed, simply and
distichously branched; branches 14-22, patent; bracts transversely-
oblong, acuminate. Fruit ovoid-cylindric, 10-12 lin. long, 8-9 lin.
in, diam., 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, with 20 rows of rhomboid scales. Seed
peltate, 9 lin. long, 6 lin. wide, 3 lin. thick—Drude in Engl. Jahrb.
xxi, 111. Calamus (Eremospatha) Hookeri, Mann & Wendl. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxiv. 434, t. 41, fig. C.
Upper Guinea. Niger Delta: at the mouth of the River Nun (Niger), Mann,
451! West Tropical Africa; without exact locality, Kalbreyer, 65! Cameroons:
aK, Preuss, 460, and on the banks of the river near Ndian Factory, Dusén (ex
rude }.
South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; by Kambele River, Schwein-
furth, 3671 (ex Drude),
_2. BE. cuspidata, Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 244. Stem 1 in-
thick. Leaves 6-7 ft. long ; sheath tubular, smooth, about 1 foot long,
produced at the apex into an obliquely truncate ochrea 1 in. long;
rhachis 6 lin. thick at the base, produced at the apex into a long
cirrhus bearing sigmoid subulate triquetrous recurved spines, with 1-2
uncinate spines between each pair of leaflets; leaflets 25-27 on each
side, basal rather nearer together than the upper, opposite or alternate,
8-9 in. by 10-12 lin. long, lanceolate, acuminate into a point 1-2 in.
long, chartaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, with more numerous and
Evremospatha. | CXLVIL. PALME (WRIGHT). 113
more slender spiny cilia on the margins than in #. macrocarpa. Midrib
rather prominent, secondary nerves 6 on each side. Spadix 18-20
in. long, on a peduncle 1 foot long; branches 20-30, patent, 2 lin.
thick ; bracts transversely oblong, acuminate. Flowers in pairs, sessile.
Calyx campanulate, 3-toothed, 2 lin. long, rigid, obscurely striate.
Corolla 5 lin. long, much inflated, thick, 3-toothed. Stamens 6; fila-
ments connate for the greater part of their length into a tube and
adnate to the corolla; anthers erect, cordate, inserted at the base on
the dorsal side, introrse. Ovary ovoid-globose, 3-celled ; style short ;
stigmas 3, lingulate, ciliate. Fruit ellipsoid, 1 in. long, about 9 lin.
diam., 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, with 18 rows of rhomboid scales. Seed
slightly compressed, 9 lin. Jong, 5 lin. wide, 3-4 lin. thick, brown ;
chalaza dorsal, much thickened; hilum linear; embryo ventral, about
half-way up the albumen.—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Calamus
(Eremospatha) cuspidatus, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv.
434, t. 41, fig. A.
Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: at the mouth of the River Gaboon, Mann, 1043!
3. E. macrocarpa, Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 244. Stem 30-50
ft. long, scarcely 1 in. thick. Leaves about 9 ft. long; sheath tubular,
about 1 ft. long, produced at the apex into an obliquely truncate ochrea
1 in. long, clothed with brownish evanescent scurf; rhachis 4—5 lin.
thick at the base, bearing uncinate spines, produced into a cirrhus
bearing 7-11 pairs of decurved subulate-triquetrous spines, but other-
wise unarmed ; leaflets about 23 on each side, the upper rather wider
apart than the lower, long lanceolate, acute, slightly dentate, papery,
rigid, glabrous, shining, with brown spiny cilia 1-2 lin. long on the
margins, the upper 14 in. by 12-13 lin., the lower gradually decreasing
in size, midrib rather prominent, secondary nerves 6 on each side.
Spadix 13-2 ft. long, glabrous, simply and alternately distichously
branched ; peduncle 6-8 in. long, nearly 6 lin. thick, concave on the
face, convex on the back; branches 4—5 in. long, 1 lin. thick at the
base ; bracts semi-amplexicaul, ovate, acuminate, 3 lin. long, marcescent.
Flowers as in 2. cuspidata. Fruit 1} in. long, compressed cylindrical,
very shortly attenuate at the base, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, with 24 rows
of rhomboid rather flat scales, 2 lin. wide. Seed compressed, 9-12 lin.
long, 9 lin. wide, 4-5 lin. thick, brown ; chalaza incrassate and forming
amammilla on the dorsal side ; embryo ventral, a little above the hilum.
—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Calamus (Eremospatha) macro-
carpus, Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 435, t. 41, fig. B,
and t. 43, fig. B.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Bagru River, Mann, 1! Niger Territory:
Old Calabar River, Mann, 2330!
9. ANCISTROPHYLLUM, Mann et Wendl.; Benth.
et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 937.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx campanulate, shortly 3-lobed.
Corolla-tube short ; lobes 3, linear-oblong, acute, valvate. Stamens 6 ;
VOL, VIII, I
114 CXLVII, PALME (WRIGHT). [Ancistrophyllum.
filaments adnate to the corolla, lingulate or clavate; anthers elongate,
sagittate, dorsifixed. Ovary 3-celled, attenuate into a long slender
style ; stigmas 3, short ; ovules erect. Fruit baccate, 1-seeded, oblong,
clothed with retrorsely imbricate scales. Seed oblong, compressed,
smooth, erect; hilum basal; raphe linear, reaching almost to the apex
on the dorsal side and then with obscure branches; chalaza dorsal,
slightly incrassate and pressed into the albumen; albumen homogen-
eous, hard; embryo ventral, horizontal, about half-way up the albumen.
—Monocarpic, climbing palms. Stems cespitose, slender, elongate.
Leaves remote, alternate, equally pinnate ; leaflets somewhat aggregate
or alternate; rhachis produced at the apex into a long cirrhus ; sheath
spiny, produced into a long ochrea. Spadix terminal, distichously
branched ; spathes many, incomplete; bracts spathaceous, enclosing 2
flowers ; bracteoles united into a bicuspidate cup.
Species 3, endemic.
Petiole long. Leaflets broad. Seed round.
Leaflets unarmed at the margins . : : aL A. lee.
Leaflets with spiny cilia at the margins . E . 2. A. opacum.
Petiole short. Leaflets narrow. Seed compressed . 3. A. secundiflorum.
1. A. leeve, Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Stem climbing,
slender, 30-40 ft. long, annulate, unarmed. Leaves 4—5 ft. long, 9-12
in. apart, covered with easily removable dark brown tomentum, becom-
ing glaucous; sheath about 1 ft. long, tubular, closely adpressed to the
stem, bearing solitary horizontally patent spines towards its apex, pro-
duced at the apex into an ochrea 1 ft. long, splitting down one side and
clothed with very strong scattered compressed subulate spines; petiole
8-9 in. long, 3 lin. wide, flat above, convex beneath, bearing remote
recurved spines thickened at the base; rhachis gradually attenuate
upwards, convex on the back, spiny on the margins, compressed in the
upper part and produced into a cirrhus 1-1} ft. long, bearing 4-6
alternate much-reduced leaflets ; leaflets in 9-13 opposite or subopposite
clusters, broadly elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base,
slightly falcate, smooth and shining on both surfaces, unarmed, with 2
(rarely 1) primary nerves prominent below, central ones 7—9 in. long,
i: in. wide, the lowest smaller and slightly deflexed. Spadix ovate,
13-2 ft. long; primary branches 6-8, the lowest somewhat recurved
and simply branched ; lowest branchlets 4-5 in. long; spathes tubular,
obliquely splitting, very spiny, produced at the apex into a tail several
in. long ; bracts 1 in. long, tubular, inflated, obliquely truncate, very
long acuminate on one side at the apex; bracteoles very numerous,
2-3 lin. long. Flowers distichous, patent, geminate, each pair sub-
tended by a more or less concave bracteole, shortly pedicelled. Calyx
campanulate, 2 lin. long, trifid; lobes ovate, acuminate, rigid, striate
on the back. Corolla 4 lin. long, yellow; lobes 34 lin. long, 1 lin.
wide, long lanceolate, acute, thickened at the margins, valvate, rather
rigid, concave, striate. Stamens 6, a little shorter than the corolla;
filaments thick, tongue-shaped, acute, 1} lin. long; anthers bifid at
the base, 1 lin. long, yellow, fixed at the centre of the back. Ovary
Ancistrophyllum. | CXLVII. PALME (WRIGHT). 115
globose; style columnar, 2 lin. long, hollow inside; stigmas 3, oblong,
short, 3-celled ; ovules solitary. Fruit-scales in about 18 rows, fimbriate,
straw-coloured, brown at the margins.—Calamus (Laccosperma) levis,
Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 430, t. 38, fig. B.
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: in shady virgin forests in the neighbourhood of the
Gaboon River, Mann, 1045! Munda, Soyaux, 155 (ex Drude).
_ 2. A. opacum, Drude in Engl, Jahrb. xxi. 111. Stem 25-30 ft,
long, soboliterous. Leaves patent, 6-8 ft. long, clothed with easily
removable brownish tomentum; sheath 1 ft. long, tubular, closely
investing the stem, armed towards the apex with scattered ancipitous
subulate spines 6 lin. long, yellow at the base and black at the apex,
produced at the apex into an ochrea 6-12 in. long, bearing spines like
those on the sheath ; rhachis convex on the back, flattened on the upper
side near the base, but acute towards the apex, produced at the apex
into a filiform cirrhus 24-3 ft. long, bearing 4—6 reduced hook-like leaf-
lets, the lower alternate and 4-6 in. apart, the upper opposite, smaller
and nearer together, margins densely covered with recurved spines
throughout ; leaflets in opposite clusters, long- or elliptic-lanceolate, con-
tracted at the base, acuminate, marcescent, opaque, distantly spiny on
the margins, falcate, prominently 1—4- (rarely 5-) nerved, 8-12 in. by
1-4 in. Spadix ovate, 14-23 ft. long; primary branches patent, the
lower 1—1} ft. long; branchlets alternately distichous, turned to one
side, pendulous, 4—8 in. long, slender. Flowers geminate, alternately
distichous, shortly pedicellate, patent. Calyx campanulate, nearly 2 lin.
long, thickened at the base, rather rigid; lobes broadly ovate, acute.
Corolla nearly 4 lin. long ; lobes elliptic-lanceolate, acute, rigid, concave,
striate on the back, valvate. Stamens 6, slightly shorter than the
corolla; filaments thick, tongue-shaped, acute, adnate to the base of the
corolla ; anthers elongate, bifid at the base, dorsifixed. Ovary globose ;
style columnar, 2 lin. long; stigmas 3, oblong, fimbriate ; ovules soli-
tary, inserted a little above the base of the cell. Fruit baccate, 1-seeded,
globose, 6 lin.in diam.; scales in 12 rows, membranous, with an obscure
longitudinal furrow, straw-coloured, darker at the margins. Seed sub-
globose, deeply channelled, 5 lin, in diam., with a deep pit bearing a cen-
tral mammilla on the dorsal side ; raphe linear ; albumen hard ; embryo
ventral, horizontal, about half-way up the albumen.—Cummins in Kew
Bulletin, 1898, 80. Calamus (Laccosperma) opacus, Mann & Wendl. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 431, t. 41, fig. D, and t. 43, fig. D. Laccosperma
opacum, J. Braun and K. Schum. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb, ii.
(1889), 148.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Ashanti; Assin-Yan-Kumassi, Cummins, 229!
Cameroons : Barombi, Preuss, 307 (ex Drude). Fernando Po: in shady woods from
the shore to 1000 ft., Mann, 97!
3. A. secundiflorum, Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 230. A cespi-
tose, widely climbing palm. Stem 50-60 ft. long, 1} in. in diam., un-
armed. Leaves 12-14 ft. long, 1-1} ft. apart, pale green; sheath
1-1} ft. long, cylindrical, with short scattered conic-subulate spines
1-2 lin. long near the apex only, produced at the apex into a long
116 CXLVII. PALM& (WRIGHT). [ Ancistrophyllum.
ochrea ; petiole 4 in. long, 9 lin. in diam., concave above, convex
beneath, spines marginal, remote, subulate from a thickened base, black
at the apex, recurved ; rhachis gradually attenuate upwards, convex and
unarmed on the back, convex on the face in the lower part, acute-angled
in the upper, with very slender subulate straight or slightly curved
spines 3-6 lin. long between the leaflets ; cirrhus 5-6 ft. long, unarmed
or slightly spiny ; reduced leaflets up to 18, recurved, much thickened
at the base, flattened or triangular above, the lowest alternate, 4-8 in.
apart, 2 in. long, 3 lin. wide, the upper opposite and confluent at the
base, getting gradually smaller and closer together; leaflets 45-55 on
each side, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, abruptly contracted at the base, |
with spiny cilia on the margins, rather rigid, straight, with 1-2 nerves
rather prominent and remotely spiny on the upper side, the lowest
approximate, 4~5 in. long, 6 lin, wide, the central 12~13 in. long,
9-18 lin. wide, the upper rather more distant. Spadix broadly ovate,
4-6 ft. long; primary branches 10-15, about 3 ft. long; bracts cylin-
drical, obliquely truncate, unarmed, smooth, adpressed ; flower-bearing
branches 1 ft. long, slender, distichous, pendulous, turned to one side ;
bracteoles narrowly campanulate, 2 lin. long, obliquely truncate.
Flowers geminate, yellowish, shortly pedicellate, horizontally patent.
Calyx nearly 2 lin. long, campanulate, smooth, thickened at the base ;
lobes semi-oblong, rather acute. Corolla 4 lin. long ; lobes linear-oblong,
shortly acute, rather thick, patent, valvate, 1-1} lin. wide, convex,
faintly striate. Stamens 6, shorter than the corolla; filaments
thickened, compressed ; anthers 2 lin. long, linear, bifid at the base,
introrse. Ovary globose, 3-celled; style columnar ; stigmas 3, oblong ;
ovule erect. Fruit baccate, 1-seeded, orange-colour when fresh, brown
when dry, 6 lin. long, 4-5 lin. in diam., oblong, compressed ; scales in
17 rows, membranous, brown, chestnut-brown and scabrid on the margins.
Seed smooth, oblong, compressed, obtuse or slightly bilobed at the base,
very shortly mucronate at the apex, 4-51 lin. long, 3-4 lin. wide, 24 lin.
thick, fixed at the lower end; hilum roundish; raphe linear, passing
into an adpressed mammilla; chalaza in the upper half of the seed ; testa
chestnut-brown, smooth, somewhat shining; albumen homogeneous,
horny, impinged upon on the dorsal side by the testa and the raphe;
embryo ventral, horizontal, about half-way up the albumen.—Hook. f.
in Kew Report, 1882, 69; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Calamus
secundiflorus, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 15, tt. 9-10; Mart. in Miinch. gel.
Anzeig. 1838, 639, and Palm. iii, 341; Tuckey, River Congo, 497;
Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 291. C. (Ancistrophyllum) secundiflorus,
Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soe. xxiv. 432, t. 38, fig. D, t. 41, fig. G,
t. 43, fig. C; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl.Congo, i. 272. C. Schwein-
furthii, Bece. ex Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius! Niger Delta: mouth of the River
Nun, Mann, 453! and along the coast from the equator to Sierra Leone, ex Mann.
Benin, Beauvois (ex Drude). Niger Expedition, without precise locality, Barter;
61! Old Calabar, Milne! Cameroons; Barombi, Preuss, 389 (ex Drude).
#. Nile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam ; at Mansilli Brook, Schwein-
Furth, 2860!
Aneistrophylium. | CXLVII. PALME (WRIGHT). 117
Lower Guinea. Lower French Congo: Mayombe, Laurent. Lower Congo,
Smith. Angola: Golungo Alto ; Trombeta, Welwitsch, 6669 ! 66698 !
South Central. Congo Free State : Lunda, Buchner, 687 (ex Drude).
10. BORASSUS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 939.
Male flowers small, densely packed in pits on the catkin-like branches
of a simply branched interfoliaceous spadix, subtended by scaly bracts.
Sepals 3, narrow, free, imbricate. Petals united below into a long
stipes, glumaceous, obovate-spathulate, patent, imbricate. Stamens 6;
filaments very short, subulate ; anthers large, oblong, basifixed. Ovary
represented by 3 sete. Female flower much larger than the male,
globose. Sepals reniform, imbricate, fleshy. Petals similar to the sepals,
but smaller. Staminodes 6—9 inserted at the base of the petals. Ovary
3-celled, entire or tripartite; stigmas sessile, recurved ; ovule basal,
erect. Fruit large, subglobose, enclosing 3 pyrenes; pericarp thinly
fleshy ; pyrenes obcordate, densely fibrous outside. Seed with its testa
adhering to the endocarp; albumen homogeneous, horny, hollow ;
embryo near the apex of the seed..—Tall, unarmed palm. Stem robust,
annulate, thickened at or above the middle, sometimes branched at the
apex. Leaves in a terminal crown, large, flabellate ; segments in-
duplicate, bifid, margins smooth; ligule short, rigid ; petiole spiny ;
sheath short. Spadices large; spathes at the base of the branches,
incomplete; male branches densely covered with multiseriate densely
imbricate bracts ; female branches thick, rather tortuose, fewer-flowered
than the male. Flowers dicecious. Fruit brown.
Species 1 in Tropical Africa, extensively cultivated in India, and probably wild in
the regions around the mouth of the Indus.
1. B. flabellifer, var. ethiopum, Warburg in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Ajr.
B, 20, C. 130. Stem 60-70 ft. bigh, thicker above the middle, the
younger part clothed with the persistent bases of old leaves. Leaves
flabellate, broader than long, divided to the middle, 5-12 ft. long; seg-
ments lanceolate-ensiform ; petiole straight, slightly sheathing at the
base, concave above, convex below, spiny on the margins ; sheath break-
ing up into filaments. Male inflorescence : Spadix 3-6 ft. long, simply
branched ; peduncle slightly compressed; branches subterete, bearing
at their apex 2-3 sessile cylindrical catkins 12 in. by 2 in.; spathes
solitary at the base of and as long as each branch ; bracts imbricate,
2 lin. long. Calyx tubular; lobes 3, oblong, obtuse, erect. Corvlla-
tube as long as the calyx; lobes 3, oblong, obtuse, concave, patent,
yellowish-green. Stamens 6, patent; filaments subulate. Female in-
florescence: Spadix simple, 4-8 ft. long, nodding; spathes 6-12,
arranged as in the male. Sepals reniform, imbricate, concave. Petals
half as long as the sepals, gibbous, shining. Staminodes 6, rudimentary.
Drupe ovoid, obtuse, obscurely trigonous, smooth, coriaceous, orange-
coloured ; epicarp containing fibres. Seeds 3, ovoid, compressed.—
Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110; Dammer in Engl. Jahrb. xxvill. 855.
B. flabelliformis, Murr. Syst. ed. 13, 827; Schumach. & Thonn. Beskr.
118 CXLVII. PALM (WRIGHT). | Borrassus.
Guin. Pl. 443; R. Br. Vermischte Schriften, i. 269; Kirk in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 232. B. ethiopum, Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838,
639, and 1839, 46, and Palm. iii. 220; Hook. Niger Fl. 526; Speke,
Nile, Append. 651; Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 439;
Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Bot. v. 206; J. Braun in Mitth. Deutsch.
Schutzgeb. ii. (1889), 147.
Upper Guinea. Senezg:l, Ronn. Senegambia, Brunner! Gorea (Goree),
Dollinger. Gambia, Adanson. Gold Coast: River Volta, Isert ; Accra, Hort.
Sander.! Ashanti, Thonning, Afzelius. Benin, ex Martius. Niger Territory :
Nupe, Barter, 792! Isolated on the coast, Mann. Cameroons, ex Braun.
Wile Land. British East Africa : “ Very few about the equator, plentiful in
the Shiluk country ” (bordering the White Nile), ex Speke & Grant, 71.
South Central. Congo Free State: Kasai River, Buchner (ex Drude).
Lower Guinea. {sland of St. Thomas, ex Henriques. Lower Congo, Naum,
Laurent. Congo, ex Brown.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: in the Unyamwezi district, ex Speke
¥ Grant. Makutu Steppe, between Khutu and Uhehe districts, Goetze ; Khutu 5
Kisaki Steppe, amongst hills not far from Msoro (River) and Msengere, Goetze.
Native names, Vjye-Tjo, ex Schumacher & Thonning. Deleb Palm, M’vooma. In
Unyamwezi district the young ones are called “ Meelalla,” and the leaves furnish
thatch, rope, sieves, fences, firewood, and flageolet reeds, the roots are boiled and
eaten in times of famine, and a sweet insipid toddy is extracted, whilst on the Nile
the leaves are made into strong white baskets and mats for markets, according to
Speke & Grant.
1l. HYPHANE, Gertn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 940.
Male flowers: Sepals linear-oblong, imbricate, connate at the base.
Petals broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, imbricate, connate at the base
into a short stalk. Stamens 6; filaments short, subulate ; anthers
linear, inserted at the bifid base. Rudiment of ovary none. Female
flowers larger than the male, very shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, ovate-
orbicular, obtuse, imbricate. Petals a little smaller than the sepals,
broadly ovate, obtuse, imbricate. Staminodes 3, connate into a mem-
branous ring. Ovary subglobose, obscurely 3-lobed, 3-celled ; stigmas 3,
minute, sessile, terminal, at length excentric; ovule attached by a broad
base to the side of the cell. Fruit sessile or stalked, terete or obscurely
lobed, often flat or intruded at the base and apex, 1-celled; stigma
basal; pericarp fibrous, with a shining epidermis; endocarp woody,
fleshy inside. Seed adnate to the endocarp, erect, ovoid or obovoid,
intruded at the base; testa very hard; fuscous; raphe reticulately
branched ; albumen homogeneous, hollow; embryo apical.— Unarmed
except for the spines on the petioles. Stem cylindrical or ventricose,
simple or dichotomously branched. Leaves in a terminal crown,
orbicular or flabellate; segments ensiform; petiole concavo-convex,
plano-convex or more rarely bi-convex; sheath short, open ; ligule oblique
or equilateral. Spathes cylindrical, incomplete; spadices dicecious,
male and female similar; spadix-branches alternate; flower-bearing
Hyphiene.] CXLVII, PALMA (WRIGHT). 119
branches subfastigiate; bracts semicircular, very densely imbricate ;
bracteoles membranous, bearded.
A genus of about 15 species, extending into Arabia and Madagascar. Many of
the species are described from imperfect material and are ill-defined.
Stem cylindrical.
Stem dichotomous.
Fruit turbinate-pyriform, shallowly furrowed 1. H. coriacea.
Fruit long pyriform, obtusely keeled . : . 2. H. Wendlandit.
Fruit obliquely ovoid, obscurely trigonous . 3. H. thebaica.
Stem unbranched.
Petiole eoncavo-convex. Fruit shortly turbinate. 4. H. guineensis.
Petiole deeply channelled above; ligule equi-
lateral. Fruit oblong or obovoid , . 5. H. crinita.
Petiole plano-convex ; ligule oblique. Fruit oblique
at the base - g : . 6. H. Goetzei.
Stem ventricose ‘ : ; : : z . 7. H. ventricosa,
1, H. coriacea, Cerin. Fruct.i. 28, t. 10, fig. 2. Stem 30 ft. high,
dichotomously branched. Fruit turbinate-pyriform, shallowly furrowed,
broadest above the middle, flat at the apex; fibres of the pericarp
shorter than the triangular putamen; cavity of putamen oblong.
Seed ovoid-ellipsoid, attached by its centre-—Mart. in Miinch. gel.
Anzeig. 1838, 639; Kirkin Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 234; Wendl. in Bot.
Zeit. 1881, 93; Engl. Pil. Ost-Afr. B. 25, C. 180; Drude in Engl.
Jahrb. xxi. 110, 122. Corypha africana, Lour. FI). Cochinch, 213;
Wendl. in Kerchove, Palm. 247.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: on the coast, Usambara, Holst, 3172,
3174 (ex Drude); on the Rovuma River, 8-12 miles from the sea coast, Kirk.
“ Eastern Africa, in woods,” ex Loureiro.
Kirk (1.c.) distinguishes two varieties thus :—(1) Stem 30 ft. high, much branched ;
fruit smaller and less flattencd than in the following. (2) Often a bush with a
small stem rarely branched more than once ; fruit deep brown, much flattened at
the apex. The latter, which is said to be abundant at the mouth of the Zambesi,
may be the same as Drude’s variety minor, from Pondoland (Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110, 122).
Also in Madagascar.
2. H. Wendlandii, Dammer in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 353. A tree
65-82 ft. high, usually much branched. Leaves flabellate, 34 ft.
long, 43 ft. broad; petiole concavo-convex in the lower part, plano-
convex above, glabrous, with dark brown curved spines 7-16 lin.
apart on the margins; ligule very oblique, aculeate-dentate; rhachis
prolonged nearly to the middle of the leaf, densely spiny above the
base ; lamina with about 48 lobes, minutely spiny on the nerves above
the base. Male inflorescence racemose ; branches bearing 1—4 spikes
6—8 in. long near the apex; bracts cylindrical, oblique, acute ; bracteoles
widely cochleariform, truncate, bearded at the sides. Calyx mem-
branous, turbinate, 1} lin. long, 3-toothed. Corolla 3-partite; lobes
oblong, obtuse. Stamens 6 ; filaments subulate, the three inner dilated
at the base, 1 lin. long. Rudiment of ovary very minute. Female
inflorescence racemose, 2-2} ft. long; branches bearing 1, rarely 2,
cylindrical spikes at the apex about 8 in. long, 4 lin. in diam. ; bract
120 CXLVII. PALM (WRIGHT). | Zyphene.
cylindrical, oblique, acute; bracteoles widely cochleariform, truncate,
bearded at the sides. Calyx 3-partite, pilose outside the base; lobes |
ovate, fleshy, 2 lin. long. Corolla 3-partite; lobes long, oval, mem-
branous, 14 lin. long. Staminodes none. Ovary conical; stigmas 3,
sessile. Fruit pedicellate, long pyriform, obtusely keeled, 5 lin. long,
oblique at the base. Seed with bony albumen; embryo cylindrical,
near the apex of the seed.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Khutu; in the Kisaki Steppe, by the
Rufiji River, 820 ft., Goetze, 69.
Native name, Mkase.
3. H. thebaica, Wart. Palm. iii. 225, tt. 1381-133. Stem terete,
10-30 ft. high, about 1 ft. in diam., simple or more frequently dichoto-
mously branched. Leaves 20-30 in a terminal crown on each branch ;
petiole sheathing at the base, triangular below, plano-convex upwards,
spiny on the margins, with rusty tomentum ; lamina suborbicular ; lobes
20 or more, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 14 ft. long, lin. wide; primary
nerves thick, concave above, secondary numerous. Male spadix 4 ft.
long, 1-2 in. thick at the base, at first erect, afterwards patent ; spathes
nearly cylindrical; flower-bearing branches 6-10 in. long, 3—2 at the
end of branches 3-4 in. long; bracteoles } lin. long; flowers in pairs,
shortly pedicellate. Calyx 3-lobed, contracted below. Corolla stipitate;
lobes widely ovate, obtuse, concave. Stamens 6, rarely 7; filaments
subulate from a thickened base; anthers linear, slightly sagittate,
nearly basifixed. Rudiment of ovary absent. Female spadix like the
male; bracteoles densely imbricate, with a transverse line of tomentum
half-way up the back ; flowers very shortly pedicellate. Calyx-lobes
orbicular-ovate, light green. Petals smaller than the sepals, orbicular-
ovate, concave. Staminodes 6. Ovary globose or 3-lobed; stigmas
sessile or nearly so. Fruit of 1 (rarely 2-3) obliquely-ovoid carpel, 3 in.
long, 2}in. indiam. Seed ovoid.—Mart. in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838,
639, and 1839, 51; Grant in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 187; Speke, Nile,
Append. 651; Penzigin Atti Congr. Bot. Genova, 1892, 363 ; Schweinf.
Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 193, 291, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 52.
Cucifera thebaica, Del. Fl. Egypte, 1, tt. 1-2.
Upper Guinea. Gambia: on the banks of the River Gambia, Whitfield?
Bornu, ex Drude.
Wile Land. Nubia: near Alt Dongola, Ehrenberg (ex Schweinfurth). Eritrea =
Arkiko and Monkullo, near Massowa, and in the valley of the River Barca, ex Penzig-
Kordofan, Sennar, Abyssinia and Bahr-el-Abiad (White Nile), ex Schweinfurth ;
White Nile, Flower! Speke § Grant. Somaliland : Schebeli, Donaldson Smith, 1!
British East Africa: Lamo (Lamu Island), Kirk, 1!
Also found in extra-tropical Egypt and Arabia. ;
Native names: at Berber “Mohamma,” at Tigre “Ssehhelib.” “At Berber the
leaves are made into course rope, and the trunks into beams and posts ” (Speke 5
Grant). Although this species is frequently mentioned by travellers as the Doum oF
Dum palm, it is very poorly represented in British herbaria.
4. Hi. guineensis, Schwmach. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 445.
Stem tall, cylindrical, the younger part armed with the bases of old
Hyphene. | CXLVII. PALMA (WRIGHT). 121
leaves. Leaves roundish ovate, broader than long, plicate, divided to
the middle into ensiform replicate segments, subpinnately palmate,
2-6 ft. long ; petiole as long as the lamina, slightly concave above, con-
vex below, spiny on the margins, widened and having a fibrous network
on either side at the base. Male inflorescence : Spadix simply branched,
2—5 ft. long; peduncle slightly compressed ; branches alternate, woolly,
acute at the margins, bearing near their apices 2—3 sessile cylindrical cat-
kins 1 ft. long and 1 in. thick, clothed with numerous imbricate adpressed
bracts 1 lin. long and 6 lin. broad. Flowers in 6—8 rows, 2—3 enclosed in
each scale. Calyx trigonous; lobes 3, oblong, obtuse, erect, concealed
by the bracts. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx; lobes 3, exserted,
rotate, oblong, obtuse, concave, subcartilaginous, green. Stamens 6,
inserted in the corolla-tube, patent ; filaments subulate, a little shorter
than the corolla; anthers oblong. Rudiment of ovary none. Female
inflorescence similar to the male. Fruit shortly turbinate, very obtuse,
obscurely trigonous, shining; epicarp chartaceous, thin; mesocarp
fibrous, rather sweet ; endocarp hard, with an apical pore. Seed carti-
laginous, hollow in the centre—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 461, and Etudes FI. Congo, i.
274; Giissfeldt & Pechuel-Loesche, Die Loango-Exped. i. t. 1; Rendle
in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 83.
Lower Guinea. Estuary of the Congo: Isle of Mateba, Dupont. Loango,
ex Drude. Angola: plentiful on dry or sandy hills, especially between Barra do
Bengo and Barro do Dande, Welwitsch, 6662! Ambriz; maritime hills near Quizembo,
Welwitsch, 6668! along long tracts of coast from Dande and Lifune as far as the
mouth of the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6670! Lo»nda; on the coast between
Ambriz and Loanda, Welwitsch, fruit 1052! Guinea, without exact locality, Thonning.
Native name, Songu-Tjo, ex Schumacher & Thonning.
5. Hf. crinita, Gorin. Fruct. ii. 13, ¢. 82, fig. 4. Stem 20-30 ft.
high, more or less flexuose or erect, undivided. Leaves large, with
fibres between the lobes, covered on both surfaces with very fugacious
white tomentum, scabrous on the margins and upper sides of the nerves ;
ligule large and nearly equilateral; petiole sheathing at the base, spiny
on the margin, deeply channelled above. Fruit oblong or obovate,
depressed, smooth ; pericarp containing numerous fibres shorter than
the thick subglobose putamen. Seed attached below its centre.— Mart.
Palm. iii. 227; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soe. ix. 235 ; Wendl. in Bot. Zeit.
1881, 92; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 130 ; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110,
122; C. H. Wright in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 30. H. natalensis, G. Kunze
in Linnea, xx. 15; Gard. Chron. 1890, viii. 381. H. petersiana,
Klotzsch ex Mart. Palm. iii. 227.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; by the River Pangani in
Mauia district, Stuhlmann, 24 (ex Drude), Portuguese East Africa and British
Central Africa : “200 miles up the Zambesi it is common, also at the south end of
Nyasa, and on the River Shire,” ex Kirk. Mozambique and Sofala, ex Drude.
Also in Natal and Madagascar.
6. H. Goetzei, Dammer in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 354. A tree
50-65 ft. high. Stem simple. Leaves about 3 ft. by 4} ft. ; petiole
122 CXLVII. PALME (WRIGHT). [ Hyphene.
plano-convex, slightly concave on the upper side near the base, with
dark brown, usually sharply curved, spines on the margins, the lower
spines as well as the petiole margins densely covered with fuscous floccose
tomentum ; ligule oblique, irregularly spiny toothed, acuminate ; rhachis
about 30 in. long, produced beyond the centre of the leaf, slightly
toothed above the base; lamina cut 3 its length into about 75 lobes,
slightly floccose on the nerves near the base, with long filaments between
the lobes. Male inflorescence racemose; branches bearing near their
apices 2-3 cylindrical spikes 34—5 in. long, 5 lin. thick ; bracts cylin-
drical, oblique, long acuminate, with floccose tomentum on the back
near the apex ; bracteoles widely cochleariform, truncate, pilose on the
back. Calyx turbinate, membranous, | lin. or rather more long, 3-lobed.
Corolla 3-partite ; lobes ovate or obovate, acute, | lin. long, } lin. broad.
Stamens 6; filaments subulate, } lin. long; anthers sagittate, dorsifixed
below the centre, 1 lin. long. Female inflorescence racemose, about
27 in. long; branches 4-5, each bearing a single cylindrical spike;
bracts cylindrical, oblique, acuminate or acute; bracteoles widely coch-
leariform, truncate. Flowers unknown. Fruit on a subcylindrical
pedicel about 3 lin. long, oblique at the base, flattened and slightly
impressed above, 2# in. long, 1-2 in. in diam.; endocarp woody; pericarp
at the side 2 lin. thick, at the apex and base 4 lin. thick ; foramen about
5 lin. in diam. Seed 16 lin. long, 11 lin. in diam. ; albumen ovate, bony,
enclosing an ovate cavity ; embryo turbinate, near the apex of the seed.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between Khutu and Uhehe, on the
eastern slope of the Vidunda Mountains, by the Ruaha River, on waste ground in
moist grey soil, 1640 ft., Goetze, 413.
7. H. ventricosa, Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 235, ‘ Known
from other species by its loftier stem, swollen in the middle; ligule
unilateral; fruit spherical, surrounded by a considerable quantity of
farinaceous matter, and larger than that of H. coriacea or H. crinita.
—Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 93; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 130; Drude in
Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. App. iii. 34;
Gard. Chron. 1884, xxi. 649, fig. 126; Dinter in Gard. Chron. 1900,
xxviii, 372, and in Gartenfl. 1901, 176.
Lower Guinea. Congo, ex Johnston. German South-west Africa : Damara-
land, Dinter !
Mozamb. Dist. Rhodesia: Victoria Falls, on the Zambesi River, and believed
to extend southwards to Lake Ngami, ex Kirk,
** Called Mokolwana by the Makololo,” Kirk.
Dinter states (l.c.) that this species occurs abundantly south of Grootfontein, out-
side the tropic.
Imperfectly known species. :
8. H. aurantiaca, Dammer in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 355. Fruit
ovate, slightly impressed above, not oblique at the base, faintly keeled
on one side, about 22 in. long, 2 in. in diam.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: extending from Langenburg to Lake
Rukwa, Goetze.
This is said to differ from H. Goetzei, Dammer, in the shape of the fruit, which
has a bloom on the ripe endocarp, and the shape of the seed,
Hypheene. | CXLVII, PALM (WRIGHT). 123
9. Hl. benguellensis, Welw. Syn. Explic. 40. A very elegant
palm. Stem 20-25 ft. high, about 6 in. thick, straight, “cylindrical,
moderately ventricose above the middle,” always simple. Berries exactly
spherical, shining dull brown.— Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 92; Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 460; Drude in Engl. Jahrb, xxi. 110, 123;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 84.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes ; plentiful in rather damp sandy places
near the banks of the River Caroca, near Porto-Pinda and Cabo Negro, forming very
elegant woods round the native village Caroca, Welwitsch, 6656! Welwitsch, fruit,
1053 !
10. H. compressa, Wendl.in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 93. Fruit laterally
compressed, about 3 in. Jong, 24-27 in. in diam. Seeds laterally com-
pressed, lenticular, 14 in. long, 1-1} in. in diam.—-Drude in Engl.
Jahrb, xxi. 110.
“Central Africa :” without exact locality or collector’s name.
11. H. macrosperma, Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 92. Fruit ovate,
yather obtuse, very smooth at the top, slightly swollen on the ventral
side, 2} in. long, 24 in. in diam., resembling that of H. thebaica, but
rounder, more obtuse, and of a duller colour. Seed roundish ovoid,
1? in. long, 14-1? in. in diam.—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110.
“Central Africa: ” without exact locality (probably from the Niger Region),
Baikie (ex Wendland).
I find no specimen corresponding to this at Kew.
12. H. turbinata, Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 92. Fruit orbicular
from an obtuse base, very smooth at the top, much constricted half-way
up, much swollen on the ventral side, faintly keeled on the dorsal, dull
brown, 2} in. long, 2-2} in. in diam. Seed truncate, inverted conic,
rounded and swollen on the ventral side, 1} in. long, 1-14 im. in
~diam.
“ Central Africa: ” without exact locality, Livingstone (ex Wendland).
I find no specimen corresponding to this at Kew.
12. MEDEMIA, P. G. von Wiirttemberg ; Benth. et Hook.
f. Gen. Pl. iii, 882.
Fruit ellipsoid, separating from the perianth, 1-seeded, with 2 small
-smooth (sometimes confluent) areoles at the base ; scar of stigmas oppo-
site the areoles ; pericarp thick, corky, light coloured, shiny, rugulose
when dry ; endocarp smooth, white. Seed oblong, attached to the side
-of the endocarp by a wide base; testa thick, slightly coriaceous and
whitish outside, brown within; albumen horny, slightly ruminate,
hollow in the centre ; embryo basal.—Stem simple. Leaves flabellate,
with a few filaments between the segments; petiole unarmed ; ligule
none. Male catkins slender, with reddish tomentose scales. Mature
-carpels 1-3.
A genus of 2 imperfectly known species, confined to T ropical Africa.
124 CXLVII. PALMA (WRIGHT). | Medemia.
Seed much longer than broad . 4 . : . 1. M. Argun.
Seeds nearly as broad as long . : < ‘ . 2. M. abiadensis.
1. M. Argun, P. G. von Wiirttemberg ex Mart. Palm. iti. 227..
Fruit ellipsoid, dull brown, 22 lin. long, 17 lin. in diam., bitter, not
edible. Seed ellipsoid, 17 lin. long, 12-14 lin. in diam.—Wendl. in
Bot. Zeit. 1881, 93; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Hyphene Argun,
Mart. Palm. iii. 227; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 291.
Wile Land. Nubia and Kordofan, between 20° and 21° N., Kotschy, and
Prince Paul Wilhelm of Wiirttemberg (ex Martius), Schweinfurth! Wady Delah,
near Murat in the Great Nubian Desert, between Korosko and Aboo Hammed,.
Tossiau !
Steps have beeu taken by the Government to preserve the grove at Wady Delab,.
which was in danger of extermination by the inhabitants, who use the leaves for
making matting.
2. M. abiadensis, Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 93. Fruit ellipsoid,
bright brown, 18-19 lin. long, 14-15 lin. in diam. Seeds 12-13 lin..
long, 10-11 lin. in diam.—Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111.
Wile Land. On the White Nile, Armand.
13. BLAIS, Jacq. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 944.
Male flowers : Sepals linear or lanceolate, concave, imbricate. Petals.
smaller and thinner than the sepals, valvate. Stamens 6; filaments
connate into a thick fleshy cylindrical tube below, free and reflexo-
patent at theapex ; anthers linear-oblong, bilobed at the base, exserted,.
basifixed. Rudiment of ovary minute. Female flowers much larger
than the male, ovoid. Sepals ovate, imbricate at the base. Petals a
little longer than the sepals, erect, convolute-imbricate, entire or split
at the apex. Disk annular. Ovary ovoid or subcylindrical, 3-celled,
or by abortion 1-2-celled ; style thick, pyramidal ; stigmas large, linear,
revolute ; ovule filling up the cell, micropyle subapical. Fruit ovoid or
obovoid, 1—3-seeded, intruded at the base, umbilicate at the apex; stigmas:
terminal ; pericarp spongy and oily, fibrous inside; endocarp thick, long,
with 3 pores above the middle. Seed adnate just below the centre ©
the cell; testa thin; raphe reticulately branched ; albumen cartilagi-
nous, homogeneous, hollow; embryo opposite a pore of the endocarp.—
Slender or tall, unarmed palms. Stem unbranched, erect or decumbent,.
annulate, clothed with old petiole-bases. Leaves many in a terminal
crown, large, pinnate ; petiole short, thick, spiny on the margins or un-
armed, with a short open sheathing base ; leaflets ensiform, acuminate,
recurved at the base. Spadices interfoliaceous, short, thick ; peduncle
loosely clothed with acute bracts ; branches dense, male terminating 1D 4
spine, female more robust ; spathes 2, complete, at length breaking up
into fibres ; male bracts very densely imbricate, connate into cupules ;.
male bracteoles scale-like ; female bracts large, lanceolate, spinescent,.
overtopping the flowers ; female bracteoles like the sepals.
Species 1 in Tropical Africa, 2-3 in Eastern Tropical South America.
Eleis.| CXLIII. PALME (WRIGHT). 125
1. E. guineensis, Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 280, t. 172, ed. pict. 136, £.257.
Stem robust, 20-30 ft. high, 1 ft. or more in diam., annulate, and
bearing the remains of old leaves. Leaves 12 or more in a terminal
crown, 10-15 ft. long, erecto-patent ; petiole 4 ft. long, widened at the
base, plano-convex, more or less brownish lepidote, spiny on the mar-
gins; leaflets 50 or more, 14 ft. or more long, 14-2 in. wide, midrib
distinct, secondary nerves about 6 on each side. Spadices 8 to many,
male 4—6 in. long, with many branches bearing densely imbricate
flowers, female peduncled with the branches congested into a globose
capitulum. Male flowers : Sepals linear. Petals linear-oblong. Anthers
linear, subsagittate. Rudiment of ovary minute, white. Female flowers:
Sepals ovate. Petals glabrous, reddish-brown. Ovary ovoid, sometimes
angular ; style pyramidal, triquetrous; stigmas large, ovate-lanceolate,
reflexo-patent.—Mart. Palm. ii. 62, tt. 54, 56, and in Miinch. gel. Anzeig.
1838, 639, 1839, 46; R. Br. Vermischte Schrift. i. 269; Schum. & Thonn.
Beskr. Guin, Pl. 439; Tuckey, River Congo, 455; Hook. Niger FI.
13, 526; Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 424, 439; Kirk in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 231 ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 291 ; Giissfeldt
& Pechuel-Loesche, Die Loango-Exped. i. 56, with fig., 208, 224, with
fig.; J. Braun in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889), 148 ; Engl. Pa.
Ost-Afr. B. 8, C. 131; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112; Henriques in
Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 206, 218; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 462,
and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 274. EH. guineensis, var. macrosperma, Welw.
Apont. 584; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 84.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia: Cape Verde, Brunner! Liberia : Cape Palmas,
Vogel, 65! Lower Niger: foot of Mount Patteh, Vogel. Old Calabar, Milne!
Fernando Po, Mann !
Nile Land. British East Africa: Bahr-el-Abiad (White Nile), Schweinfurth.
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller! French Congo: a short
distance south of Cape Lopez, Johnston. Congo, Tuckey. Lower Congo: from
Moussouk to Kinchassa, Dupont ; and without precise locality, Smith, Dupuis,
Laurent. Angola: Icolo e Bengo; Quifandongo, Welwitsch, fruit, 1057! Bengo
shore, Welwitsch, fruit, 1060! Barro do Bengo ; plentiful in damp woods on the
banks of the River Bengo at San Antonio, Welwitsch, 6660! Golungo Alto ; banks
of the River Delamboa, Welwitsch, 6664! and 1061 (wool from leaf) !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk! Pemba Island, ex Engler ; Tanganyika,
ex Engler. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; west shore of Lake Nyasa, near
Sani Hill, Kirk! Fort Hill and Songue, Whyte !
South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; near Munza (cultivated)
Schweinfurth, 3349 !
Var. microsperma, Welw. Apont. 584, Fruit 14 in. or less long.—Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 84. :
Lower Guinea. Angola: banks of the River Bengo, Welwitsch, fruit, 1058!
Golungo Alto ; everywhere plentiful in woods at Bango, Welwitsch, fruit, 1059!
Native name, Disombo.
This is the Oil Palm, and bears the following native names:—In Guinea,
Tehn-Tio (Schumacher & Thonning); on the Congo, Maba=the fruit, Hmba=a
single nut, Cachio=a cluster of fruit (Tuckey); in Angola, Dthého, and the
tomentum of the petiole= Uruco or Urueu ; in the Island of St. Thomas, Denden or
Palmeira Andim,.
126 CXLYII. PALMA. (WRIGHT). | Cocos.
14. COCOS, Linn. ; Benth. et. Hook f. Gen. Pl. iii. 940.
Male flowers asymmetrical. Sepals small, acute, erect, valvate.
Petals obliquely oblong, acute, valvate. Stamens 6, included ; fila-
ments subulate ; anthers linear, acute or obtuse, fixed at the bifid base,
erect. Rudiment of ovary minute or absent. Female flowers much
larger than the male, ovoid, perianth increasing after flowering.
Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, thickly coriaceous, erect, imbricate.
Petals enclosed by the sepals, dilated and convolute-imbricate at the
base, more or less elongated and valvate at the apex. Disk annular or
obscure. Ovary ovoid or depressed globose, 3—celled, 2 often obsolete,
attenuate into a short style; stigmas subulate, erect, at length re-
curved ; ovule subbasal, ascending. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, terete or
obscurely trigonous, rostrate, rounded or intruded at the apex, 1-seeded ;
style terminal ; pericarp thick, fibrous; endocarp woody, fibrous, with
3 pores towards the base or at the middle. Seed the same shape
as the cell; testa fuscous ; raphe with reticulate branches ; albumen
homogeneous, hollow or solid, with radially disposed fibres ; embryo
opposite a pore of the endocarp.—Slender or tall palms. Stem un-
armed, often clothed with the bases of old leaves. Leaves in a
terminal crown, pinnate ; leaflets equidistant or fascicled, 1- to many-
nerved, entire or toothed at the apex. Spadices interfoliaceous, erect,
at length cernuous; branches erect or cernuous ; lower spathe split at
the apex; upper fusiform or clavate, woody, sulcate on the back ;
bracts various. Flowers white or yellow, the lower female with a male
on either side, the upper male.
Species about 40, one throughout the tropics, the others in Tropical and Sub-
tropical South America.
1. GC, nucifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1188. Stem 40-80 ft. high, 1} ft.
or more in diam., terete, annulate. Leaves 12-16 ft. long, slightly
arcuate, central ones erect; petiole slightly sheathing, gibbous on the
back at the base, concavo-convex; rhachis sulcate at the sides, at first
with brownish tomentum, at length glabrous ; leaflets almost equi-
distant, narrowly lanceolate, acute; midrib thick, yellowish. Spathes.
fusiform, acute, deeply sulcate, with caducous brownish tomentum;
peduncle of spadix 1 ft. long, 1 in. in diam., slightly compressed ; branches
many, 13-2 ft. long, subtriquetrous; bracts widely triangular, mucro-
nate ; bracteoles minute, triangular. Male flowers: Calyx 1 lin. or
less long ; lobes ovate, acute, whitish. Petals narrowly lanceolate,
subacute, 13-2 lin. wide at the centre, longitudinally striate. Stamens
slightly shorter than the petals; filaments very short, subulate >
anthers linear, obtuse, white. Rudiment of ovary minute, trigonous-
Female flower: Sepals suborbicular, acuminate, concave. Petals en-
closed in the calyx, orbicular, acuminate. Ovary depressed globose,
3-celled ; stigmas subulate, connate at the base. Fruit large, 10 oF
more maturing on the same spadix, ovoid or subglobose trigonous ;
epicarp thin, glabrous, fuscous, at length pale yellow; mesocarp very
Cocos. | CXLVII, PALMA (WRIGHT). 127
thick, spongy, and with longitudinal fibres; endocarp bony, 3-4
lin. thick, adnate to the fibres of the mesocarp, dark brown, with 3.
ridges connate at the apex; pores 3, basal. Seed ovoid, hollow, when.
young filled with a milky fluid; albumen rather hard, white; embryo
oblong, slightly attenuate below the middle.—Mart. Palm. ii. 123,
tt. 62, 75, and 88, figs. 3-6, and in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 639,.
1839, 45; Kunth, Enum. iii. 285; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soe. ix. 231;
Grant in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 187; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot.
v. 206, 218; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. B. 3, C. 131; Beccari in Malpighia,
i, 441; J. Braun in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889), 147 ;.
Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 52; Hook f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
vi. 482; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112; Durand & Schinz, Etudes.
Fl. Congo, i. 274; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 84.
Upper Guinea. Senegal: St. Louis, Brunner! Gambia and Cape Verde,
Brunner !
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, ex Henriques. Lower Congo. at
Boma, Dupuis ; and at other points, Laurent, Angola: Loando; Ilha de Loando,.
Welwitsch, 6661 !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar: very abundant, ex Speke & Grant. German
Kast Africa: a few on the coast, ex Speke & Grant. Portuguese East Africa: a
few trees above Tete on the left bank of the Zambesi, ex Kirk.
Also in Tropical Asia and Polynesia.
The cocoa-nut. Native name in the Island of St. Thomas, Coqueiro.
Orper CXLVIIL. PANDANEA, (By C. H. Wright.)
Flowers unisexual. Perianth none or (in Sararanga) rudimentary.
Male flowers: Stamens usually many, hypogynous or spicate or um-
bellate on the axis; filaments filiform, short or long; anthers 2-celled,
dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers: Ovary 1- to many-celled ;
stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, erect or more or less adpressed
to the top of the ovary, usually sessile; ovules solitary and laterally
fixed, or numerous on parietal placentas. Fruit drupaceous or baccate,
1- to many-celled; mesocarp fibrous or succulent ; endocarp often long.
Seeds with thin testa in the drupes, crustaceous in the berries ; embryo.
basal.—Shrubs or trees. Stem simple or branched, often supported on
thick adventitious roots. Leaves narrow, often imbricate in spirals,
sheathing at the base. Inflorescence spicate, capitate, or paniculate,
unisexual, rarely polygamo-diecious; flowers usually sessile and
crowded ; bracts spathe-like.
Genera 3; species about 220, widely spread through the Mascarene Islands,
Tropical Asia, Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia, and extending outside the tropics in
India and Australia.
1. PANDANUS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen, Pl. iii. 949.
Flowers unisexual. Perianth none. Stamens many, spicate on the
axis of the inflorescence, or umbellate, fascicled or racemose on the floral
axis; anthers linear or oblong, basifixed, erect, sometimes apiculate
128 CXLVIII, PANDANEE (WRIGHT). [| Pandanus.
pollen often tubercled. Female flowers densely crowded. Staminodes
generally absent. Carpels 1-celled, solitary or united into phalanges,
flat, convex or pyramidal, obtuse, umbonate or rostrate, usually angular;
stigmas reniform or horse-shoe-shaped, rarely forked ; ovule solitary,
broadly laterally affixed. Drupes densely congested, but scarcely con-
nate, into globose, elliptic or ovoid groups (syncarps); pericarp thin, the
upper part sometimes deciduous ; mesocarp fibrous and sometimes also
fleshy ; endocarp bony, 1- to many-celled. Seed ovoid or fusiform ;
albumen oily ; embryo basal, very small.—Trees or shrubs. Stem erect,
rarely prostrate, annulate, much forked, rarely simple, bearing thick
aérial roots. Leaves linear, acute, usually spiny on the margins and
underside of the midrib, sessile, sheathing at the base. Male spadices
spicate, female terminal, spicate, racemose or solitary, sometimes pendu-
lous; spathes white or coloured.
Seine about 150, throughout the tropics of the Old World, and extending into
Northern India, Queensland and New South Wales.
Many of the species have been described from imperfect material, and are
accordingly difficult to classify.
*“Drupes many-celled.
Stigma oblique or erect.
Cells of the drupe pyramidal or conic at the apex,
separated by deep furrows,
Stigma 2-4 lin, wide; endocarp scarcely 5 lin.
long cS pL. Pe Heodee.
Stigma | lin. wide ; ; endocarp 14 lin, long . 2. P. Kirkit.
Cells of the drupe almost flat at the scarcely
separated by furrows . 3. P. platycarpus.
Stigma flat or scarcely ascending.
Drupes 6—15-celled.
Cells of drupe separated by furrows at the
apex. ; 4.
Cells of drupe not separated by furrows at the
apex < : : 5 Ge
Drupes 2—5-celled.
Syncarps ovate; drupes 14 in. long
Syncarps oblong ; drupes 3 3-1 in. long
Drupes solitary, 13-14 in. ‘long ‘ :
**Drupes 1- (rarely 2-3-) celled.
Syncarps solitary.
Drupe shortly rostrate . : 7 1k
Drupe obtusely umbonate.
Drupe shortly pyramidal at the apex. . 10. P. Welwitschii.
ee,
P.
. thomensis.
. Hahnii.
. Stuhlmanni.
P.
P.
P. Goetzei.
P
P. rabaiensis.
- oF oF
. heudelotianus.
Drupe nearly flat at the apex : . . 11. P. livingstonianus.
Drupe neither rostrate nor umbonate : . 12. P. Petersit.
Syncarps spicate.
Apex of drupe minutely spiny.
Syncarps subtended by leaves ; apex of pa
conic . . 13. P. kamerunensis.
Synearps not subtended by leaves ; apex of
drupes long pyramidal . 4 . 14, P. Candelabrum.
Apex of drupe not spiny.
Free part of drupe short. ‘ . 15. P. barterianus.
Free part of drupe 5 lin. long. : . 16. P. Teuszis.
Pandanus.| CXLVIII. PANDANEE (WRIGHT). 129
1. P. Heddei, Warb. in Engl. PAanzenr. Pandan. 46. Drupe 19
lin. long, 14 lin. in diam., deeply sulcate at the apex; stigmas irregu-
larly lobed, 2-2} lin. in diam.; endocarp bony, about 4 lin. long;
upper part of mesocarp consisting of white spongy pith.
Mozamh. Dist. German East Africa: on the sea-coast at Dar-es-Salaam,
Hedde, 31.
2. P. Kirkii, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 326. Syncarps similar
to those of P. Candelabrum, Beauv. Drupes 7—9-celled, 24-24 in. long,
1}-1% in. wide at their greatest diameter, obovate-cuneiform, upper
portion convex and polished, bearing 7-9 slightly elevated subangular
divisions, terminating in a short blunt umbo, lower portion narrow and
fibrous ; endocarp solid, mahogany-coloured ; mesocarp densely fibrous
above.—Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 46.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Mainland, opposite Zanzibar, Kirk !
Native name, Rope. A male inflorescence labelled “ Zanzibar, Dr. Kirk,” may
belong to this species. It can be described thus :—Bracts ovate, acuminate, very
finely denticulate. Stamens spicate on a thick pedicel; connective produced above
into an arista.
3. P. platycarpus, Warb. in Engl. Pfhanzenr. Pandan. 50. Drupes
8-9-celled, obpyramidal, 24 in. long, 14-2 in. in diam., about 6-angled,
almost flat, and marked with corky channels at the apex, furrows
dividing the cells obscure ; stigmas subascending, rarely sessile, reni-
form, 1 lin. in diam., more or less deeply bilobed.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Krause.
4. P. thomensis, Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 206,¢. BE. A
branched tree 26-50 ft. high. Leaves somewhat sheathing at the base,
54 ft. long, 34 in. wide at the middle, acute, the whole of the margin
and the back of the midrib (except in its lowest quarter) thickly armed
with rather slender decurved cartilaginous spines. Male inflorescence
a terminal leafy spicate panicle; spathes gradually increasing in size
upwards, keeled, very sparingly spiny on the midrib, rather shorter
than the spadix-branches ; rhachis fleshy, compressed. Stamens irregu-
larly umbellate; filaments rather thick, conical, more or less connate;
anthers 14 lin. long, shortly apiculate. Female inflorescence solitary,
terminal, at first erect; spathes somewhat sheathing, gradually
becoming smaller upwards, keeled, armed on the whole margin and
from the centre of the midrib with slender more or less recurved teeth ;
Spadix ovate, 2 in. long, 14 in. thick; rhachis fleshy. Syncarps ovate,
84 in. long, nearly 6 in. in diam., pendulous on a long peduncle.
Drupes obconic, rather convex above, 10-14-celled, sulcate and tuber-
culate above, 3 in. long, 14-2} in. in diam.; stigmas sessile, rather
thick, irregularly radiating; endocarp placed at the centre of the
drupe; mesocarp spongy and fibrous above.—Rendle in Journ. Bot.
1894, 325; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 56.
Lower Guinea. [Island of St. Thomas: lower region up to 1600 ft., Moller,
Rolas Island, Quintas.
Native name, Péo esteira. Fruit produced in December.
VOL, VIII. K
130 CXLVIII. PANDANEE (WRIGHT). [ Pandanus.
5. P. Hahnii, Ward. in Engl. Pfanzenr. Pandan. 56. Drupe
6-12-celled, 2 in. long, 19-24 lin. in diam., slightly compressed, flat
and scarcely sulcate at the apex, shortly pyramidal below the apex,
scarcely narrowed to the broadly truncate base, 4—7 lin. broad at the
flat apex ; stigmas sessile, flat, reniform, 1 lin. long; endocarp thick,
bony, in the centre of the drupe; mesocarp spongy and containing
fibres.
“East African Islands ; cultivated in Martinique, Hahn.”
The indefinite locality renders it doubtful whether this is a member of the
Tropical African flora.
6. P. Goetzei, Warb. in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 350. A tree, 33-
50 ft. high, much branched. Leaves 4 ft. long, 2? in. wide at the base,
gradually acuminate, armed on the margins and midrib with scattered
robust spines. Syncarps many, spirally arranged on the peduncle,
almost sessile, ovate, 4-47 in. long, 3}-4 in. in diam. Drupes 70-90 in
each syncarp, 2—5-celled, 18 lin. long, 9-12 lin. in diam., scarcely com-
pressed, convex at the apex, slightly ribbed, narrowly pyramidal at the
base ; areole at the apex flat, angular, 2-3 lin. in diam. ; stigmas sessile,
reniform, 1 lin. or less in diam. ; endocarp bony, large, in the centre of
the drupe; mesocarp woody above, scarcely spongy.—Engl. Pflanzenr.
Pandan. 57.
Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa: Uhehe; Lofio River (Lasio River, by
error, in the place of original publication), Goetze, 437.
7. P. Stuhlmannii, Ward. in Engl. Phanzenr. Pandan. 57, fig. 16,
L-M. A tree about 50 ft. high. Stem branched at the apex. Aérial
roots adpressed to the stem. Leaves nearly 10 ft. long, 2? in. wide,
long and very slenderly acuminate, armed on the margins and midrib
with long thick spines. Syncarps many, spirally arranged on the
peduncle, almost sessile, oblong, 44-5 in. long, 2-23 in. in diam.
Drupes 80-100 in each syncarp, 2-5-celled, 1 in. long, 6—9 lin, in
diam., scarcely compressed, convex and ribbed at the apex, narrowed
to the widely pyramidal truncate base; apical areole somewhat de-
pressed, angular, 14-3 lin. in diam., with prominent ribs on the margin ;
stigmas sessile, scarcely reniform, 4 lin. in diam. ; endocarp bony, 12
the centre of the drupe ; mesocarp spongy and fibrous above.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Dar-es-Salaam, Stuhlmann.
8. P. rabaiensis, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 325. Leaf 5} ft.
long, 2} in. broad, linear, gradually tapering upwards and produced
into a long narrow flagellum, glaucous, coriaceous, armed on the margins
and keeled midrib with ascending light-coloured spines. Male inflo-
rescence paniculate. Stamens spicate on the ultimate branches of the
panicle ; filaments terete, up to 3 lin. long ; anthers linear, 24 lin. long,
connective prolonged and sometimes recurved at the tip. Drupes
solitary, 1-5- (usually 4-) celled, 14-14 in. long, 3-1 in. in diam.,
apical quarter or third free and rounded, obconic, 5—6-angled below ;
mesocarp fibrous, spongy above; endocarp thick, woody, conical above ;
Pandanus. | CXLVII1. PANDANEZ (WRIGHT). 131
stigmas 1-5 surrounding or seated in a depressed central areole.—
Journ. Linn. Soc, xxx. 432, t. 34, figs. 1-6 ; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr.
Pandan. 61.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Kisululin, on the Rabai Hills, near Mom-
basa, Taylor /
Native name, Mi¢sapu.
9. P. heudelotianus, Balf. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 49.
Drupe 1—3-celled, 2? in. long, 9 lin. in diam., the upper 9 lin. rounded
conical and subrostrate, the lower part gradually narrowed and angular ;
stigmas sessile, horseshoe-shaped or triangular ; mesocarp apparently
slightly hollow.—Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 325, t. 347, tigs. 5-6;
Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 63. Heterostigma heudelotianum,
Gaud. Voy. Bonite, Bot. Atlas, t. 25, figs. 15-31; Walp. Ann. i. 755; Ad.
Brongn. in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 6, i. 291 ; Solms-Laub. in Linnea, xlii. 66.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot.
10. P. Welwitschii, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 324, t. 347,
figs. 1-4. An erect tree, 10-20 ft. high. Stem 1 ft. in diam, at the
base Branches few, short, ascending. Leaves in terminal crowns,
long linear, 33 ft. long, 14 lin. wide at the middle, near the base
abruptly contracted, gradually narrowed upwards, with large sharp
upcurved spines on the margins, and similar decurved ones on the mid-
rib. Syncarps ovate-elliptic, yellowish when ripe, 6 in. long, 3 in. in
diam. Drupes 12-14 lin. long, 5-7 lin. in diam. when dry, cuneiform,
rounded above, narrowed below, upper 1} lin. free, shortly pyramidal,
with a blunt central umbo, 1—2-celled; endocarp in the centre of the
drupe, thick, deep red; mesocarp spongy above, fibrous below.—
Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 84; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 65.
P. Candelabrum ? Hook. Niger Fl. 527; Welw. Apont. 586.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, banks of the River Cuanza, near
Candumba and Ilha Calemba, Welwitsch, 5770! and fruit, 1015!
11. P. livingstonianus, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 326. Upper
leaves with upwardly curved teeth on the margins only, the lower ones
on the midrib also. Syncarps ovate, 5 in. long, 3 in. in diam. Drupes
5-angled, flat and 6—7 lin. across at the top, with a central subobtuse
umbo.—Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 66.
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta; mouth of the
Luabo River, Kirk !
This may be (as suggested by Dr. Rendle, l.c.) the species referred to by Living-
stone (The Zambesi and its Tributaries, 19), which from the plate appears to be a
tree 40-50 ft. bigh supported for a height of 8-9 ft. by forking roots.
12. P. Petersii, Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 66, fig. 17
J-L. A pyramidal tree, 13-26 ft. high. Stem branched, about 8 in.
in diam. ; branches armed with short acute spines. Leaves about 20 in.
long, 9 lin. broad, armed on the margins and midrib. Syncarps solitary,
elliptical. Drupes 1-—2-celled, oblanceolate, 14 lin. long, 5-7 lin. in
132 CXLVIII. PANDANEZ (WRIGHT). | Pandanus.
diam., angular and cuneate (but scarcely rostrate) at the base ; free
apex 1} lin. long, convex, pyramidal, scarcely costate or umbonate ;
stigma terminal, reniform, {—1 lin. in diam.; endocarp bony, 34-4 lin.
long ; upper 3 lin. of mesocarp somewhat hollow and fibrous.—Frey-
cinetia sp., Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 510, in obs.
Mozamb. Dist, Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique; on the banks of
Lucuare and Munanche Rivers, Peters.
13. P. kamerunensis, Warb. in Hngl. Pllanzenr. Pandan. 66. A
branched tree. Leaves thick, glaucous beneath, narrowly acuminate
for about 9 lin., 19-28 lin. wide, with distant sharp spines on the
margins and midrib; spines on the lower part of the midrib pointing
downwards. Male inflorescence a compound spike; spikes cylindrical,
white, 6-13} in. long, 7-16 lin. in diam., densely many-flowered ;
peduncle 5-19 lin. long, 14-2} lin. in diam. Stamens 6-10, subum-
bellate at the apex of a narrow column 23-6 lin. long; filaments
filiform, 2-3} lin. long; anthers 4—3 lin. long, linear, acute. Female
inflorescence terminal, compound; peduncle 194 in. long. Syncarps 6,
sessile, ovate-globose, 3-44 in. long, 23-4 in. in diam., slightly trigonous,
scarcely surrounded by the spathes. Drupes 150-300 in each syncarp,
1—2-celled, connate high up, 14 lin. long, 5-6 lin. in diam., free part
pyramidal, 5-6 lin. long, tuberculate, acutely angled, subacute, with
minutely spiny ribs at the apex; stigmas terminal, reniform, sessile,
? lin. in diam.; endocarp bony, situated below the centre of the drupe,
5 lin. long; mesocarp fibrous in the upper part, nearly 10 lin. long.
Upper Guinea, Cameroons, Schran.
Native name, Mupupu. Warburg suggests that Mann, 1861, collected at Ambas
Bay, may belong to this species (see Solms-Laub. in Tinnea, xlii. 28, and Rendle
in Journ. Bot. 1894, 322) ; also a male spike from the River Limbe in the Cameroons,
Deistel, 108.
14. P. Candelabrum, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 37, tt. 21-22. A
branched tree. Stem erect, supported in the lower part by aérial
roots ; lower branches horizontal, upper erect. Leaves glaucous, wide,
acuminate, with sharp spines on the midrib and margins. Male
spadices oblong-cylindric, white, fragrant; spathes longer than the
spadices, narrowed to an acute apex, spiny on the margins and back of
the midrib. Stamens about 12, subumbellate. Female spadix sub-
ovate. Spathes similar to those of the male, but much _ shorter.
Drupes 1- (rarely 2-3-) celled ; stigma flat, irregularly subcordate.—
Lam. Encycel. Suppl. i. 576 ; Spreng. Syst. iii. 898; Kunth, Enum. ill.
96; Solms-Laub. in Linnea, xlii. 27; Balf. f. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xvil.
43 ; Gurich in Mitth. Afr. Gesell. in Deutsch. v. 51; Rendle in Journ.
Bot. 1894, 321; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 67. Tuckeya
Candelabrum, Gaud. Voy. Bonite, Bot. Atlas, t. 26, figs. 10-20.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Banks of the River Formosa, near Agathon,
Beauvois. Cameroon Mountains, Mann, 2!
A male inflorescenee from Ambas Bay (Mann, 780), probably belongs to this
species.
Pandanus. | CXLVIII. PANDANEZ (WRIGHT). 133
15. P. barterianus, Lendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 324. Syncarps
very broadly ovate or almost spherical, up to 5 in. long and 44 in. in
diam. Drupes 5-7-angled and shortly pyramidal at the top, pro-
duced in the centre into a short blunt apiculus—Warb. in Engl.
Pflanzenr. Pandan. 67.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Barter, 2!
16. P. Teuszii, Warb. in Engl. Planzenr. Pandan. 67. Drupe
(alone known) 1—2-celled, 14-lin. long, 4-64 lin. in diam., cuneate-fusi-
form, the basal 9 lin. gradually acuminate, the apical 5 lin. shortly
pyramidal and angular, scarcely produced at the apex.
Lower Guinea. Gaboon, Teusz.
Imperfectly known species.
17. P. leonensis, Hort. Lodd. ex Wendl. Index Palm. 46, name
only; Balf. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 51; Rendle in Journ. Bot.
1894, 327; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 89.
“ Guinea.”
18. P. sessilis, Boj. Hort. Maur. 302, non Wendl.; Balf. f. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 61; Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 327; Warb.
in Engl. Phanzenr. Pandan. 90.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar and Pemba Islands, ex Bojer.
OrverR CXLIX. TYPHACEA, (By N. E. Brown.)
Flowers unisexual, monecious, in dense bracteate heads or spikes.
Male flowers with a perianth of 3-6 scales, or without a perianth, but
irregularly intermingled with slender narrowly clavate filaments, or
spathulate or cuneate scales, which are often variously toothed or lobed.
Stamens with free or connate filaments and basifixed, linear, oblong or
cuneate, 2-celled anthers, opening by longitudinal slits; connective
sometimes produced beyond the apex of the cells; no rudiment of an
ovary. Female flowers with a perianth of scales or fine hairs, some-
times accompanied by slender spathulate or clavate bracteoles. Ovary
Superior, 1-celled, sessile or stalked ; style simple, terminal, persistent ;
stigma unilateral, elongate ; ovule solitary, pendulous from the apex of
the cell, anatropous. Fruit sessile or stalked ; pericarp thin and mem-
branous, or thick with a spongy outer layer, and a hard, woody inner
layer. Seed albuminous, testa thin; embryo cylindric, axile.-—Peren-
nial aquatic or marsh herbs with creeping rhizomes. Leaves alternate,
linear or strap-shaped, sheathing at the base; veins parallel. Flowers
small or minute, sessile, bracteolate or ebracteolate, densely crowded
into globose heads or cylindric spikes along simple or branched axes,
with or without leafy bracts at their base. The male inflorescence
terminal.
A small order of two genera and about 25 species, very widely dispersed.
134 CXLIX, TYPHACEE (BROWN).
Concerning the affinities of this family, see Celakovsky in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1891,
117, 154, 195, 224, and 266 ; also Graebner in Engler, Pflanzenreich, Typhacee.
1. TYPHA, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ili. 955.
Flowers densely crowded into simple cylindric spikes; the male
spike terminal and separated from the female spike or contiguous to 1t.
Male flowers irregularly intermingled with variously shaped scales or
slender, clavate, curved filaments. Stamens with their filaments
variously connate; anthers linear, basifixed, 2-celled, connective pro-
duced beyond the cells; pollen simple or compound. Female flowers
ebracteolate or mingled with slender clavate or spathulate bracteoles,
and often with abortive clavate female flowers (carpodia) mixed with
them. Perianth composed of several very fine simple or clavate’ hairs.
Ovary superior, stalked, at least after fertilization, narrow, 1-celled,
with a solitary pendulous ovule; style elongated, slender, erect;
stigma linear or lanceolate. Fruit minute, stalked, ellipsoid or sub-
cylindric, with a thin membranous pericarp. Seed subcylindric or
narrowly ellipsoid, albuminous ; testa thin; embryo axile.—Aquatie or
marsh herbs with creeping rhizomes and erect stems. Leaves alter-
nate, linear or strap-shaped, parallel-veined. Flowering-stem erect,
simple, terminated by the dense cylindric superposed unisexual flower-
spikes. Bracts none, or linear and deciduous or caducous.
Species about 18, but probably some are only varietal forms, widely distributed.
Female flowers with bracteoles (see also 7’, capensis).
Stigma linear.
Bracteoles much longer than the hairs : . 1. ZT. angustata.
Bracteoles about as long as the hairs or but slightly
exceeding them.
Bracteoles obovate-, obcordate-, or orbicular-
spathulate < ‘ 2. T. angustifolia.
Bracteoles lanceolate-spathulate 3. ZT. australis.
Stigma lanceolate . ‘ 4. T. Schimpert.
Female flowers without bracteoles ; stigma lanceolate.
Bracteoles of male flowers simple, linear, acute,
whitish ; pollen compound ° . 5
Bracteoles of male flowers forked or toothed,
brownish ; pollen simple é
5. T. latifolia.
6. T. capensis,
1. T. angustata, Bory d Chaub. Exped. Sc. de Morée, iii. pt. 2,
338. Plant 5-9 ft. high. Leaves 2-5 lin. broad, convex on the back
at the base. Male and female spikes subequal or the male longer;
4-1 in. distant, very rarely contiguous. Male flowers with bracteoles
varying from filiform to narrow lanceolate-spathulate, entire or toothed,
acute, light brown; pollen simple. Female flowers bracteolate ; brac-
teoles much longer than the hairs, lanceolate-spathulate or elliptic
spathulate, acute; stigmas linear, a little longer than tne bracteoles ;
hairs simple.—Rohrb. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 87-89
incl. vars. leptocarpa, Rohrb. & ethiopica, Rohrb.; Kronfeld in Ver-
Typha.) CXLIX. TYPHACEE (BROWN). 135
handl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 159-161, t. 4, fig. 6, & t. 5,
fig. 1; Schweinfurth. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 92 ; Durand
«& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 470; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr.
Typhacez, 14. 7’. ethiopica, Kronfeld, l.c. 162. 7’. angustifolia, A. Rich.
Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii, 350 partly ; Schweinf. Pl. Nilot. 37; and in Bull.
Herb. Boiss. ii. Append ii. 7; not of Linn.
Wile Land. Nubia, Kordofan and Sennar, Schweinfurth (ex Rohrbach) ;
Bahr-el-Abiad, Hartmann (ex Rohrbach). Eritrea: Halibaret, east of Anseba,
4800 ft., Schweinfurth, 135; Ferfer, 3000 ft., Schweinfurth, 136 ; and Saganeiti,
7000 ft., Schweinfurth, 885, (ex Schweinfurth). Abyssinia: Tigre ; streams near
Jelajeranne, Schimper, 1563! Samen, Schimper, 1190 (ex Rohrbach) ; and without
precise locality, Quartin-Dillon & Petit (ex Rohrbach).
Also in South-Western Europe, North Africa, the Orient, and India.
2. T. angustifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1,971. Plant growing
to 5or 6 ft. high. Leaves 24-44 lin. broad, linear, obtuse, convex on
the back at the base. Male spike usually longer than the female, 5-10
in. long, }—-1} in. distant. Male flowers with spathulate-lanceolaie
entire or forked acute bracteoles; pollen simple. Female flowers
bracteolate; bracteoles rhomboid-, obcordate-, obovate- or orbicular-
spathulate, about as long as the hairs; stigmas linear, longer than the
bracteoles ; hairs simple.—Rohrb. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb.
xi. 81, fig. 3; Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889,
150, t. 5, fig. 2; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ix. 2, t. 321, fig. 745 ; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 470, partly; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr., C. 93;
Gregory, Great Rift Valley, 398; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr.
Typhace, 11.
Mile Land. Nubia: between Suakin and Berber, Schweinfurth, ser. iii. 219!
British East Africa : cliffs above Lake Losuguta, Gregory.
Also in Europe, the Orient, and North America.
3. T. australis, Schwmach. ¢: Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 401. Plant
attaining 5-6 ft. in height. Leaves 3-6 lin. broad, linear or strap-
shaped, obtuse, convex on the back at the base. Male and female
spikes subequal, 44-12 in. long, contiguous or 3-1 in. distant. Male
flowers with variously shaped bracteoles; nearly filiform, very nar-
rowly spathulate-lanceolate and entire, or broader and 2-3-forked, or
very broadly spathulate and variously lobed and toothed ; pollen simple.
Female flowers bracteolate; bracteoles lanceolate-spathulate or rarely
fusiform-clavate, acute or acuminate, about as long asor slightly longer
than the hairs; stigmas linear, longer than the bracteoles; hairs
simple.—Schumach. & Thonn. in Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl.
1829, 175; Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889,
156, t. 5, fig. 4 (excluding syn. 7’. equinoctialis, Welw.) ; Schinz in Bull.
Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 9; and vii. 888; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl.
Cap. vii. 31; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacee, 13. 7. angusti-
folia, Hook. Niger F1.527 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 470,
partly, not of Linn. 7. angustifolia, var. australis, Rohrb.in Verhandl.
136 CXLIX. TYPHACEE (BROWN). [Z'ypha.
Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 83. 7. macranthelia, Webb & Berth. Iles
Canar. Phyt. iii. 291, t. 218.
‘ wpper Guinea. Gold Coast: Quitta, Thonning. Lagos: Kradu Lagoon,
Barter, 3240! Guinea, Schumacher (ex Kronfeld).
‘ Wile Land. Eritrea: Goura, 6500 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 922! British
East Africa: near Mombasa, Hildebrandt, 12298 !
_ Lower Guinea. German South-West Africa: Hereroland ; Kuisib River, at
Scheppmansdorf, Belek, 19 (ex Schinz).
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Manganja Hills, abundant
by Lake Shirwa, Meller ! Islands in the River Shire, below Katungo, Scott !
Also in South Africa.
4. T. Schimperi, Rohrd. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 95.
Plant several ft. high. Leaves 3-1 in. broad, narrowed to 5-7 lin.
broad at the base, where they are convex on the back. Male spike up
to 18 in. long, longer than the female and distant from it. Male
flowers with linear, obtuse bracteoles; pollen compound, in tetrads.
Female flowers bracteolate; bracteoles narrowly spathulate, much
longer than the hairs; stigma spathulate-lanceolate, longer than the
bracteoles; hairs simple—Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell.
Wien, 1889, 166. 7. elephantina, Schimp. ex Rohrb. in Verhandl.
Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 95, not of Roxb. 7’. elephantina, Roxb., var-
Schimperi, Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacez, 11.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: near Jaja, Schimper, 1479.
I have not seen this species ; itis said to differ from 7’. elephantina, Roxb., by the
leaves being convex on the back at the base, instead of obtusely keeled.
_ 5. T. latifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl.ed.1,971. Plant attaining a height
of 5-8 ft. Leaves 4-1 in. broad, strap-shaped, obtuse, convex on the
back at the base. Male and female spikes 4—12 in. long, subequal or
the female longer, contiguous, very rarely shortly separated. Male
flowers with linear, acute bracteoles, not forked, whitish ; pollen com-
pound, in tetrads. Female flowers without bracteoles; stigmas lanceo-
late or spathulate-lanceolate, longer than the simple hairs.—Kunth,
Enum. Pl. iii. 90; Rohrbach in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 79,
fig. 1; English Bot. ed. 3, 2, t. 1385; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ix. 2,
t. 323; Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 176,
t. 5, fig. 11 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 470; Engl. Pf. Ost-
Afr. C. 93; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacee, 8. 7’. angustifolia,
A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 350, partly, ex Rohrbach.
Mile Land. Abyssinia: Shire, Quartin-Dillon & Petit (ex Rohrbach).
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara, ex Engler. ;
I have not seen a specimen of this species from Tropical Africa ; it is widely distri-
buted in Europe, Asia, and North America.
- 6. 'T. capensis, Rohrd. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver, Brandend. xi. 96.
Plant attaining a height of 6-7 ft., glabrous. “Leaves 2-7 lin. broad,
linear or strap-shaped, obtusely pointed, convex on the back at the
base Male and female spikes subequal or the female longer, BET
Typha. | CXLIX. TYPHACEZ (BROWN). 187
in. long, contiguous or shortly separated. Male flowers with brownish
linear-spathulate or cuneate-spathulate, entire or variously lobed or
toothed, acute bracteoles; pollen simple. Female flowers usually
ebracteolate, occasionally with a few narrow spathulate-lanceolate
colourless bracteoles mingled with them; stigmas spathulate-lanceo-
late, longer than the simple hairs.—Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot.
Gesell. Wien, 1889, 180, t. 5, fig. 13; N. E. Br. in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii.
32; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 85 ; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr.
Typhacee, 10. 7. latifolia, Krauss in Flora, 1845, 343, not of Linn.
T. equinoctialis, Welw. ex Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell.
Wien, 1889, 156.
Lower Guinea. Loango: Chinchocho, Soyaux,87! Angola: Golungo Alto ;
in marshes on the right of the Coango and Quiapose rivulets, Welwitsch, 241!
Huilla ; by river banks near Lopollo, and in pools on the banks of the stream Quipum-
punhine, near Humpata, Welwitsch, 243 (ex Rendle) ; Mossamedes ; in deep pools
near Mossamedes (Aguadas), and in lakes at the mouth of the River Giraul,
Welwitsch, 244!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Dar-es-Salaam, Hildebrandt, 1229!
Portuguese East Africa: by the River Refubwe (Revugwe), near Tete, Kirk !
Also in South Africa.
This may be distinguished from 7’. latifolia, Linn., by the bracteoles of the male
inflorescence being brownish and_usually more or less lobed or forked at the top, and
by the simple pollen. A specimen without flower, collected by pools near the sea,
and near San Pedro, in the district of Loanda ,Angola (Welwitsch, 242), is doubtfully
referred to this species by Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 85. Kronfeld and
Graebner have erroneously referred 7. equinoctialis, Welw. to T. australis, Schum.
& Thonn., from which the absence of bracts to the female flowers at once distin-
guishes it.
OrveR CL. AROIDEA. (By N. E. Brown.)
Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite, with or without a perianth,
sessile on a spadix enclosed within, adnate to, or subtended by a green
or coloured spathe. Spadix monecious or entirely covered with her-
maphrodite flowers, or rarely unisexual, with or without a terminal
barren appendix, and with or without neuter organs on various parts
of it. Perianth, when present, of 3-9 free or connate segments.
Stamens 4—6, rarely more or fewer (when the male flowers’ have no
perianth, the stamens are crowded together, so that the number belong-
ing to each flower is often indeterminable), free or connate ; filaments
none, or broad and flat, or rarely filiform or clavate ; anthers opening
by terminal pores, or by short or long longitudinal slits ; pollen often
emitted in sausage-like strings. Ovary sometimes surrounded by
staminodes, superior, or very rarely inferior, with or without a style ;
1- to many-celled, with axile, parietal, basal or apical placentation ;
stigma entire or lobed ; ovules 1 to many in a cell, orthotropous, campy-
lotropous or anatropous. Fruit a 1 to many-seeded berry. Seeds
albuminous or exalbuminous.—Erect, creeping or climbing herbs or
shrubs, simple or branched. Rootstock often tuberous or thick and fleshy.
138 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN).
Stem rarely woody. Leaves alternate, radical or cauline, usually with
sheathing petioles, net- or parallel-veined. Spathe open to the base or
the lower part convolute or tubular, wholly deciduous or persistent, or
only the tubular part persistent.
A large order, of about 100 genera, and about 1000 species, chiefly concentrated
in the tropics of both hemispheres, very few in temperate regions.
“Flowers unisexual.
tPeriauth none,
Female part of spadix adnate to the back of the
spathe ; flowers unilateral.
Female flower or ovary solitary ; a floating herb 1. PISTIA.
Female flowers or ovaries 3-12... 3 . 17. CALLOPSIS.
Female part of spadix free from the spathe,
bearing flowers all round.
{Spadix with a terminal appendix destitute of
flowers, but sometimes covered with filiform
processes or hairs ; herbs with a tuberous
rootstock,
Leaves and flowers produced together (see
also Amorphophallus angolensis).
Leaves peltate, cordate- or sagittate-
ovate ; spadix moncecious ; ovary
i-celled ; ovules numerous on
parietal placentas . -
Leaves 3-partite, pedate, or with
several leaflets radiating from the
apex of the petiole; spadix often
unisexual ; ovary l-celled; ovules
8. COLOCASIA.
basal, orthotropous . ‘ . 38. ARISEMA.
Leaves and flowers produced at different
times.
Leaves pedate ; margins of the spathe
connate into a tube below ; spadix
with neuter organs above the
female flowers . < - 2. SAUROMATUM.
Leaves 3-branched at the apex of the
petiole; branches dichotomously
divided, pinnatipartite; spathe con-
volute below, except in.4, Elliotii ;
spadix without neuter organs . 4. AMORPHOPHALLUS.
{{Spadix without a terminal appendix.
§Herbs with a tuberous rootstock or a thick
fleshy rhizome ; no distinct stem. (See
also Anubias, which has a creeping
rhizome.)
Spadix with barren organs (staminodes)
on the apical part.
Ovary 2-celled ; ovule solitary in each
cell ; anthers connate in pairs . 5. ZYGANTHERA.
Ovary 1-celled ; anthers connate in
groups of 4-8 . s . 10. TypHONODORUM.
Spadix with barren organs (staminodes ?)
between the ovaries and fertile an-
thers, none on the apical part ; ovary
CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN).
2—4-celled ; ovules axile, numerous
in each cell : -
Spadix covered with fertile flow ers to the
apex, without barren organs (or with
a few staminodes mixed with the
ovaries in Richardia),
Ovule solitary in each cell, basal or sub-
basal.
Leaves much divided.
Spathe convolute, obliquely trun-
cate at the top; ovary 2-
celled ; stamens free . °
Spathe boat-shaped, shortly con-
volute at the base, acute;
ovary 1-celled; stamens free
Leaves sagittate ; spathes expanded,
decurrent on the peduncle at
the base; ovary 1-celled
Ovules 2—4 in each cell, axile ; spathe
obliquely funnel-shaped, with a
subulate point ; leaves sagittate,
hastate, or entire a
§§Stems climbing or creeping and rooting or
erect,
Ovary 1-2-celled ; ovule solitary in each
cell; anthers free.
Leaves subpinnatipartite or perforated
Leaves entire, not perforated, acute or
obtuse at the base. :
Leaves cordate, sagittate or hastate at
the base, or 3-lobed, not perforated.
Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules numerous in
each cell; anthers of each male flower
connate into an angular truncate body
‘TT Perianth present; female part of the spadix free
from the spathe, bearing flowers all round it.
Spathe-margins connate into a tube below or
nearly to the top; perianth in one piece,
urceolate or cupular; petiole not thickened
near the middle : = .
Spathe convolute below ; perianth- segments free ;
petiole with a thickened joint near the
middle.
Stamens with free filaments; leaves several,
evergreen, pinnate °
Stamens with connate filaments ; leaf solitary,
annual, 1-3-pinnate. . °
**Flowers hermaphrodite.
Leaves all radical, sagittate or hastate; petiole
prickly; spathe persistent during omnes
perianth-sezments 4-6 ;
Leaves spaced alorg a climbing stem, not “aagit-
tate or hastate; petiole smooth; spathe
falling quickly after expansion; perianth
none . 2 . : : ¢ :
9.
syed bt
15.
16.
18.
«1.
. 20.
eal.
- 22.
139
CALADIUM..
. PSEUDOHYDROSME.
. ANCHOMANES.
. NEPHTHYTIS,
RICHARDIA.
. RHEKTOPHYLLUM.
. CULCASIA.
CERCESTIS.
ANUBIAS.
STYLOCHITON.
ZAMIOCULCAS,
GONATOPUS.
CyYRTOSPERMA.
RHAPHIDOPHORA.
140 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Pistia.
1. PISTIA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 964.
Spathe small, tubular below; limb open, oblique, constricted on
each side at its base. Spadix shorter than the spathe, monecious ;.
female part adnate to the back of the spathe ; male part free, stipitate,
having two neuter organs at its base, the upper cup-shaped or frill-like,
the lower suborbicular or subreniform in outline, with the sides bent
inwards or downwards. Flowers unisexual. Perianth none. Female
inflorescence of a single ovary, apparently arising from the back of the
spathe, very oblique, 1-celled ; style obliquely erect from the top of the
ovary ; stigma capitate ; ovules numerous, basal, orthotropous. Male
inflorescence of a stipitate whorl of 3-8 flowers; each flower composed
of 2 connate 2-celled anthers, opening by short slits. Fruit ellipsoid,
with a thin pericarp, many-seeded. Seeds cylindric-oblong, truncate at
each end, depressed at the apex, with an operculum closing the micro-
pyle, rugulose ; testa thick, composed of a brown membranous outer
and inner skin, and a thick white cellular layer between them ; embryo:
minute, apical.—A floating, stoloniferous, stemless herb, with a tuft of
fibrous roots. Leaves in a rosette; veins flabellate, raised beneath.
Spathes axillary, with very short peduncles.
A genus of one species, very variable in the form of its leaves, found throughout
the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the globe, in still, fresh water.
1, P. Stratiotes, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1,963. Leaves sessile in a
rosette, 1—5 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, cuneate-oblong cr cuneate-obovate,.
Berlin, 1853, 354 (reprint 26).
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Lelievre, Heudelot (ex Engler). Ashanti: Assin-
Yan-Coomassie, Cummins! Niger Territory : Nupe; Lom, Barter, 176! River
Pistia. | CL, AROIDEH (BROWN). 141
Niger, Barter, 3244 (ex Engler), Lower Niger: Ibu (Abo), Vogel, 12! Cross
River, Holland, 233! Cameroons: Mungo, Bucholz! Bipinde, Zenker, 1167!
and without precise locality, Preuss, 1861! Lake Chad, Vogel, 41!
Nile Land. Upper Sennar: near Fazokl, Kotschy, 461! thiopia, Kotschy,
196! White Nile, Schweinfurth, 1061! 1100! 1111! Petherick! Speke & Grant !
British East Africa: Taita; Ndara Mountain, Hildebrandt, 2356!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Hens, Demeuse (ex Durand & Schinz);
Stanley Pool, Luja, (ex Wildeman & Durand). Angola ; Icolo e Bengo; in lakes
around Prata, Welwitsch, 214! Pungo Andongo; by the sides of the River Cuige,
near Quibinda, Welwitsch, 215! Ambriz; stagnant places around Quizemba, Wel-
witsch, 216! Golungo Alto; near Sange, in stagnant places by the banks of the
River Quiapoze, Welwitsch, 217! and Mossamedes ; in lakes at the mouth of the
River Giraul, Welwitsch, 218! pools at Pedra Grande, Newton (ex Hoffmann) ;
mouth of the Kuango River, Descamps (ex Engler).
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta; in the River
Luabo, Kirk ! east coast of Lake Nyasa, Johnson, 146A! British Central Africa :
Nyasaland ; Blantyre, Descamps (ex Dewevre).
South Central. Congo Free State; Kasai River, Luja (ex Wildeman &
Durand).
Widely distributed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres.
2. SAUROMATUM, Schott; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen,
Pl, iii. 966.
Spathe very long, its margins connate below, forming a cylindric
tube, inflated at the base, withering in fruit; limb 3-4 times as long
as the tube, narrow, tapering, usually more or less convolute towards
the apex. Spadix free, shorter than the spathe, monecious, sessile,
bearing the male and female flowers in short cylindric very distant
spikes and several spreading clavate or filiform neuter organs above
the female spike, terminated by a very long terete appendix. Perianth
none. Anthers densely crowded, sessile, compressed, opening by apical
pores. Ovaries densely crowded, ovoid, 1-celled; stigma small, sub-
sessile ; ovules 2—4, erect from a basal placenta, orthotropous. Berries
numerous, in a globose head, obovoid, somewhat flattened at the apex.
Seed spheroid or flattened on one side, apiculate ; testa thin; albumen
copious; embryo axile.—Herbs with a depressed-globose rootstock,
flowering before the leaves appear. Leaf solitary, long-petioled, peda-
tisect. Peduncle short, not rising much above the surface of the
ground. Spathe spotted and often bordered with dark brownish-
purple.
Species 3 or 4, or perhaps all forms of one species. One in India, one in
Sumatra, and the following.
Neuter organs terete or slightly clavate. “ . 1. S. nubicum.
Neuter organs filiform . : . j ‘ . 2. S. angolense.
1. S. nubicum, Schott, Syn. Aroid. 25. Leaf solitary, pedatisect ;
petiole 1-1} ft. long, glabrous ; segments of the blade 7, broadly oblan-
ceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base where they are more or
less connected; middle segment about 9 in. long, 34-4 in. broad, the
142 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Sauromatum.
others gradually smaller, entire, glabrous; veins rather numerous,
forming an acute angle with the midrib, nearly straight, and sub-
parallel, all uniting in a vein about 2-2} lines within the margin,
slightly prominent beneath. Peduncle 2-6 in. long. Spathe-tube
about 2 in. long, blackish-purple at the base within; limb 8-10 in.
long, elongated-lanceolate, tapering to an acute point, spotted with
dark purple. Spadix 8-9 in. long, sessile; male and female spikes
each 3-4 lin. long, dense, cylindrical, distant from one another about
14 in. ; neuter organs 13 lin. long, slightly clavate or subterete, spread-
ing, placed just above the female spike; appendix 7-8 in. long, terete,
purple-brown or dark fuscous.—Schott, Prod. Aroid. 72. S. abyssinicum,
Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 569, Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153,
and Pfl. Ost-Afr. C., 182; Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 88; Schweinfurth in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii., Append. ii. 52; Penzig in Atti Congr. Bot. Genova,
1892, 363 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 480, excl. syn. ; not
of Schott. Arum abyssinicum, Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 193.
Wile Land. Eritrea: Baresa Valley, below Ginda, 1900 ft., Schweinfurth, 218
(ex Schweinfurth) ; Donkolla Heights near Ginda, 3200 ft., Schweinfurth, 187 (ex
Schweinfurth) ; Ginda Valley, 3000 ft., Schweinfurth, 489! Mogod Valley, 4500 ft.,
Schweinfurth & Riva, 1570! Mount Sabber, Penzig ; Keren, 1600 ft., Beccari, 169.
Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Cienkowsky.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, at Marangu, 4500 ft.,
ex Engler. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, cultivated specimen, Buchanan !
S. (?) abyssinieum, Schott, was founded upon Arum abyssinicum, A. Rich. (Tent.
Fl. Abyss. ii. 352), but neither Schott nor Engler appears to bave seen it. From the
description given by A. Richard, however, it cannot belong to the genus Sawroma-
tum, and I have little doubt that it is a species of Amorphophallus, to which genus I
have referred it.
The plant above described is a true Sawromatum, and is scarcely distinguishable
from the Indian S. guttatum, Schott; the only difference appears to be that the
neuter organs are rather shorter, and very much less clavate, being very slightly
thickened at the tips. My description is chiefly based upon a cultivated specimen,
grown from a tuber sent from Nyasaland by Mr. J. Buchanan to Mr. J. O’Brien, of
Harrow, which quite agrees with other specimens at Kew from Eritrea, so far a5
they go. Engler does not describe the neuter organs, but they are very evident in
the specimens at Kew.
2. S. angolense, V. #. Br. Tuber hemispherical. Leaf pedati-
sect ; petiole 2 ft. or more long; segments of the blade 7-11, elliptic-
lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base and
more or less confluent there, intramarginal vein 3-6 lin. distant from
the margin. Spathe? Spadix mutilated (Welwitsch) ; appendix
elongated, gradually attenuate ; neuter organs rather long, filiform.—
S.? nubicwm, Schott in Journ. Bot. 1865, 34; Engl. in DC. Monogr.
Phanerog. ii. 570 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 480 ; Rendle
in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 86, not of Schott, Syn. Aroid, or Prod.
Aroid.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Ambaca; in fissures of the rocks of the large
cavern called Puri Cacarambola, 3000 ft., rare, Welwitsch, 229!
I have only seen a leaf of this, which is very like that of S. nubicum, Schott, bat
Sauromatum. | CL, AROIDEH (BROWN). 143;
has the intramarginal vein more distant from the margin, and if the neuter organs.
are filiform, as described by Schott, it can scarcely be S. nubicum, and upon that
ground, and by reason of its different geographical area, I venture to separate it.
3. ARIS AUMA, Mart.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 965,
Spathe deciduous or decaying in fruit; tube convolute, sometimes
having reflexed margins at the mouth; limb expanded or hooded.
Spadix unisexual or bisexual, free, sessile or stipitate, shorter or longer
than the spathe, bearing flowers at the base only or for 4-2 of its
length, and sometimes a few subulate neuter organs above the flowers,
ending in a short or long appendix, which is smooth, somewhat echi-
nate, or loosely covered with hair-like processes. Flowers unisexual.
Perianth none. Male flowers usually scattered, 2—4-androus ; fila-
ments connate ; anthers 2-celled, opening by pores or slits, or the cells
confluent and opening by one marginal slit. Female flowers densely
crowded in a cylindric or conical spike. Ovary ovoid or subglobose,
1-celled ; style short or none; stigma simple ; ovules 1-10, orthotropous,.
erect ; placenta basal, cushion-like. Fruit a berry, obovoid or sub-
globose, 1- to few- seeded. Seed subglobose, ovoid, or angular; testa
rather thick, crustaceous ; albumen copious; embryo axile.—Herbs
with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves solitary or 2—4 to a plant, trifoliate,
pedate, or with several leaflets in a whorl; petioles long, sheathing.
Peduncle solitary, shorter or longer than the leaves.
Species about 60, chiefly natives of India, extending into the Malay Archipelago,
China, Japan, and North America.
Leaflets entire
: . . 5 : : 1. A. ruwenzoricum.
Leaflets sharply serrulate, teeth directed towards the
2. A. schimperianum.
apex : 5 c : - - :
Leaflets minutely erose denticulate, teeth mostly
directed outwards. : : . . . 38. A. enneaphyllum.
1. A. ruwenzoricum, JV. /. Br. Peduncle 9 in. long in the
Specimen seen, glabrous. Spathe-tube 4 in. long, subcylindric ; limb
6 in, long, lanceolate, tapering into a long subulate tail, probably
curving over the mouth of the tube. Spadix unisexual, male only
seen, subsessile, 44 in. long, shortly exserted; male flowers loosely
Scattered, 3—4-androus; appendix stout, cylindric, obtuse, slightly
thickened at its base, smooth.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Ruwenzori ; Toru district, at Kivata, in
forest, 7000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7773!
With the inflorescence are some unattached leaves; one of them with 5 leaflets
pedately arranged, 51-63 in. long, 13-24 in. broad ; the others with 6-7 distinctly
radiating leaflets, 8-9 in. long, 23-22 in. broad. The leaflets of both leaves are very
similar in general appearance, sessile, lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate to
a fine point, and tapering to an acute base, with entire margins. Both leaves may
Possibly belong to the inflorescence, but more complete material is needed to decide,
as I have never seen a species of Arisaema, having both radiating and pedately
arranged leaflets ; such a difference has hitherto been considered of sectional value.
2. A. schimperianum, Schott in Bonpl. 1859, 27. Leaves 2 to
a plant; petioles long, sheathing; leaflets 7-12, radiating, sessile,.
144 CL. AROIDEE (BROWN). [ Arisema.
41-81 in. long, 3-1} in. broad, tapering to a long acuminate apex, and
to an acute base, margins distinctly and acutely serrulate, with the
teeth directed towards the apex, glabrous on both sides. Peduncle
longer than the petioles, glabrous. Spathe 5-7 in. long; tube sub-
ylindric ; limb about twice as long as the tube, oblong-lanceolate,
tapering into a linear-subulate tail. Spadix unisexual, a little longer
than the tube, flowers densely crowded; appendix stout, straight,
cylindric, obtuse, slightly thickened at its base, slightly tapering
upwards, smooth.—Schott, Prod. Aroid. 47; Engl. in DC. Monogr.
Phan. ii. 553, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 151, and Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
154; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 479.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; near Enjedeap, Schimper, 1125, partly!
Begemeder; Gatat, 8200 ft., Schimper, 1197!
This species was distributed as A. enneaphyllum, Hochst., but is easily distin-
guished by its sharply serrulate leaves, with the teeth all directed towards the apex ;
in A. enneaphyllum the teeth are more minute, irregular, and more or less directed
outwards.
3. A. enneaphyllum, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 352.
Leaves 2-3 to a plant ; petioles long, sheathing; leaflets 5—, radiating,
sessile, 2-6 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate, cuneate-acute at the base, minutely erose-denticulate on the
margins, glabrous on both sides. Peduncle longer than the petioles,
glabrous. Spathe 34-6 in. long; tube cylindric or subcampanulate,
rather more than half as long as the ovate, acuminate limb. Spadix
14-2} in. long, scarcely longer than the tube of the spathe, unisexual,
usually stipitate; flowers densely crowded ; appendix moderately
stout, straight, cylindric, slightly tapering at the base (always?),
smooth.—Schott, Syn. Aroid. 28, and Prod. Aroid. 46; Engl. in DC.
Monogr. Phan. ii. 553, and Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 479.
Wile Land. Abyssinia : Samen; near Enjedcap, Schimper, 1125, partly! and
without precise locality, Schimper, 580!
4. AMORPHOPHALLUS, Blume; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Pl. iii, 970.
Spathe convolute or very rarely connate into a tube below, persis-
tent, withering. Spadix free, monecious, with a terminal appendage:
male and female parts usually contiguous, rarely distant ; neuter organs
none. Perianth none. Ovaries in 2 to many series, usually crowded
ona cylindric spike, 1—4-celled, with or without a style; stigma entire or
2—4-lobed. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, anatropous. Anthers sessile
or subsessile, densely crowded or rarely scattered on a cylindric or obconic
spike ; cells contiguous, opening by 2-4 apical pores. Berries sub-
globose or ellipsoid. Seed ellipsoid or plano-convex, albuminous ; testa
thin ; embryo seated at the base of the copious albumen and exterior
to it.—Perennial herbs. Rootstock a tuber. Leaf solitary, not pro
duced at the time of flowering ; petiole tall, erect, 3-branched at the
apex; branches 1-3 times dichotomously divided, pinnatipartite ;
Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEH (BROWN). 145
leaflets unequal, the terminal largest, entire, decurrent. Peduncle
short or tall. Spathe variable in form; tube campanulate or funnel-
shaped, rarely subcylindric ; limb short and frill-like, or produced and
ovate, expanded, concave or hood-like. Spadix longer or shorter than
the spathe; tlowering part not exceeding the tube of the spathe ;
appendix subglobose, ovoid, cylindric, fusiform or tail-like, smooth,
rugose, or rarely hairy.
Species about 50, confined to the tropics of the Old World.
I cannot separate Hydrosme asa genus from Amorphophallus as Engler has
done, for in habit, form, and structure of the infloresence there is absolutely no
distinction to be found. The only character that can be claimed to separate them
depends entirely upon the union of the funicle with the body of the ovule ; if the
funicle is adnate to the body of the ovule so as to form a raphe it constitutes an
Hydrosme ; if it is not adnate to the body of the ovulethen it isan Amorphophallus,
surely too slight and unimportant a difference to form a genus upon, especially where
all other parts of the inflorescence are in such a variable and unstable condition
among the various species as in Amorphophallus, which, as here understood, is a
very natural and easily recognised genus.
Spathe connate into a tube below, hooded above . ~ 1. A. Elion.
Spathe convolute in the lower part.
Appendix of spadix short and thick, subglobose ovoid,
or fusiform-ovoid, more or less rugose; ovary
with a distinct style.
Spathe 34-6 in. long, obliquely campanulate, open 2. A. leonensis.
Spathe 7-13 in. or more long, hooded in the upper
part . : - ° : . . . 8. A. dracontioides.
Appendix of spadix cylindric, fusiform, or tail-like.
Style none, except in 10, A, Preussit ; 11, A. laxi-
Slorus ; 19, A. maculatus, and 20, A. gallaensis,
*Spadix about equalling or shorter than the spathe.
Spathe lobed (abnormally ?) at the apex. . 4. A, Teuszit.
Spathe not lobed at the apex.
Margin of spathe undulated.
Flowering part of the spadix about equalling
or longer than the appendix ; spathe-
tube longitudinally ribbed inside . 5. A, Schweinfurthii.
Flowering part of the spadix shorter than
the appendix.
Spathe-tube about 14 in. in diam., smooth :
inside ; spadix 33-5} in. long . 6. A. mossambicensis.
Spathe-tube about 34 in. in diam., covered
with short filiform processes insice ;
spadix 6-63 in, long ° . 7, A. Goetzet.
Margin of spathe not undulated.
Flowering part of spadix as long as the
appendix . ; 2 : : . 8, A. Barteri.
Flowering part of spadix much shorter than
the appendix.
Spathe dark violet A : : . 9. A. gratus.
Spathe yellowish-green, purple at the
Oc ° ’ : : . 10. A. Preussit.
**Spadix longer than the spathe.
Anthers sparsely scattered... : : . 11. A. laxiflorus.
VOL, VIII. L
146 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN).
Anthers crowded.
+Appendix of the spadix less than 1 ft. long.
(See also 26, A. Fischeri).
{Peduncle $-24 ft. long.
Petiole and peduncle smooth.
Spathe whitish inside, with or without
a few green spots on the limb,
purple at the base ; appendix of
the spadix cylindric not tapering
upwards . -
Spathe light yellowish-green or whitish-
green inside; appendix of the
spadix tapering upwards.
Leaf-segments lanceolate, long-acu-
minate ; spathe about 23 in.long
Leaf-segments elliptic-obovate, ob-
long or elliptic-oblong, cuspi-
date ; spathe 4-7 in. long
Spathe dark brownish-purple inside
the limb, whitish within the urceo-
late tube ; appendix of the ite
tapering upwards - :
Petiole and peduncle tuberculate
{{Peduncle 3-14 in, long.
Spathe-tube with longitudinal crisped
ridges inside .
Spathe-tube covered with filiform Hee
cesses inside . c “ :
ttAppendix of-the spadix a foot or more in
length.
tPeduncele tall.
§Limb of the spathe ovate, produced into
an acute or obtuse point. -
Base of the spathe hairy or with soft
bristle-like processes inside.
Spathe about 6 in, long c
Spathe more than 6 in. long.
Style 1 lin. long : .
Style none; stigma sessile 0 or sub-
sessile.
Male part of spadix cylindrical,
about Lin. long .
Male part of spadix obconical,
about 2 in, long .
Base of the 6-10 in. long spathe ver-
rucose or papillate-tuberculate
inside; style none.
Flowering part of the spadix 3} in.
long; petiole smooth . :
Flowering part of the spadix 23-23
in. long.
Appendix of the spadix 1} in.
thick near the base; petiole
tuberculate
12.
16.
Wie
18.
19.
23.
24,
eos
| Amorphophallus.
A, doryphorus.
. A, Bawnmannii,
. A, flavovirens.
. A, Johnson.
. A. consimilis.
A, Eichleri.
A. Staudtii.
A, calabaricus.
A, maculatus.
. A, angolensis.
A, accrensis.
A, leapoldianus.
A. maximus.
Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEE (BROWN ). 147
Appendix of the spadix %-1 in.
thick at the base; petiole
unknown . : . . 26. A. Fischeri,
Base of the 8 in. long spathe smooth
inside ; style 2lin. long. . 20. A. gallaensis,
§$§$Limb of the spathe forming a broad frill
around the oblique mouth, not pro-
duced at the very obtuse apex . 27. A. Mannii,
{{Peduncle 3-13 in. long. (See also 27, A.
Mannii, and 24, A. leopoldianus, in
which the length is unknown) . . 28. A. Zenkeri.
1. A. Elliotii, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 7349. Tuber 24-3 in. in
diam. Leaf about 18 in. diam., glabrous; petiole 2 ft. or more high,
spotted on the lower half, smooth ; terminal segments 5-8 in. long,
6-7 lin. broad, the others smaller, all linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
decurrent at the base. Peduncle 7-10 in. long, pale greyish, slightly
tinged with pink, spotted with olive-green, smooth. Spathe rather small,
glabrous ; tube 14-21} in. long, 14 in. diam., cylindrical, margins connate,
not convolute, base truncate and intruded ; limb 2-4 in. long, galeate,
with the apex curved forward, acute ; outside pinkish on the lower part
of the tube, lined and thinly spotted with light greyish-olive, upper
part of the tube and limb green, densely mottled with brown; inside of
limb dull purple, smooth and glabrous in the tube. Spadix much
shorter than the spathe, stipitate; stipes 6-7 lin. long, about 2 lin.
thick ; flowering part cylindric, female 2-3 lin. long, male 6-9 lin.
long ; appendix 14-14 in. long, 3-5 lin. thick, cylindric or fusiform
obtuse, sometimes narrowed into a stipes at the base. Ovaries in 2-3
series, ellipsoid, 1-celled; style very short, about } lin. long; stigma
small, simple. Ovule solitary, anatropous, on a short funicle
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Wallia, growing among low grass, Scott-
Elliot, 4640! and a cultivated specimen !
_ _ This is the only species known in which the margins of the spathe are connate
into a tube; in all the others they are convolute.
2. A. leonensis, Lem. in Hort. Vanhoutt. fase. i. 1, t. 3, fig. 2 a-b.
Leaf solitary, glabrous; petiole 3-34 ft. high, robust, tinged with
purple-brown at the base and variegated with dark red-brown and
whitish ; segments 6-8 in. long, }-? in. broad, linear, acute, decurrent.
Peduncle 3-8 in. long, smooth, enclosed at the base in 3-4 membranous
bracts 2-4 in. long; inner bracts purplish, spotted with white. Spathe
33-6 in. long, 24-34 in. diam., obliquely funnel-shaped, convolute
below, obtuse, apiculate, outside purplish-brown, marked with numerous
pale veins and some whitish or yellowish spots, inside glabrous and
smooth, pale rosy or whitish, with bright red-brown stripes. Spadix
shorter or a little longer than the spathe, 3-5 in. long. Ovary ovoid
or subglobose, abruptly contracted into a style #—} lin. long. Anthers
quadrate. Appendix 14~3} in. long, 1}-2} in. diam., globose or ovoid,
148 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). [| Amorphophallus.
obtuse, labyrinthically rugose, dark purple-brown. Berries } in. long,
oblong or oblong-obovoid, orange or orange-yellow.—F lore des Serres, ii.
Oct. t. 161; Bot. Mag. t. 7768. Arum aphyllum, Hook. in Gray, Trav.
in Western Africa, 386, t. A. Corynophallus Afzelii, Schott in Oesterr.
Bot. Wochenbl. 1857, 389, Gen. Aroid. t. 32, and Prod. Aroid. 132;
Mast. in Gard. Chron. 1872, 1619, fig. 343 (spadix inaccurate). C. leon-
ensis, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 326. Hydrosme leonensis, Engl.
Jahrb. i. 187 ; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 128, and Nachtrige
zu ii.-iv. 59; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw, ii. 87.
Upper Guinea. Futa Jallon: near the River Nunez, Gray. Sierra Leone :
on grassy mountain slopes near Freetown, Welwitsch, 219! and without precise
locality, Afzelius ! Scott-Hlliot !
Var. spectabilis, N. E. Br. Lower part of the petiole puce-coloured and marked
with dark linear-oblong spots. lLeaf-segments 4-8 lin. broad.—Corynophallus
Afzelii, Schott, var. spectabilis, Mast. in Gard, Chron. 1872, 1619. C. leonensis,
Engl., var, spectabilis, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 326. Hydrosme leonensis,
Engl., var. spectadbilis, Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr.v. 474, ~
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Cultivated specimen !
Var. elegans, N. E. Br. Petiole green. Leaf-segments narrow, 3—44 lin. broad,
drooping.—Corynophallus Afzelii, Schott, var. elegans, Mast. in Gard. Chron, 1872,
1619. C. leonensis, Engl., var. elegans, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 326.
Hydrosme leonensis, Eng)., var. elegans, Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Cultivated specimen !
Var. latifolia, N. E. Br. Petiole green. Leaf less divided than in the other
forms; segments 3-1 in. broad.—Corynophallus Afzelii, Schott, var. latifolia,
Mast, in Gard. Chron. 1872, 1619. C. leonensis, Engl., var. latifolia, Engl. in
DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 326. Hydrosme leonensis, Engl., var. latifolia, Durand &
Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v.474.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Cultivated specimen !
The inflorescence of the above three varieties is unknown, but I doubt if they are
more than slightly different forms of the typical plant, and scarcely worth distinguish-
ing by names.
3. A. dracontioides, V. H. Br. Tuber “large, flattened”
(Barter), “as large as a child’s head” (Johnson), ‘as large as a Cheshire
cheese” (Irving). Leaves 5 ft. high (Johnson), “18 in. high, finely
cut” (Barter); petiole smooth ; segments 3-10 in. long, 24—7 lin. broad,
linear or linear-lanceolate, tapering to a fine point, decurrent. Peduncle
3-2 ft. long, green suffused with purple, and spotted with blackish-
purple, smooth. Spathe 7-13 in. or more long, 3-8 in. diam., con-
volute for half its length, cylindric or campanulate at the base, then
dilating into an ovoid cucullate upper part, with an oblique ovate
mouth in front, glabrous within and without, dull purple, striped with
darker purple and spotted with whitish, or light green mottled with
brown on the outside, shading into a bluish-flesh tint or whitish at the
base, inside rich dark velvety-purple in the upper part, and striped
with white and purple-red in the tube. Spadix not exceeding the con-
volute part of the spathe, stipitate; stipes 4-4 in. long, cylindric;
Amorphophallus.] CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 149
flowering part dense, female 1—? in. long, cylindric, male 1-1? in. long,
stout, obconic ; appendix 2-4 in. long, 1-34 in. thick, ovoid, obtuse,
blackish-purple or yellowish-green, rugose. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled,
green; style 1-14 lin. long, jointed near the middle; stigma small,
discoid or cushion-like. Anthers very crowded, pale brownish-green.—
Hydrosme dracontioides, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 461, t. 18; Durand & Schinz, '
Consp. Fl. Afr. v, 473; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtriige zu
ii.-iv. 59.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Kpong, on the Volta River, Johnson, 662!
Togoland ; in bush by the River Angar in Anyanga district, near Bismarkburg,
Biittner, 419 (ex Engler). Wagos: Abeokuta (drawing), Zrving! and at Illaro,
Millen, 125 of 1893 collection! N iger Territory: Nupe, in moist ground, Barter,
1141!
The leaf with Barter’s specimen is only a foot high, evidently from a juvenilg
plant. The spathe in Dr. Irving’s drawing is 13 in. long, and he states that it is
“a small specimen to fit the paper, generally 3 times larger.” I can see no differ-
ence between the specimens collected by Barter and Johnson, and Dr. Irving’s drawing,
except as to size. This plant was referred by Schott to Corynophallus Afzelit
(A. leonensis), but the ovoid, cucullate limb of the spathe at once distinguishes it
from that species. The figure given by Engler appears to be that of an immature
(unopened) spathe viewed sideways.
4. A. Teuszii, V. “. Br. Leaf 2-2} ft. diam. glabrous; petiole
2 ft. (or more 2) long, green, smooth ; terminal segments 3-44 in. long,
+ in. broad, the others smaller, all narrowly lanceolate, gradually
tapering to a long acuminate point, decurrent at the base. Peduncle
13-2 in. long, smooth. Spathe 5-6 in. long, convolute for about 1 in,
into a cylindric tube 1 in. diam., green outside, pallid within; limb oblong,
3—7-lobed, erect and deeply concave in the lower part; lobes reflexed,
green outside, blackish-purple within. Spadix shorter than the spathe ;
flowering part dense, cylindrical, about 4 lin. thick, slightly tapering
in the upper part, female about } in. long, male 14 in. long; appendix
2 in. long, about 34 lin. thick a little below the middle, thence tapering
to the base and to the obtuse apex, slightly directed forwards, greenish,
Ovary ovoid, green ; stigma sessile, discoid, slightly excavated in the
centre, scarcely lobed. Anthers yellow.—Hydrosme Teuszii, Engl. in
Gartenfl. 1884, t. 1142, Aracez exsicc. & illustr. 115, and Jahrb. xv.
459; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 128; Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Bismark Island, in the River Kuango, Teusz,
!
I have only seen a cultivated leaf of this plant, and I regard the very remarkable
lobed spathe figured aad described by Engler as probably an abnormal condition,
for, judging from the manner in which the spadix bends forward, I believe the per-
fectly formed spathe will be found to have the limb somewhat hooded, with the apex
directed forwards.
5. A, Schweinfurthii, V. £. Br. Tuber 2-2} in. diam., flattened,
Leaf about 24 ft, diam., glabrous ; petiole 1-1} ft. (or more?) long,
Smooth ; terminal segments 6-8 in. long, 4-2 in. broad, the lowest
‘Smaller, all linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, decurrent at the
150 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). | Amor phophallus.
base. Peduncle 4-6 in. long, glabrous, smooth. Spathe erect, glabrous ;
tube 2 in. long, 1 in. diam. at the top, convolute, narrowly funnel-
shaped, inside longitudinally furrowed, dark purple with a pale zone
around the mouth ; limb 4—44 in. long, erect, very concave or somewhat
hooded, with the apex directed forwards, wavy on the margins, dark
purple. Spadix much shorter than the spathe, sessile ; flowering part
cylindric, dense, female about }? in. long, male about 1 in. long, both
about 4-5 lin. thick; appendix 14-1} in. long, about $ in. thick
cylindric, obtuse, abruptly contracted at the base, apparently dark
purple, smooth. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled ; stigma large, subsessile, two ~
lobed. Stamens crowded ; filaments stout, 2 lin. long; anther-cells
subglobose.—Hydrosme Schweinfurthii, Engler in DC. Monogr. Phan.
ii, 322, Jahrb. xv. 460, and Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 132; Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenfam. ii. iii, 128; Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. v. 474,
and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276.
' Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1806!
Niamniam ; Makporru Hill, Schweinfurth, 3782 (ex Englew+ and Nabanda-Juru
Steppe, Schweinfurth, 3573 (ex Engler).
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karatschongo, Fischer, 617 (ex
Engler).
Probably some juvenile leafy specimens (Schweinfurth, 1895) collected at Jur
Ghattas also belong to this species. See also a note under 30, A. abyssinicus, N. E. Br.
6. A. mossambicensis, Klotzsch ex Garcke in Peters, Reise Mos-
samb, Bot. 509, t. 56. Tuber depressed, about 2-24 in. diam. Leaf
not seen. Peduncle 6-9 in. long, smooth. Spathe convolute below,
glabrous inside and out ; tube 14-2 in. long, about 1} in. diam. at the
mouth, campanulate-infundibuliform ; limb probably very concave,
34-44 in. long, 3-34 in. broad when flattened out, suberect, broadly
ovate, obtuse or subacute, undulated, dark purple. Spadix about
equalling or a little shorter than the spathe ; flowering part cylindric,
dense, female about 4 in. long, male 1-1} in. long, 3-3} lin. thick ;
appendix 2-3} in. long, rather slender, 2-3 lin. thick, cylindric oF
slightly tapering upwards, obtuse. Ovary ellipsoid, 1-celled ; stigma
discoid, sessile-——Hydrosme mossambicensis, Schott, in Ocsterr. Bot.
Wochenbl. 1857, 389, Gen. Aroid. t. 33, and Prod. Aroid. 132;
Peters, Reise Mossamb, Bot. 509, t. 56; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan.
ii. 324, Jahrb. xv. 458, and Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 132; Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474. Corynophallus mossambicensis, O. Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. PI. ii. 741.
_ Mfozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi; mountains of
Lupata and in other places in Rios de Sena, Peters (ex Garke). British Central
Africa: North Nyasaland ; on the banks of the Nsessi River, in damp sand, Scott !
7. A. Goetzei, V. HL. Br. Tuber depressed, about 3} in, diam.
.Cataphyllary leaves 3—4 in. long, nearly as long as the peduncle, which
is 4-43 in. long. Spathe green outside; tube 24-23 in. long and about
34 in. in diam., obliquely campanulate, densely covered with short fili-
form processes inside ; limb 4$-6 in. long and 4 in. broad, oblong-ovate,
obtuse, undulated, marked with violet nerves inside. Spadix shortly
Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEE (BROWN). 151
exceeding the spathe ; female part }-1 in. long, and about 3 in. thick;
male part much thicker than the female portion, 11—1} in. long, ? to
nearly 1 in. thick ; appendix 6-63 in. long, gradually tapering upwards,
dull violet. Ovary cylindric; stigmacushion-like. Anthers subsessile,
depressed at the apex.—Hydrosme Goetzei, Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 355,
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between Khutu and Uhele districts,
on the east side of Vidunda Mountain, 1600 ft., Goetze, 407.
I have not seen this species; it is said to be allied to A. mossambicensis, but
differs in the broader tube of the spathe and much stouter spadix.
8. A. Barteri, V. Z. Br. Peduncle of the specimen seen 2} in.
long, probably longer, about 34 lin. thick, smooth, glabrous. Spathe
glabrous; tube convolute, apparently green outside, longitudinally
furrowed and purple-brown inside; limb 5 in. long, 34 in. broad, erect,
elliptic, obtuse, dark purple-brown. Spadix much shorter than the
spathe, sessile; flowering part cylindric, dense, 34—4 lin. thick, female
about ? in. long, male 14 in. long; appendix 1}-2 in. long, 3} lin. (or
more ?) thick, cylindric or somewhat fusiform, obtuse, smooth, furrowed
at the base, blackish-purple. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-celled ; stigma
sessile, large, discoid.—Hydrosme Fontanesii, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 133 ;
Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 322; Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI.
Afr. v. 474, excl.syns. Hansalia Fontanesii, Schott in Miq. Ann. Mus.
Lugd.-Bat. i. 279 in obs.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe, in shady places, Barter, 502 partly!
The inflorescence above described is that upon which Schott founded his descrip-
tion of Hydrosme Fontanesii and Hansalia Fontanesii, and is most unlikely to be
the same as A. Fontanesii, Kth., of which the leat only is known. Possibly
A, Barteri may prove to be the same as A. gratus, N. E. Br., which I have not
seen, but from description seems very similar, except as to the size of the parts of
the inflorescence.
The leaf with Barter, 502, belongs to Anchomanes dubius.
The leaf described by Schott and Engler as belonging to Hydrosme Fontanesii
may not belong to the inflorescence described above as A. Barteri, and does not
agree with the original description of Amorphophallus Fontanesti. It was collected
in Nupe by Barter (1468), whose label states that it is 2 ft. high, and was found
growing in the crevices of rocks; the specimen itself is about 1 ft. in diam., the
three primary branches are only once forked, with 4-5 segments to each secondary
branch, terminal segments 21-31 in. long, 13-13 in, broad, obovate, shortly and
abruptly cuspidate at the apex, cuneate and rather broadly decurrent at the base.
9. A. gratus, V. H. Br. Petiole long, spotted with dark fuscous.
Ultimate segments of the leaf “ linear-lanceolate” (Schott), or “ oblong-
lanceolate” (Schott), cuspidate-acuminate, confluent. Spathe 4% in.
long, 2 in. broad, “ oblong, acute” (Hngler), “lamina rounded ” (Schott),
dark violet. Spadix shorter than the spathe ; flowering part cylindric,
female 5 lin. long, 5 lin. thick, male 7-8 lin. long, about 2} lin. thick ;
appendix 21 in. long, about 34 lin. thick, subcylindric, obtuse, con-
stricted at the base —Hansalia grata, Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
1858, 82, Prod. Aroid. 133, and in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i, 279 in
obs. Hydrosme grata, Engl. in DC, Monogr. Phan, ii. 323, and Jahrb.
152 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN), [ Amorphophallus.
xv. 458; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474. Corynophallus
gratus, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 741.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory, Hansal.
In the original description of this plant (Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1858, 82), Schott
states that the segments of the leaf are “ linear-lanceolate ” and resemble those of
Corynophallus Afzelii, Schott (A. leonensis, Lem.), whilst in his Prod. Aroid. he
describes them as “ obverse oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate.” The odour is
said to be fragrant. I have not seen the plant, but it seems to be very similar to
A. Barteri, N. E. Br., and to differ in being smaller in all parts.
10. A. Preussii, V. 7. Br. Leaf about 2 ft. in diam., glabrous ;
petiole about 2 ft. long, smooth, marked with transverse or oblique
spots; terminal segments 5-7 in. long, 14-1} in. broad, oblanceolate,
very acuminate, with a point 1-1} in. long, tapering to a decurrent base,
the other segments lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate. Peduncle 16—20
in. long. Spathe about 4? in. long, convolute below, yellowish-green,
purple at the base; limb oblong, acute. Spadix shorter than the
spathe ; flowering part cylindric, dense, female about 5} lin. long, 54 lin.
thick, male about 7 lin. long, and 4} lin. thick; appendix 14-1? in.
long, 2-3 lin. thick, subeylindric. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled; style short;
stigma capitate—Hydrosme Preussii, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 459; Durand
& Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474.
phere Guinea. Cameroons: near a stream west of Buea, 3000 ft., Preuss,
588 !
I have only seen the leaf of this species.
11. A. laxiflorus, V. #. Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle 12-16 in.
long. Spathe about 5} in. long, convolute below, glabrous, blackish-
purple ; tube about 1} in. long, 1} in. diam. at the oblique mouth,
narrowly funnel-shaped; limb erect, elongate-deltoid, acute, margin
undulate. Spadix (imperfect) probably longer than the spathe, sessile ;
flowering part cylindric, female 10 lin. long, 5 lin. thick, dense, male
2-2} in. long, 3 lin. thick, sparsely covered with anthers; appendix
(upper part broken off) }$ inch thick, terete, tapering at the base,
smooth. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, tapering into a slender style about
1 lin. long ; stigma small, discoid.—Hydrosme sparsiflora, Engl. Jahrb.
xv. 461, t. 14, figs. J-Q, and Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 132; Durand &
Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Ukamba; Kitui, Hildebrandt.
I have not seen this species. The name has been changed because of the pre-
existing A. sparsiflorus, Hook. f.
12. A. doryphorus, Ridley in Journ. Bot. 1886, 305. Tuber 3-4
in. in diam. Leaf about 2 ft. in diam., glabrous; petiole 2 ft. or more
high, 3} in. thick at the base, green, not variegated, smooth ; terminal
segments 34-4} in. long, 14-1} in. broad, the others smaller, all elliptic-
oblong, acuminate, cuneate at the base, narrowly decurrent. Peduncle
1-1} ft. long, about } in. thick at the base, variegated with olive-brown
and dark green on a paler ground, smooth. Spathe erect, outside of a
somewhat glaucous green, shading upwards into light pinkish-grey,
Amor phophallus. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 153
spotted in the lower part with dark green, inside whitish, with or
without a few green spots on the limb, smooth and dark purple at the
base ; tube convolute, 14-2 in. long, ovoid or subcylindric ; limb 14-3
in. long, ovate, acuminate. Spadix longer than the spathe, sessile;
flowering part cylindrical, female 3-4 lin. long, male #-1} in. long;
appendix 3-5} in. long, 24-5 lin. thick, terete, obtuse, not tapering
upwards, smooth, purplish-red. Ovaries in 4-5 series, crowded, sub-
globose, light green; stigma subsessile, discoid. Anthers densely
crowded, dull yellowish.
Upper Guinea. Gambia: St. Mary’s Island, Maxwell! and without precise
locality, Lester !
13. A. Baumannii, V. /. Br. Tuber depressed. Leaf solitary ;
petiole green ; ultimate segments of the (undeveloped) blade 34—4 in.
long, 5 lin. broad, lanceolate, long-acuminate. Peduncle about 1 ft,
long, included for more than } of its length in the purplish cataphyllary
leaves. Spathe about 24 in. long, and rather more than 1} in. broad,
ovate, obtuse, convolute, pale green. Spadix about 3 times as long as
the spathe; female part about 5 lin. long, cylindric ; male part 7 lin.
long, obconic, about } in. thick at the base, and } in. thick in the upper
part; appendix about 5 in. long, tapering upwards, smooth. Ovary
ovoid ; stigma sessile, broadly orbicular.—Hydrosme Bawmannit, Engl.
‘Jahrb. xxvi. 420.
Upper Guinea. Togoland: Agome, Baumann, 204.
I have not seen this species. Engler states that it has the habit of A. consimilis,
Bl., in which the petiole and peduncle are tuberculate, but as he does not describe
any tuberculation on these organs, I have assumed them to be smooth in the analytical
‘key to the species.
14. A, flavovirens, V. H. Br. Leaf about 14-2 ft. in diam.,
glabrous; petiole 2 ft. or more high, variegated, smooth ; terminal
segments 34—4 in. long, 1} in. broad, the others smaller, oblong, elliptic-
oblong or elliptic-obovate, rather abruptly cuspidate-acuminate, tapering
towards the decurrent base. Peduncle 2-2} ft. long, light green,
Without spots, smooth. Spathe erect, light green outside without
markings, whitish-green bordered with yellowish-green inside, dusted
with purplish at the base; tube funnel-shaped, convolute, 14-2} in.
long, papillate-verrucose inside; limb 24-4 in. long, ovate, obtuse, or
obtusely acuminate, with recurved or undulated margins. — Spadix
longer than the spathe, stipitate ; stipes 2-3 lin. long ; flowering part
slightly thickened upwards, female 4-10 lin. long, 4 in. thick, male
10-13 lin. long, 7-7} lin. thick at the top; appendix 6-8 in. long,
9-10 lin. thick at the base, gradually tapering to a somewhat obtuse
point, yellow. Ovaries in 5-8 spirals, lax or somewhat crowded, sub-
globose, green ; stigma sessile, very large, somewhat mitre-shaped, bifid,
or in the dried state apparently orbicular, cinnamon-brown. Anthers
‘densely crowded, yellow.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast : in a valley near Aburi, Johnson, 25! Kwabu,
Johnson, 644!
154 CL. AROIDE® (BROWN), | Amorphophallus.
15. A. consimilis, Blume, Rumphia, i. 149. Petiole densely
covered with small tubercles. Peduncle 10-11 in. long. Spathe
(mutilated) 24 in. long, 13-1} in. broad, ovate, acuminate. Spadix
(imperfect) probably longer than the spathe ; female part 3-4 lin. long ;
male part about 7 lin. long; appendix about 1} in. long (Hngler), 2 lin.
thick. Ovary 1-celled.—Hook. Niger Fl. 527. Hydrosme priewriana,
Schott in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 279. H. consimilis, Engl. in
DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 325; Engl. Jahrb. xv. 458; Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 473. Brachyspatha consimilis, Schott, Prod. Aroid,
127. Corynophallus consimilis, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 741.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Promontory, on the borders of woods in sandy
soil, Leprieur.
I have not seen this species.
16. A. Eichleri, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 7091. Tuber 23-3 in.
diam., depressed-globose. Leaf about 2 ft. diam., glabrous ; petiole
1-2 ft. long, smooth, green ; terminal segments 3-5 in. long, 14-2} in.
broad, the others smaller, all elliptic-obovate or elliptic-oblong, shortly
and abruptly acuminate, narrowed to a decurrent base. Peduncle
4-11 in. long, smooth, green. Spathe small, 2-3 in. long, obliquely
campanulate ; tube convolute, about as broad as long, its margin re-
curved, forming a broad wavy frill dorsally prolonged into a short,
broadly ovate, spreading, obtuse apex; outside pale greenish-white
with darker lines; inside of tube with numerous longitudinal crisped
rugosities, rich dark purple with a broad white zone around its mouth,
frill and apex dark purple-brown. Spadix about twice as long as the
spathe, sessile or subsessile ; flowering part cylindric, female 3-4 lin.
long, male 5—9 lin. long, separated from the female by a naked space
1-14 lin. long; appendix 24-33 in. long, 4-8 lin. thick, conoid or
conoid-fusiform, obtuse. Ovaries not crowded, subglobose, 2-celled ;
stigma sessile, very stout, 2-lobed.—Hydrosme Eichleri, Engl. in J ahrb.
Bot. Gart. Berl. ii. 285, t. 10, and Jahrb. xv. 458; Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Bismark Island, in the River Kuango, cultivated
specimens, Teusz !
17. A. Staudtii, VY. #. Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle about
1} in. long. Spathe about 34 in. long and 24 in. diam., convolute,.
campanulate, undulated on the pale brown margin; basal half of the
tube covered inside with numerous filiform processes, blackish-purple-
Spadix about twice as long as the spathe; male and female parts each
about 5 lin. long, about 4 in. thick, cylindric; appendix 54-6 in. long,
about } in. thick at the base, slender, tail-like. Ovary ovoid; stigma
sessile, broadly orbicular.—Hydrosme Staudtii, Eng]. Jahrb. xxvi. 420.
aca Guinea, Cameroons: Jobann Albrechts-Hohe, near Barombi, Staudt,
I have not seen this species ; it appears to be very closely allied to 4. Eichleri,
Hook, f., differing in having filiform processes in the tube of the spathe and a more
slender appendix to the spadix.
Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEA (BROWN). 155
18. A. calabaricus, V. #. Br. “Plant 2-3 ft. high” (Mann).
Leaf not seen. Peduncle 1} ft. (or more?) high, about } in. thick at
the base, smooth. Spathe convolute below; tube 24 in. long, about
2 in, diam. at the top, funnel-shaped, outside glabrous, inside hairy at
the base; limb about 34 in. long, erect, ovate, acute, apparently pur-
plish, at least along the border. Spadix more than twice as long as the
spathe ; flowering part dense, female 6-7 lin. long, 4 lin. thick, eylin-
dric, male | in. long, obconic, thickened upwards, 6 lin. thick at the
top; appendix more than 13 in. long, apex broken off in the specimen
seen, nearly an inch thick a little above the base, thence tapering to
the apex, smooth, apparently greenish or yellowish, pallid olive in the
dried state. Ovary subglobose ; stigma sessile.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Old Calabar River, Mann, 2336!
19. A. maculatus, V. H. Br. Leaf about 23 ft. diam.; petiole
about 2} ft. long, smooth, light green, marked with numerous rather
large oval confluent olive-green spots ; terminal segments 6-8 in. long,
2-24 in. broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; lateral seg-
ments smaller, elliptic or oblong, acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate.
Peduncle 2 ft. long, smooth, coloured like the petiole. Spathe convo-
lute below ; tube 4—5 in. long, green, spotted with dark grey outside,
densely hairy at the base inside; limb about 8 in. long, 6 in. broad,
expanded, ovate, subacute, suffused and veined with deep red on a
green ground, glabrous. Spadix very shortly stipitate, twice as long as
the spathe ; flowering part cylindric, 3-1 in. thick, female 13-2 in.
long, male 1 in. long ; appendix 15-16 in. long, ? in. thick, cylindric,
obtuse, dark violet. Ovaries somewhat crowded, ovoid, 2-celled ; style
1 lin. long, stout ; stigma very thick, 2-lobed. Anthers crowded.
Lower Guinea. Congo or Gaboon: Cultivated specimen !
Described from a living plant sent to Kew in 1892 by Mr. Godefroy Lebeuf, who
was uncertain as to its native habitat.
This species closely resembles the Japanese A, Konjac, C. Koch, but in that
species the tube of the spathe is only rugulose-tuberculate inside, without hairs,
whilst in 4. maculatus it is thickly covered with hairs or hair-like processes inside
in the lower part. Of the African species it seems nearest to A. gallaensis, N. E. Br.
and A. angolensis, N. E. Br.
20. A. gallaensis, V. Z. Br. Tuber depressed-globose, about
24 in. diam. Leaf unknown. Peduncle about 1 ft. long, smooth.
‘Spathe oblong, convolute, obliquely funnel-shaped ; tube 4 in. long,
1} in. diam., smooth inside, blackish-purple in the basal part ; limb 4 in.
long, very undulated at the purple margin. Spadix 1} times as srg
the spathe ; female part 3 in. long, cylindric; male part about o in.
long, turbinate ; appendix 1 ft. long, elongated-conoid, aoe : vary
subglobose ; style 2 lin. long; stigma slightly 3-lobed.—Hydrosme
gallaensis, Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 422.
Wile Land. Gallaland : Robe Mountain, in the region of the sources of the
River Dana, Riva, 410.
I have not seen this species ; from its long styles and other characters it wou
156 CL, AROIDEE (BROWN). [ Amorphophallus.
appear to be allied to A. maculatus, N. E. Br., differing in its smaller inflorescence
and absence of hairs inside the tube of the spathe.
21, A. Johnsoni, V. /. Br. Tuber depressed. Leaf about 2 ft.
in diam., glabrous; petiole 14-2 ft. long, smooth; terminal segments
5-6 in. long, 14-1} in. broad, oblong, acuminate or somewhat cuspidate-
acuminate, cuneate and narrowly decurrent at the base. Peduncle
21-3 ft. high, smooth, spotted, at least on the upper part. Spathe
erect ; tube convolute, 34-4 in. long, about 3 in. diam., urceolate or
pear-shaped, distinctly constricted just below the mouth, tapering to
the base, pale green, spotted with darker green on the lower part, passing
into deep reddish or brownish-purple on the upper part outside, inside
the tube is whitish and densely covered with short soft bristle-like
processes or very stout hairs on the basal part ; limb about 44 in. long,
broadly ovate, obtusely pointed, oblique or somewhat spreading,
entirely dark brownish-purple on both sides, the colour abruptly
changing to white inside at the constriction of the tube. Spadix
longer than the spathe, sessile; female part in the dried state about
1 in. long, cylindric ; male about 14 in. long, slightly obconic ; appendix
about 9 in. long, 13-14 lin. thick in the lower part, gradually tapering
to an obtuse point, smooth, very dark purple-brown. Ovaries de-
pressed globose; stigma subsessile, with 2 large lobes. Anthers
densely crowded.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast ; Kwabu, Johnson, 643 !
22. A. angolensis, V. #. Br. Leaf 2 ft. or more in diam.,
glabrous ; petiole 3—5 ft. long, smooth, spotted with red at the base;
terminal segments 4—6 in. long, 1-14 in. broad, the others smaller,
oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, somewhat abruptly acuminate,
decurrent at the base. ‘ Peduncle by the side of the leaf, variegated
with green and purple” (Welwitsch), 10-12 in. long in the specimens
seen, probably longer, smooth. Spathe 11-12 in. long, cucullate,
shorter than the spadix, spreading, subacuminate, wavy on the margin,
hairy at the base inside. Spadix very long; flowering part dense,
cylindric, female about 2 in. long, male about 1 in. long; appendix
long, terete, obtuse, naked, blackish-purple. Ovary oblong-ovoid ;
stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Pollen orange-coloured.—Hydrosme angolensis,
Welw. ex Schott in Journ. Bot. 1865, 35; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan.
ii, 324; Engl. Jahrb. i. 487, and xv. 458; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fi.
Afr. v. 473; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 86. Corynophallus
angolensis, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 741.
Lower Guinea. Gaboon, Bellay, 285 (ex Engler), Angola: Cazengo; in
shady mountainous places by the streams of Muxaula, Welwitsch, 227! Pungo
Andongo ; in shady, rocky valleys of the Presidium of Pungo Andongo, rare,
Welwitsch, 228 | (not 288 as quoted by authors).
According to Welwitsch’s notes this would appear to produce its flower and leaf
at the same time, since, besides stating that the peduncle is by the s'de of the leaf,
he adds at the foot of the label of No. 228 “ce. fl. (with flower) Dec. 1857 and Jan.
1857.” Schott describes the spadix as being often 2 ft. long, but on the copy of
Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEH (BROWN). 157
Welwitsch’s note in the British Museum it reads “I have seen it nearly 6 ft. long.”
The figure 6 may, however, be an error of copying. There is no spathe or perfect
spadix of this species either at Kew or the British Museum.
23. A. accrensis, V. /. Br. Leaf not seen. Peduncle 8 in.
long in the specimen seen, but probably longer, olive-green, not
spotted, smooth. Spathe convolute for about 4 of its length, about
6 in. long, in the dried and very shrivelled specimen seen, but accord-
ing to a drawing made from the living plant about 1 ft. long and 8 in.
diam. across the oblique mouth ; tube somewhat campanulate-funnel-
shaped, not at all constricted at the mouth, glabrous and green out-
side, without spots, pale yellowish-white within, at least in the upper
part, and densely covered with stout curved hairs or soft bristles in the
basal part; limb ovate, obtuse, suberect, frilled, broadly bordered with
dark purple. Spadix three times as long as the spathe, sessile ; female
part about 2 in. long, cylindric; male part about 2 in. long,
stout, obconic; appendix about 19 in. long and 1? in. thick at the
base in the dried state, but according to the drawing about 23 ft. long
and 21 in. thick, gradually tapering from base to apex, smooth, olive-
brown. Ovaries not very crowded, oblong, 2-celled; stigma large,
sessile, 2-lobed.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Accra! Described from a dried specimen sent
to Kew by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, in January, 1900, which had been
received by them from Accra.
24. A. leopoldianus, V. #. Br. Leaf nearly 3 ft. diam.,
glabrous; petiole 2 ft. long, somewhat flattened, smooth, green, with
minute purple spots near the base; terminal segments 3-4 in. long,
7-9 lin. broad, the others smaller, all lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent
at the base. Peduncle smooth. Spathe convolute for about 4 in. into.
a ventricose vase-shaped tube, densely verrucose inside at the base ;
limb 6-8 in. long, ovate, acute, expanded, wavy on the margins, velvety
in texture, rich dark brownish-purple. Spadix twice as long as the
spathe, subsessile ; flowering part cylindric, dense, slightly constricted
at the base of the male spike, female about 1} in. long, male 2} in.
long ; appendix 18 in. or more long, about } in. thick at the base,
gradually tapering to an obtuse apex, smooth. Ovary subglobose ;
stigma sessile, cushion-like.—Hydrosme leopoldiana, Mast. in Gard.
Chron. 1887, i. 642, 644, 645, figs. 122, 123 ; Ill. Hort. xxxiv. 65, t. 23,
and xlii. 380, fig. 49; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276.
Lower Guinea (?) Congo Region: Cultivated specimen !
The peduncle of the type has been broken off about 13 in. below the spathe, and
in all probability represents only a small portion of it. A. leopoldianus is allied to
A. angolensis, N. EK. Br. and A. maximus, N. E. Br.; from the former it differs in
being densely verrucose instead of hairy at the base of the spathe inside, and from
A. maximus in its smooth petiole.
25. A. maximus, V. £. Br. Tuber depressed, oblique. Leaf
(juvenile?) about 18 in, diam.; petiole and its three branches rough
with small tubercles, variegated with irregular whitish spots on an
158 CL, AROIDEE (BROWN). [| Amorphophallus.
olive-green ground ; terminal segments 34-5} in. long, 13-2} in. broad,
elliptic-obovate, shortly cuspidate, acute, narrowed to the decurrent
base. Peduncle 24 ft. or more long, more than an inch thick at the
base, whitish, spotted with purple. Spathe pale rosy outside, spotted
with dull green, inside blackish-purple ; tube campanulate, about 4 in.
long and broad, inside densely verrucose; limb 5-6 in, long, broadly
triangular, wavy on the margin. Spadix twice as long as the spathe ;
flowering part thickened upwards, female about 1} in. long, 1 in. thick,
cylindric, male about 1} in. long, and about 1} in. thick at the apex,
obconic ; appendix about 20 in. long, 14 in. thick near the base, tapering
upwards. Ovaries scattered, ovoid ; stigma sessile, orbicular.—/ydrosme
maxima, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii 323, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 128,
and Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 182; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474.
Corynophallus maximus, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 741.
Wile Land. British East Africa: near Mombassa, Hildebrandt, 2018, Engler,
Arace exsicc. and illust., 241 !
I have not seen a flowering specimen of this species, but only the leaves from
plants cultivated at Berlin and distributed by Engler as Hydrosme maxima, which
possibly do not belong to the same plant as the inflorescence on which the species was
founded. See note under 26, A. Fischeri.
26. A. Fischeri, V. £. Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle 16-18 in.
(or more ?) long, 3-4 lin. thick in the dried state, smooth, Spathe
convolute below; tube 2-3 in. long, campanulate-infundibuliform,
about 3 in. broad at the mouth, outside glabrous, green marked with
small white spots, inside dark coloured at the densely verrucose base
with a pale zone above it; limb 4-6 in. long, 3-4 in. broad, more or
less spreading, broadly ovate, acute, undulated, both sides green,
sprinkled on the outside with small white spots, often broadly bordered
with purple. Spadix sessile, twice as long as the spathe; flowering
part dense, female 5-9 lin. long, cylindric, male 3—14 in. long, 7-12
lin. thick at the top, obconic; appendix 10-16 in. long, 7-12 lin. thick
at tne base, gradually tapering to the apex, smooth. Ovary sub-
globose, 2-celled ; stigma sessile, thick, 2-lobed——_Hydrosme Fischeri,
Engl. Jahrb. xv. 460, and Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 132; Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fi. Afr. v. 474.
_ Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usukuma; on the watershed of
Simiu, Fischer, 618 (ex Engler) ; and without precise locality, Kirk! British
Central Africa: in valleys near Boruma, on the Zambesi, Menyharth, 922!
As I have not seen an authentic example of this plant I have compiled the above
description entirely from the specimens collected by Kirk and Menyharth, which I
believe to belong to this species, since they quite agree with Engler’s description of
Hydrosme Fischeri, except in having the male part of the inflorescence slightly but
distinctly thickened upwards. The description in Engler’s Jahrb. however, is
somewhat contradictory with regard to this character, as on pp. 458 and 461 the
male part of the spadix is stated not to thicken upwards, whilst on p. 460 it is des-
cribed as somewhat narrowing towards the base. According to description, this species
appears to differ from A. maximus only by its thicker appendix. The leaves, how-
ever, distributed by Engler as Hydrosme maxima, have tuberculated petioles, and as
a rule the peduncle of the same plant would be tuberculated also, although nothing of
this kind is mentioned in the description. If the peduncle is tuberculated in A.
Amorphophallus. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 159
maximus, then A. Fischeri is doubtless distinct from it, but if it is smooth there
seems to be no character of sufficient importance to distinguish them specifically.
27. A. Mannii, V. #. Br. Leaf very large, probably 4-5 ft.
diam.; petiole in the dried state densely sulcate-striate, probably
smooth when alive ; terminal segments 7-12 in. long, 34-4 in. broad,
oblong or elliptic-oblong somewhat cuspidate-acuminate, narrowed and
decurrent at the base. Peduncle furrowed like the petiole. Spathe 6-7 in.
long, obliquely campanulate, convolute at the base ; tube densely covered
inside with curved hair-like processes, dark purple ; limb or border much
undulated, frill-like, very obtusely rounded at the apex, dark purple.
Spadix much longer than the spathe; flowering part cylindric, about
7 lin. thick, female 9-10 lin. long, male about 1 in. long; appendix
(imperfect) over a foot long, about } in. thick at the base, gradually
tapering to the apex, smooth, dark coloured in the dried state. Ovaries
moderately crowded, globose, 2-celled ; stigma sessile, discoid. Anthers
densely crowded.
Upper Guinea. [Fernando Po, Mann, 652!
The peduncle of the only specimen seen is very much compressed, and about 2 in.
long, but has been broken off, so that it is impossible to say how long it may have
been. The leaf-segments of this plant are larger than those of any other species of
Amorphophallus, except the gigantic A, Titanum, Becc., which they rival in size,
28. A. Zenkeri, V./. Br. Leaf solitary ; petiole 20—24 in. long,
its three primary branches divided into two pinnatipartite divisions
bearing 4 (often opposite) segments; terminal segments 5-5} in. long,
24-23 in. broad, the others smaller, all oblong-lanceolate, long
acuminate, very acute, decurrent at the base. Peduncle ?—1} in. long.
Spathe about 8 in. long, and 4 in. diam., convolute, broadly campanulate,
undulated at the purple margin; lower part of the tube clothed inside
with filiform processes, blackish-purple. Spadix about twice as long
as the spathe; female part about 7 lin. long, } in. thick, cylindric ;
male part } in. long, 2 in. thick; appendix about 14 in. long, # in.
thick, irregularly sulcate. Ovary shortly ovoid; stigma sessile,
orbicular—Hydrosme Zenkeri, Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 421.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: near Yaunde, in forest, 2600 ft., Zenker &
Staudt, 58.
This species, of which I have not seen a specimen, seems to be allied to 4. Mannii,
N. E. Br.
Imperfectly known species.
29. A. Fontanesii, Kunth, Enum. iii. 35. Stemless. “ Petiole
terete, tripartite at the apex; leaflets many, lanceolate and obovate,
acuminate at the apex, unequal, decurrent.”—Hook. Niger Fl. 527.
Arum trifidum, Desfont. Cat. Hort. Par. 7 and 385. Corynophallus
Fontanesii, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 741.
Upper Guinea. Senegal. : eo
Unknown to me. It was described from a plant cultivated in the Botanic
Garden at Paris, and on account of its lanceolate, acuminate leaflets, and different
locality cannot be the plant described as Hydrosme Fontanesii by Schott and Engler,
for which see 4, Barteri, N. E. Br.
160 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). { Amorphophallus.
30. A. abyssinicus, V. Z. Br. Tuber depressed-globose, Spathe
pedunculate, glabrous, convolute at the base, enlarged in the upper part,
erect, obtuse, margin subrevolute, blackish-purple. Spadix with an
oblong-clavate naked apex (appendix). Ovaries numerous. Abortive
flowers (neuter organs) none. Stamens very numerous, sessile, opening
by two apical pores.— Arum abyssinicum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss.
ii, 352. Sauromatum abyssinicwm, Schott, Syn. Aroid. 25; Prod.
Aroid. 72, not of Engler.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: in the valley of the River Tacazze near Tchelatche-
kenneh, among stones, Quartin-Dillon.
I have not seen this plant, but from the description given by Richard, there can
be little doubt that it is a species of Amorphophallus, as the convolute spathe and
absence of neuter organs are entirely at variance with the characters of the genus
Sauromatum.
Possibly the specimens collected in Abyssinia by Stewdner, 707, 709, and quoted
by Engler (Jahrb. xv. 460) and Durand & Schinz (Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474) under
Hydrosme Schweinfurthii, Engl., may belong to this species.
5. ZYGANTHERA, N. E. Br,
Spathe large, convolute at the base. Spadix free, shorter than the
spathe, monecious, lower half fertile, upper half covered with barren
organs (staminodes); male, female, and barren parts contiguous;
appendix none. Perianth none. Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigma
thick, capitate, subbilobed. Ovule solitary in each cell, basal, erect,
anatropous. Anthers connate in pairs, sessile; connective stout, much
broader than the cells, produced beyond them and dilated into an angular
truncate subbilobed apex; cells linear-oblong. Staminodes cuneate-
oblong, subclavate, subtruncate or slightly convex at the apex.—A
tuberous-rooted herb, flowering before the leaves appear. Leaves un-
known. Peduncle very short.
An endemic, monotypic genus.
1. Z. Buttneri, V. #. Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle 1} in.
long, not very thick, concealed by the surrounding cataphyllary leaves,
the innermost of which are about 4—5 in. long, 1 in. broad, strap-
shaped or oblong-lanceolate, acute. Spathe about 24 ft. long, convolute
for about 3 in. at the base. Spadix 3 in. long, about 7 lin. thick,
cylindric, obtuse, densely covered with flowers and staminodes or
neuter organs; female part about } in. long; male part ? in. long;
staminodal or neuter part 13 in. long. Ovary subglobose; style
short ; stigma subglobose, slightly 2-lobed. Anthers connate in pairs,
sessile, subquadrate ; connective dilated at the apex beyond the cells,
truncate, angular, faintly 2-lobed, smooth ? Staminodes cuneate-oblong,
sub-clavate, convexly subtruncate.—Pser:dohydrosme Biittnert, Engl.
Jahrb. xv. 456, t. 17; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii.iv-
59. P. Buettneri, Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475.
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda district; Sibange Farm, Bittner, 519.
Engler places this plant under his genus Pseudohydrosme, but according to his
description and figure, for I have not seen the plant, the differences between this
Zyganthera. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 161
and Pseudhydrosme gabunensis, Engl., are such, that they ought not, in my
opinion, to be placed in the same genus, I have, therefore, generically separated
them, Eugler states that the spathe of the specimen of Z, Buttneri, according to
the collector’s notes, has about 2 ft. of the upper part wanting ; it is, therefore, only
very shortly convolute at the base, and not nearly to the obliquely truncate top as
in Pseudhydrosme ; the anthers of Zyganthera are connate in pairs, the upper half
of the spadix is covered with barren organs, and the ovules are short and broad, whilst
in Pseudhydrosme the anthers are free, different in character, the spadix has no barren
organs, and the ovules are long and narrow.
6. PSEUDHYDROSME, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 455.
Spathe funnel-shaped, convolute to the obliquely truncate top.
Spadix free, monecious, fertile to the apex; male and female parts
contiguous; appendix none; staminodes or neuter organs none.
Perianth none. Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigma slightly bilobed.
Ovules solitary in each cell, affixed near the base of the axile placenta
‘on very short funicles, erect, anatropous. Anthers free, compressed,
2-celled ; connective rather broad, produced beyond the cells into a
transverse sub-bilobed knob; cells linear, opposite.—A tuberous
rooted herb, flowering before the leaves appear. Leaves unknown.
Peduncle very short.
An endemic monotypic genus,
1. P. gabunensis, Lngl. Jahrb. xv. 455, tt. 15-16. Leaf un-
known; peduncle about 1? in. long, enclosed by several cataphyllary
leaves, the longest of which are about 3-3? in. long. Spathe 12-16
in. long, and about 8 in. diam. across the top, funnel-shaped, obliquely
truncate, slightly undulated at the margin. Spadix 3} in. long, about
lin. thick, cylindric, obtuse, densely covered with unisexual flowers ;
female part about 1} in. long; male part contiguous to the female,
densely covered with fertile anthers to the apex. Ovary oblong-ovoid,
narrowed into a short thick style; stigma bilobed, not thicker than
the style. Anthers free, subsessile, linear-oblong ; connective produced
into a transverse thickened minutely papillate knob.—Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii—iv. 59. P. gabonensis, Durand & Schinz,
Consp. FI. Afr. v. 475.
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda district; on the banks of Maveli River at
Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 299.
I have not seen this plant.
7. ANCHOMANES, Schott; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Pl. iii. 973.
Spathe shortly convolute at the base, boat-shaped, at length deci-
duous. Spadix shorter than the spathe, free, moncecious, male and
female parts contiguous, no neuter organs or appendix. Perianth none.
Ovaries numerous, crowded, 1-celled; style deflexed or none; stigma
small. Ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous, Stamens free ; anthers
VOL. VIII, M
162 CL. AROIDEH (BROWN). [ Anchomanes.
sessile, 4-celled ; connective thick, truncate; cells confluent in pairs at
the apex, opening by terminal pores. Berry ovoid, 1-seeded. Ripe
seeds not seen.—Tuberous-rooted herbs, producing flowers and leaves.
at the same or different times. Leaf solitary; petiole tall, prickly,
3-branched at the top; branches dichotomously divided, pinnatipartite ;
lateral leaf-segments lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic, acute, acuminate or
cuspidate ; terminal segments cuneate-oblong, bicuspidate at the apex.
Peduncle solitary, tall, prickly (smooth in 5. A. Boehnaiz).
An endemic genus of 4 species. The leaf of A. Boehmii is unknown, and this
species may prove not to belong to the genus Anchomanes.
Peduncle prickly ; spathe 5 in, to 3 ft. long.
Ovary and style tubercled.
Spathe about 3 ft. long C : : : . IL. A. giganteus.
Spathe 5-9 in. long. : ° . . . 2. A. Hookeri.
Ovary (and style when present) smooth.
Style 3-1 lin. long 8. A. dubius.
Style O ; stigma sessile 3 4. A, Welwitschir..
Peduncle smooth ; spathe 1-1} in. long 5. A. Boehmit.
1. A. giganteus, ZHngl. Jahrb. xxvi. 419. Tuber very large.
Leaf present at the time of flowering, about 3} ft. diam. ; petiole
attaining a height of 8 ft., prickly ; the 3 primary divisions of the leaf
2-3-pinnatisect, lowest segments subtripartite, following segments pin-
natisect, with 2-3 pairs of leaflets, ultimate segments much larger and
bipinnatisect ; lowest of the tertiary segments ovate-lanceolate, sub-
acute; middle pinnatipartite, with about 2 pairs of leaflets ; ultimate
pinnatipartite, with about 3 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets obliquely oblong-
lanceolate, decurrent on the rhachis. Peduncle 5—5} ft. long, prickly.
Spathe 3 ft. long, elongated-lanceolate, scarcely acuminate. Spadix
sessile; female part 3-4 in. long; male part 6-8 in. long, #-1} in-
thick. Ovary shortly ovoid ; style tuberculate.—De Wild. & Durand,
Contrib. Fl. Congo, i. fase. 2, 64.
South Central. Congo Free State: Umanghi Island in the Congo, Laurent.
I have not seen this species.
2. A. Hookeri, Schott in Ocsterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 1853, 314. Leaf
solitary, 24-54 ft. diam., armed with scattered prickles on the petiole
and its divisions ; petiole terete, 3-6 ft. high, variegated with purplish
and green; three primary divisions pinnatisect at the base, once oF
twice dichotomously divided above; terminal segments 6-9 in. long;
3-4} in. broad, bicuspidate. Peduncle 1}-3 ft. high, terete, prickly,
coloured like the petiole. Spathe 5-9 in. long, 13—2 in. broad, oblong
(boat-shaped), acute, shortly convolute at the base, purple inside and
out, or the inside greenish suffused with purple. Spadix 13-5} in-
long, 4—6 lin. thick, cylindric, tapering towards the obtuse apex ; female
part 3-14 in. long, purple. Ovary ovoid, tubercled; style about 1 lin.
long, deflexed, tuberculate. Anthers cream-coloured.—Schott, Gen-
Aroid. t. 34, Synop. Aroid. 71, and Prod. Aroid. 134. A. Hookert,
var. pallida, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5394. A. difformis, Engl. in DC-
Monogr. Phan. ii. 304, in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. 1889, ii. 149, 1D
Anchomanes. | CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). 163
Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 126, and in Pf. Ost-Afr. B. 181;
Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 473 (excl. syn. Amorphophallus
difformis). Caladium petiolatum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3728. Pythonium
Hookeri, Kunth, Enum. iii. 31; Hook. Niger Fl. 527.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Mann, 107! and cultivated specimens from
Boultbee ! and Mann! Cameroons: Batanga, Braun (ex Engler), Malimba, Braun
(ex Engler).
Th's species, so far as I have seen specimens, appears to be confined to the island
of Fernando Po, and to differ from A. dubius, Schott, in its larger leaflets and
tubercled ovaries, The Cameroons specimens are probably 4. dubius.
3. A. dubius, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 135. Leaf solitary, 2-3} ft.
sperma ? congoensis, L. Lind. Semaine Hort. 1900, 473, fig. 158.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Kambia, Scott-Elliot, 4383! near
Buyabuya, Scott-Elliot, 4575! and without precise locality, Afzelius! Liberin,
cultivated specimens! Gold Coast, Burton & Cameron! Ashanti; Assin-Yan-
Coomassie, Cummins, 211! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 502 partly! Wari
(Oware), Beauvois. Old Calabar, Holland, 21!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur ; Genana, near Jur Ghattas, Schwein-
furth, 1790! 1347 (ex Engler).
Lower Guinea. Gaboon, Bellay, 273 (ex Engler). Congo, Smith! Ans
gola: Golungo Alto; near Sange, at the spring of Capopa, and by the River Luina,
in the Sierra de alta Queta, 2000 ft., Welwitsch, 224! in wooded mountainous
places near the banks of rivulets around Sange, Bango Aquitamba, and Trombeta,
Welwitsch, 225 partly (ex Rendle) ; Cazengo; in rocky wooded places on the banks
of the River Luinha, Welwitsch, 223 (ex Rendle) ; Pungo Andongo; in rocky
Places of Mata de Pungo, near Pungo Andongo, Welwitsch, 1018 (ex Rendle),
and without precise locality, Monteiro ! ei
4. A. Welwitschii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 88. Leaf
very similar to that of 4. dubius, and of about the same size, produced
164 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Anchomanes.
after the flowers. Peduncle of the specimens seen 94-17 in. long,
prickly. Spathe 5-6 in. long, shortly convolute at the base, boat-
shaped, oblong-lanceolate, acute, sulphur-yellow, spotted with red
inside. Spadix about half as long as the spathe; female part 14-19
lin. long; male 1-2} in. long. Ovary cylindric-oblong or ovoid, with
a hardened disk-like apex and sessile stigma, smooth, greenish.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Ambaca ; between Isangaand Ambaca, Welwitsch,
225/5! Pungo Andongo; in the wooded thickets of Mata de Pungo, Welwitsci, 226 }
Th’'s differs from A. dubius, Schott, which it otherwise much resembles, by its
sessile stigma and yellow spathe,
5. A. Boehmii, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 454, t. 14, figs. a-h. Leaf
unknown. Peduncle 8-10 in. long, smooth. Spathe 1-1} in. long,
ovate-lanceolate, boat-ehaped, acute. Spadix 3-1 in. long, 2-23 lin.
thick, cylindric, obtuse ; female part 3} lin. long. Ovary turbinate ;
apex dilated and convex; stigma small, sessile.-—Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.
131; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 473.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi ; Pori, near Gonda, in
Ugunda district, Bohm, 282.
I have not seen this species.
8. COLOCASIA, Schott ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 974.
Spathe convolute below, constricted at the base of the limb ; tube per-
sistent in fruit; limb deciduous. Spadix shorter than the spathe, free,
moneecious, terminating in a naked appendage (which is sometimes obso-
lete in cultivated plants) ; female part contiguous with the barren basal
part of the male inflorescence. Perianth none. Female flowers numerous,
with a few neuter organs (pistillodes) intermixed with them : ovaries
free, 1-celled ; stigma sessile or subsessile, discoid or cushion-like ; ovules
numerous, biseriately affixed along 3-5 parietal placentas, obliquely
orthotropous, with long funicles. Male flowers with 3-5 anthers con-
nate into a sessile angular truncate body; anther-cells opening by
terminal pores. Berries enclosed in the tube of the spathe, which
finally ruptures, obovoid, subtruncate, 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds
narrowly ovoid, small; testa thickened, ribbed; albumen copious;
embryo axile at the apex of the albumen.—Herbs with a tuberous
rootstock. Leaves all radical, with long petioles, peltate, ovate, cor-
date or obtusely sagittate at the base, reticulately veined between the
primary veins. Peduncles solitary or 2 or more from the same axil.
A small genus of about 7 syecies, natives of Tropical Asia and the Malay Archi-
pelago. The following has been introduced and become naturalised in some parts of
Africa.
1. C. Antiquorum, Schott, Melet. 18. Rootstock thick, fleshy.
Leaves all radical, erect, glabrous ; petiole 1-3} ft. long; blade }—2ft.
long, 5-15 in. broad, peltate, ovate, rather abruptly acute, cordate-
sagittate at the base; basal lobes 1-4 in. long, deltoid, very obtuse.
Peduncle 5-18 in, long, solitary or 2 or more from the same axil.
Colocasia. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 165
Spathe 6-17 in. long ; tube ovoid-oblong, green ; limb narrowly lanceo-
late, 2-5 times as long as the tube, convolute to an acute point at the
apex apricot-yellow. Spadix shorter than the spathe; female part
{-2 in. long, cylindric, tapering towards the top ; male part, including
the portion covered with barren organs (staminodes) at its base, 2—4 in.
long, cylindric, constricted at the base ; appendix variable irrespective
of the rest of the spadix, 1-24 in. long, more slender than the male
part, terete, tapering to an acute point, buff-coloured. Ovaries mixed
with neuter organs (abortive ovaries), obovoid ; stigma sessile, discoid.
Anthers buff-coloured.—Synop. Aroid. 40, Gen, Aroid. t. 37, and
Prod. Aroid. 138; Kunth, Enum. iii. 37; Thomson in Speke, Nile,
Append. 651; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 491, in Pflanzenw.
Ost-Afr. B. 131, C. 132, and in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889),
150; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 523, and in Bot. Mag. t. 7364;
Schweinf. in Bull, Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 52, 105; Henriques in
Bolet. Soc. Brot. xiii. 134; Dewévre in Comptes-rendus Soe. bot.
Belg. xxxiii. 107; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 88; Durand &
Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 478. Colocasia sp., Hook. Niger FI. 527.
Caladium esculentum, Schumach, & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pi. 408.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Islands ; St. Antao, Lowe! Cape Verde, Cardoso
(ex Henriques). Sierra Leone, cultivated, Don! Guinea, Thonning. Cameroons :
Barombi, Preuss, 300!
Nile Land. Eritrea: near the Otal water place, on the northern slope of the
Highlands of Dembelas, Schweinfurth, 121, and near Filfil, Schweinfurth, 122 (ex
Schweinfurth). Abyssinia, Kordofan, Sennar, and Uganda (ex Durand & Schinz),
British East Africa : Uganda and Unyoro (ex Speke & Grant); Rabai Hills, near
Mombasa, Taylor!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto: in shady woods by the sides of
streams in the Sierra de Alto Queta, rarely flowering, Welwitsch, 220! in woods
between Sange and Menha Lula, Welwitsch, 220/2. Cazengo ; in lofty shady places
on the Sierra de Muchaula, Welwitsch, 220/83! Pungo Andongo; in woods by
streams in Mata de Pungo, on the Presidium, Welwitsch, 221. :
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland; Blantyre, Descamps (ex
Dewevre),
Introduced. A native of Tropical Asia and the Malay Archipelago.
9. CALADIUM, Vent.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ii. 976.
Spathe convolute below ; constricted at the base of the boat-shaped
limb; tube persistent and eventually rupturing in fruit; limb
deciduous, Spadix shorter than the spathe, free, monecious, without
an appendix ; female part contiguous with the barren basal part of the
male inflorescence. Perianth none. Female flowers numerous ; ovaries
all slightly connected just below the apex, 2- (rarely 3-4-) celled ;
stigma sessile; ovules numerous, axile, anatropous. Male flowers :
Anthers 3—5, connate into a sessile angular truncate body, the cells not
reaching to the top, opening by terminal pores. Berries enclosed in
the tube of the spathe, obovoid or pear-shaped, 2—3-celled, many-
Seeded. Seeds ovoid, small; testa thick; albumen copious; embryo-
166 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). | Caladium.
axile.— Herbs with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves all radical, with long
petioles, sagittate, cordate, or lanceolate, usually peltate, reticulately
veined. Peduncle solitary, long.
Species several, natives of Tropical America, the following has been introduced
into Tropical Africa, and become naturalised.
1. GC. bicolor, Vent. Descr. Pl. Nouv. Jard. Cels, 30. Tuber
depressed-globose. Leaves few, erect; petiole 3-1 ft. long, terete,
glabrous, glaucous towards the apex; blade 6-10 in. long, 4-7 in.
broad, peltate, ovate-sagittate, acute, glabrous, crimson or whitish in
the central part, glaucous beneath ; basal lobes deltoid, obtuse, with an
open obtuse sinus between them. Peduncle 8-10 in. long, terete,
glabrous. Spathe glabrous; tube 1-14 in. long, ovoid, green; limb
13-21 in. long, about 1 in. broad, boat-shaped, convolute-cuspidate,
white, deciduous. Spadix a little shorter than the spathe ; female part
cylindric; male part fusiform, obtuse.—Kunth, Enum. iii. 42; Bot.
Mag. t. 2543; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 255; Hook. Exot. Fl. i. t. 26;
Schott, Syn. Aroid. 54, and Prod. Aroid. 172; Engl. in DC. Monogr.
Phan. ii. 457; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 208; Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 89. Arum bicolor, Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. i. iii. 316;
Bot. Mag. t. 820; Jacq. Hort. Schenbr. ii. 30, t. 186.
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomes: very common, Moller (ex Henriques),
Welwitsch, 6769! Princes IJand: commen in all the cultivated ravines, Barter,
1945 ! at the base cf Pico de Papagaio, 1600-2000 ft., Welwitsch, 222! and with-
out precise locality, Mann, 1150! West Atrica, Grey !
Introduced. A native of Tropical America.
10. TYPHONODORUM, Schott; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Fi. ini. 977.
Spathe convolute below, constricted at the mouth of the tube;
limb elongated, acuminate, concave. Spadix shorter than the spathe,
free, monecious; female part short, cylindric, separated from the male
part by a constricted interval covered with barren organs (pistillodes) ;
fertile male part not very long, cylindric, passing upwards into a very
long cylindric spike of staminodes. Perianth none. Ovary 1-celled;
stigma subsessile. Ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Male
flowers of 4-8 anthers united into a truncate angular body; anther-
cells opening by short terminal slits. Barren organs, both pistillodes
and staminodes, elongated in the direction of the axis, irregularly
angular, truncate, crowded. Berries very large, containing 1 large nut-
like seed—Large herbs several ft. in height, with the habit of
Richardia. Leaves all radical, cordate, with long stout petioles.
Peduncle long and stout. Spathe very long.
A specimen, which was collected in the Island of Zanzibar by Stuhlmann, has been
referred by Engler (Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 132) to this genus, but is stated to be in too
imperfect a condition to admit of its specific identification. .The only other known
species (for 7’. madagascariense, Eng)., is the same as 7. lindleyanum, Schott) is @
native of the Mascarene Islands.
Richardia. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 167
11. RICHARDIA, Kunth; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 982.
Spathe convolute in the lower half, funnel-shaped, persistent ; limb
oblique, open, suberect or recurving, terminating in a subulate point.
Spadix moneecious, free, sessile or stipitate, much shorter than the
spathe ; male and female parts contiguous ; appendix none ; staminodes
are sometimes mixed with the ovaries, but there are no other barren
organs. Perianth none. Ovaries numerous, crowded, subglobose,
angular from mutual pressure, 2—3-celled ; style short or almost none;
stigma discoid. Ovules 2—4 in each cell, on axile placentas, anatropous.
Anthers sessile, crowded, oblong, compressed, truncate at the apex,
2-celled, cells opening by terminal pores. Berry broadly obovoid or
subglobose, 1—3-celled; cells 1—2-seeded. Seed subglobose or ovoid,
slightly angular ; testa rather thin; albumen copious; embryo axile.
Herbs with a thick fleshy rhizome. Leaves contemporary with the
flowers, all radical, with long petioles, and hastate, sagittate, cordate or
lanceolate blades. Peduncles solitary, as long as or longer than the
leaves. Spathe large, showy, white, yellow, or rosy, persisting and
changing to green as the fruit develops.
A.sinall genus confined to Tropical and South Africa.
Leaves spotted.
Leaves ovate-cordate or orbicular-cordate ; spathe
without a purple-brown blotch at the base . 1. R. elliottiana.
Leaves hastate ; spathe with a dark purple-brown
blotch at the base . “ . 2. R. melanoleuca,
Leaves without spots; spathes with a dark purple-
brown blotch at the base (see also the young state
of 2, R. melanoleuca).
Leaf with the ovate-deltoid part above the basal-
lobes nearly twice as long as broad; spathe
light yellow. : seas = . 3. RB. hastata,
Leaf with the elongated-deltoid or elongated-oblong
part above the basal-lobes 2—5 times as long as
broad; spathe deep golden-yellow . c . 4. R. angustiloba.
1. R. elliottiana, W. Wats. in Garden and Forest, 1892, 330.
Leaves glabrous ; petiole 2 ft. or more long, smooth, without bristles ;
blade bright green, marked with numerous transparent white elongated
Spots, 9-11 in. long, 6-10 in. broad, ovate or orbicular-ovate, obtuse,
with a subulate point at the apex, cordate at the base ; basal lobes very
broadly rounded; sinus about 2 in. deep. Peduncle longer than the
leaves, smooth, green. Spathe 5-6 in. long, bright golden-yellow,
without a purple blotch at the base inside ; tube funnel-shaped ; limb
oblique, subhorizontally spreading, obtuse, with a subulate point.
Spadix about half as long as the spathe, cylindric, obtuse. Ovaries
Subglobose, angular from mutual pressure, pale greenish ; stigma sessile,
discoid. Staminodes none. Anthers orange-yellow.. Berries large,
about } in. diam., obovoid or subglobose, green.—Duren in Rev. Hort.
Belge, 1897, 13, with pl.; Bot Mag. t. 7577, Calla elliottiana, Knight
168 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Richardia.
in Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. 1890, xii., Proc. lviii.; W. Wats. in Gard.
Chron. 1892, xii. 124.
Mozamb. Dist. Tropical Transvaal? cultivated specimens !
This species is stated to have been raised from seeds received from South Africa,
but I have reason to believe that its habitat is somewhere in the northern part of the
Transvaal.
2. R. melanoleuca, Hook. f., var. tropicalis, V. #. Br. Leaves
glabrous ; petiole 3-24 ft. long, smooth, without the soft bristles at the
base that are characteristic of the type; blade 8—14 in. long, 44—14 in.
broad across the basal lobes, hastate or somewhat sagittate in the
smaller leaves, acute, green, marked with transparent white linear
spots ; basal lobes spreading, obtuse. Peduncle longer than the leaves,
smooth. Spathe 3-5} in. long, lemon-yellow, with a crimson blotch at
the base inside; tube funnel-shaped; limb oblique, tapering into a
subulate point. Spadix shortly stipitate, not half as long as the spathe,
cylindric, obtuse. Ovary subglobose, green ; style 4—} lin. long; stigma
small. Staminodes none, or confined to a very few of the uppermost:
female flowers. :
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Namasi, Cameron!
Mashonaland ; at Six-mile Spruit near Salisbury, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, 149!
In the young state the leaves of this variety are elongate-ovate, acute, cordate-
sagittate at the base, and green without any spots, the spots developing with the age
of the plant.
This differs from the typical South African form: by its larger size, and by the ,
absence of thie soft bristles at the base of the petioles so characteristic of the Natal
plant. The stigma is not always subsessile in typical R. melanolenca, Hook. f., a8 [
had previously described, some specimens having a distinct style about 4 lin. long.
3. R. hastata, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag.t.5176. Leaves with petioles
1-1} ft. long, having soft bristle-like hairs on the Jower part, which
wither and often nearly disappear in the dried state; blade green,
without spots, 83-13} in. long, 4-7} in. broad across the basal lobes,
triangular-sagittate or hastate, acute, the part above the basal lobes
usually less than twice as long as broad ; basal lobes very broadly ovate
or rounded, very obtuse, overlapping one another at the sinus, OF
spreading. Peduncle about a foot long, smooth. Spathe 3-4 in. long,
light yellow, tinted with green outside, marked with a large purple-
brown blotch at the base inside; tube funnel-shaped ; limb obliquely
truncate at the mouth, abruptly subulate-pointed. Spadix about half
as long as the spathe, cylindric, obtuse. Ovary angular-globose, light
green; style very short, conical; stigma small. Staminodes none.
Anthers yellow.—Schott, Prod. Aroid. 325; Engl. in DC. Monogr.
Phan. ii. 328 ; Garden, Dec. 11, 1880 ; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vil. 38.
hk. Lutwychei, N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1893, xiii. 568; Rev. Hort.
1896, 60 with pl. 2. “ Pride of Congo,’ Rev. Hort. 1893, 27. Calla
oculata, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1859, 788. Zantedeschia hastata, Eng).
Jahrb. iv.64; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fi. Afr. v.477 partly. Z. Lut-
Richardia.} CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 169:
wychei, Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 477; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr..
C. 132. <Arodes hastatum, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 740.
Central Africa. Stated to have been imported from the “neighbourhood of
Lake Nyanza” (Lake Nyasa ?), cultivated specimen !
Also in South Africa.
The differences of the overlapping basal lobes of the leaf, and the presence of
bristles on the petiole, by which I originally distinguished R. Lutwychei from
R. hastata, I tind to be inconstant; with regard to the bristles on the petioles of.
R. hastata they are either sometimes absent, or disappear in the proccss of drying.
4. R. angustiloba, Schott in Journ. Bot. 1865, 35. Leaves gla-
brous ; petiole smooth, without bristles ; blade 74-17 in. long, 4-11 in.
broad across the basal lobes, hastate, green, without spots; the part
above the basal lobes elongate-deltoid or elongate-oblong, often very
harrow, acute or acuminate, 2-5 times as long as broad; basal lobes
very variable, short or long, sometimes very spreading, sinus very open.
Peduncle about as long as the leaves, smooth. Spathe 4-4 in. long,
clear deep gamboge-yellow, with a dark purple-brown blotch at the
base inside, ‘intense sulphur-coloured, blood-red at the base inside ”
(Welwitsch), palet outside; tube funnel-shaped; limb oblique, sub-
horizontal, acute. Spadix shortly stipitate, scarcely half as long as the
spathe, cylindric, obtuse. Ovary subglobose, pale greenish-white ; style
Short; stigma small, discoid. Staminodes none. Anthers yellow.
Berries large, subglobose or obovoid.—Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii.
329; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 37. PR. hastatu, Engl. m DC.
Monogr. Phan. ii. 828, as to the Angolan plant. 2. macrocarpa,
W. Wats. in Gard. Chron. 1892, xii. 124. BR. Pentlandii, Whyte ex
W. Wats. in Gard. Chron. 1894, xv. 590; Bot. Mag. t. 7397. Calla
Pentlandii, Whyte ex W. Wats. in Gard. Chron. 1892, xii. 124. Zante-
deschia angustiloba, Engl., and Z. macrocarpa, Engl. Jahrb. iv. 64;
Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr.v.477. Arodes angustilobum, O, Kuntze,
Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 740. Aroides hastatum, Rendle, and A. angustilobum,
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 90-91.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; friquent in deep stagnant places.
between the islands Calemba and Quisonde, on the right bank of the River Cuanza,
2040-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 230! 1020 (ex Rendle); Huilla; near Lopollo, frequent
in swamps near rivers, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 232! 232/21 in spongy places at the
great lake of Ivantala, Welwitsch, 232/3!
R. nilotica, mentioned by W. Wats. in Garden and Forest, 1892, 618, with
white and red spathes, and said to have been “collected on the banks of the Nile ” is
probably R. Rehmanni, N. E. Br., a native of Natal, but which, probably, also grows.
in the Transvaal, and perhaps the “ banks of the Nile * may bea misinterpretation of
Nylstroom or Nyl River in the Transvaal.
12. NEPHTHYTIS, Schott ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 982.
Spathe expanded, not convolute, decurrent on the peduncle at the:
base, persistent. Spadix free, monecious, shorter than the spathe, with-
out an appendix or neuter organs; male and female parts contiguous.
Perianth none. Ovaries crowded, 1-celled; stigma sessile, discoid or
170 CL, AROIDEA (BROWN). [ Vephthytis.
nipple-like. Ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Anthers sessile,
crowded, cuneate-oblong, truncate, 2-celled; cells separated by a thick
connective, opening by apical pores. Berries obovoid or ellipsoid, 1-seeded.
Seed ellipsoid or obovoid erect, testa very thin; albumen copious; embryo
very smal], seated at the base of the albumen.—Herbs with a stout creep-
ing rhizome. Leaves few, with long erect petioles, sagittate or hastate,
reticulately veined. Peduncles 1 or 2, from the apex of the rhizome,
about as long as the petioles, erect. Spathe green.—Oligogynium, Engl.
Jahrb. iv. 64, xv. 452; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 129.
Species 4, endemic.
Engler, in his Bot. Jahrb. xv. 451, has correctly pointed out that the description
I gave in the Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1881, xv. 790, of the position of the ovules of
Nephthytis, is erroneous. My original sketch of the ovary of N. liberica, which I
now find to be the same as WN. Afzelii, Schott, represents the ovule pendulous from
near the apex of the ovary, as described, but whether this drawing truly represents
an abnormal ovary, or is the result of an error of observation on my part, | am unable
to say, but I suspect the latter. For it is quite certain that the normal position of
the ovule in Nephthytis is erect from the base of the ovary, since I have never found
another ovary with a pendulous ovule. Schott, who founded the genus Nephthytis
upon a fruiting specimen of N. Afzelii, apparently fell into the same error with
regard to the position of the seed of the plant he examined, since I find the ovule of
NN, Afzelii to be basal or sub-basal and erect, and there is not the slightest reason for
maintaining Oligogynium, Engl., as in any way distinct from Nephthytis.
Since the above was written, Engler (in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam, Nachtr.
zu ii—iv. 60) has expressed the same opinion.
Leaves very much constricted above the basal-lobes,
sagittately 3-lobed; spadix subsessile or with a
stipes not more than 1 lin, long i : .
Leaves slightly or not at all constricted above the basal
lobes.
Spadix stipitate ; stigma small on a short nipple-like
style . : é . : : : 2. N. Poissoni.
Spadix sessile ; stigma large, discoid, sessile . . 3. N. Afzelit.
1. N. constricta, V. #. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1881, xv. 790.
Rhizome creeping, about } in. thick. Leaves 2-3 at the apex of the
rhizome, erect, glabrous; petiole 1-2 ft. long, 1-2 lin. thick; blade
sagittate, 3-lobed or very much constricted above the basal lobes ; front
lobe 4—7 in. long, 13-3} in. broad, oblong or ovate-oblong, acuminate ;
basal lobes 6-8} in. long, 13-34 in. broad, obliquely lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate into a long point; nerves of the basal
lobes denuded for 5-10 lin. in the narrow parabolic sinus. Peduncle
43-15 in. long, rather slender, glabrous. Spathe 14-2 in. long, oblong,
subulate-acuminate, decurrent on the peduncle for 5-6 lin. at the base,
expanded, with revolute margins, widely spreading, green. Spadix
subsessile or with a stipes not more than 1 lin. long, 3-1 in. long, about
2 lin. thick. Ovary globose; style short, nipple-like, hardened in the
dried state; stigma very small.— Oligogynum constrictum, Engl. Jahrb.
xv. 453; Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. v. 476.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Rio del Rey, Johnston! Batanga, Braun (ex
Engler) ; and without precise locality, Bucholz, 93! Fernando Po, Mann, 106!
The stigma is not broadly discoid as stated by Engler in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 452.
1. WN. constricta.
Nephthytis.] CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). 171
2. N. Poissoni, V. #. Br. Rhizome }-} in. thick. Leaves 2-3
at the apex of the rhizome, erect, glabrous; petiole 10-14 in. long ;
blade deltoid or ovate-deltoid, sagittate, slightly or not at all con-
stricted above the basal lobes; front lobe 4—54 in. long, 3-64 in. broad,
deltoid, somewhat abruptly cuspidate-acuminate at the apex; basal
lobes 43-74 in. long, 2-2? in. broad; oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
gradually or rather abruptly tapering into long narrow acuminate tips.
Peduncle 5-15 in. long. Spathe 14-24 in. long, 3-1} in. broad, oblong
or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, subulate-apiculate, decurrent at the base,
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Bipinde, in the forest region, Zenker, 2055!
Barombi, Preuss, 299! Batanga, Braun (ex Engler).
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaur, 150! and 455
(ex Engler).
According to Eugler the stigma is discoid and somewhat broader than the style,
but I do not find it so in the specimens I have seen.
3. N. Afzelii, Schott in Ocesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 1857, 406. Rhizome
}—} in. thick. Leaves 2-8, at the apex of the rhizome, erect, glabrous ;
petiole 7-20 in. long, 1-2 lin. thick, terete, green; blade sagit-
tate, forming nearly an equilateral triangle in outline, occasionally
slightly constricted above the basal lobes ; front lobe (from insertion
of petiole) 24-10 in. long, 3-7 in. broad, acute or very shortly cuspi-
date ; basal lobes 23-64 in. long, 14-4 in. broad, oblong-ovate or ellip-
tic-oblong, somewhat abruptly acuminate; basal nerves denuded for
3-8 lin. in the parabolic sinus. Peduncle 9-18 in. long, terete, green.
Spathe 2-2} in. long, 1-1} in. broad, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse,
apiculate, decurrent for 4-6 lin. at the base, expanded, spreading,
green. Spadix sessile, 1-1} in. long, about } in. thick, cylindric,
obtuse; male part about twice as long as the female. Ovary subglo-
bose ; stigma sessile, large, discoid, 3-1 lin. diam. Berries about }- in.
long, 4 lin. thick, slightly obovoid, bright orange-yellow.—Schott, Gen.
Arvid. t. 51, and Prod. Aroid. 218; Engl]. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii.
302; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii—iv. 60; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 475. WV. liberica, N. E. Br. in Gard.
Chron. 1881, xv. 790, Oligogynium libericum, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 453 ;
Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 476.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius (ex Schott), Smeathman! Liberia :
Monrovia, Naumann (ex Engler) ; cultivated specimens !
Introduced into cultivation by Mr. W. Bull in 1881.
172 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). [Phektophyllum.
13. RHEKTOPHYLLUM, N. E. Br.; Benth. et Hook.
f. Gen. Pl. iii. 981.
Spathe closely convolute and cylindric in the lower part; limb
deeply concave, oblong subacute. Spadix moneecious, free, sessile,
densely covered with flowers, without an appendix or neuter organs ;
male and female parts contiguous. Perianth none. Ovaries sub-
globose or angular from mutual pressure, one-celled ; stigma sessile or
subsessile, discoid. Ovule solitary, anatropous, affixed near the base or
towards the middle of a projecting parietal placenta. Anthers free,
sessile, cuneate-oblong, truncate; cells parallel, linear, opening by
terminal pores.—A stout climber. ‘Leaves with long petioles, perfo-
rated between the primary nerves, reticulately veined. Peduncles 2-4
together, terminal.
An endemic, monotypic genus.
1. R. mirabile, V. L. Br. in Journ. Bot. 1882, 195, ¢, 230, Stem
about an inch thick, climbing to a height of 30 ft., rooting. Leaves
glabrous; petiole }-2 ft. long, terete, grooved at the base in the adult.
stage, shortly sheathing; blade 6-18 in. long, 5-14 in. broad across
the basal lobes, hastate or cordate-hastate, cuspidate-acuminate or
shortly and rather abruptly acute, more or jess sinuate along the
margins, in young planis or young shoots entire, dark green, variegated
with whitish between the primary veins in a pattern resembling the
tips of a fern frond ; in adult plants with large slit-like perforations
between the primary veins on each side of the midrib, green, without
variegation ; front lobe ovate or oblong-ovate; basal lobes broadly
rhombic-ovate, or somewhat hatchet-shaped, very obtuse, with a broad,
open, very obtuse sinus between them; primary lateral veins 3-4 on
each side of the midrib, stout, distant ; basal nerve with 2—4 branches,
denuded for 1-1} in. in the sinus. Peduncles terminal, 2-4 together,
13-2 in. long, stout. Spathe 4 in. long, fleshy, green. Spadix a little
shorter than the spathe, about $ in. thick. Berries red, not seen.—
Engl. & Prantl, Pilanzenfam. ii, iii, 128; Engl. Jahrb. xv. 450, and
in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. 1889, 150; Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276; De Wild. &
Durand, Contrib. Fl. Congo, i. fase. 2, 65. Nephthytis picturata,
N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1887, i. 476; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl.
Congo, i. 277.
_ Upper Guinea. Niger Teritory ; Old Calabar, creeping on the ground, and
climbing on trees, Monteiro! Cameroons; Rio del Rey, Johnston, 2! in forest west
of Barombi-ba-Mbn, Preuss, 473 (ex Engler), Batanga, Braun (ex Engler). Fer-
nando Po, Barter ! Mann, 101!
Lower Guinea. Congo, cultivated specimens !
men Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu ; in forest at Mbala stream
pndeehed saa alt leet ee 3621 (ex Engler) ; Bamanga, Laurent (ex
A plant of Nephthytis picturata, cultivated at Kew, having developed a climbing
Land
Rhektophylium. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 173
habit and put forth the adult form of leaf, demonstrates that it is merely the juvenile
state of Rhektophyllum mirabile, which with increasing age loses its remarksble
variegation and develops the large slit-like perforations between the lateral veins of
the leaves so characteristic of the latter plant,
14. CULCASIA, Beauv.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 980.
Spathe convolute to half way up or at the base only, after flowering
convolute to the apex and persistent for a while, or at once falling off.
Spadix longer or shorter than the spathe, free, monecious, without an
appendix; male and female parts contiguous ; lowest stamens often
abortive. Perianth none. Ovaries crowded or scattered, 1—2-celled ;
stigma sessile, discoid or cushion-like, large or small. Ovules solitary
in each cell, basal, anatropous. Anthers free, sessile, crowded, trigonous
or angular, 2-celled ; cells oblong, parallel, opening by a small pore just
below the apex. Berries globose or ellipsoid, 1-2-seeded. Seed ellipsoid ;
testa very thin; albumen copious; embryo very small, seated in a
cavity at the base of the albumen.—Stems climbing or erect, rooting.
Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire, reticulately veined, usually with
immersed linear or dot-like glands, and often with sessile superficial
glands; petiole sheathing. Peduncles terminal, 2-several fascicled or
in a short raceme, or solitary.
An endemic genus of about 14 species.
*“Stem climbing or creeping.
Spadix longer than the spathe.
Leaves obliquely oblong, oblong-lanceolate or
elliptic-oblong, seldom less than 12 in. broad ;
spathe 14-13 in. long : - IL. C. scandens.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 4-1 in. broad; spathe
3-lin.long. . : ; . 2. ©. lancifolia,
Spadix shorter than the spathe.
Leaves acute or obtuse at the base, but not cordate.
Leaves tapering to a long acuminate point.
Leaves chiquely lanceolate, 24-5? in. long.
Peduncle 13—2 in. long; spathe about
1 in. long : ‘ . 8. C. insulana,
Peduncle about 4 in. long; spathe 12 in.
long : 4. C. faleifolia,
Pedunele about 5 lin. long ; spathe 7 q lin,
long : 5. C. lanceolata.
Leaves oblong-elliptic, 4-12 i in. long ; : pedun-
cles 3-4 together, 3-1} in. Bee ; spathe
2in. long . : 7. C.tenuifolia.
Leaves shortly excavated at the apex ; berries :
very large. 8. C. Dinklagei.
Leaves rather abruptly short-pointed (apex not
described in 9, C. obliquifolia).
Leaves obliquely-oblong, acute at the base, es
Ain. or more broad; peduncles 2in. long 9. C. obliquifolia.
Leaves obliquely-oblong, obtuse at the base, :
2-34 in. broad; peduncles 1-1} in. long 10. C. barombensis.
174 CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Culeasia
Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, very obtuse
at the base, 4-74 in. broad; peduncles
21-35 in. long . : : : :
Leaves distinctly cordate at the base ; spathe
6-8 lin. long. c : : :
*<Stem erect, 1-3 ft. high, with long stilt-like roots.
11. C. angolensis.
6. C. parviflora.
_ Leaves 3-5 in. broad, elliptic, subacute . < . 12. C. Mannit.
Leaves 1}-2# in. broad, oblanceolate or oblanceolate-
oblong, acuminate . : : : . 13. C. striolata.
Leaves 3~1 in. broad, lanceolate, acute or acuminate 14. C. gracilis.
1. C. scandens, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 4, t. 3. Stem climbing,
14-24 lin. thick, minutely tubercled, glabrous. Leaves 3-3 in. distant,
spreading, glabrous; petiole 1—3 in. long, sheathing up to 1-6 lin. from
the top; blade 3-7 in. long, 14-3} in. broad, varying from lanceolate
to elliptic, more or less oblique, shortly and somewhat abruptly acumi-
nate, acute or more or less rounded at the base, immersed glands linear
or dot-like. Peduncles 2—4 together at the ends of the branches, rarely
solitary, 1-23 in. long, rather slender, glabrous. Spathe 14-1} in.
long, convolute to half way up when in flower, and afterwards nearly
to the top, green; limb elliptic-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, hooded or
deeply concave. Spadix at first about 4 in. longer than the spathe, .
after the fall of the anthers $—3 in. longer; female part about 5—6 lin.
long, cylindric, laxly floriferous; male part 1-1} in. long, 2—2} lin.
thick, cylindric-fusiform, or somewhat clavate, stouter than the female
part, densely covered with anthers, of which the lower are abortive.
Ovaries scattered, depressed-globose, seated in slight depressions of the
axis; stigma large, discoid, sessile-—Kunth, Enum. iii. 46; Schott,
Synop. Aroid. 115, Prod. Aroid. 218, and Gen. Aroid. t. 50; Hook.
Niger Fl. 527; Kotschy & Peyr. Pl. Tinn. 42; Engl. in DC. Monogr.
Phan. ii. 102, in Pfl, Ost-Afr. C. 131, and in Jahrb. xv. 447 ; Engl. &
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Kambia, under trees, Scott-Zlliot, 4229 !
near Berria, Scott-Elliot, 4459a! between. Bumban and Port Lokko, Scott-Elliot,
5743! and without precise locality, Smeathman! Afzelius! Isert (ex Schott),
Lagos: interior, Rowland ! near Lagos, Moloney! Niger Territory: Nupe, climbing
about the roots of trees and on river banks, Barter, 1471! River Quorra (Niger),
opposite Stirling, Vogel, 204! Niger Delta: banks of the River Nun, Mann, 516!
Cameroons : between Cameroon and Gaboon, Bucholz (ex Engler); Victoria Moun-
tains, Mann (ex Engler); and without precise locality, Preuss, 1333!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Bongo; by the River Mokloio, near Dukuttu,
Schweinfurth, 2806! not far from the River Dembo, Tinne, 11 (ex Kotschy Ss
Peyritsch); Jur; Genana, near Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1354! and 3756 (ex
Engler). Uganda, climbing on trees, Scott-Elliot, 7373 !
Lower Guinea. Princes Island in the Lower Congo, Laurent (ex Durand §
Schinz). Congo, Smith, 41! Stanley Pool, Demeuse (ex Engler). Angola: Golungy
Alto ; in the woods of Mata de Quisuculo, near Bange, 1000-2400 ft., Welwitsch,
Culcasia. | CL, AROIDEH (BROWN). 175.
233 ! 1016 (ex Rendle) ; and in dense woods by the spring of Capopo, Welwitsch,
235 (ex Rendle) ; Pungo Andongo ; in shady woods of Mata de Quilanga, near
streams 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 234! and in shady woods on the islands of
Calemba in the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 234/2 (ex Rendle),
South Central. Congo Free State: Niamniam; at the village of Wando,
Schweinfurth, 3217 (ex Engler), and at Assika River, Schweinfurth, 3248 (ex Engler),
Luvituku, Leja.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: banks of the River Kingani, Kirk /
2. C. lancifolia, V. #. Br. Stem very slender, 1-1} lin. thick,
with a few minute tubercles. Leaves much spreading, }—4 in.
distant, small, glabrous; petiole 6-9 lin. long, sheathing nearly or
quite to the top; apex of sheath rounded; blade 2}—4 in. long, 3-1
in. broad, unequal-sided, lanceolate, slightly falcate, tapering to a long
acuminate apex, mucronulate, cuneate-acute at the base; primary
lateral nerves 9-11 on each side of the midrib, slightly prominent on
both sides ; immersed glands numerous, linear, short, rather indistinct.
Peduncles in pairs, terminal, }—1 in. long, ratherslender. Spathe ?-1
in.-long, 3-4 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, convolute to about half-way
up, persistent for some time after the fall of the anthers. Spadix
longer than the spathe, subsessile or shortly stipitate ; female part 2-3
lin. long, cylindric; male part 9-13 lin. long, somewhat clavate, obtusely
pointed, about 14 lin. thick; lower anthers abortive. Ovary very
small, ellipsoid, 1-celled; stigma discoid.
Upper Guinea. Near Lagos, Moloney !
3. C. insulana, V. 7. Br. Stem climbing, 14-2 lin. thick,
minutely granulate-tuberculate on the older parts. Leaves spreading,
1-3 in. distant, glabrous; petiole 13-3 in. long, sheathing to 3—5 lin.
from the top, rather slender; apex of sheath prominent, rounded ;
blade 24-53 in. long, 1-13 in. broad, lanceolate, unequal-sided, acumi-
nate into a long very acute point, cuneately rounded in at the base ;
primary lateral nerves 7-9 on each side of the midrib, the two lowest
in a long sweeping curve running out to the margin, the 5th forming
an intramarginal nerve about % of the distance between midrib and
margin, the others uniting with these, all slightly prominent on both
sides ; glands dot-like, or occasionally linear, sometimes wanting in the
central part of the leaf, or entirely absent. Peduncle 1#—2 in. long,
solitary or in pairs, terminal. Spathe about 1} in. long, oblong
apiculate, convolute to half way up, soon falling off, green (Mann).
Spadix subsessile or very shortly stipitate, shorter than the spathe;
female part about 3 lin. long; male 8-9 lin. long. Ovaries 5—6-angled
from mutual pressure, flat-topped, 1-celled ; stigma small discoid.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, 1000 ft., Mann, 325! 4000 ft., Mann, 651!
Allied to C. scandens, Beauv., but readily distinguished by its narrower, more
acuminate leaves, in which the immersed glands are usually dot-like, rarely linear,
and usually occur towards the margins.
4. C. falcifolia, Engl. Jahrb. xxvi: 418. Stem climbing ; inter-
nodes 3-1} in. long. Leaves subcoriaceous; petioles long-sheathed,
176 CL. AROIDEH (BROWN). [ Culeasia.
4 in. long; blade 8-10 in. long, 2 in. broad, obliquely lanceolate,
:slightly faleate, curved at the apex, very unequal-sided, one side being
twice as broad as the other; primary lateral nerves making a very
acute angle with the midrib, ascending, slightly prominent in the dried
‘state. Veduncle about 4 in. long. Spathe 1} in long, ? in. broad,
oblong, long-acuminate, orange. Spadixa little shorter than the spathe ;
‘female part 24 lin. long. Male part nearly 1} in. long. Ovary sub-
hemispherical ; stigma sessile, broad, deeply excavated.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Uluguru, in the Forest of Ngh’wenu,
-5200 ft., on trees, Stuhlmann, 8817.
I have not seen this plant.
5. C. lanceolata, Lngl. Jahrb. xxvi. 419. Stem slender, creep-
‘ing or climbing ; internodes 7-9 lin. long. Leaves thin; petiole about
-} in. long, sheathing for half its length, deeply channelled ; blade 23-34
in. long, 7-12 lin. broad, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate ; immersed
glands numerous, linear; primary lateral nerves 4—5 on each side,
-spreading, uniting not far from the margin. Peduncle about 5 lin. long.
Spathe 7 lin. long, 3-3} lin. broad, shell-shaped. Ovary subglobose ;
‘stigma discoid. Berries about 2} lin. diam., subglobose.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: on trees in the Forest of Lokundje, near Lolo-
-dorf, 1600 ft., Staudt, 32; near Campo, Dinklage.
I have not seen this species.
6. C. parviflora, V. Z. Br. Stem climbing to a height of 12-15
ft., 1-14 lin. thick, not tubercled, pallid. Leaves spreading, 1—1} in.
‘distant, glabrous ; petiole $—1} in. long, sheathing to 1}~3 lin. from the
top, slender; blade 24-5} in. long, 3-14 in. broad, slightly unequal-
sided, slightly falcate, lanceolate, tapering to a fine acuminate point,
-cordate at the base ; veins slightly prominent on both sides; immersed
glands linear, superficial glands numerous, sessile, crater-shaped, whitish
in the dried state. Raceme very short, sessile, terminal, 2—3-flowered.
Bracts 2-6 lin. long, 1-1? lin. broad, oblong-lanceolate, acute, submem-
‘branous, green. Peduncles 5-8 lin. long, rather slender, more or less
recurved. Spathe 6-8 lin. long, 3-4 lin. diam., oblong-obovoid, obtuse,
apiculate, convolute to half way up, green, persistent for some time
-atter flowering. Spadix shorter than the spathe; female part 2-2}
lin. long, 1}—-1} lin. thick; male part about 3 lin. long. Ovaries about
12, angular from pressure, 2-celled ; stigma small.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Mann, 105!
A very distinct species, easily distinguished by the cordate-based leaves and small
= It was sent alive by Gustav Mann to Kew, where it flowered in December
A plant collected in the Cameroons by Preuss (498) may, perhaps, be a form of
this species ; it was distributed by Engler as C. scandens, trom which it is quite
-distinct.
7. ©. tenuifolia, Hngl. in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 447. Leaves mem-
‘branous; petiole 2-4} in. long, sheathing for } of its length, apex of
Culcasia. | CL. AROIDEE (BROWN). 177
the sheath biauriculate; blade 4-12 in. long, 2-43 in. broad, oblong-
elliptic, tapering to a long narrowly acuminate point, acute at the base,
slightly unequal-sided ; primary lateral nerves about 5 on each side of
the midrib, slightly prominent on both sides. Peduncles 3-4 together at
the ends of the branches, }-1} in. long. Spathe about 2 in. long,
convolute, much decurrent at the base. Spadix shorter than the spathe ;
female part 2}-44 lin. long; male part about 14 lin. long. Ovary
ovoid, |-celled ; stigma orbicular, concave. Berries oblong, purple.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: on rocks on the north side of Barombi Gorge,
Preuss, 542.
I have not seen this species.
8. C. Dinklagei, Lngl. Jahrb. xxvi. 418. Stem 24-3 lin. thick,
creeping ; internodes 5-7 lin. long. Leaves large; petiole 24-2} in.
long, sheathing for 3 of its length; blade 8-12 in. long, 2}-4} in.
broad, obliquely lanceolate, shortly excavated at the apex, acute at the
base; primary lateral veins numerous, ascending, curved, and together
with the reticulated veinlets prominent beneath. Peduncle 2-2} in.
long. Spathe 21 in. long, 7 lin. broad, oblong-lanceolate. Berries very
large, 1 in. in diam., subglobose, 3-seeded, with obliquely ovoid seeds, or
rarely 1-seeded, with a hemispherical seed. Seed about 5 lin. long and
4 lin. thick.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: in damp, deep-shaded woods at Batanga, Dink-
lage, 899.
I have not seen this species.
9. C. obliquifolia, Lng. Jahrb. xxvi. 418. Stem with internodes
about 2 in. long. Leaves large; petiole about 6 in. long, sheathing
for about 2 of its length; blade 10 in. long, 43 in. broad, obliquely
oblong, very unequal-sided, broad below, acute at the base, narrowed
upwards on one side in a straight line; primary lateral nerves curved,
ascending, very prominent beneath ; veins slender, reticulate. Peduncles
2-3 together, 2 in. long, forming a sympodium, deflexed in fruit.
Berries large, about 3 in. in diam., subglobose or shortly ovoid,
1—2-seeded.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: at Ebea (Edea) Falls, Dinklage, 880.
I have not seen this plant.
10. ©. barombensis, V. Z. Br. Stem climbing, } in. thick, not
tubercled. Leaves spreading, 14-24 in. distant, glabrous; petioles
4-51 in. long, sheathing to 3-1} in. from the top; blade 4}-8 in. long,
2-33 in. broad, unequal-sided, obliquely oblong, shortly cuspidate-
acuminate, cuneately rounded into an obtuse base; primary lateral
veins 9-11 on each side of the midrib; no glands. Peduncles 3-4 (or
more ?) in a short terminal bracteate raceme, 1-1} in. long, moderately
stout. Bracts 13-2 in. long, 7-9 lin. broad, oblong, acute, with 2
wing-like keels down the back. Spathe about 2 in. long, | in. broad,
elliptic or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, expanded, deeply concave,
VOL, VIII. N
178 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Culcasia.
very shortly convolute at the base, soon falling off. Spadix shorter
than the spathe, sessile, clavate; female part 3-4 lin. long, 2-2} lin.
thick; male part about an inch long, about 4 lin. thick near the
obtusely rounded apex.—C. angolensis, Welw., var. angustifolia, Eng].
in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 447; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 471.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Barombi, Preuss, 388!
This is perfectly distinct from C. angolensis, Welw., in its smaller and differently
shaped leaves, smaller inflorescence, and fewer flowers.
11. C. angolensis, Welw. ex Schott in Journ. Bot. 1865, 35.
Stem climbing to a height of 80-100 ft., 4-4 in. thick, not tubercled.
Leaves large, 2—6 in. distant, glabrous ; petioles 4-10 in. long, sheathing
up to 1-2 in. from the top; apex of sheath prominent, rounded ; blade
7-15 in. long, 4—7} in. broad, unequal-sided, elliptic-oblong, cuspidate-
acute, or shortly acuminate, broadly rounded or subtruncate at the
base ; primary lateral veins 10-15 on each side of the midrib, prominent
beneath ; no glands. Peduncles numerous ina stout terminal bracteate ©
raceme, 13-34 in. long, moderately stout. Bracts 3-4 in. long, about
1-1} in. broad, oblong, obtuse or acute, with 2 wing-like keels down
the back. Spathe about 2} in. long and 2 in. broad, elliptic, obtuse,
apiculate, expanded, deeply ecncave, very shortly convolute at the base,
green (Jann), soon falling off; margins revolute. Spadix shorter than
the spathe, sessile, clavate ; female part about 5 lin. long, } in. thick;
male part 1}—14 in. long, 4-6 lin. thick near the obtusely rounded apex-
Ovaries about 25-28, depressed-globose, 2-celled ; stigma large, discoid.
Anthers densely crowded, in groups of 4. Berries red.—Engl. in DC.
Monogr. Phan. ii. 102; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 471;
De Wild. & Durand, Contrib. Fl. Congo, i. 64; Henriques in Bolet-
Soc. Brot. v. 207, and xvi. 39; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 90.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: in the shade of woods at Likuru, 3000 ft.,
Scott-Elliot, 4950! Gold Coast : Aburi, Johnson! Fernando Po, Mann, 102!
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas: banks of the River Contador, 5500 ft.,
Moller (ex Henriques). Lower French Congo: Mayumba (Mayombe) District,
Dupuis (ex Engler). Lower Congo, Laurent (ex De Wildeman & Durand).
Angola : between the River Cuango and River Quihumbo, Marques (ex Henriques) 5
Golungo Alto ; frequent in moist shady woods in Sobato de Bumba and Alta Queta,
1000-2400 ft., Welwitsch, 239! in woods near Sange, Welwitsch, 239/2 (ex Rendle),
and in woods called Quisuculo, near Bango Aquitamba, Welwitsch, 2839/3 (ex Rendle) ;
Pungo Andongo; in the woods of Quilamga, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 240!
South Central. Congo Free State: Sankuru River, Laurent (ex De Wilde-
man & Durand),
12. C. Mannii, Lngi. in Gartenjl. 1887, 84. Stem 1-1} ft. high,
4 in. thick. Leaves ascending, glabrous; petiole 14—34 in. long, broadly
sheathing up to 2-7 lin. from the top; apex of sheath not auricled ;
blade 44-94 in. long, 23-5 in. broad, unequal-sided, elliptic or elliptic-
oblong, subacute, obtuse or somewhat rounded at the base, bright greeD
with dark green veins above, not shining, light green beneath, with
seattered dark-coloured glands that become very indistinct in the dried
Culcasia. | CL. AROIDEA (BROWN). 179
state; midrib and veins impressed above, prominent beneath, con-
spicuously reticulate. Peduncle solitary, terminal, 1—1} in. long, } in.
thick, glabrous. Spathe 14-1}? in. long, }-1 in. broad, convolute at the
base only, upper part expanded, elliptic, obtuse, apiculate, white within,
greenish outside in the basal part, glabrous. Spadix shorter than the
spathe, 24 lin. thick, cylindric, obtuse, stipitate; stipes 2-3 lin. long;
female part 4—5 lin. long; male part about } in. long. Ovaries 12-15,
depressed, angular from mutual pressure, dull scarlet, 2-celled ; stigma
sessile, whitish. Anthers crowded, milk-white. Berries 4—5-angled,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 471. Aglaonema Mannii, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag.
t. 5760; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 442.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Victoria Mountains, cultivated specimens,
Mann ! Mungo, in damp forests, Buchholz, 94,134 (ex Engler).
When held to the light the spaces between the primary lateral veins are seen to
be traversed by one or more very long translucent laticiferons vessels, often visible to
the naked eye on the underside of the dried leaves as long, dark, very slender lines,
and very evident in the living state.
13. C. striolata, Lngl. Jahrb. xxvi. 417. Stem about }-1 ft.
high, 14-2 lin. thick in the dried state, erect, not tubercled, supported
by long stilt-like roots about as stout as the stem; internodes 4-7 lin.
long. Leaves collected on the upper part of the stem, membranous;
petiole 14-23 in. long, sheathing up to 1-7 lin. from the top; apex of
the sheath biauriculate ; blade 4-6} in. long, 11-2} in. broad, unequal-
sided, somewhat oblanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, acuminate,
narrowed below the middle to a cuneate acute base, shining dark
green above, paler beneath, abundantly marked with linear glands ;
primary lateral veins 12-15 on each side of the midrib, and, together
with the reticulated secondary veins, slightly prominent on both sides.
Peduncle solitary, terminal, 3-1 in. long. Spathe 1-1} in. long, 7-9 lin.
broad, elliptic, obtuse, apiculate, convolute at the base only, boat-shaped
above, green, glabrous. Spadix shorter than the spathe, stipitate ;
Stipes about 14 lin. long ; female part 1-14 lin. long; male part 6-8 lin.
long, cylindric, stouter than the female. Ovaries 8-10, depressed,
2-celled, buff-coloured; stigma very large, sessile, discoid. Anthers
pale pink.—Notizbl. K. Bot. Gart. Berl. 1899, 281; Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii.—iv. 58.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Ambas Bay, Mann, 781! near the shore, Kal.
breyer, 86! cultivated specimen! in light forest between Victoria and Bimbia,
Preuss, 1161!
Introduced to Kew by Mr, Gustav Mann, where it flowered in 1862.
14. C. gracilis, V. H. Br. Stems 2-3 ft. high, 14-2 lin. thick,
erect, branching, rough with minute tubercles. Leaves rather small,
3-22 in. distant ; petioles 1-2 in. long, sheathing up to about } in,
180 CL. AROIDEE (BROWN). | Culcasia.
from the top; apex of sheath auriculate, rounded ; blade 24~3 in. long,
3-1 in. broad, lanceolate, acute, or somewhat acuminate, mucronulate,
acute or subacute at the base; glands few and very obscure, linear.
Peduncle terminal, solitary, 1? in. long. Spathe and spadix not seen.
Berries 3-4 lin. long, ellipsoid, red.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: on the wet banks of the river at Dantilia,
Scott-Elliot, 5293!
15. CERCESTIS, Schott ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 980.
Spathe convolute in the lower part, concave or boat-shaped above,
deciduous. Spadix free, monecious, without an appendix or neuter
organs; male and female parts contiguous. Perianth none. Ovary
1-celled ; stigma sessile, large, discoid. Ovule solitary, subbasal, or a
little above the base on that side of the ovary which is directed towards
the apex of the spadix, anatropous. Male flowers crowded ; anthers 2-4,
free, sessile, broadly cuneate-oblong, truncate, 2-celled ; connective broad ;
cells opening by terminal pores. Berries ellipsoid or obovoid, 1-seeded.
Seed erect, ellipsoid; testa rather thin, subcoriaceous; albumen
copious ; embryo very small, seated at the base of the albumen.—Stems
climbing or creeping, rooting. Leaves alternate, petiolate, cordate-
oblong, sagittate, hastate or 3-lobed, penniveined; primary veins
distant, secondary reticulated ; petiole sheathing at the base or to the
middle. Peduncle solitary, terminal or leaf-opposed.— <A locasiophyllum,
Engl. Jahrb. xv. 449.
An endemic genus of 5 species. I cannot in any way distinguish Alocasiophyllum,
Engl., from Cercestis, Schott.
Leaves 3-lobed; basal lobes widely spreading, acute or
obtusely acuminate . 5 : : : - 1. €. Afzelw.
Leaves hastate or hastate-sagittate ; basal lobes very
obtuse.
Part of leaf above the basal lobes deltoid or ovate-
deltoid . ago ee : : : : . 2. C. congensis.
Part of leaf above the basal lobes oblong-lanceolate.
Basal lobes narrowly oblong, somewhat falcately
curved outwards : : : : . 38. C. stigmaticus.
Basal lobes deltoid C. Dinklage.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong, shortly cordate at the base . 5. C. kamerunianus.
Be
1. C. Afzelii, Schott in Ocesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 1857, 414. Stem
climbing or creeping on the ground, rooting, 2—24 lin. thick, usually
slightly rough to the touch. Leaves petiolate, glabrous ; petiole 3-
12 in. long, with a long or short sheath; blade hastately 3-lobed ;
middle lobe 24—64 in. long, 14—4 in. broad ; oblong or lanceolate, acute
or acuminate ; basal lobes 1}-4} in. long, 3-3 in. broad, lanceolate,
obtusely acuminate, widely divergent, 3-nerved, sometimes with a
lobule on their lower side; basal sinus broad and open. Peduncle
solitary, terminal, usually about 1} in. long, moderately stout, glabrous.
Spathe 13—2 in. long, convolute in the basal third; limb erect, elliptic-
Cercestis. | CL, AROIDEX (BROWN). 181
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Bagru River, Mann, 906! near Leicester, |
Barter ! banks of a stream near Wilberforce, 400 ft., Johnston, 105! at Luseniya,
Scott-Elliot, 4078! North-east from Sierra Leone, Garrett, 2! Sherboro Island,
Garrett in herb. Scott-Elliot, 5792! Bendembu, Scott-Elliot, 5683! and without
precise locality, Afzelius! French Guinea: Sangara District; in wet places in
woods by the River Niger, at Farana, Scott-Elliot, 5319! Ashanti: Assin-Yan-
Coomassie, Cummins, 178! Gold Coast : Kibbi Hills, at Akim, Johnson, 258!
2. C. congensis, Hngl. in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 448. Stem climbing
or creeping, rooting, 14-2 lin. thick, minutely tubercled. Leaves
petiolate, glabrous ; petiole 4—6 in. (8-12 in., Engler) long, very shortly
sheathing at the base, slender; blade 5-7 in. long, 34-6} in. broad
across the basal lobes, hastate or sagittate; front lobe deltoid-ovate,
acute or acuminate, 2}~34 in. broad; basal lobes 2—3 in. long, 1-1} in.
broad, more or less spreading, somewhat obliquely ovate, very obtuse,
the inner margin more or less abruptly dilated a little above the base ;
basal nerves denuded for 3-5 lin. in the broadly rounded open sinus.
Peduncle solitary, terminal, 1-2} in. long, 1 lin. thick, glabrous.
Spathe (unexparded) about 1} in. long, glabrous. Spadix similar to
that of C. Afzelii, but more slender.—(. congoensis, Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276; De Wild. &
Durand, Contrib. FI. Congo, 1. fase. 2, 65.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Smith! Stanley Pool, Demeuse, 65 (ex
Engler). Princes Island in the Lower Congo, Laurent (ex Durand & Schinz).
_ 8. ©. stigmaticus, V. #. Br. Stem slender, glabrous, rooting as
it climbs. Leaves glabrous; petiole 14—6 in. long, slender, terete,
channelled down the face, with a very broad sheath 2-3 lin. long ;
blade 44-9 in. long, 13—4 in. broad, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, hastate-
Sagittate at the base, contracted just above the diverging falcate-oblong
obtuse basal lobes, which are 1}—2} in. long and 4-1 in. broad.
Peduncle 13-21 in. long, glabrous. Spathe 13-2} in. long, oblong, con-
volute at the base ; limb boat-shaped, obtuse, glabrous, green. Spadix
13-2 in. long, cylindric; female part about } in. long. Ovary sub-
cylindric or shortly and broadly conical, 1-celled; stigma peltate, very
large, umbrella-shaped, completely hiding the ovary from above.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, 1300 ft:, Mann, 324!
4. C. Dinklagei, Engl. in Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 422. Stem
slender, climbing by its roots, about 1 lin. thick. Leaves petiolate,
glabrous; petiole 4-8 in. long; blade 6-10 in. long, elongated-sagit-
182 CL. AROIDEX (BROWN). { Cercestis.
tate-lanceolate or hastate; front lobe oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
acute ; basal lobes }~2 in. long, usually deltoid, obtuse, more or less
divergent, separated by a large sinus. Peduncle 2}-3} in. long.
Spathe about 2! in. long, convolute, slightly constricted below the
middle, apiculate, green. Spadix about 2 in. long; female part }-}
the length of the male part. Ovary shortly ovoid; stigma broadly
orbicular. Berries 4-44 lin. thick, red. Seed about 4 in. long, ovoid.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Batanga, on forest trees and shrubs, Dinklage,
790, 1302.
Lower Guinea. (iaboon: Munda; Sibange, at Abandu River, Bittner, 518.
I have not seen this species.
5. C. kamerunianus, V. Z. Br. Stem about } in. thick, glabrous,
rooting as it climbs. Leaves spreading or ascending, glabrous ; petiole
2-4 in. long, slender, terete, flattened down the face, with a very broad
sheath about } in. long; blade 5-8 in. long, 2—3 in. broad, lanceolate-
oblong, acute or acuminate, narrowed from below the middle to the
shortly cordate base. Peduncle 4-1} in. long, terete, smooth. Spathe
1}-2 in. long, convolute at the base, expanded above, concave, obtuse.
Spadix about as long as the spathe or a little longer, cylindric; female
part about } in. long. Ovary globose, 1- rarely 2-celled ; stigma sessile.
—Alocasiophyllum kamerunianum, Engl. in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 449, t. 19;
Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam.
Nachtr. zu ii.—iv. 60.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Barombi District, at Wege, between Kumba
Ninga and Mokonje, Preuss, 147 (ex Engler).
Lower Guinea. Gaboon River, Mann, 1041!
16. ANUBIAS, Schott ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 975.
Spathe expanded nearly to the base or convolute to the middle,
persistent. Spadix longer or shorter than the spathe, free, monecious,
without an appendix; male and female parts contiguous. Perianth
none. Female flowers: Ovary 2—3-celled; style very short or 0; stigma
discoid or cushion-like ; ovules numerous in each cell, anatropous, axile.
Male flowers: Anthers 5-6, connate into a sessile hexagonal truncate
body, opening by subterminal pores. Berries enclosed within the
spathe, subglobose, 2~3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds small, irregularly
ovoid ; testa rather thick ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile-—Herbs with
creeping stems or rhizomes. Leaves alternate, petiolate, pinnately
veined; veins numerous, parallel; petiole sheathing. Peduncles
axillary, solitary, elongated.
An endemic genus of 7 or 8 species.
Leaves lanceolate, broadest at the middle, at least 3
times as long as broad; midrib and veins quite
glabrous beneath.
Blade of leaf 9-12 in. long ; spathe 2} in. long, con-
volute . . : . ‘ 3 «od. A. Afzelss.
Anubias. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 183
Blade of leaf 4-6 in. long ; spathe 1-2 in, long, ex-
panded : c - : “ . ‘
Leaves variable, ovate-lanceolate to subhastate, usually
broadest below the middle, 2-23 times as long as
broad ; basal lobes, when present, short, broadly
rounded,
Spathe convolute when in flower.
Underside of the midrib quite glabrous - . 38. A. heterophylla,
Underside of the midrib and usually the apex of
the petiole minutely puberulous.
Basal lobes of leaf contiguous or overlapping,
2. A. lanceolata,
not + in. long i : ‘ e . 4, A. auriculata.
Basal lobes of leaf, when present, separated by
an open sinus, J—# in. long. . . 5. A. congensis.
Spathe expanded when in flower : ‘ . 6. A. Barteri.
Leaves hastate with very spreading, linear-lanceolate,
entire or lobulate basal lobes. : . 7. A. hastifolia.
1. A. Afzelii, Schott in Oesterr. Bot.Wochenbl. 1857, 399. Aquatic.
Leaves erect, glabrous; petiole long, geniculate at the apex; blade
about 1 ft. long, 3—4 in. broad, lanceolate, acute, narrowed to the
rounded or subtruncate base; primary veins very numerous, parallel,
slightly curved, ascending. Peduncle long, smooth. Spathe 2} in.
long, convolute, tubular, only open at the apex, obtuse, apiculate.
Spadix longer than the spathe, cylindric; female part 10-11 lin. long,
male 1? in. long, the lowest male flowers more or less abortive. Ovary
subglobose ; style very short; stigma discoid.—Schott, Prod. Aroid.
159, and Gen. Aroid. t. 42; Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 434, Jahrb.
xv. 463 (excluding the Cameroon and Angolan specimens), and Aracee, t.
121 as to analyses (copied from Schott) only ; Durand & Schinz, Consp.
FI. Afr. v. 476 partly.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Bafodeya, Scott-Elliot, 5560! near Kahreni,
Scott-Elliot, 5623! rivulets near Vatemba Road, Barter? in swamps at Intro,
Johnson, 732! and without precise locality, Afzelius ! Don!
On the label with Don’s specimen in the British Museum Herbarium is the
following note: “ Aquatic, a full foot under water.”
The 4. Afzelii of Engl. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 149, collected by
Braun at Batanga in the Cameroons, and of De Wildeman & Durand, Contrib. Fl.
Congo, i. fase. 2, 65, collected by Laurent at Mpioka, in the Congo Free State,
probably belongs to some other species.
2. A. lanceolata, .V. L. Br. Stem stout, creeping and rooting,
5—6 lin. thick, densely leafy. Leaves erect, glabrous ; petiole 2}—5$ in.
long, its sheath 2-24 in. long, very broadly dilated at the base; blade
4—6 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, lanceolate, equally tapering at both ends,
subobtuse at the apex, narrowly rounded at the base ; veins numerous,
parallel, ascending, slightly curved. Peduncle about 5 in. long, slender,
glabrous. Spathe 1-2 in. long, oblong, obtuse, apiculate, convolute at
the base, expanded above, white. Spadix about as long as the spathe
184 CL, AROIDEA (BROWN). [ Anubias-
or a little longer, cylindric; female part about } in. long. Ovaries
crowded ; stigma sessile. ° -
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: by a river on the north-west of Ikure
(Ekure) between Old Calabar and Cross River, Holland, 167! Cameroons: Rio
del Rey, Johnston !
3. A. heterophylla, Lngl. in DC. Monogr. Phan, ii. 435. Stem
creeping and rooting, }—} in. thick. Leaves erect, quite glabrous;
petiole 2-15 in. long, its sheath 1-5 in. long; blade 6-12 in. long,
24-5 in. broad, oblong-ovate or more or less lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, acute, rounded, subtruncate, or shortly cordate-
hastate at the base; basal lobes short, obtusely rounded ; veins '
numerous, parallel, curved, ascending ; midrib and primary veins quite
glabrous on both sides. Peduncle longer than the petioles, slender,
glabrous. Spathe convolute at the base, slightly open at the apex,
fleshy, 14-2 in. long, 4—} in. broad, oblong, rather abruptly subulate-
pointed, glabrous, green. Spadix 11-2 in. long, slender, cylindric;
female part }-} in. long. Ovaries crowded, angular from mutual
pressure, green; style short ; stigma discoid. Anthers whitish.—Engl-
Jahrb. xv. 463; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 476 ; Rendle 1n
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 88. A. Afzelii, Engl. Aracez, t. 121, as to fig.
of plant, not of analyses; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 476
partly ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 89.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto ; in woods at the fountain of Quibolo,
1000-2400 ft., Welwitsch, 237! 2837/2! 2837/3! 238! Cazengo; in woods by
streams in Muxaulo Mountains, 2000 ft., Welwitsch, 236 !
4. A. auriculata, Hngl. Jahrb. xxvi. 423. Rhizome creeping
and rooting, 2-24 lin. thick. Leaves close together at the tips of the
rhizome, but not crowded, erect; petiole 7—9 in. long, terete, glabrous
below, pubescent on the apical part, abruptly dilated into a short broad
clasping sheath at the base, which is continued up the petiole for about
3 of its length in the form of a groove, which is very slightly or not at
all winged at the sides; blade 6-9 in. long, 3-3} in. broad, broadly
ovate-lanceolate, acute, very shortly-cordate-auriculate at the base;
auricles 13-2 lin. long, rounded, overlapping; midrib and primary
veins minutely puberulous beneath. Peduncle 5-6 in. long, minutely
puberulous on the apical part. Spathe 14-1} in. long, oblong, sub-
truncate at the apex. Spadix cylindric, shorter than the spathe ;
female part about 3} lin. long.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Bipinde, in the forest, Zenker, 1174! Batanga,
_Dinklage, 986 (ex Engler).
5. A. congensis, V. HE. Br. Rhizome creeping and: rooting,
‘rather stout, 4-5 lin. thick. Leaves erect; petiole 43-10 in. long,
with a distinct, narrow, persistent sheath 24-41 in. long, dilated and
‘clasping at the base, minutely puberulous at the apex, glabrous below ;
blade 6-8} in. long, 24-4 in. broad, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
cuneately or broadly rounded or more or less cordate at the base, with
broadly rounded basal lobes }—} in. long, not overlapping; midrib an
Anubias. | CL. AROIDE& (BROWN). 185
primary veins minutely puberulous beneath. Peduncles 4—10 in. long.
Spathe 1-1? in. long, ovoid or ellipsoid not expanded, obtuse, very
shortly apiculate, glabrous, pale dull green. Spadix a little shorter
than the spathe, 10-13 lin. long, cylindric; female part about 3 lin.
long. Ovaries not very crowded, globose; style short, stout ; stigma
discoid.— A. heterophylla, N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1889, vi. 67, not
of Engl.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Boma, cultivated specimens! Introduced
by Mr. Bull, of Chelsea.
This is similar to some forms of A. Barteri, Schott, but differs in its convolute,
ovoid or ellipsoid spathe, open in the upper part only, not expanded nearly to the
base, as in 4. Barter.
6. A. Barteri, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 159. Stem creeping and
rooting, 2—3 lin. thick, glabrous. Leaves erect, variable, glabrous
above ; petiole 2-11 in. long, slender, its sheath 1-1} in. long, dilated
at the base; blade 23-8 in. long, 14-4 in. broad, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded, subtruncate or more or
less cordate-hastate at the base; basal lobes often unequal, short and
rounded or deltoid, obtuse ; veins numerous, parallel, curved, ascend-
ing; midrib and primary veins minutely, but distinctly, puberulous
beneath. Peduncle 24-7 in. (or more 2) long, slender, glabrous. Spathe
1-1} in. long, about 5 lin. broad, oblong, subulate-pointed, expanded
nearly to the base when in flower, convolute when in fruit, glabrous,
green. Spadix 1—1} in. long, slender, cylindric ; female part 24-6 lin.
long. Ovary depressed-globose ; style short ; stigma discoid.— Engl. in
DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 435, and Jahrb. xv. 463; Durand & Schinz,
Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 476.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po: creeping on stones at the bank of a river,.
Mann, 104! Barter, 2045! Cameroons: on stones in a forest stream, Efulen,
Bates, 289! Kumba River, north-east of Barombi, Preuss, 559! Bipinde, in forest,
Zenker, 901! in forest to the west of Barombi-ba-Mbu, Preuss, 465 (ex Engler).
Var. glabra, N. E. Brown. Leaves 3-44 in. long, 1j-2 in. broad, acute at the
base ; midrib and veins glabrous beneath.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Ambas Bay, Mann, xv! by a brook near Barombi,
Preuss, 422! 1223!
7. A. hastifolia, Hngl. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889)
149, Rhizome creeping, densely leafy at the apex. Leaves erect ;
petiole about 8 in. long, sheathing for }—4 its length; blade hastate,
its middle lobe about 64 in. long, 2-2} in. broad, its basal lobes about
2 in. long, } in. broad, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, horizontally spreading.
Peduncle 6 in. long. Spathe 2 in. long, } in. broad, oblong, obtuse,
decurrent on the peduncle. Spadix 17 in. long, about 4 in. thick at
the middle, tapering towards each end; female part 7-8 lin. long.
Ovary depressed-globose; style short; stigma orbicular. Stamens
united into a short tube, in all the other species they are united into a
186 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). [ Anwbias.
solid cylindrical body.—Jahrb. xv. 462; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fi.
Afr. v. 476; De Wild. & Durand, Contrib. Fl. Congo, i. fase. 2, 65.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Batanga, on stones at the foot of trees, Braun, 5
(ex Hagler).
South Central. Congo Free State: Ncoca, Demeuse ; at the confluence of
the Kasai and Sankuru Rivers, Laurent (ex De Wildeman § Durand).
Var. sublobata, Engl. in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 463. Differs from the typical form in
having a narrow oblique lobe on the outer side of the basal lobes.—Durand & Schinz,
‘Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 476.
Upper Guinea. Togoland: at Jego, Kling, 36 (ex Engler).
I have not seen this species.
Imperfectly known species.
8. A. nana, Engl. in Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 423. Rhizome creeping,
internodes short. Leaves small; petiole 14-1 in. long, sheathing to
the middle or beyond ; blade about 2} in. long, 11-1} in. broad, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, cordate at the base ; veins numerous, curved, ascend-
ing. Peduncle 2-2} in. long. Spathe 3-1 in. long, lanceolate, acum1-
nate, slightly convolute, pale green. Spadix longer than the spathe,
cylindric ; female part 34 lin. long; male part 7 lin. long. Ovary
depressed-globose.—Notizbl. K. Bot. Gart. Berl. ii. 281.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Victoria, Lehmbach.
I have not seen this species, but, judging from the description, I think it is
probably a small state of the variable 4. Barteri, Schott.
17. CALLOPSIS, Engl. in Notizbl. K. Bot. Gart. Berl. i. 27.
Spathe expanded to the base, persistent. Spadix moneecious, shorter
than the spathe, covered with unisexual flowers, without an appendix
or neuter organs ; female part adnate throughout to the spathe, unl
lateral; male part free, a short distance from the female part, cylindric.
Perianth none. Female flowers few, laxly subbiseriate ; ovary 1-celled ;
style short, conoid; stigma small; ovule solitary, basal, anatropous;
staminodes none. Anthers of male flowers sessile or subsessile, crowded
into a cylindric spike, subquadrate, 2-celled ; cells opposite, subovoid,
opening at the apex by a confluent oval pore.—A herb with a creeping
rhizome, and petiolate entire cordate leaves. Peduncle as long as the
petioles.
An endemic monotypic genus.
Engler places this genus in the tribe Pothoidee, but in my opinion it should be
placed in the tribe Zomicarpee, and stand next to Zomicarpella, from which it
‘differs chiefly in habit and in having no appendix to the spadix, and is certainly more
nearly allied to that genus than any other known to me. ‘The two other gener
belonging to the Zomicarpee are natives of Tropical America, and Callopsis 's
therefore interesting as forming another connecting link between the African aud
- American Floras.
1. ©. Volkensii, Engl. in Notizbl. K. Bot. Gart. Berl. i. 27.
Rhizome slender, creeping; internodes very short. Roots crowded,
Callopsis. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 187
thick and fleshy, Leaves glabrous; petiole 3-5 in. long; blade 3}—5} in.
long, 2-3} in. broad, cordate-ovate, obtuse, apiculate ; basal lobes up
to jin. long, rounded. Peduncle 3-3} in. long, erect, glabrous. Spathe
1-1} in. long, }-1 in. broad, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, apiculate
(ovate, acuminate, Engler), cuneate at the base and shortly decurrent on
the peduncle, expanded at the base, white, glabrous. Spadix slender,
shorter than the spathe; male and female parts shortly separated,
female adnate to the spathe, unilateral. Ovaries 3-12, laxly subbi-
seriate, elongate-ovoid, narrowed into a short style; stigma discoid.
Anthers crowded in a slender terete spike about 5 lin. long, 1 lin. thick.
—Engl. in Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 131.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; at the foot of trees in
virgin forest, on Msasa Mountain, between Nderema and the River Sigi, about 2500 ft.,
Volkens, 49!
18, STYLOCHITON, Leprieur ; Benth. et Hook. f, Gen. Pl. iii. 969.
Spathe connate into a tube below, or nearly to the top, at length
entirely deciduous. Spadix free, monecious, usually with a naked
Space between the male and female parts, or the base of the male spike
more or less interrupted, without neuter organs or appendix. Female
flowers in a single cycle or in 2—5 (or more ¢) series or spirals, crowded,
free or connate, laterally compressed or angular from mutual pressure,
the uppermost often imperfectly hermaphrodite. Perianth gamo-
phyllous, cupular or suburceolate, truncate, often with a thickened
margin. Staminodes none. Ovary superior or inferior, often very
oblique, 1-celled with basal placentation or 2 parietal placentas, or Car
celled in the lower part with axile placentation ; style exserted; stigma
discoid-capitate, or oblique and ovate or lanceolate. Ovules 2 to several
in each cell, anatropous, surrounded by mucilage. Male flowers
humerous, in a cylindric spike, crowded or lax. Perianth as in the
female flowers, but less deep, and not contracted at the mouth, or
rarely 3-5-lobed, often laterally compressed. Stamens 3-4, rarely
fewer, free, inserted at the base of a rudimentary ovary, exserted ‘
filaments filiform or clavate ; anthers basifixed, with oblong or elliptic
parallel or divergent cells, opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit not
seen, described as a berry containing 2 to several ovoid slightly com-
pressed seeds, with a thin black striated testa, copious fleshy albumen,
and an elongated fleshy axile embryo.—Perennial herbs with the habit
of an Arwm. Rhizome usually stout, fleshy, nodose or ringed. Leaves
all radical, petiolate, cordate, hastate, sagittate, or rarely entire at the
base, contemporary with the flowers or appearing after them. Peduncle
terminal or axillary, solitary, or rarely 2 from one axil.
An African genus of about 15 species, two of which are extratropical.
Peduncle and undersurface of the leaves puberulous ;
leaves very broadly hastate or sagittate . 1. 8. puberulus.
Peduncle and leaves glabrous,
““Peduncles arising from the axils of fully developed
leaves.
188 CL. AROIDEA (BROWN). | Stylochiton.
Leaves broadly hastate, greyish beneath, from
being densely covered with minute black
dots ; veins dark : : 2 : :
Leaves not black-dotted beneath; veins of the
same colour as the rest of the leaf.
Leaves large, deeply cordate or cordate-sagittate,
with large, broad, obtusely rounded basal-
lobes ; spathe 5-8 in. long. ; :
Leaves oblong, subacute, slightly obtuse at the
base ; spathe about 3 in. long . < :
Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, dis-
tinctly cordate at the base, with short
rounded basal lobes ; spathe 13-2 in. long 5. S. gabonicus.
Leaves narrowly sagittate, with long and nar-
row basal-lobes; male perianth 4-5-lobed 6. S. lobatus.
**Peduncles not axillary ; inflorescence either appear-
ing before the leaves, or arising from a separate
. bud by the side of the leaves. (See also 4, S.
Zenkeri, under which the position of the pe-
duncle is undescribed.)
Female flowers 10-12, in two series.
Stigma discoid ; filaments of the stamens clavate,
longer than the anthers . : : :
Stigma oblique, shield-like; filaments of the
stamens shorter than the anthers. 7 Gk
Female flowers 6-9 or more in one cycle.
Inflorescence and leaves present at the same
time; spathe 2 in. long . ; 3 :
Inflorescence appearing before the leaves; spathe
about 4 in, long; male perianth 3-lobed . 10. 8. grandis.
Female flowers 4—5 in one cycle.
Ovary adnate to the perianth . .
Ovary free within the perianth.
Spathe 13-2 in. long.
Leaves rounded at the base ; style 1 lin.
long . : . : . 12. 8. lancifolius.
Leaves sugittate at the base ; style 2 lin.
long ; filaments of the stamens slightly
exceeding the perianth . ; . 18. S. Barteri.
Spathe 1-1} in. long ; style # lin. long ;
filaments of the stamens much exceed-
ing the perianth . . . . 14. S. similis.
2. S. salaamicns.
3. S. maximus.
4. S. Zenkeri. .
7. S. borumensis-
R
. angolensis.
9. S. hypogeun.
. . 11. S. kerensis.
1. S. puberulus, V. Z. Br. Leaves probably contemporary with
the flowers; petiole 12-14 in. long, sheathing for 1—} of its length,
puberulous in the lower part, marked with pale spots ; blade as broad as
long, very broadly sagittate or hastate, glabrous above, puberulous on
the midrib, veins and veinlets beneath; front lobe 5-10 in. long;
44—9 in. broad, broadly ovate or deltoid-ovate, subacute, with a subulate
point 3-4 lin. long; basal lobes 33-8 in. long, 2-63 in. broad, ovate or
elliptic-ovate, obtuse, overlapping or widely spreading. Peduncle
23-4 in. long, puberulous. Spathe and male. part of the spadix not
seen. Female flowers about 30, in several spirals, only seen in y oung,
Stylochiton. | CL. AROIDES (BROWN). 189
fruit, free, horizontal. Periauth apparently cupular, about 1 line deep.
Young fruit flat at the apex, scrobiculate and puberulous; stigma
sessile.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Rhodesia; near Boruma, on the
Zambesi, Menyharth !
The puberulous leaves and ovaries distinguish this from all the other species of
the genus,
2. S. salaamicus, .V. /. Br. Leaves contemporary with the
flowers, glabrous ; petiole 6-10 in. long, narrowly sheathing for 1—2 in.
at the base, apparently not spotted ; blade hastate or sagittate-hastate,
green above, greyish with dark-coloured veins and minutely dotted with
black beneath ; front lobe 24-6 in. long, 24-4} in. broad near the base,
oblong or ovate-deltoid, acute; basal lobes 13-4} in. long, 1-2 in.
broad at the middle, obliquely-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, broadest at
the middle, obtuse. Peduncle 2} in. long, solitary, axillary, glabrous
Spathe and spadix not seen, broken off.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Dar es Salaam, Kirk /
3. S. maximus, Zngl. in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 466. Leaves about 6,
contemporary with the flowers, quite glabrous; petiole 6-12 in. (or
more ?) long, sheathing for 4-3 its length; blade 4-12 in. long,
5-10} in. broad, deepiy cordate or cordate-sagittate, acute or obtuse,
apiculate ; basal lobes elliptic, elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, about
half as long as the front lobe, very obtusely rounded at the apex, with
an obtuse sinus 2~3 in. deep between them. Peduncle axillary, 2-3 in
long, glabrous. Spathe with a tube 2-3 in. long, inflated at the base,
cylindric above; limb 3-5 in. long, 3-1} in. broad, oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, green outside, dark puce within. Spadix sessile,
2}-3 in. long; female part 5-9 lin. long, of 4—5 crowded spirals of
flowers, angular from mutual pressure; male part more or less inter-
rupted in the basal portion, but scarcely separated from the female
part by a distinct naked space. Female flowers with a cup-shaped
perianth 1 lin. deep, contracted at the mouth, truncate and thickened
at the margin, and a subglobose 2-celled ovary with axile placentation
and a 1 lin. long style. Male flowers with a laterally compressed
perianth } lin, deep and exserted stamens with filiform filaments 1 lin.
long.—N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 35; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 132.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: coastland, without mention of precise
locality or collector (ex Engler).
Also in South Africa,
I have seen no specimen of this from Tropical Africa, and include it on the
authority of Engler. The above description is compiled from specimens collected at
Delagoa Bay.
4. S. Zenkeri, Engl. in Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 424. Rhizome hori-
zontal below, at length ascending ; internodes short, but distinct.
Leaves dark green above, pale beneath ; petiole 8-12 in. long, sheath-
ing for 2-21 in.; blade about 6 in, long, 24 in. broad, oblong, subacute,
190 CL, AROIDEE (BROWN). | Stylochiton.
slightly obtuse at the base. Peduncle 14-14 in. long, slender. Spathe-
tube 1 in. long, } in. diam., cylindric, yellowish-white ; limb about
2 in. long, ? in. broad, lanceolate, dull violet. Spadix sessile. Female
flowers 2-3, in one cycle. Perianth shortly cup-shaped, 14 lin. broad.
Ovary 1 lin. high, depressed globose ; stigma thick, discoid, 1} lin.
broad. Male spike densely many-flowered, a short distance from the
female flowers. Perianth very short. Filaments of the stamens a little
shorter than the anthers.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: in wet shady places on the banks of a brook
near Yaunde, Zenker & Staudt, 338.
Allied to S, lancifolius, Kotschy, according to Engler, who does not state if the
leaves appear with or after the flowers ; but as specimens of S. gabonicus, N. E. Br.,
have been distributed from Berlin under the name of S. Zenkeri (with the descrip-
tion of which they do not agree), it is assumed in the key to the species that S. Zenkert
somewhat resembles S. gabonicus, and like that species has axillary peduncles. I
have not seen it.
5. S. gabonicus, V. H. Br. Rhizome creeping, about } in.
thick ; roots moderately stout, but scarcely fleshy, branching. Leaves
contemporary with the flowers, glabrous; petiole 34-94 in. long,
sheathing for about } of its length; blade 44-7 in. long, 2}—43 in.
broad, oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, narrowed below the middle to
a cordate base, with obtusely rounded lobes }—1 in. long, under surface
minutely freckled with pale brown in the dried state. Peduncle
3-1 in. long, slender, axillary, solitary. Spathe not subterranean ; tube
very short, 3-4 lin. long, slightly inflated at the base; limb 14-1} in.
long, 6-8 lin. broad, oblong-ovate, obtuse, mucronulate, concave.
Spadix 6-8 lin. long. Female flowers 4, horizontal, free. Perianth
cupular, truncate, with a thickened rim, laterally much compressed, its
longest diam. 1} lin., about 4 lin. deep. Ovary free, laterally com-
pressed, shorter than the perianth; style about } lin. long, shortly
exserted, stout, horizontally spreading; stigma capitate. Male spike
rather dense, about } lin. distant from the female flowers. Perianth
cupular, truncate, much compressed, and pointed at each end, about
i lin. deep. Stamens 4; filaments moderately stout, shortly exserted
from the perianth ; anthers with 4, somewhat radiating lobes (cells).
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Barter, 1470! Cameroons : Bipinde, in the
forest, Zenker, 1936 ! 2013 !
Lower Guinea. Corisco Bay: Mount John, River Kongui, Mann, 1880!
Gaboon : Gaboon River, Mann, 1042!
According to Barter, the Fernando Po plant has a light pink spathe, his specimell
is without flowers, but appears to be the same as the Gaboon plant. The specimens
collected by Zenker at Bipinde (1936, 2013) were received from Berlin under the
name of S. Zenkeri ; they are identical with those collected by Mann, and do not
agree with Engler’s description of S. Zenkeri, which is said to have the leaves
slightly obtuse (cbtusiuscula) at the base, and a spathe with a tube 1 in. long, and &
limb 2 in. long, 2 in. broad.
6. S. lobatus, V. #. Br. Leaves contemporary with the flowers,
glabrous ; petiole 6-10 in, long, broadly sheathing for about half its
Stylochiton. | CL, AROIDEX (BROWN). 191
length, variegated on the sheath with irregular transverse bars; blade:
sagittate or sagittate-hastate ; front lobe 4—6 in. long, 1-1} in. broad,
dilating where it joins the basal lobes, narrowly oblong or strap-shaped,
obtuse, apiculate ; basal lobes 2-44 in. long, 5-11 lin. broad, narrowly-
oblong or strap-shaped, obtuse. Peduncle 2~24 in. long, moderately
stout, glabrous, axillary, 2 from the same axil in the specimen seen,
accompanied by a membranous linear-oblong subacute bract about
1? in. long. Spathe not subterranean, glabrous; tube 14 in. long,
inflated at the base; limb about 24 in. long, expanded, oblong-lanceo-
late. Spadix 3 in. long, curving forwards at the apex. Female
flowers about 10 in two series, free; perianth 2 lin. long, obliquely
ovoid-urceolate, mouth obliquely truncate; ovary free, obliquely ovoid,
narrowed into an erect exserted style 14 lin. long, thickened or jointed
a little below the very oblique ovate stigma. Male spike about } in.
distant from the female flowers, not very dense; basal part laxly
covered with abortive flowers, in which both stamens and ovary are
rudimentary and enclosed in a subglobose-urceolate perianth. Perianth
of perfect male flowers about % lin. deep, subcampanulate, 4—5-lobed to:
half-way down ; lobes narrow, acute or subacute, spreading. Stamens:
4; filaments 3-1 lin. long, clavate, exserted ; anthers oblong, basifixed
or subadnate,
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: without precise locality, Steere !
This species is allied to S. natalensis, Schott, but is readily distinguished by the-
narrower and longer lobes of the leaf, and fewer series of female flowers.
7. S. borumensis, V. HZ. Br. Rhizome thick, fleshy, nodose, with
thick fleshy simple roots. Leaves appearing after the flowers,
glabrous: petiole 4—7 in. long; blade sagittate or sagittate-hastate ;
front lobe 24-6 in. long, 3-13 in. broad, elongate-oblong acute; basal
lobes 1-23 in. long, 4-9 lin. broad, elongate-deltoid or deltoid-lanceolate,
obtuse. Peduncle 14-13 in. long, glabrous, surrounded by 2-3 mem-
branous bracts 1-11in.long. Spathe partly subterranean (?), glabrous ;
tube 14-1? in. long, cylindric, slightly inflated at the base; limb or
mouth very oblique, 6-8 lin. long, acute. Spadix 1-1} in. long, reaching
to about the mouth of the tube. Female flowers 10-12, irregularly
bicyclic, free, those of the upper cycle mostly imperfect; perianth
about $ lin, deep, compressed or globose-polygonal, very much contracted’
at the mouth, somewhat oblique. Ovary free, shortly ovoid, laterally
compressed ; style } lin. long, subhorizontally spreading, stout, shortly
exserted beyond the perianth ; stigma large, discoid. Male spike about
1 lin. distant from the female flowers, dense; perianth cupular, trun-
cate, 1-1 lin. deep; stamens 4; filaments } lin. long, clavate, very
stout ; anther-cells slightly divergent.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Zambesi Valley; in valleys near
Boruma, Menyharth, 920!
This species is remarkable for the very thick clavate filaments of the stamens.
8. S. angolensis, Lngl. in Engl. Jahrb. xv.465. Leaves appearing
after the flowers. Peduncle 1 in. long, surrounded by 4 membranous.
192 CL, AROIDEE (BROWN), [ Stylochiton.
bracts 3-1 in. long. Spathe-tube 1} in. long, cylindric; limb ? in.
long, $ in. broad, expanded, oblong, shortly acuminate, blackish-purple
inside. Spadix a little shorter than the spathe-tube. Female flowers
about 10, in two cycles. Perianth } lin. long, cupular, purplish. Ovary
free, subglobose ; style | lin. long, exserted; stigma oblique, shield-like,
Male spike interrupted at the base, dense. Perianth saucer-shaped.
Filaments of the stamens shorter than the shortly ovate anthers.—
Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 478.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Teusz, 302.
I have not seen this plant, the leaves of which appear to have been unknown to
Engler, but I think it probable that specimens in leaf and fruit collected by Wel-
witsch may belong to this species; I therefore give the following description, com-
piled from the specimen and notes made by Welwitsch in the British Museum :
Rhizome fleshy, with thick, fleshy, simple roots. Leaves appearing after the flowers,
green above, glaucous-pruinose beneath, glabrous ; petiole 5—6 in. long, spotted with
purple; blade 4-5 in. long, 23-31 in. broad at the insertion of the petiole, deltoid-
or ovate-deltoid-sagittate, shortly and rather abruptly acuminate; basal lobes broadly
deltoid, obtuse, with a broad triangular sinus 3-1} in. deep between them ; veins
very conspicuous, Spathe and spadix not seen. Peduncle short. “ Berries densely
glomerated in a shortly pedunculated head, subterranean, white, angulate-sub-
pyriform, umbonate with the remains of the stigma, 2-celled, cells 1-seeded (Wel-
witsch).”—Stylochiton natalensis, Engl. Aracee No. 71. S. natalense, Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 86, not of Schott.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo: growing among bushes near
‘streams between Quilanga and Catete, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 231!
9. S. hypogeeum, Leprieur in Ann. Sc. Nat. sé. 2, ii. 185, t. 9.
Rhizome horizontal, about } in. thick, fleshy, with thick fleshy simple
roots. Leaves 5-8 to a plant, contemporary with the flowers ; petiole
3-6 in. long, yellowish-green spotted with purplish-violet, the sheathing
part subterranean ; blade hastate or hastate-sagittate, as long as the
petiole ; front lobe oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; basal lobes somewhat
spreading, oblong acute, about } as long as the first lobe. Spathe very
shortly pedunculate, arising from the rootstock by the side of the
leaves, 2 in. long ; tube subterranean, cylindric, slightly inflated at the
base; limb ovoid, acute, with a narrow mouth on one side. Spadix
shortly protruding from the mouth of the spathe. Female flowers 6-9
or more (in one cycle?), adnate to the base of the spadix, connate.
Perianth adnate to the apex of the ovary (2), with a short free oblique
ureeolate limb. Ovary inferior (2) ; style moderately slender, much
exserted, erect, “articulated ” (thickened) below the middle. Fruit sub-
terranean, consisting of the connate ovaries, fleshy, included in the
dilated base of the spathe.—Blume, Rumphia, i. 88; Kunth, Enum. iil.
13; Schott, Synop. Aroid. 132, Aroides, i. 10, and Prod. Aroid.
345; Hook. Niger FJ. 527. S. hypogeus, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan.
ii. 522; Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. v. 479 partly.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia : on sand-hills, in the districts of Cayor, Oualo
and Cape Verd, Leprieur.
J have not seen this species.
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Stylochiton. | CL. AROIDEH (BROWN). 193
10. S. grandis, V. Z. Br. Rhizome stout, nodose, with thick
fleshy simple roots. Leaves not seen, appearing after the flowers.
Spathe subsessile, enclosed below in several ovate-lanceolate acute
membranous bracts 1-24 in. long; tube subterranean, 3 in. long, } in.
in diam., cylindric, inflated at the base; limb about 1 in. long, ovoid,
apiculate, with an oblique mouth on one side. Spadix shortly pro-
truding from the mouth of the spathe, about 34 in. long. Female
flowers 9, in one cycle. Perianth 4 lin. long, cohering with those on
each side and adnate to the ovary on the side next the axis, dorsally
free and a little inflated, mouth very oblique, acute at the apex. Ovary
ovoid tapering upwards, about as long as the perianth; style stout,
erect, exserted about 3 lin. from the perianth ; stigma large, obliquely
ovate. Male spike about } in. distant from the female flowers. Perianth
divided almost to the base into 3, more or less unequal, obtuse lobes
1 lin. long, # lin. broad, those of the upper flowers smaller. Stamens
1-3; filaments filiform, about ? lin. long, shorter than the perianth-
lobes; anthers subquadrate.
Mile Land, Somaliland: Hahi, James & Thrupp !
This very distinct species has a larger spathe than any other of the group pro-
ducing leaves and flowers at different times, and is remarkable on account of the
lobed perianth of the male flowers, a character which also occurs in §, lobatus.
11. S. kerensis, V. /. Br. Rhizome thick and fleshy, emitting
thick fleshy simple roots, and clothed in the upper part with the
fibrous remains of the leaf-sheaths. Leaves produced after the flowers,
glabrous ; petioles 24-6 in. long, sheathing for about half their length ;
blade sagittate ; front lobe 24-3} in. long, ?-1 in. broad, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate ; basal lobes 10-14 lin. long, narrowly oblong,
obtuse, somewhat spreading. Peduncle 1-4 in. long, and together with
the base of the spathe enclosed in 3-4 sheaths. Spathe-tube subterra-
nean, 1-1} in. long, cylindric, inflated at the base; limb about 4 lin.
long, hood-shaped, obtuse, apiculate. Spadix protruding 3-4 lin. from
the mouth of the spathe and decurved at the apex. Female flowers 5,
in one cycle, very oblique, connate. Perianth 3 lin. long, adnate to the
ovary below, with only the oblique cupular or suburceolate limb free.
Ovary inferior; style 1-1} lin. long, incurved, shortly exserted,
moderately stout. Male spike shortly distant from the female flowers,
somewhat lax below, more crowded upwards. Perianth cupular, 5-4 lin.
deep, truncate and slightly thickened at the rim. Filaments of the
stamens } lin. long, filiform; anthers subquadrate ; cells parallel.—
S. hypogeus, Engl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 522 partly ; Martelli, Fi.
Bogos. 89; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 479 partly.
Wile Land. Eritrea: Keren, 4500 ft., Beccari, 77! 167!
Possibly the plant collected in Kordofan at Melbes by Pfund (761), quoted by
Engler (Jahrb. xv. 464) under S. hypogaum, Lepr., may belong here.
12. S. lancifolius, Kotschy d: Peyr. Pl. Tinn. 42, t. 20. Leaves
appearing after the flowers; petiole 24-4 in. long, the sheathing portion
subterranean; blade 3-4 in. long, 1-1} in. broad, elliptic-oblong or
VOL. VIII. )
194 CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). [Stylochiton. .
lanceolate-elliptic, acute, rounded or obtuse at the base. Peduncle
4-3} in. long, enclosed by several membranous ovate bracts about 1 in.
long. Spathe-tube 8-9 lin. long, subterranean ; limb }~1} in. long,
ovate, acuminate, with a very oblique mouth, green. Spadix 1-1} in.
long, shortly protruding from the mouth of the spathe. Female
flowers 5, in one cycle, erect, free. Perianth 1 lin. long, urceolate, sub-
crenate at the slightly oblique apex. Ovary free, ovoid, narrowed into
a 1 lin. long exserted style. Male spike moderately lax, distant from ,
the female flowers. Perianth very short, cupular, truncate. Filaments
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 479.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; near the River Dembo, Tinne, 10;
Abu Guroon’s Seriba, Schweinfurth, 1553 (ex Engler), in woods by the River Jur,
Schweinfurth, 1587 (ex Engler); Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1858 (ex Engler) ;
and at Kurshook (Kutschuk) Ali’s Seriba, Schweinfurth, ser. iii. 199! Bongo
(Bogosland by error) : in the Steppe to the south of the River Lesi (Lebsis by error),
Schweinfurth, ser. iii. 200 (ex Engler). Niamniam; at Makporru Hill, Schwein-
furth, 3740 (ex Engler).
I have not seen leaves of this plant.
13. S. Barteri, V. Z. Br. Leaves sagittate (Barter), appearing
after the flowers. Spathe very shortly pedunculate, about 1} in. long;
tube subterranean, 10 lin. long; limb 7-8 lin. long, oblong, apiculate,
with a very oblique mouth, purple. Spadix shorter than the spathe.
Female flowers 4—5, in one cycle, scarcely cohering or easily separated.
Perianth 2-2} lin. long, urceolate, obliquely truncate at the mouth.
Ovary free, ovoid; style 2 lin. long, slender, much exserted. Male spike
distant from the female flowers. Perianth 3-2 lin. deep, cupular,
truncate. Filaments of the stamens scarcely exceeding the perianth
3-4 lin. long, filiform; anthers subquadrate.
Upper Guinea. Lagos: Yoruba; at Oyo, Barter, 3424!
There are no leaves with the specimen, but in all probability a leafy specimen,
without flowers, collected by Barter (1472) in Nupe, growing in moist ground, may
belong to this species ; its characters are as follows.—Petiole 7-10 in. long, sheathing
for 3-3} in. ; blade sagittate or sagittate-hastate, glabrous ; front lobe 3}-63 in.
long, j-1; in. broad at the base, thence gradually tapering to an acute mucronate
apex ; basal lobes 13-2? in. long, 1-} in. broad at the base, linear-oblong or nar-
rowly lanceolate-oblong, obtuse.
14, S. similis, V. Z. Br. Leaves not seen. Spathe appearing
before the leaves, 1-1} in. long; tube subterranean, 6—7 lin. long,
slightly inflated at the base ; limb hooded, 6-7 lin. long, apiculate at the
apex, with a lateral or very oblique mouth. Spadix slightly protrud-
ing from the mouth. Female flowers 4~5, in one cycle, erect, nearly
free. Perianth 1-1} lin. long, broadly urceolate. Ovary free within
the perianth, depressed-globose; style ? lin. long, stout, very shortly
exserted. Male spike distant, rather dense. Perianth } lin. deep,
Stylochiton. | CL. AROIDEZ (BROWN). 195
cupular, truncate. Filaments of the stamens much exceeding the
perianth, 3—} lin. long, filiform; anthers subquadrate.
Upper Guinea. French Guinea: Sangara; in sandy alluvium at Farana on
the River Niger, 3300 ft., Scott-Elliot, 5373 !
19. ZAMIOCULCAS, Schott; Benth, et Hook. fil,
Gen. Pl. ili. 993.
Spathe convolute at the base ; limb horizontally spreading or some-
what reflexed. Spadix free, sessile, monecious, stout, shorter than
the spathe, constricted above the ovaries, without neuter organs or
appendix ; female part short, cylindric; male part cylindric or sub-
clavate, obtuse, closely contiguous to the female, with the lower
flowers abortive. Perianth-segments 4, present in both sexes, thickened
at theangular truncate apex. Female flowers: Stamens none. Ovary
subglobose or ovoid, 2-celled; style short, cylindric; stigma ex-
serted just beyond’ the perianth, discoid; ovule solitary in each
cell, erect, anatropous, on a short funicle. Male flowers with
4 stamens surrounding an abortive ovary, included ; filaments short,
free; anthers small, 2-celled, slightly connate; cells divergent at the
base, opening by transverse slits.—A perennial evergreen herb, with a
stout creeping rhizome, Leaves pinnate; petiole with a thickened
articulation above the middle. Peduncles short, solitary, axillary.
Endemic, monotypic.
1. Z. Loddigesii, Schott, Synop. Aroid. 71. Rhizome stout,
creeping. Leaves all radical, erect, pinnate, 1}-2 ft. long, including
the petiole, glabrous ; petiole stout, shortly sheathing at the base, with
a swollen articulation above the middle ; leaflets opposite or alternate,
34-54 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, oblanceolate, acute, cuneately narrowed
to the base from above the middle, articulated to the peticle and at
length deciduous. Peduncle 14-24 in. long, 2 lin. thick, glabrous,
surrounded by several bracts. Spathe green, glabrous; tube subglobose,
about $ in, long and broad ; limb 13-2 in. long, about 1 in. broad, ovate-
oblong, acute, horizontally spreading or reflexed. Spadix stout, about
5 lin. thick, constricted above the female part, very obtuse, whitish ;
female part } in. long; male part 9-11 lin. long. Fruit not seen.—
Schott, Prod. Aroid. 214; Decsne in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xvii. 321 :
Bot. Mag. t. 5985; Engl. in Nov. Act. Acad. Leopold. Nat. Cur. xxxix.
201, t. 13, fig. 24, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 208, Jahrb. i. 189, and Pf.
Ost-Afr. C. 131; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii, 117; Lynch in
Gard. Chron. 1880, xiv. 375; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl, Afr. v.
472. Caladium zamiefolium, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1408.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor !
‘\ Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, cultivated specimens, Kirk ! Boivin (ex Decaisne),
Hildebrandt (ex Engler).
Also found in tle Island of Bourbon according to Engler.
This plant is remarkable among Aroid: in having truly pinnate leaves, with the
leaflets articulated to the petiole, which character, however, is also shared by
196 CL. AROIDEE (BROWN). [Zamioculeas
the very remarkable American genus Thaumatophyllum. The leaflets, after falling
to the ground, have the property of forming a small tuber at their base, which
ultimately developes into a young plant. This peculiarity was first discovered at
Kew by Mr. R. J. Lynch in 1874 or earlier, according to a note in the Kew Her-
barium, and as stated by him in the Gard. Chron., l.c. Subsequently the same thing
was rediscovered by Herr Hild, of Kiel University Botanic Garden, as detailed by
Prof. Engler (ll.cc.).
20. GONATOPUS, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. sub t. 6026.
Spathe convolute at the base ; limb horizontally reflexed, or revolute.
Spadix free, sessile, monecious, stout, shorter than the spathe, con-
stricted above the ovaries, without neuter organs or appendix ; female
part short, cylindric, closely contiguous to the long cylindric male part,
in which the lowest flowers are more or less imperfect. Perianth-
segments 4, present in both sexes, free, somewhat thickened at the
angular truncate apex. Female flowers: Staminodes none, Ovary
ovoid, 2-celled ; style short, stout; stigma exserted just beyond the
perianth, peltate, rather large; ovule solitary in each cell, erect, ana-
tropous, with a very short funicle. Male flowers with 4 stamens, con-
nate into a tube around an abortive ovary, included ; anthers short and
broad, 2-celled ; cells opening by terminal introrse pores.—Tuberous-
rooted herbs with the habit of an Amorphophallus. Leaf solitary,
annual, tripinnate in the adult stage, pinnate or bipinnate in young
plants; petiole with a thickened articulation at about the middle.
Peduncles 1-2 to a tuber, shorter than the petiole, contemporary with
the leaf.
An endemic genus of 2 species. Very similar to Zamioculcas in floral structure,
the only technical difference being that the filaments of the stamens are connate into
Rtas in Gonatopus and free in Zamioculcas, the habit, however, is entirely dif-
erent.
Leaflets varying from lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate,
not decurrent at the base . ‘ : . 1. @. Boivinii.
Leaflets linear or linear-lanceolate, strongly deeurrent
at the base : ; 3 : : . 2. G. angustus.
_ 1. G. Boivinii, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. sub t. 6026. Tuber depressed
3—5 in. in diam. Leaf solitary, erect, 2-3 ft. high, 3-4-pinnate in the
adult state, glabrous; lowest branches 12-15 in. long, 7-8 in. broad ;
leaflets 14-3 in. long, 7-15 lin. broad, varying from lanceolate to
elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate at the base, shortly
petiolulate or subsessile, not decurrent; petiole stout, with a swollen
articulation at the middle, green, transversely banded with blackish-
green ; in juvenile plants the leaf is simply pinnate, with a few large
elliptic or suborbicular shortly cuspidate petiolulate leaflets. Peduncles
1-2 to a tuber, produced with the leaf, 15-16 in. long, erect, moderately
stout, glabrous, coloured like the petiole and, with the latter, enclosed
at the base by 2 or 3 membranous acute sheaths. Spathe glabrous,
dull green, striate with dark green outside, pale greenish-yellow inside ;
tube about 1 in. long, ovoid or subglobose; limb 5-8 in. long, 1} in-
Gonatopus. | CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN). 197
broad, oblong, acuminate into a long subulate point, expanded, recurved
or revolute. Spadix sessile; female part about } in. long and about
4 in, thick ; male 24-34 in. long, about 5 lin. thick, constricted at the
base, with the lowest flowers more or less imperfect. Perianth-seg-
ments of both male and female flowers oblong, truncate at the triangular
apex. Ovary ovoid, narrowed into a short style, 2-celled; stigma large,
peltate, just exserted from the perianth, pea-green. Stamens in the
male flowers 4, connate around an abortive ovary, entirely absent in the
female flowers ; anthers subquadrate, white. Fruit not seen.—Engl. in
DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 209; Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 117, and Pflanzenw.
Ost-Afr. C. 131; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 472. Zamio-
culcas Boivini, Decsne. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xvii. 321; Hook. f.
in Bot. Mag. t. 6026.
Wile Land. British East Africa : Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor /
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Boivin (ex Decaisne), Hildebrandt (ex Engler).
German East Africa : coast opposite Zanzibar, cultivated specimens, Kirk! British
Central Africa: Nyasaland; in the Shire Valley, opposite to the rapids of Zedzane,
Kirk, 339! Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 186! Mount Mlanji, McClounie, 51!
Also (according to Engler) in the Island of Réunion.
2. G. angustus, V. /. Br. Tuber turnip-shaped. Leaf solitary,
erect, 14-44 ft. high, tripinnatipartite, glabrous ; lowest branches 10-12
in. long, about 5 in. broad ; leaflets or ultimate segments 1}-3 in. long,
13-4 lin. broad, probably sometimes larger, linear or linear-lanceolate,
acute, more or less decurrent at the base, not articulated to the rhachis.
Peduncle 2-3 in. long, smooth. Spathe glabrous; tube 1-1} in. long,
oblong-ovoid ; limb about 3 in. long, and 1} in. broad, reflexed, oblong,
cuspidate. Spadix sessile, shorter than the spathe ; female part 8—9 lin.
long, about } in. diam. cylindric; male part about 23 in. long, cylin-
dric, obtuse, 1ts basal portion for about 8 lin. constricted to about half
the thickness of the upper portion and covered with abortive flowers.
Perianth-segments oblong, truncate at the angular apex. Ovary ovoid,
narrowed into a short stout style, 2-celled; stigma rather large, peltate,
exserted just beyond the perianth-segments. Stamens in the male
flowers 4, connate into a tube around an abortive ovary and equalling it
in length, entirely absent in the female flowers. :
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Zambesi Valley; in copses on
mountains near Boruma, Menyharth, 922bis !
21. CYRTOSPERMA, Griff.; Benth. et Hook f. Gen.
Pi. iii. 997.
Spathe convolute at the very base, open above, ovate-lanceolate,
persistent. Spadix free, densely covered with hermaphrodite flowers,
without an appendix or neuter organs, Perianth-segments 4-6, free,
imbricate, somewhat hooded at the truncate apex. Stamens 4-6;
filaments short and broad ; anthers short, 2-celled ; cells oblong, open-
-ing by longitudinal slits, extrorse. Ovary ovoid, l1-celled ; stigma
198 CL. AROIDEE (BROWN). | Cyrtosperma.
sessile or subsessile, cushion-like. Ovules 2 to several, biseriate on a
subbasal parietal placenta, amphitropous, becoming much curved.
Berries smooth, 1- to several-seeded. Seeds rounded in outline, com-
pressed, crested ; testa crustaceous; albumen fleshy; embryo axile,
curved,— Herbs with a tuberous or elongated rootstock. Leaves all
radical, sagittate or hastate, usually prickly on the petioles; primary
veins rather distant, secondary reticulated. Peduncle solitary, elon-
gated, usually prickly. Spathe large, coloured, longer than the spadix.
A small genus of about 7 species, chiefly natives of Malaya and Polynesia, two
species in Tropical America, and the following one in Africa.
1. ©. senegalense, Hnyl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 270. A large
herb attaining 6-12 ft. in height. Rootstock a large tuber. Leaves
glabrous, all radical; petiole several feet in length, prickly; blade
sagittate, very variable in size and general outline; front lobe 5 in. to
1 ft. 5 in. long, 2} in. to 1 ft. 8 in. broad ; basal lobes 44 in. to 1 ft. 4} in.
long, 14-10 in. broad, all acute or acuminate. Peduncle overtopping
the leaves, stout, prickly. Spathe 9-17 in. long, 3-5 in. broad,
lanceolate, acuminate, convolute at the very base only, concave-ex-
panded above, yellow-green, striped with rich dark red-brown. Spadix
24-7 in. long, 3-1} in. thick, sessile, cylindric or more or less tapering,
obtuse, dark violet. Berries } in. long, } in. in diam., cuneate-oblong,
2—4-seeded. Seeds 2-3 lin. in diam., roundish, with about 4 series of den-
Schutzgeb. ii. 1889, 150 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 472 ;
Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 7617. C. Afzelii, Engl. in DC. Monogr.
Phan. ii. 269; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam ii. iii. 123; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 472; De Wild. & Durand, Contrib. FI.
Congo, i. fase. 2, 64, Lasimorpha senegalensis, Schott in Bonplandia,
1857, 127; Gen. Aroid. t. 85, fig. 1-10, and Prod. Aroid. 406.
L. Afzelii, Schott, Gen. Aroid. t. 85, fig. 11-20; and Prod. Aroid. 405.
Philodendron (?) sp., Hook. Niger Fl. 527.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 763 (ex Engler). Senegambia : in inun-
dated places by the Rio Nune, Heudelot, 639! Sierra Leone : near N’tunga, by the
waterside, and seen at Kambia in marshy ground, Scott-Elliot, 4333! Guinea,
Afzelius (ex Schott). Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 94! Niger Territory : Nupes
in a swamp at Gongoroko, Barter, 1467! Old Calabar ; ina swamp near the Botanic
Garden, Holland, 64! Cameroons : Batanga, Braun! Fernando Po: in swampy
places, Mann, 244! Barter, 9!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo ; Stanley Pool, Hens, ser. B, 15!
South Central. Ikatta River, Demeuse.
I am quite unable to separate C. Afzelii from C. senegalense ; the globose spadix
of the former (as figured by Schott) is evidently only the basal part of a spadix
swollen out into this form by the halt-developed state of some of the young fruits ;
and the difference noted in the leaves of the two supposed species is not of specific
value, as the breadth of the front and basal lobes of the leaf varies very much in this
and allied genera, and is not constant on tke same plant at different stages of growth.
Cyrtosperma. | CL, AROIDEZ (BROWN), 199
Barter states on his labels that the plant grows from 8 to 12 ft. high, and that a
single spathe and its stem weighs from 10 to 18 pounds. Other collectors give the
height us from 6 to 9 ft.
22. RAPHIDOPHORA, Schott ; Benth. et Hook. f.
Gen, Pl. iti. 992.
Spathe boat-shaped, convolute, rather fleshy, quickly deciduous.
Spadix free, sessile, cylindric, shorter than the spathe, everywhere
densely covered with hermaphrodite flowers, excepting a few sterile
ones at the base. Perianth none. Stamens 4; filaments about as long
as the ovary, flattened; anthers slightly exserted, 2-celled; cells more
or less divergent at the base, opening by oblique slits which reach to
about half-way down. Ovaries obpyramidal, angular from mutual
pressure, subtruncate, l-celled, with 2 much projecting 2-armed
placentas, which do not quite meet at the centre; style short or none,
flattened or conical; stigma linear-oblong, subquadrate, or circular.
Ovules numerous, biseriate, anatropous, affixed by long funicles to the
lower part of the placentas, erect or ascending. Fruiting spadix con-
sisting of the enlarged ovaries more or less agglutinated together.
Seeds several, small, erect, albuminous; testa thin; embryo seated at
the base of the albumen.—Evergreen climbers, rooting at the nodes.
Leaves alternate, entire, perforated, pinnatisect, or pinnatipartite,
pinnately veined; petioles long, sheathing; primary veins parallel,
secondary reticulated. Peduncles axillary or subterminal. Spathe
usually rather large, thick, usually falling off a few hours after expan-
sion. In all parts of the plant intercellular hairs are present, and in
the ovary and fruit they are exceedingly abundant.
Species between 30 and 40, natives of India, the Malay Archipelago and Australia,
with the following 2 in Africa.
Stem slender, 4-1 lin. thick ; spathe 7-9 lin. long . 1. R. pusilla,
Stem stout, 4-3 in. thick ; spathe 34-4} in. long . 2. R. africana.
1. R. pusilla, V. Z. Br. in Kew Bulletin, 1897, 286. Stem very
slender, 4-1 lin. thick in the dried state, rooting at the nodes, glabrous.
Leaves large in proportion to the stem, glabrous ; petiole 4—4# in. long,
as thick as the stem, sheathing at the base, thickened at the apex ;
blade spreading nearly at a right angle from the petiole, 5-6} in, long,
14-1} in. broad, somewhat obliquely lanceolate, entire, tapering from
about the middle into a long acuminate point, and below the middle to
a cuneate acute base; lateral veins numerous, parallel, ascending,
slightly curved. Peduncle 1}~2 in. long, slender, glabrous, enclosed in
& membranous sheath at its base, and apparently not accompanied by a
leaf. Spathe 7-9 lin. long, about } in. in diam. in its convolute cylindric
stage, abruptly terminated by a subulate point, which is about } as
long as the rest of the spathe ; expanded spathe not seen, very deciduous.
Spadix sessile, 4-6 lin. long, 2 lin. thick, cylindric, obtuse. Ovary
imperfectly 2-celled ; stigma sessile, subquadrate, or elongated trans-
versely to the axis of the spadix. Ovules numerous.
Lower Guinea. (Gabcon: Sierra del Crystal, Mann, 1700!
200 CL. AROIDEA (BROWN). [ Raphidophora.
2. R. africana, V. £. Br. in Kew Bulletin, 1897, 286. Stem
moderately stout, about 4—} in. thick, rooting at the nodes, climbing to
a height of 80-100 ft. Leaves glabrous; petiole 6-12 in. long, sheath-
ing for the greater part of its length, thickened at the apex ; blade
8-21 in. long, 21-42 in. broad, obliquely elongate-oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, cuneate at the base; lateral veins numerous, parallel,
ascending, slightly curved. Peduncles 3-5 in. long, 2 lin. thick, arising
near the apex of the branches, in the axils of membranous lanceolate
acute bracts, glabrous. Spathe 33-4} in. long, in the convolute ee
cylindric, }—1 in. in diam., produced into a stout beak about an ine
long, not seen expanded, very deciduous, white. Spadix sessile 24-3} .
long, } in. thick, cylindric, obtuse. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled ; oe
very short and inconspicuous ; stigma subquadrate, or elongated paralle
to the axis of the spadix. Ovules several, ascending from near the
base of the placentas.
__ ‘Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Kurusu, Scott-Elliot, 5524! on humus
of wood by a stream near Sakuru, Scott-Elliot, 4940! Ashanti: Assin- Yan-
Coomassie, Cummins, 47! Fernando Po, Mann, 103!
OrpeR CLI. LEMNACEZA. (By N. E. Brown.)
Flowers seated in a cavity at the margin or in the upper surface of
the frond, consisting of 1-2 stamens accompanied by a sessile ovary,
either naked or enclosed in a membranous spathe (or perianth ?), which
ruptures irregularly as the stamens mature. Stamens exserted from
the frond; filaments filiform; anthers 1-2-celled; cells subglobose,
opening by transverse lateral or terminal slits. Ovary narrowed into
a style or with a subsessile stigma, 1-celled; placenta basal; ovule
solitary or several in an ovary, anatropous, semi-anatropous, or ortho-
tropous. Fruit 1- to several-seeded, indehiscent or opening trans-
versely, Seeds minute, albuminous; embryo straight, axile.—Small or
minute, gregarious, floating plants, consisting of suborbicular, elliptic,
obovate, oblong or linear fronds of cellular tissue, with or without
rudimentary vessels, usually 2 or more fronds connected together as
one plant, flat on both sides or more or less convex beneath, sometimes
as thick as broad, developing young fronds (which remain attached to
the parent frond for some time) from a cavity (bud-cavity) or cavities
placed near or at the basal end of the frond, rootless, or producing one
or more roots from the middle of the undersurface.
Genera 2, Species about 28. Found in all warm and temperate countries,
floating on still water. For complete accounts of this Order see Hegelmaier, Die
Lemnaceen, and in Engler Jahrb. xxi, 268.
Frond with 1 or more roots. Flowers seated in a
cavity at the margin of the frond : a . 1. LEMNA.
Frond rootless, Flowers seated in a cavity in the
upper surface of the frond ‘ ws sate ab) 2; WonrPile
Lemna. | CLI, LEMNACEZ (BROWN). ‘201
1. LEMNA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1001.
Flowers seated in a cavity at the margin of the frond, enclosed in a
‘minute membranous spathe, very minute, very rarely seen in some of
“the species. Stamens 1-2; anthers 2-celled ; cells opening by trans-
verse slits—Fronds small or minute, with one or more roots from their
under surface, floating on still waters, thin and flat, or flat above and
more or less convex beneath, suborbicular, elliptic, oblong, obovate or
‘Spathulate in outline, entire, or in one species minutely denticulate on
the margin; roots tipped with a distinct sheath-like root-cap.
Species about 16, Widely distributed in all the warm and temperate parts of
doth hemispheres,
Each frond with several roots . : z é - 1. LZ. polyrhiza.
Each frond with one root only.
Fronds subrotund, 14-8 lin. in diam., underside very
convex and greenish-white . : . . 2. L. gibba,
Fronds elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 3-2} lin. long,
rather thin, flat above, not very convex beneath.
Root-cap obtuse ; root-sheath not winged . . 3. DL. minor,
Root-cap acute ; root-sheath winged . . . 4. L. paucicostata.
Fronds elliptic, 3-2 lin, long, obtusely keeled above 5. L. equinoctialis.
Upper Guinea. Lower Niger: Onitsa, Barter, 583! ;
Nile Land. British East Africa: Meshra, on the Ghazal River, Schweinfurth,
1281! Mpororo district, Stuhlmann (ex Hegelmaier).
Widely distributed in most warm and temperate regions,
Linn. Soc. xvi. 685; Durand & Schinz,Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 484; Schwein-
furth in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 53, 105; N..E. Br. in Dyer, Fl.
202 CLI, LEMNACEZ (BROWN). [ Lemna.
Cap. vii. 40. Telmatophace gibba, Schleid. in Linnea, xiii. 391; Kunth,
Enum. iii. 6.
Mile Land. Eritrea: Asmara, 7800 ft., Schweinfurth, 444; Lalamba Lake,
near Keren, 5800 ft., Schweinfurth, 989 ; and Mai-Mafales, Dembelas, 5500 it.,
Schweinfurth, 123 (ex Schweinfurth); Mga Hermasi, Schweinfurth (ex Hegel-
mater); near Acrur, 6200 {t., Schweinfurth & Riva, 764! Gorge of Degerra, near
Saganeiti, 7000 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 899! above the Lava Valley, 4500 ft.,
Schweinfurth, 1609 (ex Schweinfurth).
Also in extratropical Africa, and widely distributed in Europe, Asia and America.
344,
Mile Land. Eritrea: near Halai, 8400 ft., Schweinfurth, 124; near Hauati,
7400 ft., Schweinfurth, 125; at Ferfer, 3000 ft., Schweinfurth, 126; Halibaret, at
Baloa, east of Anseba, 4900 ft., Schweinfurth, 127; and neur Ailet, Schweinfurth,
471 (all ex Schweinfurth). Abyssinia, Decandolle (ex Hegelmaier).
Widely distributed through the warm and temperate regions of the earth.
Wile Land. Eritrea: Bogos, Beccari (ex Hegelimaier). Kordofan ; Tulah
Habsce, Pfund, 430! White Nile, near Jebel Nyemati, Schweinfurth, 1011! and at
the mouth of the Bahr-el-Jebel, Schweinfurth, 1127! Abyssinia, Martelli (ex
Hegelmaier). British Fast Africa: Jur; Kurshook-Ali’s Seriba, Schweinfurth,
1725! Mpororo district, Stuhlmann (ex Hegelmaier) ; Fimbine, near Rabai, Hilde-
brandt (ex Hegelmaier).
Lower Guinea. Angola: Ambriz; in the Lagoa de Quizembo on the right
Lemna. | CLI, LEMNACEZ (BROWN). 203
of the River Loge, and in nearly stagnant streamlets near Ambriz, Welwitsch, 208.
Loanda ; in deep ponds near Bemposta, Welwitsch, 205 partly! Icolo e Bengo; in
a lake called Lugoa de Quilunda, near Prata, and in lakes in the Libongo district, on
the left bank of the River Lifune, Welwitsch, 218. Mossamedes ; in deep ponds at
the mouth of the River Giraul, and near Aguada, Welwitsch, 207 !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; Lutindi, Holst, 3441!
Usaramo ; Bagamoyo, Hildebrandt, 1279! Portuguese East Africa: Quilimane
Stuhlmann (ex Hegelmaier).
Widely distributed through the warmer parts of the earth.
This species is very similar to L. minor, Linn., and not easily distinguishable in
the dried state without careful examination. ‘The fronds, however, are smaller, and
the root-cap more acute than in Z. minor, and the root-sheath has a wing on each
side of it, which is wanting in Z. minor.
d. L. zquinoctialis, Welw. Apont. 578. Fronds very small,
4-% lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, “somewhat
fleshy, slightly convex, obtusely keeled longitudinally on the upper face,
ellipsoid at both ends, minutely but distinctly corniculate. Flowers
emerging from a marginal slit” (Welwitsch). Root solitary from near
the basal end of the underside of each frond. Fruit ellipsoid, ribbed.
—Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 142; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.
91. L. angolensis, Welw. ex Hegelmaier in Journ. Bot. 1865, 112 ;
Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 141, t. 7, figs. 9-17, and in Engl. Jahrb.
xxi. 296; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 484; Engl. Pfl. Ost-
Afr. C. 422.
Nile Land. British East Africa : Niamniam ; at Makporru Hill, Schwein-
Surth, 3740! at the River Ibba, near Nyanye, Schweinfurth, 3986! Uganda ; Man-
yonyo (Manjonga), Stuhlmann (ex Hegelmaier).
Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda; in deep ponds near the town of Loanda
Welwitsch, 206 !
In the dried state I find the longitudinal keel on the upper surface to be much
more evident in Schweinfurth’s specimens than in those of Welwitsch.
2. WOLFFIA, Horkel; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1001.
Flowers seated in a cavity or in two separate cavities in the upper
surface of the frond, without a spathe, microscopic, rarely seen.
Stamen 1; anther 1-celled, opening by a slit across the top and the
valves becoming reflexed.—-Fronds small or minute, thin and flat, or as
thick as broad, subglobular, hemispherical, ellipsoid, elliptic, oblong or
linear, entire or rarely toothed at the margin or end of the frond,
entirely destitute of roots, but in two species the lower lip of the
cavity from which the young frond emerges is produced into a
moderately long flat hyaline process that might easily be mistaken for
a root; this process is a development of the stalk by which the young
frond is attached to its parent, and which elongates extraordinarily
after their separation.
Species 12, widely distributed in all the warm and temperate parts of the earth.
204 CLI, LEMNACEE (BROWN). | Wolffia.
Frond with a colourless process from the lower edge of
the bud-cavity.
Frond always distinctly denticulate on the margin ;
colourless process about 4 times as long as the
frond and not half as broad. ‘ c . lL. W.repanda,
Frond entire, or occasionally denticulate ; colourless
process about twice as long as the frond and 4
as broad : : : : 4 - . 2. W. Delilit.
Frond without a colourless process.
Frond 2-3 lin. long, very thin, pellucid, undulated . 3. W. Welwitschit,
Frond minute, }~4 lin. long, thick.
Frond nearly as broad as long, flattish above . 4 W. Michelii.
Frond much longer than broad, convex above . 5. W. cylindracea.
1. W. repanda, Hegelmaier in Journ. Bot, 1865, 113, Frond
minute, 4 lin. long, } lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, thin, flat above, con-
vex beneath (convex on both sides, ex Welwitsch), denticulate on the
margin, producing from the lower edge of the cavity from which the
young frond emerges a flat linear colourless process, resembling a root,
about 4 times as long as the individual fronds. Flower in the centre
oe see
_ ower Guinea. Angola: Loanda; plentiful in deep ponds near Bemposta,
mixed with Lemna paucicostata, Hegelm., Welwitsch, 205!
In two of Hegelmaier’s figures and in that of Engler & Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien,
the curious root-like process is erroneously represented as arising near the middle of
the undersurface of the young frond; this is never the case. This process 3s,"
reality, nothing more than the stalk tkat attaches the young frond to its parent,
which, after their separation, elongates in a remarkable manner to fully 4 times the
length of the frond, and somewhat resembles a root, but hus no root-cap, and cannot
in any sense be regurded as a root.
2. W. Delilii, Schleid. in Linnea, xiii. 390. Frond very small,
1 lin. long, } lin. broad, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, thin, flat, very
obtusely rounded at the end, entire or occasionally minutely denticulate,
producing from the lower edge of the cavity from which the young
frond emerges a broad flat linear colourless process, about twice as long
as the individual fronds, and 3 as broad. Flower seated in the uppe?
surface of the frond a little to one side of the middle, and nearest, the
basal end, according to Hegelmaier’s figures.—Kunth, Enum. 1. 4.
W. hyalina, Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 128, t. 4, figs. 11-19, and in
Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 301; Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 423; Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenfam. ii. iii, 164, and 154, fig. 101, F,G; Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 485. Lemna hyalina, Del. Fl). Aigypt. 27.
Wile Land. Darfur: Surudj district, in fresh-water pools on Gebel Barkin,
Pfund (ex Hegelmaier). Kordofan : Bara, Pfund, 235!
Wolffia. | CLI. LEMNACEZ (BROWN). 205:
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Ugogo; Ngangadra, Stuhlmann (ex.
Hegelmaier).
Also in Lower Egypt.
3. W. Welwitschii, Hegelmaier in Journ. Bot. 1865, 114..
Frond small, 2-3 lin. long, 1-2 lin. broad, oblong, broadly or sub-
truncately rounded at the ends, undulated or with one or more folds
along each side, entire, very thin, almost membranous in the dried
state, pale green, pellucid. Flowers in two cavities on the upper
surface of the frond near the basal end on either side of the middle
line, very minute ; ovary flask-shaped. Fruit about } lin. long, ellip-
soid, smooth.—Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 130, t. 4, figs. 1-10, and
in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 300; Engl. and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 164 and
160, fig. 105, C; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 485; Rendle in
Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 92. W. conguensis, Welw. ex Trimen in Journ.
Bot. 1866, 221.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Ambriz; in the lakes of Quizembo, and in lakes.
and stagnant pools not far from the sea, between Ambriz and the mouth of the River
Congo, Welwitsch, 209 !
Also in Venezuela and Cuba.
Welwitsch appears not to have seen fruit of this species, but I have found a
specimen with fruit among the very small quantity examined.
4. W. Michelii, Schleid. Beitr. Bot. 233. Frond minute, }-} lin.
long, about } lin. broad, elliptic or orbicular in outline, nearly as thick
as broad, rather dark green. Flowers very rarely.—N. E. Br. in Dyer,
Fl. Cap. vii. 40; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 92, W. arrhiza,
Wimm. Fl. Schles. ed. 3, 140; Journ. Bot. 1865, 113, t. 29; Hegel-
maier, Monogr. Lemn. 124, and in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 301; Engl. &
Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 164, 154, fig. 101, D-E, 157, fig. 103, 160,
fig. 105, A, and 106, E-F; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 485 ;
Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 422. Lemna arrhiza, Linn. Mant. 294. Bruniera
vvipara, Franch. in Billotia, i. 25, t. 1.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Barra do Dande; plentiful in lakes near the banks.
of the River Dande, near Bombo, Welwitsch, 210! and by the banks of the River
Lifune, at Libollo, Welwitsch ! Icolo e Bengo; Lagoa de Quilunda, near Prata,.
Welwitsch, 211. Huilla ; between Huilla and Humpata, Johnston !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usaramo; Dar es Salaam, Hilde-
brandt, 1236!
Very widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere, and has been found in Brazil
according to Hegelmaier.
5. W. cylindracea, Hegelmaicr, Monogr. Lemn. 123, t. 1, Jigs. 14,
15, Frond minute, about } lin. long, } lin. broad and thick, ellipsoid,
ovoid, or subcylindric, obtuse at both ends, or somewhat pointed at the
apex, convex on both sides, but the lower surface more SO than the
upper, deep green, shining. Flowers unknown.—Hegelmaier in Engl.
206 CLI, LEMNACEZ (BROWN), | Wolffia.
Jahrb. xxi. 302; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 92. Zelmatophace
cylindracea, Welw. ex Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 123.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Libongo; in rocky pools on the mountains behind
the Banza de Libongo, in the purest, freshest drinking-water, where no other plant
grows, Welwitsch, 212.
Orper CLIT. ALISMACEAS, (By C. H. Wright.)
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, moneecious or polygamous, very
rarely diecious. Perianth-segments 6, 2-seriate or very rarely 1-seriate
‘by the absence of the inner whorl, imbricate ; outer usually herbaceous,
concave, nerved, persistent ; inner usually larger, petaloid, deciduous.
Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, hypogynous or inserted on the base of the
perianth-segments ; filaments terete or flattened ; anthers basifixed, or
dorsifixed near the base, erect, obtuse, shortly bifid or with prolonged
connective, dehiscing by lateral or more or less dorsal longitudinal slits.
Carpels 6 to many, rarely 3, arranged in a verticil or spiral, distinct or
connate at the base, sessile or shortly stalked, 1-celled; receptacle flat,
oblong or globose; style subterminal or ventral, rarely absent ; stigma
terminal and small or slightly capitate, or ventral (rarely dorsal) and
decurrent ; ovules solitary or 2 superposed, attached to the inner angle
of the carpel, or numerous on reticulate parietal placentas. Fruit-
carpels distinct or connate at the base, 1-celled, crustaceous, coriaceous
or membranous, usually bearing the remains of the style, indehiscent
or dehiscing by the ventral suture, very rarely circumscissile at the
base. Seeds small or minute, ovoid, oblong or compressed ; testa mem-
branous or coriaceous, smooth, rugose or slightly spiny ; albumen none;
embryo horseshoe-shaped ; radicle thickened.— Aquatic or marsh herbs,
erect, rarely floating, usually glabrous, with milky juice, scapigerous or
caulescent, perennial, rarely annual. Rhizome short or long. Leaves
erect, rarely floating, radical or clustered at the nodes of a creeping
stem, petiolate; lamina various, often pellucid-dotted or -striped ;
nerves converging towards the apex of the lamina. Inflorescence
indefinite, of racemose or spicate verticils, more rarely pseudo-umbellate
or with solitary flowers; bracts at the base of the verticils or umbels,
membranous ; bracteoles small. Flowers white or rose, rarely yellow
or blue.
Genera about 13, species abont 60, in fresh water throughout the globe except in
the frigid zones.
TRIBE I. Alismeve.—Ovule solitary and basal, or 2 (rarely more) attached
£o the inner angle of the carpel. Carpels indehiscent.
*Tnner perianth-segments petaloid, larger than the outer.
Carpels on a small receptacle.
Flowers hermaphrodite —. Z : : .. 1. ALISMA.
Flowers polygamous . : : : ; 2. LIMNOPHYTON.
Carpels on a large oblong or globose receptacle.
Flowers monecious 3. LopHOTOCARPUS.
Flowers hermaphrodite 4. EcHINODORUS.
Flowers dicecious = ° 5. RAvUTANENIA.
Alisma. | CLII, ALISMACEE (WRIGHT). 207
*"*Inner perianth-segment much smaller than the outer,
or absent.
Flowers diccious, paniculate; stamens 9; carpels
many . : - ° . . 6. BURNATIA,
Flowers moneecious, subspicate ; stamens 8; carpels
3-6. : : > ° - . 7. WISNERIA,
TRIBE II. Butomeve.—Ovules numerous, on reticulately branched parietal
placentas. Carpels dehiscing along the ventral suture.
Only Tropical African genus. - ; . 8. Buromopsis.
1, ALISMA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1004.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, herbaceous, persistent, patent,
reflexed or erect after flowering. Petals 3, larger than the sepals,
deciduous. Stamens 6, rarely 9, slightly perigynous ; filaments subulate ;
anthers dorsifixed near the base. Carpels few or many, distinct, inserted
on a small receptacle; style ventral or subapical, often very short,
deciduous or persistent; stigma terminal, small; ovule solitary, basal,
raphe ventral. Achenes few or many, laterally compressed or turgid,
usually dorsally 3-ribbed ; pericarp coriaceous or hardened, indehiscent.
Seed basal, erect, compressed ; testa membranous ; embryo curved.—
Perennial, acaulescent, scapigerous, marsh herbs. Leaves erect, long
petioled, elliptic, lanceolate or sagittate, sometimes pellucid dotted.
Scape short or long. Flowers umbellate or on a panicle with verticillate
branches and branchlets, with 3 bracts at the nodes, long pedicellate,
white or light rose.
Species about 10, in Europe and Temperate and Tropical Asia, Australia, and
America.
Carpels verticillate, laterally compressed. = 1. A. -Plantago.
Carpels irregularly verticillate, scarcely compressed.
Sepals erect after flowering, sheathing the fruit . 2. 4. parnassifolium,
Sepals patent after flowering . ’ : - . 38. A. oligococcum,
1. A. Plantago, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 342. Rhizome tuberous,
densely covered with root-fibres. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or cordate,
1}-8 in. by 4-44 in., 3-7-nerved. Scapes solitary or many, erect or
more or less arcuate, 1-2 ft. high, obscurely trigonous ; branches ver-
ticillate; flowers about 8 in each verticil; pedicels slender, patent ;
bracts lanceolate, acute, membranous, 5-6 lin. long. Sepals broadly
ovate, scarious at the margins, 8-10-nerved, 14 lin. by 1 lin. Petals
larger than the sepils, broadly obovate, white. Anthers oblong, as
long as, or shorter than, the complanate filaments. Carpels 15-20;
Style filiform, aristate. Achenes more or less trigonous, much com-
pressed, membranous at the sides, dorsally 2-ribbed, ;'5—} in. long ;
remains of style ventral, aristate. Seed-testa thin, slightly rugose.—
A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 346; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii.
32; Zarb in Cat. Spéc. Bot. Pfund, 36; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 559 ;
Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 110; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii.
Append. ii. 93; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 486; Gregory,
208. CLI, ALISMACEE (WRIGHT). [ Alisma.
The Great Rift Valley, 399. A. arcwatum, Michalet in Bull. Soc. bot.
France, i. (1853) 312. A. Plantago, var. arcuatum, Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 486.
Wile Band, Kordofan: El Rahad, Pfund, 525 (ex Zarb), Eritrea: Adi
Ugri, near Godofelassi, 6400 ft., Schweinfurth, 140. Abyssinia: Shireh province,
Quartin-Dillon, & Schimper (ex'A. Richard), by the side of water, from 5200-
8500 ft., Schimper, 204 and 1538 (ex Engler). British East Africa : Leikipia
Plateau, in the Guaso Nairotia, Gregory !
Very widely distributed, but absent’ from South America,
2. A. parnassifolium, Bassi in Linn. Syst. ed. 3, 230. Rhizome
short, oblique; root-fibres long, thick; stolons long, slender. Leaves
broadly ovate, cordate, coriaceous, acute or obtuse, 3-44 in. by $-64 in.,
7-15-nerved, marked with pellucid lines; petiole up to 20 in. long.
Scape erect, 20-39 in. high, panicled above; flowers 3 in each verticil ;
pedicels 9-12 lin. long, erect; gemms sometimes present; bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, acute, many-nerved, 3 lin. long. Sepals broadly
ovate, obtuse or emarginate, many-nerved, 2 lin. by 1} lin., patent
during flowering, afterwards erect and sheathing the fruit. Petals
broadly ovate, longer than the sepals, irregularly dentate. Stamens
6-9 ; filaments complanate; anthers extrorse, nearly basifixed, about
half as long as the filaments. Carpels 9-12, obovoid, scarcely laterally
compressed, dorsally 3—5-ribbed, the ribs becoming less prominent in
fruit; epicarp thin; endocarp almost woody; style aristate. Seed-
testa thin, striate—Kunth, Enum. iii. 150; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vil.
29,t. 56; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii.186 ; Buchen. in Abhandl., naturw. Ver-
Bremen, ii. (1871), 482; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 35, 952;
pee f. Fl. Brit, Ind. vi. 560; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Scheweinfurth, ser. iil.,
222! Bahr-el-Ghazal, Schweinfurth, 1166 (ex Micheli).
Also in Europe, India, Queensland and Madagascar.
The style is much shorter in fruit in the tropical African specimen seen, than in
those from other localities.
3. A. oligococcum, F. Wuell. Fragm. i. 23. Rhizome short,
bearing many stout rootlets. Leaves radical, membranous, broadly
ovate-cordate, 23-4? in. long, 2-3 in. wide, obtuse, basal lobes approxi-
mate; primary nerves 11-13, prominent beneath, secondary parallel,
remainder anastomosing ; pellucid dots scattered ; petiole 8-30 in. long,
transversely septate within ; submerged leaves thinly membranous,
narrower than the aerial, scarcely cordate. Scape erect, paniculate
above, much longer than the leaves, terete, transversely septate within ;
bracts free, lanceolate, acute, leafy, the lower 1 in. long. Flowers 3 in
each verticil ; pedicels longer than the bracts, slender, after flowering
divaricate-patent. Sepals 14 lin. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, after
flowering patent. Petals 3 lin. long, ovate-lanceolate, unguiculate,
shortly acuminate, white. Stamens 6, 1 lin. long; filaments com-
planate ; anthers ovate, emarginate at either end. Carpels 6, broadly
Alisma.] CLIT. ALISMACEH (WRIGHT). 209
ovate; style slender, apical, rostrate, deciduous. Achenes ovoid-
reniform ; endocarp thick, almost woody, with dorsal tuberculate ribs.
Seed with thin, nearly smooth, testa.—Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 185;
Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 37 ; Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 560;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 486. A. apetalwm, Wall. Cat.
4996. A. glanduloswm, Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 332.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: “ Nupe?” Barter, 1062!
Also in Northern India, Ceylon and Australia.
2. LIMNOPHYTON, Miq.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1005.
Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3, herbaceous, persistent, reflexed after
flowering. Petals 3, larger than the sepals, deciduous. Stamens 6,
perigynous ; filaments subulate, compressed; anthers linear-oblong,
dorsifixed near the base. Carpels 15-20 on a small rather flat re-
ceptacle, distinct, ovoid ; style ventral, short, thick, deciduous at least
in the upper part; stigma small, capitate; ovule basal, anatropous.
Achenes many, distinct, obovoid, turgid, dorsally 3-ribbed ; pericarp
bony within, hollow on either side. Seed basal, oblong, compressed ;
testa membranous; embryo curved; radicle thickened at the end.—
Erect, robust, perennial, acaulescent, scapigerous herbs. Leaves erect ;
petiole long, thick; lamina broadly sagittate, pellucid-dotted, with
7-11 obliquely branched nerves. Scape thick. Flowers in verticils
arranged in racemes or panicles, 3-bracteate at the nodes, the upper
male, the lower hermaphrodite and mixed with a few male; pedicels
thick, decurved after flowering.
Species 1, extending into Tropical Asia.
1. L. obtusifolium, Mig. 71. Ind. Bat. iii. 243. Rhizome short,
densely covered with thick rootlets. Leaves all radical; petiole long,
gradually tapering upwards, glabrous or sometimes puberulous, espe-
cially in the upper part; blade sagittate, glabrous or puberulous;
terminal lobe 2~7 in. long, 2-6 in. broad, triangular, obtuse, rarely
acute or acuminate, nerves radiating from the apex of the petiole and
Somewhat converging above; basal lobes separated by a sinus of
50-140°, 2-7 in, long, 1-3 in. broad across the base, acuminate.
Scapes solitary or several; lower branches up to 10 in. long, sometimes
puberulous; bracts membranous, up to 1 in. long; flowers 4-15 in
each whorl; pedicels up to 1} in, long, those of the male flowers more
slender than those of the hermaphrodite. Sepals ovate, obtuse, 2 lin.
long, many-ribbed. Petals white (Barter), narrowly ovate from a
cuneate base. Stamens of the male flower larger than those of the
hermaphrodite ; filaments dilated at the base, glandular-pubescent, half
as long as the anthers; anthers broadly ovate, subsagittate. Carpels
entirely absent in the male flowers, in the hermaphrodite flowers 15-20
i 2-4 whorls, ovoid. Achenes obovoid, dorsally 3-ribbed or almost
winged, 3 lin. long, 2 lin: broad ; style-base more or less persistent.
Seed horseshoe-shaped ; testa thin, nearly ee Ahan Beitr.
VOL, VIII,
210 CLII, ALISMACEZ (WRIGHT). [ Limnophyton.
Fl. Aethiop. 295; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 39 ;. Hook. f. Fi.
Brit. Ind. vi. 560; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 94; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 93. Sagittaria obtusifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 993 ; Speke,
Nile, Append. 650; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 157, t. 102.
S. nympheifolia, Hochst. ex Buchen. in Flora, 1865, 246. Alisma
sagittifolia, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 277; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fi. 528;
Schweinf. Beitr. F]. Aethiop. 206. A. Kotschyi, Hochst. in Flora, 1841,
Intellig.-bl. 44, and 1843, 499. A. obtusifolium, Thwaites, Enum. Pl.
Zeyl. 332. Dipseudochorion sagittifolium, Buchen. in Flora, 1866,
245.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 60! Perrottet, 807! Senegambia, Perrottet !
Heudelot, 231! Sierra Leone : in wet places at Likuru and common up to Farana,
Scott-Elliot, 4972! Niger Territory: Nupe, in swamps, Barter, 1532 !
Wile Land. Kordofan: Arashkol Mountain ; at Omkenem, Steudner, 685!
Kotschy, 169! Birket Rahad, Pfund, 407! 798! British East Africa: banks of
the Nile, at Abu Kuka, Petherick! and at Gondokoro, Speke & Grant, 767 |
White Nile, without precise locality, Sabatier / coast, near Lamu Island, Hilde-
brandt, 1319! 1912! .
Lower Guinea. Angola: Icolo e Bengo; plentiful at the muddy marshy
edges of Lagoa de Funda, near Funda, Welwitsch, 3010!
Mozamb, Dist. Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi ; in a marsh at
Lupata, Kirk! at N’Kueza (Ankweza), north of Sena, Kirk! British Central
Africa: Tanganyika to Moero Plateau, Carson, 40! Ngamiland ; Botletle. Valley,
Lugard, 206!
3. LOPHOTOCARPUS, Durand, Index Gen. Phan. x. and 627.
Flowers hermaphrodite and male, monecious. Sepals 3, distinct,
persistent, sheathing in fruit. Petals 3, deciduous, imbricate. Stamens
9-15, hypogynous; filaments complanate; anthers 2-celled, extrorse,
oblong, cells adnate to the connective. Carpels numerous ; ovules
solitary, basal, erect, anatropous ; style apical, long, oblique, persistent.
Achenes densely congested on a convex receptacle, much laterally com-
pressed. Seed basal; testa thin, punctate; embryo horseshoe-shaped ;
radicle thick.—Marsh herbs. Leaves radical, often floating, sagittate,
with a network of laticiferous vessels ; petiolelong. Scape unbranched ;
flowers 2-3 in each verticil, lower hermaphrodite, upper hermaphrodite
and male; bracts membranous.—Lophiocarpus, Mig. Ill. Fi. Arch.
Ind. 50, not of Turcz. Sagittaria, Sect. Lophiocarpus, Benth. et
Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1006.
Species 3, one in North America, another in Brazil, and the following in Tropical
Asia, Africa and America.
1, L. guyanensis, Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V- 487.
Rhizome short, densely .covered with rootlets.. Leaves widely ovate-
cordate, floating, obtuse or slightly emarginate, 2 in. long, 1} in- broad,
occasionally some submerged leaves with reduced blades are present ;
petiole varying in length with the :depth of the water, transversely
septate inside. Scape erect or procumbent, bearing few-flowered whorls
Lophotocarpus. | CLII, ALISMACEZ (WRIGHT). 211
near its apex; bracts widely ovate, obtuse, 6 lin. long; flowers herma-
phrodite and male. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, flat, erect or sheathing
in fruit. Petals cuneate, a little longer than the sepals, fugacious.
Stamens 9-12 (6-10 in the male flowers); filaments complanate ;
anthers elongate, more or less sagittate at the base, shorter than the
filaments. Ovary compressed, rudimentary in the male flower; style
thick, oblique. Achenes much laterally compressed, with a prominent
toothed rib on the back and front. Seed slightly rugose.—Sagitiaria
cordifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 68, and Fl. Ind. iii. 647; Kunth, Enum.
iii. 161; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 346; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295.
S. nympheifolia, Hochst. in Flora, 1842, Beibl. 133. 8. guayanensis,
H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl. i. 250; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 561.
Lophiocarpus gwyanensis, Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 62;
Buchen, in Engl. Jahrb. ii. 484.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot !
Nile Land. Kordofan ; in shallow stagnant pools at Tejara, Kotschy, 423!
Also in Madagascar, Tropical Asia northwards to Hongkong, and Tropical
America from Mexico to Paraguay.
4, ECHINODORUS, L. C. Rich. ; Benth. et Hook. f.
Gen. PI. iii. 1006.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, herbaceous, persistent, reflexed
or erect after flowering. Petals 3, larger than the sepals, deciduous.
Stamens 6 to many, hypogynous; filaments subulate, compressed ;
anthers oblong or linear-oblong, dorsifixed near the base. Carpels
numerous, distinct, imbricate on an oblong receptacle, obovoid, attenuate
into a persistent oblique style; stigma minute; ovule basal, erect,
anatropous. Achenes many, obovoid or oblanceolate, congested into a
head, strongly ribbed and crowned by the rigid aristate style. Seed
oblong, compressed; testa membranous; embryo hooked; radicle
thickened at the end.—Annual or perennial, acaulescent, scapigerous,
often tall herbs. Leaves long petioled; lamina elliptic, cordate,
lanceolate or sagittate, usually with pellucid dots or lines. Flowers in
many-flowered verticils on narrow straight racemes, 3-bracteate at the
nodes or-(in the African species) reduced to a single flower ; bracteoles
many ; pedicels very short, rigid.
Species about 14, in Tropical and North Temperate America,
1, E. humilis, Buchen. in Pringsh. Jahrb, vii. 28. A small herb.
Rhizome very short ; rootlets filiform. Leaves ovate, membranous, up
to 14 by 8 lin.,a few oblong-lanceolate and 18 by 3 lin., acute or
shortly acuminate, base rounded or slightly decurrent, with 3 nerves
radiating from the apex of the petiole and converging towards the apex
of the blade; petiole slender, up to 4 in. long, but usually very much
shorter. Scapes shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered ; flowers erect.
Sepals ovate, obtuse, 2-24 lin. long. Petals longer than the sepals,
white. Stamens 6 (or 9, ex Micheli), 1} lin. long; anthers about half
212 CLI, ALISMACEE (WRIGHT). [ Echinodorus.
as long as the filaments. Ovary obliquely obovoid, compressed ; style
rostrate. Achenes many in a subglobose head, obliquely obovoid.
much compressed, 1 lin. long, lateral ridges inconspicuous; style
aristate. Seed with a thin, almost smooth testa.—Micheli in DC.
Monogr. Phan. iii. 55, 952; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
488. Alisma humile, Kunth, Enum. iii. 154; Benth. in Hook. Niger
Fl. 528.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet,75! 811! Roger,58! Senegambia: near
Richard Toll, Leliévre, Leprieur.
Wile Land. White Nile ; on the banks of the river, near Gebel Nyemati,
Schweinfurth, 1032! Aba (Abbah) Island, Schweinfurth, 991 !
5. RAUTANENTA, Buchen. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. v. 854.
Flowers unisexual. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, marcescent.
Stamens hypogynous, 7, 8, or 9, sometimes more or less connate in
pairs. Carpels 7-9, l-ovuled. Achenes irregularly capitate. Seed
erect; embryo horseshoe-shaped.—An erect, rush-like perennial.
Inflorescence paniculate ; flowers small, verticillate.
Endemic, monotypic.
1. R. Schinzii, Buchen. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. v. 855. Rhizome
thick ; rootlets filiform, white. Leaves 1 ft. long, 2 lin. wide, linear or
linear-lanceolate, flat, 3-nerved, acute. Scape about as long as the
leaves, erect, terete, striate when dry; panicle with ternate branches ;
bracts subulate, the lowest 10 lin. long; flowers dicecious, odorous.
Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 2 lin. long; margins white, membranous.
Petals half as long as the sepals, reniform-orbicular, marcescent, thin,
white. Stamens 7-9 ; filaments linear-subulate, white; anthers yellow,
oblong, basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally. Carpels obovoid, compressed.
Achenes semiorbicular, with three strong ridges running nearly round
each carpel ; style persistent, subapical, hooked. Seeds erect, much
compressed, smooth.—chinodorus Schinzii, Buchen. in Bull. Herb.
Boiss. iv. 413, and App. iii. 10.
Lower Guinea. German South-west Africa; Amboland; Omulonga, Raw-
tanen, 51, Ombalambuenge, Rautanen, 159! Olukonda, Rautanen, 222!
6. BURNATIA, Micheli; Benth, et Hook, f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1007.
Flowers dicecious, small. Male flowers: Sepals 3, marcescent.
Petals 3, much smaller than the sepals. Stamens 9, inserted at the base
of the petals; filaments subulate; anthers linear-oblong, as long a
the filaments, dorsifixed near the base. Rudimentary carpels about 12,
hatchet-shaped. Female flowers: Perianth-segments 3, small, orbicular,
membranous, erect after flowering. Stamens 0, or 1-2 imperfect.
Carpels about 12, crowded on a small receptacle, obliquely semiorbicular ;
stigma ventral, sessile, papillose; ovule solitary, basal, anatropous-
Achenes 6-8, obovate-orbicular, compressed, dorsally 3-ribbed ; stigm@
Burnatia. | . CLIL, ALISMACEZ (WRIGHT). 213
minute, ventral, rostrate ; pericarp coriaceous. Seed broadly oblong;
testa membranous ; embryo curved; radicle thickened at the end.—
An erect, acaulescent, scapigerous, marsh herb. Leaves long-petioled ;
lamina linear, or elliptic-lanceolate, acute ; nerves 7-9 with very slender
oblique branches. Panicle verticillately branched, 3-bracteate at the
nodes, male lax with slenderly pedicelled globose flowers, female
contracted with much smaller subsessile flowers.
Endemic, monotypic.
1. B. enneandra, Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 81. Leaves
lanceolate, rarely oblong, acute at both ends, 5-8 in. long, 7-18 lin.
broad, membranous, with 7-9 weak nerves; petiole 5-16 in. long, com-
planate. Scape erect, longer than the leaves; male panicle 12-16 in.
long, female 8-10 in. long ; bracts membranous, lanceolate, up to 1 in.
long; bracteoles small; pedicels up to 5 lin. long. Sepals 3, broadly
ovate, obtuse, of the male erect, of the female patent but erect after
flowering, 14-2 lin. long. Petals small, present in the male flowers
only. Achenes discoid, dorsally 3-ribbed. Seed slightly rugose.—Engl.
Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 94; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 488.
Alisma enneandra, Hochst. in Flora, 1842, Beibl. 133. Hchinodorus ?
enneander, A. Br. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295, 309.
Nile Land. CKordofan : at the edges of the stagnant pools near Arashkol
Mountain, Kotschy, 192! British East Africa: Jur; near Jur Ghattas, Schwein-
Surth, 2128! 2287!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Matabeleland ; Libanani Forests
and Flats, Holub !
7. WISNERIA, M. Micheli; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1007.
Flowers moneecious, minute. Perianth-segments membranous, 3
‘persistent, or 5-6 in 2 series, the 3 outer equal or 2 smaller, concave
and persistent, 2 or 3 inner much smaller and deciduous. Male flower:
Stamens 3; filaments subulate; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, dehiscing
longitudinally. Rudiment of ovary subulate. Female flower: Staminodia
setaceous. Carpels 3-6, ovoid; style none or terminal and subulate ;
. Stigma minute; ovule solitary, basal, anatropous. Achenes subglobose,
broadly oblong or ellipsoid, compressed or turgid, obscurely costate,
obtuse or beaked by the persistent style; pericarp thin or rather thick.
‘Seed oblong or subglobose; testa membranous; embryo horseshoe-
shaped ; radicle thickened.—Acaulescent, scapigerous, marsh or water
‘herbs. Rhizome short, bearing thick root-fibres. Leaves long-
: petioled, with the lamina more or less expanded; midrib evident.
pe erect, unbranched; bracts united into truncate membranous
campanulate sheaths surrounding the scape ; male flowers in the upper
part of the scape, pedicellate, several subtended by 2-3 membranous
lacerate bracteoles; female flowers in the lower part of the scape,
. ebracteolate.
Species 3, one in Malabar, another in Madagascar, and the following in Tropical
Africa. : ¢
214 CLII, ALISMACEZ (WRIGHT). [ Wisneria.
1. W. Schweinfurthii, Hook. /. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii.
1007. Petiole sheathing at the base, 9 in. long, robust ; lamina oblong
or oblanceolate, obtuse, up to 6 in. by 6 lin.; lateral nerves 1 on either
side. Scape about as long as the leaves; whorls of bracts at length
6-9 lin. apart. Perianth-segments 3. Achenes compressed, 3-ribbed,
14 lin. long, beak 1 lin. long.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 2157! Jur;
Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2304!
8. BUTOMOPSIS, Kunth; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1008.
- Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, persistent, erect after flowering,
imbricate. Petals 3, smaller than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9
(rarely fewer), in two whorls; filaments flattened; anthers 2-celled,
basifixed, extrorse. Carpels 6 or fewer, verticillate, slightly connate on
the ventral side near the base; styles short; stigmas lateral; ovules
numerous. Follicles usually 6, tapering above into the persistent
style, dehiscing along the ventral suture. Seeds numerous, curved ;
testa nearly smooth; embryo horseshoe-shaped.— A scapigerous marsh
herb, with milky juice. Leaves radical, erect, petiolate. Flowers 18
umbellate cymes; pedicel elongated in fruit ; bracts membranous.
Species 1, extending into Tropical India and Australia.
1. B. lanceolata, Kunth, Enum. iii. 165. Rhizome short, bearing
numerous slender rootlets. Leaves narrowly ovate, acute, tapering
below into the petiole, membranous, entire, glabrous, with 2-6 secondary
nerves pinnately arranged and converging towards the apex, up to 4 12.
by 14 in.; petiole smooth, up to 10 in. long. Scape usually about
6-flowered, overtopping the leaves ; peduncle terete, glabrous, up to 1 ft.
long ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, up to 9 lin. long; pedicels up to
4 in. long in fruit, usually straight. Sepals broadly ovate, acute
or subobtuse, persistent and sheathing the base of the fruit. Petals % as
long as the sepals, obovate, obtuse, fugacious, white. Stamens 9 or
fewer; filaments dilated below; anthers shorter than the filaments,
oblong. Ovaries ovoid. Follicles ovoid-oblong, acute, connate below,
obscurely keeled on the dorsal side. Seeds scarcely } lin. long; test#
crustaceous —Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 206 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vi.
187; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 87 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit: Ind. vi.
562. Butomus senegalensis, Perrottet ex A. Br. in Flora, 1843, 499.
Tenagocharis cordofana, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, 369. 7. alismoides,
Hochst. in Flora, 1842, Beibl. 134; A. Br. in Flora, 1843, 499. 7". lam
ceolata, Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 489. .
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 65! Senegambia, Heudelot, 126! Niget
Territory: Nupe; in swamps, Barter, 1509!
Wile Land. Kordofan: in stagnant pools near Arashko] mountain, Kotschy»
193 ! in the White Nile at Omkenen, near Arashkol mountain, Steudner, 687 !
Also in Northern India and Queensland.
Triglochin.| CLIII. NAIADACE (BENNETT), 215
Orver CLIII. NAIADACEH. (By Arthur Bennett.)
Flowers usually green (often coloured in Aponogeton), 1—2-sexual.
Perianth 0, or tubular, or of 3-4 inferior valvate segments. Stamens
hypogynous; anthers 1-2-celled, Ovary of 1-4 1-ovuled carpels ; style
long or short; stigma of many forms. Fruit of 1-seeded utricules,
achenes, or drupelets. Seeds exalbuminous; embryocurved or straight,
large at the radicular end.—Aquatic or marsh herbs, of various habit.
Rootstock usually creeping. Stems simple or branched. Leaves erect,
submerged, or floating, sheathing at the base; stipules 0, or contained
in the sheath. .
Genera 16, species about 120, found in all climates.
*Stigmas discoid or decurrent on the ovary.
Perianth present ; flowers bisexual.
Marsh herbs ; sepals 6, green : = . 1. TRIGLOCHIN,
Aquatics.
Sepals 1-3, white or coloured. : . 2, APONOGETON.
Sepals 4, herbaceous . i ; » 3. POTAMOGETON.
Perianth none ; flowers uni- or bi-sexual.
Stamens 2; carpels stipitate . A . 4, RUPPIA.
Stamen 1; carpels usually sessile 5, ZANNICHELLIA.
**Stigmas subulate or capillary.
Flowers sessile on a flat linear spadix . 6. ZOSTERA.
Flowers axillary , : é : H é ccs NATAS.
Flowers enclosed in membranous sheaths 8. CYMODOCEA,.
1, TRIGLOCHIN, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl, iii. 1012.
Perianth-segments 3 or 6, herbaceous, deciduous. Stamens 6, at the
base of the perianth-segments; anthers with 2 rounded lobes. Carpels
3-6, 1-celled, l-ovuled, 3 often imperfect; styles short, sometimes
connate ; stigmas sessile or subsessile, plumose. Fruit of 3 or 6 free
or connate achenes or follicles; tips recurved. Seed erect; embryo
straight.—Marsh herbs with rush-like flat or terete leaves. Flowers
small, bisexual, spicate or racemose, 2-bracteate.
Species about 12, chiefly in the temperate regions of both hemispheres.
Fruit linear . : ; > ; ‘ - Bs aed 1 bulbosum.
Fruit subrotund . ° ‘ > ‘ ‘ . 2. 7. striatum,
1. T. bulbosum, Linn. Mant. Alt. 226. Stem simple, tuberous
at the base, with interlaced fibres forming a brown mass at the base.
Leaves half-cylindrical, finely striate, channelled, generally shorter than
the stem. Raceme elongating after flowering, 6—12-flowered. Fruits
erect, ascending (not adpressed), larger at the base than the apex, of
3 carpels.— Bot. Mag. t. 1445; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan, iii. 99;
Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. ii. 510; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
216 CLIII, NAIADACEZ (BENNETT), [ Triglochin.
490; A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 42; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 98. 7. Barrelieri, Loisl. Fl. Gall. ed. 2, 1. 264.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; plentiful in boggy pastures and on the
banks of the river at Lopollo and near Ohai, Welwitsch, 3017!
Also in North and South Africa.
2. T. striatum, Ruiz ¢& Pav. Fl. Perur. iii. 72. Rootstock small,
stoloniferous. Leaves variable, narrowly linear to subulate, striate,
generally stouter than the scape. Scape leafless, 3-12 in. tall ; flowers
many, shortly pedicelled. Carpels 3, orbicular, with 6 permanent ribs,
about 1-14 lin. long.—Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 101 ; Buchen.
in Engl. Jahrb. ii. 510; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 491 ;
A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 42; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. u. 93.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes; in brackish swamps near Aguadas,
between Mossamedes and Calvaheiros, not far from the sea, rather rare, Welwitsch,
3016!
Also in South Africa.
2, APONOGETON, Thunb.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1013.
Perianth of 1-3 equal or unequal segments, or 0. Stamens 3-6 e
more ; filaments subulate, persistent. Carpels 3-6, 2- or more ovuled ;
stigma on a stout style, decurrent or persistent. Fruit of 3 or more
hardened follicles. Seeds erect ; embryo straight—Submerged plants
with tuberous rootstocks, in the early state very like Potamogeton.
Leaves either floating or erect; varying in shape from linear to oblong
(or subulate in one species ?). Scape with simple or bifid sessile spikes
of unilateral or distichous flowers, the young’ flower enclosed in 4
deciduous sheath.
Species about 20, in Asia, Africa and Temperate Australia.
Leaves not or only slightly dilated into a blade . . 1. A spathaceus.
Leaves petiolate, oblong.
Leaf-blades distinctly cordate at the base.
Leaf-blades more than three times as long as broad,
very obtuse : ° .
Leaf-blades less than three times as long as
broad, subacute . ; ; . . 3. A. Holubii.
Leaf-blades not distinctly cordate at the base,
Flower-spikes slender, not exceeding 23 lin. in
diam., whitish . : s
Flower-spikes 3 lin. or more in diam.
Perianth-segments about 1 lin. long, whitish 5
Perianth-segments 13-2 lin, long, purple . 6
Leaves petiolate, linear or linear-lanceolate.
Leaves 7-nerved . : ; . . : qs
8
9
: . 2. A. subconjugatus.
A. kraussianum.
A. Rehmanni.
. A, abyssinicus.
A
a
A
. Stuhlmanit.
. Boehmit.
. vallisnerioides.
_ Leaves 5-nerved . - :
Leaves sessile, ligulate, membranous
_1. A. spathaceus, /. Meyer in Drege, Zwei Pflanzengeog'
Documente, 137, name only. Leaves very narrow or elongate-subulate,
obtuse or dilated into a linear-lanceolate blade. Spike bifid ; branches
A ponogeion. | - CLIII, NAIADACEH (BENNETT). 217
stout, dense-flowered ; floral bracts 2, obovate-oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved,
pale lilac. Stamens 6-8, Follicles 3~8.—Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. sub t.
6399; Engl. Jahrb. viii. 272; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
493; A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 44; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 94.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in marshy places and boggy
meadows between Condo and Quisonde, between Pungo Andongo and Quisonde, and
between Quibinde and Quitage, plentiful, Welwitsch, 3012!
Also in South Africa,
2. A. subconjugatus, Schumacher &: Thonning, Beskr. Guin. Pl.
183. Bulb subrotund and truncate. Leaves long petioled 3 petioles
semiterete below, terete above; blade 5-12 in. long, 14-1? in. broad,
elongate-oblong, obtuse, cordate at the base, often speckled with brown
below. Spikes bifid, 1-14 in. long. Bracts 2, subovate, obtuse,
yellowish. Stamens 6, unequal. Carpels 8-5, usually 4, ovoid, com-
pressed, tapering into a short style ; ovules 10-12. Seeds 5-8, oblong,
angular,—A, Heudelotii, Engl. in Engl, Jahrb. viii. 271; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 492.° Ouvirandra Heudelotii, Kunth,
‘Enum. iii. 593 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 528.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 433! Perrottet, 1009. Guinea,
Thonning !
3. A. Holubii, Oliver in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1470. Leaves oblong-
elliptic, 44-6 by 2-3 in., apex shortly semi-obtuse, base rounded,
cordate, 7—9-veined, veining obscure; petioles elongated. Peduncle
thick, tapering upwards; spike bifid, 2}-3} in. long, dense-flowered ;
flowers hermaphrodite; bracts 2, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse.
Stamens about 6. Follicles oblong, terete, with a beak } as long as
the ovary.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl, Afr. v. 492; A. Bennett
in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 44.
Mozamb. Dist. Bechuanaland: Eastern Bamanguata Territory, at Henrys
Pan, Holub, 1036-1039!
Also in South Africa.
4. A. kraussianum, Hochst. ex Krauss in Flora, 1845, 343.
Leaves long-petioled, floating, oblong, 7-9-nerved, acute, base sub-
cordate; median nerve 3-cleft. Peduncles long, tapering upwards ;
Spike bifid; branches 3-14 in. long, not more than 2} lin. in diam.,
dense-flowered; flowers whitish. Stamens generally 6; anthers
yellowish. Ovaries 3-5 (rarely 6). Follicles globose, with a thickened
short beak.—Krauss, Beitr. Fl. Cap. und Natal. 172 ; A. Bennett in
Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 44. 4. leptostachyos, E. Meyer in Drege, Zwei
Pilanzengeogr. Documente, 165; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 158;
Engl. Jahrb. viii. 270, A. abyssinica, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.
93, not of Hochst.
Mile Land. British East Africa: Ukamba; Kitui, Hildebrandt, 2645 |
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in ponds near the River Cuanza,
near Sansamanda and elsewhere, Welwitsch, 8011!
Also in South Africa.
i gh ATE Le Ep RE a CE ae et ee
218 _ CLIII, NAIADACEZ (BENNETT). [ Aponogeton.
_ 5, A. Rehmanni, Oliver in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1471, fig. B. Leaves
oblong-subacute, 1-13 in. long, 3-5 lin. broad, subapiculate. Spike
bifid, 2 in. long, about 3 lin. in diam., dense-flowered, whitish ; flowers
dicecious; bracts ovate-oblong, subacute. Follicles 8-9, oblong.—
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 498; A. Bennett in Dyer,
Fl, Cap. vii. 44.
Lower Guinea. (German South-west Africa: Amboland, ex Durand &
Schinz.
Also in South Africa,
6. A. abyssinicus, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. Husice. 1483.
Stem-base tuberous, globose. Leaves lanceolate, long-petioled ; floating
leaves lanceolate-ovate. Spike bifid, dense-flowered ; branches 1-1} in.
Jong; peduncle nearly equal in diameter throughout; flowers rose or
purplish. Sepals 13—2 lin. long, oval-oblong. Stamens 6. Follicles
3, with a beak 2 the length of the ovary.—A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss.
ii. 351; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 491; Engl. Jahrb. vil.
270. Ouvirandra Hildebrandtii, Hort. Berol. ex Kuntze in Verhandl.
Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xix. ix.; Eichler in Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin,
1879, 6-12, t, 1. |
"Wile Band. Eritrea: Kohaito Plateau, 8500-8800 ft., Schweinfurth, 187!
Abyssinia : in marshes near Axum, Schimper, 1483! East Tropical Africa, London!
7, A. Stublmannii, Lngl. in. Notizbl. Kinigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin,
i. 26. Submerged. Leaves linear, 7-veined, obtuse; petioles longer
than the blade. Spike simple, lax-flowered. Sepals 2, obtuse, 1-nerved.
Stamens 6, equal in length to the sepals. Carpels 3; ovaries ovoid ;,
style subulate. Follicles 4-seeded.—Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 94.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usinja; Bugando, Stuhlmann, 3541.
8. A. Boehmii, Engl. in Notizbl. Kinigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, i. 26.
Rootstock tuberous. Leaves submerged, linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
5-nerved ; petiole longer than the blade. Spike bifid, dense-flowered.
Sepals 3, obovate-spathulate, purple-punctate. Stamens 6. Carpels
3-ovuled.— Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 94.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Umyamwezi; in the River Wala,.
Boehm, 98.
9, A. vallisnerioides, Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 158.
Densely cespitose. Leaves sessile, ligulate, membranous, obtuse, 3-4
in. long. Spike simple, dense-flowered, 1 in. long, 3 lin. thick.
Ovaries 4 (?), those of the upper third infertile (2).
Upper Guinea. River Niger, Baikie! :
Mile Land. British East Africa: Jur; near Kurshook. Ali’s Seriba, Schwew-
Surth, 1704! 1761! Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 4266! Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth,
2152! Dumuku, Schweinfurth, 2168! Ukidi (Unyoro), Speke & Grant!
* This has a spike like A. monostachyum, Roxb,, of India, with leaves in shape
and texture just like those of a small specimen of Vallisneria,” Baker, 1.c.
Potamogeton.} CLIII, NAIADACE& (BENNETT). 219
3. POTAMOGETON, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1014.
Perianth-segments 4, green, valvate. Anthers 4, sessile, with two
roundish cells, Carpels 4 (some abortive), sessile, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ;
ovules campylotropous; stigma persistent, subsessile or decurrent,
altering much in position in ripening. Drupelets small, variable in
shape, coriaceous. Seeds subreniform; radicle large.—Submerged
water-plants with creeping rootstocks. Stems terete or compressed.
Leaves often floating (rarely aérial), alternate or opposite, entire or
toothed ; stipules intrafoliaceous, free or adnate to the petiole. Flowers
small; spicate ; bases of the peduncles enclosed ina membranous spathe,
ebracteate.
Species 65~75, cosmopolitan.
*Floating leaves present, coriaceous.
Fruit 3-keeled ; stems moderately stout ; submerged
leaves few or none. :
Leaves tapering to the base. . . - 1. P. fluitans.
Leaves obtuse at the base . . : : - 2. P. Richardi.
Fruit sharply 3-keeled; stems moderately stout ;
submerged leaves abundant . : :
Fruit 3-keeled ; stems filiform; submerged leaves : :
abundant , ‘ . . : . . 4. P. javanicus.
**Floating leaves none.
Leaves 2-12 lin. broad. 3
Leaves crisped, serrulate ; fruit long-beaked . 5&. P.crtspum.
Leaves flat, entire.
Fruit large, obliquely obtuse . < : . 6. P. lucens.
Fruit small, pointed x : . . 17. P. coloratum.
Leaves less than 2 lin. broad.
Stipules free.
8. P. Schweinfurthii.
Leaves straight, 1-3-nerved ; nerves equal . 8. P. pusillum.
Leaves curved, 1~3-nerved; centra] nerve very 2
broad. 3 = : eee . 9. P. Preussiz.
Stipules adnate to the leaf-bases, be
Style on the ventral margin . . . - 10. P. pectinatum,
Style central. :
Leaves all setaceous or linear-setaceous . ll. P. filiforme.
Lower leaves 4-5, in. wide, very rigid, upper oh :
linear to filiform . ‘ ; . 12. P. Livingstone.
1, P. fluitans, Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. i. 72. Stem stout. —
merged leaves translucent, linear-lanceolate ; floating leaves bie id
ovate-lanceolate, long-stalked, tapering at either end, ved Pp soe ;
stipules large, blunt. Peduncles stout; spike dense-flowere 3 i. pe
fruit seen on African or European specimens.—A. Bennett in Dyer,
Fl. Cap. vii. 46; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 94. P. natans, var.
fuitans, Cham. Adnot. Fl. Berol. 4.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, Welwitsch, 249!
Also in North and South Africa, Madagascar, Europe and Asia.
2. P. Richardi, Solms-Laub. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. suns
194, and 292. Stem stout. Submerged leaves few, finer in texture
220 CLIII, NAIADACEZ (BENNETT). [ Potamogeton.
than in P. fluitans, floating leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, not plicate
at the base; stipules blunt, large. Peduncles stout, slightly swollen
upwards; spikes dense-flowered. Fruit large, 24 lin. long; style long,
‘at first bent back, when ripe nearly central; dorsal ridges 3, the two
lateral with blunt wavy tooth-like margins, slightly convex on the
ventral margin, and with indications of small bosses, but none of the
specimens seen are quite ripe.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
496; A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii.47. P. natans, A. Rich. Tent. Fl.
Abyss. ii. 354, not of Linn. P. americanus, var. Richardt, Solms-Laub.
ex Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 8.
Nile Land. Eritrea: Gorge of Degerra, near Saganeita, 7200 ft., Schwein-
JSurth & Riva, 891! Abyssinia: in ponds and streams near Adowa, Schimper, 135!
958! Amba Sea, Schimper, 571! Shireh Province, Dillon & Petit! Mai
Gouagoua, Quartin-Dillon !
Also in South Africa.
The plant mentioned as P. natans, Linn., in Schweinfurth’s Beitr. Fl, Aethiop.
292, is probably P. Richardi, Solms-Laub,
3. P. Schweinfurthii, Arth. Bennett. Stems about 2 ft. long,
branched. Lower leaves crowded, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 by # in.
tapering into the petiole, 5-nerved, the central nerve broad, consisting
of many fine veins with flexuous cross ones; middle leaves lanceolate,
11-nerved, 24-3 by 3 in., similar in structure to the lower ones; upper
leaves floating, coriaceous, lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 10-13-nerved,
with occasionally additional interrupted nerves, 2-23 by §-} 1D;
petioles 2-3} in. long; stipules 1-2 in. long, acute, many-nerved, not
winged. Peduncles stout, slightly thickened in the middle, 4-6 m.
long, springing from the axils of either submerged or floating leaves;
spike 14-1}? in. long, dense-flowered, moderately stout. Fruit large,
4-gx in. long, the ventral margin nearly straight, the dorsal subrotund,
sharply 3-keeled, with undulated margins, and slightly (irregularly)
warted, with a tooth at the base of the outer margins.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder ; in Lake Tana, Schimper, 1859! British
East Africa : at the mouth of the Babr el Arab, Schweinfurth, 1223! in the Bahr
e] Ghazal, near the Nuer Villages, Schweinfurth, 1165!
-A most distinct species, with the. submerged leaves like those of P. lucens (but
half the width), the floating leaves nearest to P. heterophyllus, and the fruit much as
in P. Richardi, Solms-Laub. The lower leaves most resembling those of this species
occur in some of Rugel’s Floridan species of P. americanus, Cham. (P. lonchites,
. "Tuck.), but even these are not nearly as rigid as in the present plant. It differs from
P. lucens, Linn., by producing coriaceous floating leaves, from P. heterophylius,
Schreb. by the rigid lower leaves, and very different fruit ; and from P. americanus,
Cham., by the floating leaves, much smaller rigid lower leaves, and fruit.
4, P. javanicus, Hassk. in Verh. Nat. Ver. Nederl. Ind. i. 26.
Stem branched, filiform. Submerged leaves, sessile, narrowly linear,
acute; floating leaves lanceolate, long-petioled ; lower stipules slightly
- connate, the upper free, acuminate. Peduncles slender ; spikes vary128
from 3-8 lin. long. Fruit compressed, oblique-obovate ; style straight
Potamogeton. | CLIII, NAIADACEA (BENNETT). 221
with the ventral margin; dorsal margin 3-keeled, and strongly repand-
denticulate, ventral nearly straight, with a projection in the centre,
tapering to either end, variable as to the teeth-like projections on
various parts of the fruit, which are strongest on the Australian forms.
—P. tenuicaulis, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 90, 244. P. parvifolia, Buchen.
in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. 32. P. huillensis, Welw. ex
Schinz in Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Gesell. i. (1891) 61; Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 495; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 94.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe; ina deep lake near Jeba, Barter,
1069!
Wile Land. British East Africa: at the mouth of the Bahr el Arab, Schwein-
a 1225! Niamniam ; inthe River Rei (Rye), near Gumango Hill, Schweinfurth,
2909 !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in streams near Catumba, Welwitsch,.
248! River Cunene, Schinz, 1001!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: North-west Kalahari, Schinz! (in
Herb. Buchenau).
Also in South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, the Malay Archipelago and
Tropical Asia.
5. P. crispum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 126. Stem compressed,
slender, branched. Leaves all similar, sessile, semiamplexicaul, strap-
shaped oblong or oblong, variously undulate, strongly serrate at the
apex, less so on the margins; stipules small, subobtuse, lower soon
decaying. Peduncles between the forks of the stem, rather stout,
tapering towards the apex; spike large, lax-flowered, Fruit large,
acuminate, compressed, obliquely-ovoid; beak very long and curved.
—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 493.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Nubia, Kotschy, 20! Bahr el Tussuf, Steudner,
212! Kordofan, Kotschy, 366! Cienkowsky! Senaar, ex Durand & Schinz.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; in Roangwa (Loangwa
River ?), Lake Nyasa, Kirk !
Widely distributed in all warm and temperate regions.
6. P. lucens, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 126. Stem stout, branched.
Leaves all submerged; lower ones lanceolate or lanceolate-linear,
acuminate, with petioles gradually lengthening to 1-1} in., the lowest
sessile; upper leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, slightly firmer in texture:
than the lower ; stipules long, beaked or winged. Peduncles 2-9 in.
long ; stout, tapering upwards; spikes 14-2 in. long, dense-flowered.
its large, slightly acuminate, slightly convex on the ventral margin,
nearly semicircular on the dorsal, slightly keeled.
Mile Land. Eritrea: Asmara, 7500 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 2110!
British East Africa; in the Nile, Speke & Grant !
Also in Europe, Asia and America.
Var. fluitans, Coss. et Germ. Fl. Env. Paris, ed. i. 571. Leaves much longer
than in the normal form, up to 10 in. long, usually narrower, much darker in
colour, drying blackish-green, with longer petioles, ascending, not semi-patent as in
the normal form.—P. longifolium, Gay in Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iv. 535. P. macro-
phyllus, Wolfg. in Roem. & Schultes, Mant. iii. 358.
222 CLIII, NAIADACEZ (BENNETT). [ Potamogeton.
Upper Guinea. Senegal: in Lake Guier, Rogers! Lepieur !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Lukoma (Likoma Island?) in Lake
Nyasa, Bellingham ! in the south-western bay of Lake Nyasa, Kirk !
Also in South Africa, Europe, North America and Australia.
7. P. coloratum, Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1449. Stem slender, branched.
Leaves all transparent and net-veined; the upper sometimes nearly
sessile, very variable, elliptic to almost orbicular, never plicate at the
base, and never (?) floating; lower lanceolate; stipules stout and
obtuse. Peduncles slender, nearly equal in diameter throughout;
spikes long, cylindrical. Fruit small, greenish, rounded and keeled on
the dorsal margin when dry, but not when fresh, with no apparent
beak.—P. plantagineus, Du Croz in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. iii.
504; Engl: Pfl. Ost-Afr. A. 80. P. helodes, Dum. Fl. Belg. Prod. 163.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara, ex Engler.
Also in Europe, Australia and the West Indies.
8. P. pusillum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 127. Stem slender, subterete,
branched. Leaves all similar, sessile, semiamplexicaul, narrowly linear,
acuminate, acute or subacute, 1-3-nerved, mostly without fascicles of
leaves in the axils; stipules small, acute, or subacute. Peduncles
slender, variable in length; spike few-flowered, 4-1 in. long, not (or
very nearly) interrupted. Fruit small, semioval or obovoid, very
slightly compressed, bluntly 3-keeled on the dorsal face, slightly convex
on the ventral, generally without teeth.— Hook. Niger Fl. 181, 528;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 496.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Islands ; St. Jacob’s Island, Darwin ! Guinea, ex
Durand & Schinz.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Shireh; near Arbatienseca, Quartin-Dillon ; and near
Adowa, Schimper (ex Richard).
Lower Guinea. Angola, ex Hooker.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; in a pond in the
Residency gardens at Zomba, Whyte !
Widely distributed in all warm and temperate. regions.
9. P. Preussii, Arth. Bennett. Stems branched, semiterete, striate.
Leaves all similar, linear for 2 of their length, then tapering, acute and
acuminate, 1}—2} in, long, 1,—.3, in. broad, generally curved from the
base to the apex towards the stem, stiffer in texture than most of the
gramineum series, 3-nerved; central nerve of 5—9 closely packed veins
with anastomosing cross veins ; stipules persistent, 4 the length of the
internodes, acute, with many fine veins. Peduncles 1-2 in. long,
slender, slightly tapering upwards; spike 4-2 in. long, dense-flowered.
Perianth-segments rhombic-orbicular. Fruit small, slightly compressed,
with a central beak, keels almost obsolete.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons, Preuss, 451! Staudt, 462!
Mile Land. Eritrea: in the Gorge of Degerra, near Saganeita, 7200 ft.,
Schweinfurth & Riva, 896! Abyssinia: near Adowa, Schimper, 179! Amba Sea,
Schimper, 570! Shireh Province, Quartin-Dillon & Petit, 571!
Potamogeton. | CLIII. NAIADACEZ (BENNETT), 223
Schweinfurth refers his 896 to P. pusillum, and also 769 (collected at Acrur in
Eritrea), which I have not seen. This plant has been named P. javanicus, Hassk.,
but its affinities are with P. Hillii, Morong, and P. acutifolius, Link, on the one
side, and P. foliosus, var. californicus, Morong, on the other; more remotely (in
foliage only) with P. javanicus, Hassk. A specimen in herb. Boissier, (Yemen,
Arabia, Deflers) may be referred here, but the material is poor.
10. P. pectinatum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 127. Stem cylindrical or
Subcompressed, repeatedly branched. Leaves all similar, or the upper
sometimes setaceous and l-nerved, the lower linear and 1-3-nerved ;
stipules long, adnate to the sheathing petiole, free at the apex.
Peduncles short or long, equal in diameter throughout; spike often
interrupted ; upper flowers generally approximate. Fruit large, olive
or green, obliquely obovate, slightly compressed, slightly convex on the
ventral margin, 3-keeled on the dorsal.—Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot.
511; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 495. P. marinum,
Linn. ? ex Krauss in Flora, 1845, 344.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast : Cape Coast Castle, Don!
Mile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; Mai Gouagoua, Quartin-Dillon !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes; in deep ponds near Aguadas, Welwttsch,
250! German South-west Africa, ex Durand & Schinz.
_ Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi, in the large lake
of Shupanga, Peters !
Also in North and South Africa, Socotra and the Mascarene Islands.
11. P. filiforme, Pers. Syn. i. 152. Stem filiform, branched,
Leaves all similar, setaceous (or linear-setaceous), 1-nerved, usually
much stouter than the peduncles; stipules slender, adnate to the
Sheathing petiole, free at the apex. Peduncles slender, long, equal in
diameter throughout; spike much interrupted, but in a much more
regular manner than in P. pectinatum, as the fruits are usually in whorls.
Fruit much smaller than in P. pectinatum, with the beak central and the
margins rounded. ;
East Tropical Africa. Ruwenzori Expedition: without precise locality,
Scott-Elliot ! .
Widely distributed in all warm and temperate regions.
_ 12. P. Livingstonei, Arth. Bennett. Stem from a slightly creep-
Ing rhizome, thick at the base, with a strong annulus at the base of
the leaves. Leaves densely packed at the base of the stem; lower
leaves resembling those of a Cymodocea in texture, 2}-3 in. long,
3-5; in. broad, thick, half-folded at the base, flat towards the apex,
d-nerved, with numerous waved cross veins, rigid, spreading-erect, and
deeply striated ; middle leaves less rigid, 1-3-nerved, with the adnate
stipules large and entire at the apex; upper leaves linear-filiform,
1-3-nerved. Peduncles short; spikes short. No fruit seen.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Lake Nyasa ; in the south-western
224 . CLIII. NAIADACEE (BENNETT). [ Potamogeton.
bay, Kirk ! Kambone (Livingstonia) Lagoon, Laws, 3! Lukoma (Likoma Island ?),
Bellingham !
A remarkable species, combining the habit of P. Rodbinsii, Oakes and P. pecti-
natum, Linn., but with the basal portion quite like a Cymodocea, in texture and
rigidity. The lower stipules have membranous edges and strong fibres, which
become frayed at the apex.
The following species have been recorded from the African continent, but not
within the tropics, where, however, they are likely to occur: P. americanus,
Cham., and P. natans, Linn., occur in both North and South Africa ; P. Friesii,
Rupr., and P. alpinum, Balb., in South Africa; P. Zizii, Roth, P. densum, Linn.,
P. trichoides, Cham., and P. perfoliatum, Linn., in North Africa. P. Zizii, Roth,
has also been found in Madagascar.
4, RUPPIA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1014.
Perianth none. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled. Carpels 4, 1-ovuled;
stigma sessile. Fruit of 4 long-stalked, ovoid, or oblique-ovoid achenes
on a common peduncle. Seeds uncinate; radicle large——Submerged,
slender, brackish-water plants. Leaves elongate, filiform; sheaths
stipule-like. Flowers small, 2-6 (usually 2) together within the leaf-.
sheath, on a short peduncle which mostly elongates, and becomes straight
or spirally twisted.
Species 1 or more ? or many sub-species? In all temperate and tropical regions.
Leaf-sheaths inflated . - : : - . 1. BR. spiralis.
Leaf-sheaths not inflated . A : = . 2. R. rostellata.
1. R. spiralis, Dum. Fl. Belg. Prod. 164. Leaf-sheaths inflated.
Peduncles spirally coiled. Drupes nearly straight.—R. maritimus, var.
spiralis, Aschers. in Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 144; Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 497.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Leprieur !
Also in Egypt.
R. acaulis, Gay MSS., may be a small form of the above rather than of RB. 708-
tellata, judging by the fruits, &c. It was collected in Senegal by Leprieur.
2. R. rostellata, Koch in Reichb. Pl. Crit. ii. 66, t. 174. Leaf-
sheaths not inflated. Peduncles short at the time of flowering, not
spirally coiled. Drupes obliquely ovoid.—R. maritima, Rendle in Cat.
Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 94, not of Linn.
Upper Guinea. Lower Niger, Vogel!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in a slowly flowing salt stream at
Salinas do Dungo, Welwitsch, 245.
5. ZANNICHELLIA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1016.
Male flowers: Anthers 2-4-celled; filaments slender. Female
flower with a membranous perianth. Carpels variable; style long
ZannicheWia. | CLIII. NAIADACEZ (BENNETT). . 225
short; stigma peltate, crenate. Fruit of 4 (rarely less or more) long,
incurved achenes. Seeds pendulous, cotyledonary end folded on itself.
—Slender submerged fresh, brackish, or salt water plants. Leaves
mostly opposite, linear or capillary, with stipular sheaths. Flowers
small, in pairs or solitary, in a membranous perianth.
Species 4-6? Temperate and Tropical regions.
1, Z. palustris, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 969. Fruit sessile, or subsessile;
bract about half as long as the rest of the fruit.—A. Bennett in Dyer,
Fl. Cap. vii. 50.
Lower Guinea. German South-west Africa: Amboland; Kilevi, Schinz,
12!
Also in North and South Africa, and Madagascar.
6. ZOSTERA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1017.
Male flowers of single sessile anthers. Female flower of a solitary
l-ovuled carpel ; style persistent; stigmas 2. Fruit membranous.
Embryo grooved.—Submerged marine plants with dark ribbon-like
leaves. Rootstocks matted, creeping. Stem compressed. Leaves
sheathing, long, linear ; stipules adnate to the sheathing leaf-base.
Flowers in series of anthers and carpels on one surface of a linear
Spadix, enclosed in a leaf-like spathe.
Species 4. Coasts of Europe, Asia, and America.
1. Z. nana, Roth, Enum. Pl. Germ.i. 8. Leaves narrowly linear,
1-3-nerved. Peduncle of spathe filiform ; spadix strap-shaped oblong,
with small inflexed bands. Fruit shorter than in Z. marina, and
nearly smooth.—A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 51. 2. minor,
Nolte ex Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. 2. Z. pumila, Le Gall, Congr.
Se. Fr. xvi. i.144. Halodule (?) Wrightii, Aschers. in Sitz. Ges. Naturf.
Fr. Berl. 1868, 19, and in Anleit. z. Wissenschaft. Beobacht. 1888,
201 (ex Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 502).
Lower Guinea. Angola: Ambriz ; plentiful near the mouth of the River
Loje, near Ambriz, Welwitsch, 2468! Loanda; plentiful all along the shore,
Welwitsch, 246!
Also in Madagascar, North and South Africa, Atlantic Ocean, Black and Caspian
Seas,
I have seen no specimens of Zostera marina, Linn., from Tropical Africa ; but it
occurs in North and South Africa.
7. NAIAS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1018.
Male flower solitary. Anther 1—4-celled in 2 sheaths or tubes.
Female flower: Perianth 0, or membranous and adherent. Carpel 1;
Stigmas 2-4, slender; ovule erect. Achene oblong. Seed erect;
embryo straight.—Submerged plants with branched filiform smooth or
VOL, VIII, Q
226 CLIII, NAIADACEE (BENNETT). | .Vaias.
muricate stems. Leaves linear, entire, or toothed, alternate, opposite,
or whorled. Flowers dicecious or monecious, axillary and small.
Species about 32, in all temperate and tropical regions.
Dicecious - - - . - = . 1. N. marina.
Moneecious.
Male and female flowers without a spathe : . 2. N. graminea,
Male and female flowers in a spathe.
Female spathe with a terminal outgrowth . . 3. WV. affinis.
Female spathe without a terminal outgrowth.
Sheaths with short obtuse auricles
Sheaths truncate or rounded
Male flowers only in a spathe.
. N. Schweinfurthit.
. N. Welwitschii.
oO.
Anthers 1-celled : : : ‘ : = 6. Ne menor.
Anthers 4-celled.
Leaves fuleate : 2 : : . 7. N. horrida.
Leaves not faleate . : : : : . 8. WN. interrupta.
1, N. marina, Zinn., var. muricata, Al. Br. ex K. Schum. m
Mart. Fl. Bras. iii. iti. 725, Stem thickly covered with spines. Leaves
linear, with 14-20 patent triangular marginal teeth, which are generally
longer than the blade is broad, and with about 5 on the back; sheaths
rounded at the edges, each with 2 teeth on the edge, and 1-3 spines
on the back.—Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. v. 397, 440.
Nile Land. British East Africa : in the Albert Nyanza, Stuhlmann, 2841 (ex
Rendle).
2. N. graminea, Del: Fl. Hyypte, ii. 282, t. 50, fig. 3. Stems
elongated, rooting at the lower nodes, from a few inches to 2 ft. long.
Leaves linear, narrowing upwards, spreading-recurved, sometimes with
a plumose habit, and other times lax and weak, with 36-40 teeth on
the margins; sheaths elongated, with pointed lanceolate auricles, and
8-10 teeth on the margin. Flowers in the axils sometimes female
only, sometimes with a male and female side by side. Male perianths
ending above the anthers in the ear-like lobes. Fruits solitary or 2-4
together, narrow-oblong, or ellipsoid-oblong, tapering at the apex.
Seed-testa marked with 25-30 regular lines of small areole.—Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 499; Kunth, Enum. iii. 115; Schweinf.
Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 194 and 292,
Wile Land. Kordofan : Omkenem, near Arashkol Mountain, Steudzer, 213
British East Africa: Jur; Kurshook Ali’s Seriba, Schweinfurth, 1217! Jur
Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2140 partly! Kinani, in the East Ongalea Mountains,
‘Gregory !
Widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere.
3. N. affinis, Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 449:
Stems slender. Leaves with 12-18 teeth on either margin, a quarter
of the leaf-width in length; sheath irregularly broken on the upper
margin and shoulders into short narrow outgrowths, tipped with spine
cells, the outgrowths may extend almost to the base of the sheath.
Female flowers apparently not quite mature. Spathe ellipsoid with a
Vuias. | CLIII. NAIADACEH (BENNETT). 227
cylindrical neck, passing above into a pair of long narrow spine-tipped
outgrowths, overtopping the two stigmas.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Leprieur (ex Rendle).
Described from a specimen in the Cosson Herbarium at Paris. Clearly allied to
N. Welwitschii, Rendle, from which it is distinguished by a less lax habit, the tuft-
like dense-leaved terminal branchlets, the more regularly toothed spreading firmer
leaves, fimbriate leaf-sheath, and the pair of terminal outgrowths on the female
spathe.
4. N.Schweinfurthii, Magnus in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch. xii.
220. Plant small with spreading branches. Leaves thin, slender,
tapering ; marginal teeth about 12, ending in a brown spine about half
the leaf-width in length; sheath-auricles with 3-4 erect teeth. Male
flowers shortly pedicellate. Spathe oblong. Anther l-celled. Female
flower: Spathe oval-oblong, produced into a neck around the long
style ; stigmas unequal at the apex.
cra Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2140
partly !
This is mixed with N, graminea, Delile.
5. N. Welwitschii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Fl. Welw. ii. 95. Stems
spreading, 12 in. long, rooting at the nodes. Leaf-blades }~1 in. long,
with an evident midrib, and in the older leaves transverse markings ;
marginal teeth 12-16, broadly subtriangular, ending in a brown spine ;
leaf-apex spinulate ; sheaths 1 lin. long and nearly or quite as broad.
Male flowers subsessile, nearly 1} lin. long. Anthers 4-celled. Female
flowers 1 lin. long by } lin. in diam., very pale brown.—Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 401.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Barra do Bengo; in the large lake of Quifandongo,
near Quisequele, Welwitsch, 247! Barra do Dande ; lakes on the left of the river
Dande, called Lagoas de Bombo, Welwitsch, 2478 !
6. N. minor, Al. Fl. Pedem. ii. 221. Stem branched from just
above the base, very variable in habit and length (3 to 12 in.), some-
times lax, sometimes bushy, with all intermediate states. Leaves
variable in length, generally bent backwards, with 10-20 teeth on the
margins; sheaths rounded-truncate, with 5-8 prominent teeth on either
shoulder. Male and female flowers often alternating in the leaf-sheaths ;
spathe elongated, ellipsoid, with a short neck, irregularly toothed at
the mouth; female flowers about 14 lin. long. Ovary sessile, about 5°;
lin. long; style long; stigmas 2, unequal. Fruit linear-oblong,
narrowed at the apex, 1-1} lin. long, } lin. in diam. Seeds with many
vows of elongated ladder-like pits.—Kunth, Enum. iii. 113. Caulinia
fragilis, Willd. in Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Berl. 1798, 88, t. 1, fig. 2.
Nile Land. British East Africa; “Emin Pasha Expedition,” Herb
Schweinfurth, 4242 !
Also in Europe, Asia, and North Africa.
228 CLIII, NAIADACEH (BENNETT). [ Vaias.
7. N. horrida, 4. Br. in Magnus, Beitr. Kennt. Gatt. Najas, p. vii.
and 46. Stems long, spreading, with short lateral branches and short
internodes, forming at length dense bushy heads. Leaves faleate,
with teeth longer than the leaf-widths and a rigid brown spine at the
apex; sheaths broad, rounded-truncate, with 4—6 minute teeth. Male
flower subellipsoid. Fruit tapering above. Seed marked with 20 rows
of pits.—Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 422 and 443,
NV. pectinata, Magnus in Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 145;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr, v. 500.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia: Lake Guier, Roger; Marsh of Walo, near
Keurmbaye, Lepriewr. Niger Territory : Nupe; in a deep lake near Jeba, Barter,
1065! Cameroons: Elephant Lake, near Barombi, Preuss, 452! Johann-Albrechts
Hohe, Staudt, 488!
Nile Land. Fazokl, S¢. Ange, 81! Bahr el Ghazal, Sehweinfurth, 1137! at
the mouth of the River Jur, Schweinfurth, 1228!
Mozamb. Dist. Lake Tanganyika, Hore !
Also in North and South Africa.
8. N. interrupta, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. 0.94. Stem
slender and wiry; internodes elongated. Leaves short, with 10-12
teeth on the margins ; basal auricle truncate, entire. Female flowers
with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit fusiform, dull yellowish.—A. Bennett in
Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 51; Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 423.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: in Lake Victoria at Kageyi, Fischer,
614!
Also in South Africa.
N. australis, Bory, and N. madagascariensis, Rendle, occur in the Mascarene
Tslands.
8. CYMODOCBA, Konig; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1018.
Flowers axillary, unisexual, or bisexual, in membranous sheaths.
Perianth 0. Male flowers: Anthers 2, long, connate, stipitate, extrorse.
Female flowers: Carpels 2, subsessile, ovoid, compressed, 1-ovuled;
style short ; stigmas subulate; ovule pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit of
2 ovoid carpels. Seeds pendulous ; testa thick; embryo inflexed.—
Submerged marine plants, with rigid jointed and creeping rootstocks.
Leaves oblong or linear, with stipular sheaths.
Species 5-8? Shores of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Leaves not terete.
Leaves falcate . : 5 ‘ . ‘ . L. C. ethata.
Leaves straight.
Leaves broad . ; A . ; ‘ . 2. C. serrulata.
Leaves 4 in. or less wide.
Leaves 3-nerved ‘ : 5 . 4. C. australis.
Leaves 7-nerved . ; : . 5. C. nodosa.
Leaves 9—13-nerved 6
3
C. rotundata.
Leaves terete, grooved
| ©. isoétifolia.
Cymodocea. | CLIII, NAIADACEE (BENNETT). 229
1. C. ciliata, Zhrenb, ex Aschers. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl.
1867, 3. Stem 3-12 in. long, woody, branched, covered with annular
scars. Leaves 3-6 in. by 4-2 in., linear-falcate, tip rounded, ciliate-
serrulate.—Linnea, xxxv. 162; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 500; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 292, 309. Thalassia ciliata,
Konig in Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. ii. 97; Kunth, Enum. iii. 120.
Zostera ciliata, Forsk. Fl. Augypt.-Arab. 157.
Nile Land. Shore of the Red Sea at Hanish Island, Slade !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Rovuma Bay, Kirk! Portuguese
East Africa : at the mouth of the West Luabo River, Kirk, 10!
Also on the shores of Egypt, Arabia, India, the Mascarene Isles, and Queensland.
2. C. serrulata, Aschers. & Magnus in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl.
1870, 84. Stems long, creeping. Leaves 4—6 in. by }-4 in,, linear,
nearly straight, tip entire or denticulate-—Posidonia serrulata, Spreng.
Syst. i. 181. Phucagrostis ciliata, Ehrenb. & Hempr. Symb. Bot. t. vi.
ex Aschers. in Linnea, xxxv. 162.
Nile Land. Shore of the Red Sea at Suakin, Schweinfurth, 197 !
Shores of the extra-tropical part of the Red Sea, and of the Indian and Pacific
Oceans.
3. C. isoétifolia, Aschers. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1867, 3,
Stem short. Leaves terete, grooved, 3-5 in. by 34;—-7'5 in., glaucous,
tip 3-toothed.—Flowers in dichotomous cymes.—Linnea, xxxv. 163;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 501. C. e@quorea, Kunth,
Enum. iii. 118 (excl. syn.).
Nile Land. Shore of the Red Sea at Suakin, Schweinfurth, 198! British
East Africa: Lamu Harbour, Hildebrandt, 1914!
‘5 Also on the shores of the Red Sea north of the Tropic, and of the Indian
cean.
4. C. australis, Zrimen, Cat. Ceylon Pl. 99. Stem long, creeping.
Leaves 5-7 in. by 4-} in., linear, nearly straight, tip rounded or
truncate and 3-toothed.—Halodule australis, Mig. Fl. Neder]. Ind. iii.
227 ; Aschers. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1867, 4; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 501. Diplanthera tridentata, Steinh, in Ann.
Se. Nat. sér. 2,ix. 98. Zostera wninervis, Forsk. Fl. Aigypt.-Arab. cxx,
and 157.
Wile Land. Eritrea: Massowa, Schweinfurth, 5! Danakil coast, near Hamfila,
Hildebrandt, 701!
Also on the shores of Arabia and the Indian Ocean.
5. ©. nodosa, Aschers. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1869, 4,
Rhizome purple, thick, creeping. Leaves narrowly linear, 7-nerved,
denticulate upwards. Male flowers long peduncled, larger than the
leaves. Carpels half-ovoid, slightly keeled, entire or indistinctly
repand.— Boiss. Fl. Or. v. 21. OC. equorea, Konig in Konig & Sims,
Ann. of Bot. ii. 96, t. 7. Zostera serrulata, Targ.-Tozz. Cat. Veg. Mar. 90.
Upper Guinea. Mouths of rivers, Senegambia (ex Boissier).
Shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the Canaries.
230 CLIII, NAIADACE (BENNETT). [ Cymodocea.
6. C. rotundata, Aschers. d: Schweinf. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr.
Berl. 1870, 84. Near C. nodosa, Aschers., but differs in the leaves
being 9—13-nerved, and the carpels strongly keeled, acute and dentate.
Nile Land. Shore of the Red Sea near Suakin, Schweinfurth, 188!
Also on the shores of Arabia and Madagascar.
OrpvEer CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ. (By N. E. Brown.)
Flowers very small, regular or irregular, unisexual, bracteate or
ebracteate, very densely crowded into globose, hemispherical, oblong or
campanulate heads. Calyx of 2-3 equal or unequal, free or variously
connate, scarious or submembranous sepals, very rarely absent, often
more or less hairy on the back near the apex, or ciliate. Corolla usually
separated from the calyx by a distinct stipes, sometimes rudimentary,
especially in the male flowers, rarely absent; petals 2-3, free or
variously connate, equal or unequal, membranous and hyaline or mode-
rately thick and opaque, with or without a gland on their inner face,
often ciliate or hairy. Stamens equal in number to the petals and
inserted upon them at or above their base, or 4 or 6 (or by abortion
fewer) in two series, the one alternating with the petals, the other
opposite to them ; filaments free, filiform or slightly flattened ; anthers
small, dorsifixed, ovate, oblong or subquadrate, 1—2-celled, opening
longitudinally. Staminodes in the female flowers rare, when present
minute. Pistil in the male flowers very rudimentary, reduced to 2-3
minute glands. Ovary of the female flowers superior, 2—3-celled ; style
terminal, divided above into 3 simple or bifid, filiform branches, with
or without three other branches or appendages alternating with them
or arising from the style below them; ovules solitary in each cell,
pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit a 2-3-celled capsule; cells opening
longitudinally at the back. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous,
ellipsoid or subglobose; testa thin, striate, reticulate or very minutely
papillate-tuberculate; albumen firm 3 embryo minute, lenticular, seated
at the apex of the albumen opposite the hilum.—Perennial or annual
herbs, growing in water, Swamps, bogs, or on dry ground, stemless or
with simple or branched leafy stems. Leaves linear or subulate, alter-
nate, arranged in a dense or lax rosette or scattered along the stem.
Peduncles one to many to a plant, each with a tubular sheath at the
base, one- or rarely several-headed. Heads monecious, or rarely with
the Sexes In separate heads. Involucral or outer bracts in 2 to several
series, imbricate, sometimes radiating beyond the circumference of the
flowering part of the head, membranous, scarious or rigid. Flowering-
bracts solitary under each flower, variable in form, often hairy or ciliate
at the apex, rarely absent. Receptacle flat, convex, subglobose or
elongated, glabrous, pilose or villous, Flowers usually very numerous,
very small or minute, pedicellate or sessile; the females usually in the
outer part of the head, rarely central, sometimes irregularly inter-
mingled with the male flowers, rarely separated in distinct heads.
A very distinct order of 6 genera and about 360 species, distributed throughcut
Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). 231
the warmer regions of both hemispheres, most numerous in Tropical America, very
few in the temperate regions.
The species of this order are often very difficult to discriminate on account
of their great similarity and minute floral structure. For dissection, however, the
dried flower-heads do not require to be boiled, since if placed in a drop of cold water
they absorb it with very great rapidity and are immediately ready for dissection, but
they require to be examined under a lens of high power. The structure of the
flowers and sometimes the hairs on the sepals are best seen if examined in water, but
the hairs on the receptacle and on the flowering bracts are best seen when in a dry
state, especially when the hairs on the latter are very fine and not of the more usual
stout, opaque-white type. The shape of the peduncle is described as seen in thin
transverse sections in water, where, by a little manipulation, it may easily be made to
assume its original outline, which cannot be correctly determined otherwise.
Stamens twice as many as the petals, 4 or 6, or fewer
by abortion, in two alternating series. Style-
branches 8, without alternating appendages. (See
also Pepalanthus Welwitschii, in which the alter-
nating non-stigmatic appendages are absent.)
Petals free, sometimes rudimentary, rarely absent . 1. ERIOCAULON.
Petals connate into a tube, but with free claws in the
female flowers Bee ee ge . 2. MESANTHEMUM.
Stamens equal in number to the petals and opposite to
them, in one series. Style-branches 6, 3 of them
stigmatose, simple or bifid, and 3 others alter-
nating with them or arising from the style lower
down, not stigmatic and usually shorter and
stouter. Petals of the male flowers connate into
a minute funnel-shaped tube; of the female
flowers free, or connate into a tube at their middle
or upper part, with free claws . 3, P&PALANTHUS.
1. ERIOCAULON, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1020.
Sepals 2-3, very rarely absent; in the female flowers free, equal or
unequal, all concave, boat-shaped, flattened or filiform, rounded cr
keeled on the back, or the 2 lateral concave or boat-shaped and the
third much narrower and flattened or filiform, often bearded on the
apical part, or ciliate; in the male flowers free or variously combined.
Petals 2~3, sometimes rudimentary or absent in the male flowers, rarely
wanting in the female flowers, free, often with a gland on the inner
face near the apex, glabrous, ciliate or hairy. Stamens in two series,
double the number of the petals or by abortion fewer ; anthers 2-celled.
Staminodes in the female flowers none. Ovary 2-3-celled; style-
branches 2-3, simple, filiform, without alternating appendages.— Marsh
or aquatic herbs, usually stemless, with the leaves all radical, or occa-
sionally with the stem or rhizome elongated below the tuft of leaves,
or in a few species with a simple or branched leafy stem. Peduncles
one-headed. Heads globose, hemispherical or oblong, rarely campanu-
late. Flowering bracts oblong, obovate or linear, concave or flattish.
The other characters as for the Order.
Species about 160, found in all the warmer parts of both hemispheres, and in
232 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). [ Lriocaulon.
North Asia, China, Japan, and North America, one species in the British Isles, other-
wise absent from Europe.
In using the following key to the species actual measurements must be made,
they cannot be guessed; and it is necessary to be quite certain that the female
flower under examination is perfect, because the sepals in some of the species are
most easily detached ; also, in some of the species, the two lateral sepals are large and
conspicuous, whilst the third sepal is very slender and sometimes clings to the petals,
therefore being easily overlooked ; hence it requires great care in many cases to make
sure of the correct number of sepals; the number of petals, however, in most cases,
corresponds with the number of the sepals.
Involucral-bracts (at least in the younger heads) spread-
ing and radiating beyond the flowering part of the
heads; female flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals.
(See also 30, EF. Schlechteri, in which they are said
to be slightly longer than the flowers, but are not
described as radiating.)
Involucral-bracts always radiating; peduncles 1—2}
in, long.
Tnvolucre 1-2 lin. in diam. ; receptacle glabrous. 2. E. pumilum.
Involucre 23-4 lin. in diam.; receptacle densely :
pilose ‘ : : .. . 8. E, xeranthemoides.
Involucral-bracts radiating in the younger heads,
afterwards reflexed against the peduncle and
partly hidden by the flowers ; peduncles 5-8 in.
long 3 = 5 - : ° c . 28. EH. infaustum.
Involucral-bracts never radiately spreading beyond the
flowering part of the head. (In 1, ZH. longipeta-
lum, erect, forming a campanulate cup slightly
exceeding the disk.)
Female flowers without petals and sometimes without
sepals also ; leaves 1—3 lin. broad, linear, tapering
to a very fine point or almost capillary.
Heads pale, brown; sepals of the female flowers
entirely absent or 2 and filiform, placed at
the middle of pedicel 4 5 4 “
Heads dark chestnut or blackish; sepals of the
female flowers 2, linear-lanceolate, acute, placed
close under the ovary ; sepals of the male
flowers free . . ‘ : : : . 87. H. amboense.
Heads pale brown? sepals of the female flowers
unequal, narrowly linear; sepals of the male ‘
flowers connate . . : : . 38. E. Stuhlmann.
Female flowers with sepals and petals always present.
Female flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals. (See
also 34, H#. gilgianum, of which the number of
sepals and petals is not stated.)
A very small annual, }-3 in. high ; peduncles not
longer than the leaves; one of the petals
very much longer than the rest and pro-
truded much beyond the sepals . . . 1. E. longipetalwm.
Plant 1-43 in. high ; peduncles 2-6 times as long
as the leaves; petals equal or subequal . . 33. E. mutatum.
Female flowers with 2 sepals and 3 petals: sepals of
the male flowers very different from those of
the females.
36. #. Heudelotii.
Eriocauton. } CLIV, ERIOCAULEE (BROWN).
Flowering-bracts with a transverse fuscous band
near the apex ; sepals of the female flowers
fuscous,
Flowering bracts and nepals of the female flowers
entirely straw-coloured - : :
Female flowers with 8 sepals and 8 petals.
Peduncles shorter than or about equalling the
leaves. (See also 6, EZ. bifistulosum and 31,
E. subulatum.)
Plant 13-2 in. bigh; involucral-bracts light
straw-coloured : : One
Plant 5-7 in. high ; involucral-bracts fuscous,
darker towards the apex .
Peduncles longer than the leaves, usually 2 2 to
many times as long. (In 31, E. subulatum,
the peduncles are not much longer than the
leaves, which is sometimes the case in 12,
FE. Schimperi, aud in 6, E. bifistulosum,
they are sometimes shorter than the leaves.)
*“Flowering-bracts glabrous and not ciliate;
heads glabrous to the eye. (See also 26,
E.. zambesiense, in which the outer flower-
ing-bracts are nearly or quite glabrous,
and 13, E. mesanthemoides, 30, E. Schlech-
tert and 34, H. gilgianum, in which they
are described as somewhat glabrous,
* glabriusculis.”’) -
+Sepals of the female flowers glabrous and not
ciliate. (See also ++ and +++, where the
hairs may easily be overlooked unless
sufficiently magnified.)
‘Receptacle pilose. (In 35, Z. abyssinicum,
the receptacle appears to have here and
there a hair, but is scarcely pilose.)
Leaves 3-2} (usually more than 1) lin.
broad.
Heads yellowish-white or light straw-
coloured, 23-3 lin. in diam. ;
sepals of the female flowers all
filiform :
Heads blackish or brown, 1 191 lin.
in diam.
Lateral sepals of the female flowers
shortly acute or obtuse, very
gibbous-keeled ; heads acre $
globose :
Lateral sepals of the female flow ers
acuminate, almost awned, gib-
bous-keeled; heads somewhat
truncate at the base
Heads pinkish- -buff or deep tawny,
13-2 lin. in diam. ; lateral sepals
oF the female Howece obliquely
obtriangular, deeply hooded,
slightly gibbous- -keeled
. 24.
25
4.
Oo
+18.
- 19.
E. plumale.
E. senegalense.
E, Volkensii.
. BE. Thunbergii.
. E. bongense.
. BE. Buchanant.
E. andongense.
E. fuloum.
23
234 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN).
Leaves 3-3 lin. broad; heads 1-1} lin.
in diam., slightly echinulate from
the whitish bracts exceeding the
flowers; sepals of the female
flowers linear-lanceolate, very acute
| {Receptacle glabrous. (See also 20, FE. Wel-
witschii, var. pygmeum.)
Leaves numerous, capillary or filiform,
1-33 in. long; heads 1-2 lin. in
diam.; sepals of the female flowers
obovate, deeply hooded, obtuse
Leaves few, 3-3 in. long ; heads 1-12
lin. in diam.; sepals of the female
flowers lanceolate, acuminate
ffSepals of the female flowers ciliate on the
margins, otherwise quite glabrous.
Leaves subulate, }-} lin. broad, firm ;
heads 13-13 lin, in diam...
Leaves filiform, 1-1} lin. broad, weak ;
heads 1-1} lin. in diam. .
tttSepals of the female flowers with a few
minute hairs on the back, chiefly on the
keel, not ciliate.
Leaves 2-4 in. long, not exceeding 3 lin.
in greatest breadth ; heads black
Leaves 5-9 in. long, 3-14 lin. broad,
tapering to a very fine point ; heads
fuscous, with a whitish involucre
**Flowering-bracts, or at least those in the centre
of the head, bearded, pubescent or ciliate
on the apical part, or between the middle
and the apex, not perfectly glabrous.
{Sepals of the female flowers glabrous and
not ciliate. (See also 30, E. Schlechteri,
which is described as having the sepals
nearly glabrous.)
Plants with a distinct elongated stem or
rhizome below the leaves, which are
1-3} in. long.
Leaves very numerous filiform, gradually
tapering to a very fine point; pe-
duncles several or very numerous;
heads fuscous or blackish
Leaves not very numerous, linear, rather
abruptly subacute; peduncles 1-3
to a plant ; heads whitish-brown .
Plants stemless below the leaves; leaves
linear; peduncles very numerous ;
heads blackish or dark brown
t}Sepals of the female flowers bearded pubes-
cent or ciliate on the apical part, not
perfectly glabrous.
Sepals of the female flowers deeply con-
cave, with a broad thick very gibbous
[ Lriocaulon.
20. EB. Welwitschii.
6. E. bifistulosum.
. 35. HB. abyssinicum.
. 81. FL. subulatum.
32. LE. ciliisepalum.
7. E. submersum.
9. E. stoloniferum.
6. E. bifistulosum.
8. BE. Mannii.
. 17, BE. Buchanani.
Eriocaulon. | CLIV, ERIOCAULEE (BROWN).
keel, blackish or dark fuscous, hairy
inside. and bearded with white hairs
at the apex .
Sepals of the female abo ers boat-shaped,
sometimes gibbous, but the keel
neither very thick nor very broad,
never hairy inside (not seen in 14,
E. decipiens, and imperfectly de-
scribed in 21, ZH. Teusczii),
|Leaves usually more than 3 in. long.
(Occasionally in 11, Z. latifolium,
some of the leaves are only 13-2
in. long.)
Leaves obtuse or shortly subacute,
1-4 lin. broad, thin and some-
what flaccid ; heads 3-4 lin. in.
diam.; sepals of the female
flow on very pale brownish-white,
bearded with long white hairs
Leaves obtuse, firm, 3-6 lin. or more
broad; sepals of the female
flowers dark fuscous, bearded
with white hairs.
Heads 4-5 lin. in. diam.; pe-
duncles with about 8 obtuse
TIDS. = .
Heads 6-7 lin. in diam. ; ; peduncles
with about 11 slender re-
markably prominent ribs
Leaves gradually tapering to a very
acute point . . . .
ttLeaves 4-3 in. long, nsually under
2 in. long, except in very large
specimens of 29, E. elegantulum.
(See also 11, E. latifolium. )
§$Heads 3-5 lin. (or more ?) in diam.
(Perhaps 22, FE. huillense belongs,
here, but no dimensions are given
in the description.)
Leaves acute, 2 lin. broad; pe-
duncles up to 7 in, long ;
sepals of the female flowers
boat-shaped, toothed on each
margin, blackish, sparsely
hairy . °
Leaves obtuse or subacute, 391 1 jin.
broad; peduncles 6-24 in.
long.
Receptacle pilose; sepals of the
female flowers whitish,
faintly tipped with fus-
cous, bearded with short
white hairs °
Receptacle “ ted gla-
brous”; sepals of the
. 26. E. zambesiense.
. 11. Z. latifolium,
. 12. E, Schimperi.
. 13. E. mesanthemoides.
14. EH. decipiens.
. 10. EB. Antunesii.
. 15. E. lacteum.
236 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). [ Eviocaulon.
female flowers pure white,
hairy atthe apex. - 21. #. Teusezii.
§$Heads less than 3 lin. in diam.
Involucral bracts blackish, fus-
cous or greenish-grey.
Sepals of the female flowers
dark fuscous s . 29. FE. elegantulum.
Sepals of the female flowers
“yellowish” or “pale
greenish-yellow.”
Leaves 9-15 lin. long, 1-14
lin. broad, 7-9-nerved. 30. EF. Schlechteri.
Leaves 4—7 lin. long, 3 lin.
broad, 1-nerved; heads
3 lin. in diam. . . 34, EB. gilgianum.
Involueral- bracts pale straw-
coloured or brownish-white.
Peduncles several-ribbed ; pe-
tals much shorter than
the sepals, with a black
gland near the apex . 22. E. huillense.
Peduncles 3—5-angled as seen
inthin transverse sections
in water; petals equal-
ling or exceeding the
sepals,
Petals unequal, the largest
+4 lin. broad, ob-
lanceolate, thick, all
ciliate and the largest
with hairs on both
sides, glandless . . 23. EB. afzelianum.
Petals subequal, 2 lin.
broad, linear-cuneate,
thin and rather mem-
branous, ciliate, gla-
brous on both sides,
with or without a :
minute apical gland . 27. E. Hanningtoniv.
1. E. longipetalum, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 96. A
very small plant, 4 to 4 in. high, apparently an annual, of rosette-like
habit. Leaves numerous, 3-8 lin. long, not exceeding } lin. broad at
the base, capillary-subulate, glabrous. Peduncles very numerous, not
exceeding the leaves, 2-5 lin. long, slender, subtrigonous or subquad-
rangular, glabrous, their sheaths nearly or quite as long, open nearly to
the base, acute, shortly hairy at the very base. Heads 3—1 lin. in diam.,
campanulate, whitish or greenish-white, few to about 10-flowered, with
1 or 2 central male flowers surrounded by females. Involucral bracts
% lin. long, } lin. broad, erect, slightly exceeding the disk, oblong, obtuse
or minutely bifid at the apex, glabrous, slightly shining, whitish.
Flowering bracts similar to those of the involucre, about as long, it
lin. broad, glabrous. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers subsessile,
Lriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEX (BROWN). 237
lyre-shaped. Sepals 2, usually equal, ?—2 lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-
sigmoid, acute, subacute, or obtuse, glabrous, whitish ; keel as broad as.
the sides of the sepal. Petals 2, very unequal, linear, subobtuse, whitish,
glabrous ; the longer 1 lin. or rather more long, 5}, lin. broad, much
exceeding the sepals, twisted at the middle; the shorter 4—% lin. long.
Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 2, equal, 4-4 lin. long, } lin.
broad, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, concave, whitish. Petals minute, $-}
lin. long, subulate. Stamens 4; anthers black. Seeds ellipsoid, with
a flat side, light reddish-brown, with a yellowish reticulation.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in spongy places formed by Algew on the
higher parts of Morro de Lopollo, 3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 2446!
A minute and very distinct species, well characterised, as Dr. Rendle observes, by
its dense habit and the long protruding petal of the female flower.
2. E. pumilum, 4 feel. ex Kornicke in Linnea, xxvii. 621. Plant
1-24 in. high. Leaves tufted, 3-6 lin. long, }-4 lin. broad, linear-
subulate, very acute, flat, glabrous, 3-nerved. Peduncles 8-14 to a
plant, 1-2} in. long, acutely 3—4-angled, setaceous, glabrous, their
sheaths 7-8 lin. long, oblique at the apex, glabrous. Heads monecious,.
few-flowered, glabrous, including the involucre 1-2 lin. in diam.
Involucral-bracts radiating beyond the flowers, }-1} lin. long, 4-4 lin.
broad, oblong, obtuse, or acute, glabrous, scarious, white, shining.
Flowering-bracts }-1 lin. long, obovate-oblong, concave, obtuse or sub-
acute, glabrous, white. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers 7-9,
very shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, unequal, about 4 lin. long,
yz-10 lin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous, white. Petals 3, inserted
higher than the sepals, unequal, } lin. long, ;1,-} lin. broad, linear or
linear-spathulate, one rather larger and subspathulate, ciliate along the
middle part (hairy within, ex Kérnicke), white, with a black gland near
the apex. Male flowers 1-2, central, pedicellate. Sepals 3, lanceolate,
more or less connate, subacute, glabrous, membranous, white. Petals
minute, unequal, pilose, with a black gland on the inner face. Anthers
black. Seeds } lin. long, ellipsoid, brown.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 503; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 84. 2. pulchellum,
Kornicke in Linnea, xxvii. 622; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 84;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 503.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius !
I cannot, from the description given, distinguish Z. pumilum from FE. pul-
chellum; the only differences assigned are, that the bracts of 2. pumilum are
slightly larger, and the involucral bracts slightly narrower and longer than in
&, pulchellum, and are acute instead of obtuse. The two supposed species were
mixed in Afzelius’ Herbarium. I have only seen EZ. pulchellum, a small and very
distinct species.
3. E. xeranthemoides, Van Heurck & Miill. Arg. in Van Heurck,
Obs. Bot. 103. Plant small, stemless. Leaves in a radical rosette,
1-1} in. long, 1-1} lin. broad, flat, linear, tapering to a subobtuse point,
many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles numerous, 1-2 in. long, obtusely
4—5-angled, glabrous, their sheaths 4—6 lin. long, acute, very oblique at
238 CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN), | Lriocaulon,
the mouth, rather loose-fitting, glabrous, Heads about 2 lin. in diam.,
hemispherical, monecious, with the sexes somewhat intermingled.
Involucral bracts much longer than the flowering part of the head,
radiating, 14-21 lin. long, }—} lin. broad, lanceolate, obtuse or subacute,
thin, light straw-coloured. Flowering bracts 1 lin. long, } lin. broad,
oblong-oblanceolate, acute, concave, with a few white hairs on the back
or almost glabrous, faintly fuscous-tinted on the apical part. Receptacle
densely covered with whitish hairs that are about as long as the flowers.
Female flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, equal, % lin. long, scarcely 4 lin.
broad, linear, subacute, glabrous, whitish or faintly fuscous-tinted on
the apical part. Stipes between the sepals and petals 1 lin. long.
Petals 3, unequal, }—? lin. long, about as broad as the sepals, cuneate-
linear, subobtuse, whitish, sparingly ciliate and with a few white hairs
on the inner face, glandless. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals more or
less united into a narrowly funnel-shaped body 4 lin. long, deeply cleft
on one side, denticulate at the apex, fuscous, glabrous. Stipes between
the sepals and petals }-} lin. long. Petals obsolete, or one of them
represented by a very minute lobule, ciliate with a few hairs. Anthers
dark fuscous, not exceeding the calyx. Seeds ellipsoid, about 4 lin.
long, very minutely reticulate with microscopic whitish papille.—
Ruhland in Engl, Jahrb. xxvii. 84.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Borgu ; in the drier part of a swampy pond
near Fakun, Barter, 778!
4, E. Volkensii, Hngl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 133. Dwarf and stem-
less. Leaves 1-1} in. long, 2-4 lin. broad, flat, linear-lanceolate, obtuse
or acute, many-nerved, tessellately cross-veined, densely woolly on both
sides in the sheathing part, otherwise glabrous. Peduncles shorter
than the leaves, 1-1} in. long, moderately stout, about 4 lin. thick,
3-angled, thinly pilose at the base, their sheaths about 4 in. long, thin,
acute, open nearly to the base, glabrous, embedded in the wool of the
leaves. Flower-heads 2-21 lin. in diam., subglobose, moneecious, with
the outer flowers female. Involucre campanulate, its bracts 14-14 lin.
long, 1-1} lin. broad, orbicular or subquadrate, very obtuse, glabrous,
light straw-coloured. Flowering-bracts 1}-13 lin. long, ? lin. broad,
cuneate-obovate, acute, minutely ciliate, straw-coloured or faintly
fuscous, very thinly pubescent with white hairs on the apical part.
Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers subsessile. Sepals 3, subequal,
1-1} lin, long, }-} lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, concave, membranous,
whitish, becoming pale fuscous with age, bearded on the apical part
with white hairs. Petals 1-14 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, linear-lanceolate,
acute, white, pubescent on the face, with a black linear gland near the
apex; ovary trigonous, glabrous; style deeply trifid—Ruhland
Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 82.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, on Kibo peak, 1100 ft.,
Volkens, 2032! on the north side of Kilimanjaro, near the Yumba-ya-Nguaro Cave,
Volkens (ex Engler), ina damp depression near the Noholu Cave, Volkens, 2032 (ex
Ruhland).
Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). 239
d. E. Thunbergii, Wickstr. ex Kirnicke in Linnea, xxvii. 677,
Stemless. Leaves tufted, 6—9} in, long, 2-34 lin. broad at the middle,
broadly linear, obtuse, flat, 22-25-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 1—2 to
a plant, shorter than the leaves, 54-6? in. long, striate, glabrous,
slightly punctulate, their sheaths 3-33 in. long, acuminate, at length
bifid, lax, pellucid. Heads 3 lin. in diam., semiglobose, white-villous at
the summit. Involucral-bracts obovate, rounded at the apex, mem-
branous, glabrous, fuscous, darker towards the apex. Flowering-bracts
lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, membranous, fuscous towards
the apex or entirely light yellowish, bearded on the apical part.
Female flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, oblong, obtuse, boat-
shaped, thin and membranous, hyaline-whitish, bearded above and with
a crest of hairs at the middle of the back. Petals 3, inserted much
higher than the sepals and equalling them, equal, spathulate-linear,
obtuse, sparsely hairy within, white, without glands. Male flowers
shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, oblong, very obtuse, connate into a
funnel-shaped body open on one side, hyaline, whitish, sparsely bearded
on the apical part. Petals equal, small, hairy within, with a black
gland below the apex; anthers yellowish.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr, v. 503 ; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 81.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius.
6. E. bifistulosum, Van Heurck d: Miill. Arg. in Van Heurck, Obs.
Bot. 105. Aquatic, probably submerged. Stem elongated, usually
rather stout, densely leafy in the upper part. Leaves 1-3} in. long,
4-4 lin. broad at the base, filiform or almost capillary, tapering toa very
fine point, 1-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles numerous, 14$-—5 in. long,
4-} lin. thick, obscurely 5-6-ribbed, glabrous; their sheaths #-1} in.
long, obtuse or bifid at the apex, glabrous. Heads 1}—2 lin. in diam.,
depressed-globose, moneecious, fuscous or blackish, often nearly glabrous
to the eye. Involucral-bracts }—3 lin. long, }-3 lin. broad, obovate-
oblong or suborbicular, very obtuse, membranous, varying from light
brown to blackish, glabrous. Flowering bracts 3—} lin. long, 4 lin.
broad, oblong-obovate or oblong, obtuse or subacute, concave, fuscous,
with a few minute dusky or whitish hairs on the apical part, or the
outer bracts glabrous, perhaps from the hairs being deciduous. Recep-
tacle glabrous. Female flowers conspicuous from their comparatively
large size, pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, } lin. long, obovate, hooded or
very deeply concave, obtuse, enclosing the rest of the flower and form-
ing an inflated balloon-shaped bud, membranous, blackish or fuscous,
glabrous. Petals 3, arising close to the sepals, nearly } lin. long, ¢ lin.
broad, spathulate-oblanceolate, obtuse, membranous, fuscous, glabrous,
with a very minute black gland below the apex. Ovary trigonous ;
Style trifid to nearly half-way down. Male flowers few or numerous,
pedicellate. Sepals 3, connate into a funnel-shaped body nearly 3 lin.
long, open down one side and obtusely 3—4-lobed at the apex, or one of
them free, fuscous or blackish. Stipes between the sepals and petals
nearly as long as the sepals. Petals very minute, about } lin. long,
240 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). [ Hriocaulon.
ovate, acute. Stamens 6; anthers black. Capsule } lin. in diam.,
trigonous. Seeds ellipsoid, obtuse at each end, light brown, nearly
smooth, but with an opaque surface.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi.
Afr. v. 502; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 75. Z. limosum, Engl. &
Ruhland, and Z. Schweinfurthii, Engl. & Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb.
xxvil. 74.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe; nearly submerged in pools in
swamps at Jeba, Barter, 1021!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Dar Fertit; in the Biri River, Schwein-
furth, ser. iii. 244! Jur; at Agada, near Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2476!
After repeated dissection I am quite unable to find any definite character whereby
to distinguish Z. bifistulosum from E. Schweinfurthii ; the heads of the latter are
rather larger and darker than those of E. bifistulosum, and the peduncles appear to
be stouter in the dried state, but thin transverse sections swollen out in water
exhibit no difference in character or size. Such difference as is observable between
them I believe to be due to vigour of growth and perhaps some difference in the food
supply. The flowering bracts appear to be sometimes entirely glabrous, although
usually those in the centre of the heads possess some hairs, which are easily over-
looked. The hairs may be very deciduous, or the variation in pubescence and in the
length of the peduncles may depend upon the depth of the water in which the plant
grows submerged, Schweinfurth’s 2476 appears to have grown in shallow water, it
is less vigorous than the other specimens and the stem below the leaves is very short
or almost wanting in the examples seen, but I cannot find any real structaral
difference, Sometimes the female flowers are all in the central part of the head and
the males outside, in other examples the female flowers are central and the males
outside. EE. bifistulosum and EL. limosum were both founded upon Barter’s 1021.
It is not improbable that E. bifistulosum, together with E. fluitans, Baker, from
Madagascar, should be united with the Brazilian E. melanocephalum, Kunth; there
is, however, a slight difference in the structure of the peduncles and in the texture of
the bracts and sepals. But they require further investigation from a larger series of
specimens than is at my command before a correct decision can be made. From the
Indian ZL. setaceum, Linn. (which it closely resembles in general appearance) the
glabrous petals of ZF. bifistulosum readily distinguish it. The Australian plant
named E. setaceum by Bentham is quite different in floral structure from all the
species above mentioned.
7. BE. submersum, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 100,
not of Tate. Plant submerged in water 2-3 ft. deep, flowering and
fruiting under water. Leaves very numerous, densely rosulate, 2-4 in.
long, not exceeding 4 lin. in greatest breadth, linear-filiform, vivid
green, soon becoming very flaccid when taken out of water. Peduncles
usually numerous in adult plants, 6-13 in. long, } to rather more than
3 lin. thick, terete, 5—7-ribbed, glabrous; their sheaths 13-2} in. long,
oblique at the mouth, often bifid or trifid at the membranous ape%;
glabrous. Heads. 24-3} lin. in diam., depressed-globose, black, mon®-
cious, with the male and female flowers mixed. Involucral-bracts
g—1} lin. long, 3-3 lin. broad, oblong-obovate, obtuse, membranous,
blackish, glabrous. Flowering-bracts 1-11 lin. long, } to nearly } lin.
broad, oblanceolate or spathulate-oblanceolate, acute, or the outer
obtuse, membranous, glabrous, blackish. Receptacle slightly hairy
(ex Rendle). Female flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, slightly
Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN). 241
unequal, 3-1 lin. long, oblanceolate, acute, boat-shaped, slightly keeled,
membranous, blackish, with a few minute white hairs on the upper
part. Petals 3, arising close to the sepals, about 1 lin. long, narrowly
linear, tapering towards the base, membranous, ciliate at the obtuse
apex with a few very short hairs, without glands on the face, fuscous.
Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, free or variously connate
below, 3 lin. long, ;',—4 lin. broad, linear, obtuse or irregularly denticu-
late at the apex, glabrous or with a few minute white hairs, fuscous.
Stipes between the sepals and petals about } lin. long. Petals minute
or rudimentary. Anthers black. Seeds light brown, striolate.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, 3800-5500 ft. ; in stagnant places near the
banks of the River Mupanda, Welwitsch, 2456! in the mud of slowly flowing
streams between Humpata and Lopollo, and between Lopollo and Nene, Welwitsch,
2457 !
Allied to 2. bifistulosum, Van Heurck, but differing in having acute sepals to the
female flowers, with a few minute white hairs on the keel. The name of this species
antedates by 7 months the EH. submersum, Tate, of South Australia.
8. E. Mannii, V. #. Br. Stem or rhizome elongating, rooting,
3-3 lin. thick. Leaves not very numerous, in a lax rosette, erect or
ascending, 1-21 in. long, }—} lin. broad, linear, subacnte, 4—6-nerved,
glabrous. Peduncles 1-3 to a plant, 24-6 in. long, 6-ribbed, slender,
glabrous, their sheaths ?-11 in. long, subacute, glabrous. Heads
2-2} lin. in diam., globose, moneecious, whitish-brown. Involucral-
bracts 7-1 lin. long, 3-2 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, glabrous, very
slightly ciliate, submembranous, light ochreous-brown. Flowering-
bracts } lin. long, } lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or somewhat
acute, rather membranous, slightly ciliate and very slightly pubescent
on the back, very light ochreous. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers
in a few exterior series, shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, equal, 2 lin. long,
4 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse and often denticulate at the apex, very
membranous, white, glabrous. Petals 3, equal, ? lin. long, } lin. broad,
cuneately linear-oblong, obtuse, very hairy on the inner face, ciliate,
white, with a black gland near the apex. Male flowers very numerous,
central, pedicellate. Sepals free, } lin. Jong, } lin. broad, cuneate-
oblong, obtuse, membranous, slightly ciliate and sometimes toothed at
the apex. Stipes between the sepals and petals }-} lin. long. Petals
unequal, white, densely bearded on the apical half of the inner side,
with a black gland slightly above the middle, the largest } lin. long,
¢ lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, obtuse. Anthers black, Seeds } lin.
long, ely ellipsoid, very obtuse at the ends, yellowish-brown, nearly
smooth.
Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Sierra del Crystal, Uann, 1689 !
9. E. stoloniferum, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pi. Welw. ii. 101.
A stemless, stoloniferous perennial, entirely submerged, with the flower-
heads just emerging when mature. Leaves 5-9 in. long, 3-1} lin. broad,
linear, tapering toa fine point, very bright shining green. Peduncles
Solitary or few, 8-16 in. long, } lin. thick, 7-8-ribbed, their sheaths
VOL. VIII, R
242 CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). [ Hviocaulon.
24-31 in. long, loose, obtusely bifid at the apex, glabrous. Heads
3-4 lin. in diam., depressed-globose, moneecious, often viviparous,
the flowering part fuscous. Involucral-bracts 15-13 lin. long,
314 lin. broad, orbicular or broadly obovate, very obtuse, glabrous,
submembranous, whitish or whitish-brown. Flowering-bracts 1} lin.
long, $ lin. or less broad, oblanceolate or subspathulate, acute or sub-
acute, glabrous, thin, incurved, fuscous in the lower part, whitish in
the apical part, or some of them fuscous above the middle, with the
basal half and just the apex whitish. Receptacle glabrous. Female
flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, more or less unequal, about 1 lin.
long, }-} lin. broad, obovate or more or less boat-shaped, obtuse or
irregularly denticulate at the apex, dark fuscous, with a very few
scattered hairs on the back (not quite glabrous, as originally described).
Petals 3, arising close to the sepals, #-1 lin. long, 4-3 lin. broad,
cuneate-linear or cuneate-oblong, obtuse, white, bearded on the apical
part of the inner surface with white hairs, and with a black gland just
below the apex. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, free or more or
less combined, about 1 lin. long, }-} lin. broad, cuneate or cuneate-
oblong, obtuse or denticulate at the apex, glabrous in some flowers, and
with a few white hairs on the back in others, dark fuscous. Stipes
between the sepals and petals 4-4 lin. long. Petals 4-3 lin. long,
oblong, whitish, bearded with white hairs on the inner face at the apex
and with black linear subapical glands. Anthers white (not dark, as
originally described).
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla ; in the cold rapid mountain streams of
Morro de Lopollo, 3800-5800 ft., Welwitsch, 2458 !
According to the notes with Welwitsch’s specimen, this plant forms a green carpet
on the beds of the streams under the water, and rarely flowers, the heads being
frequently viviparous, when their peduncles bend down and produce young plants,
forming the so-called stolons. It is allied to Z. Woodii, N. E. Br., from Natal.
_ 10. EB. Antunesii, Hngl. & Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 76.
Leaves 2 in. long, # lin. broad, linear, acute, 3—5-nerved, glabrous.
Flowering peduncle solitary, viviparous peduncles clustered, up to 73 in.
long, } lin. thick, with sheaths rather longer than the leaves, glabrous.
Heads 4-5 lin. in diam., globose, villous, grey. Involucral-bracts
nearly orbicular, glabrous, whitish, shining. Flowering-bracts 13-1}
lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute, fuscous, slightly
hairy on the back. Female flowers external. Sepals 3, subequal, 1 lin.
long, } lin. broad, deeply boat-shaped, with a rather large marginal
tooth on one or both sides below the acuminate apex, blackish, sparsely
furnished with white hairs. Petals 3, equal, 1 lin. long, } lin. broad,
linear-oblong, cuneate towards the base, obtuse, white, with a black
gland near the apex, ciliate and slightly bearded on the inner face at
the apex only. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, 3-1 lin. long,
3—1 lin. broad, one of them narrower than the others, cuneate-obovate,
truncate and minutely denticulate at the apex, blackish, sparsely ciliate
and with here and there a hair on the back. Petals unequal, 4-3 lin.
Eriocauton. | CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN). 243
long, 4—} lin. broad, white, ciliate and bearded on the inner face with
white hairs, and with a black gland near the apex. Anthers white.
Lower Guinea. Anzvla: Huilla, Antunes, 139!
11. E. latifolium, Smith in Rees, Cyclop. xiii.’ Stemless. Leaves
all radical, 2-8 or more in. long, 1-4 lin. broad, linear, subacute or
somewhat obture, flat, thin, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 1-6 to
a plant, 5-12 in. long, 3-1 lin. thick, 7-ribbed, glabrous, their basal
sheaths 2-4 in. long, oblique at the mouth, acute, glabrous. Heads
monecious, with the male flowers in the centre, 3-4 lin. in diam.,
hemispherical or subglobose, white-villous. Involucral-bracts in 4—5
series, glabrous, entire, light brown; innermost 1-1} lin. long, $ lin.
broad, obovate-oblong, obtuse; outermost orbicular often broader than
long. Flowering-bracts about 1 lin. long, }-} lin. broad, linear-
oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, acute, light brownish or fuscous, densely
bearded with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle glabrous.
Female flowers very numerous, pedicellate. Sepals 3, subequal, 3-1 lin.
long, 4-} lin. broad, oblong or cuneate-oblong, boat-shaped, obtuse,
very pale brownish-white, hyaline, bearded with long white hairs on
the apical part. Petals arising slightly above the sepals, ? lin. long,
very narrow, linear, obtuse, whitish, hyaline, rather densely bearded
with long white hairs, glandless or one of them with a very minute
black gland at the apex. Ovary trigonous; style trifid to 2 the way
down. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, } lin. long, linear,
obtuse, whitish, densely bearded with white hairs. Stipes between the
sepals and petals } lin. long. Petals } lin. long or less, oblong, obtuse,
whitish, densely fringed with white hairs, and with a black gland just
below the apex. Anthers white. Capsule } lin. in diam. Seeds
ellipsoid, apiculate, brown.—Britten in Journ. Bot. 1900, 482.
E. rivulare,G. Don ex Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 547; Koernicke in
Linnea, xxvii. 666 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 505;
Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 75.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: inarivulet near Vatemba Road, Barter / ina
rivulet near Freetown, Don / and without precise locality, Vogel /
In the original description the sepals of the male flowers are stated to be connate
into a 3-lobed tube, but in all the flowers I have dissec(ed they are free,
12. E. Schimperi, Koernicke ex Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
154. A robust stemless plant. Leaves in a radigal rosette, numerous,
34-7 in. long, 3-5 lin. broad, flat, broadly linear, obtuse and slightly
thickened at the apex, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 1-3 to a
plant in the specimens seen, 7-14 in. long, 3—} lin. thick, about 8-ribbed,
‘ glabrous; their basal sheaths 34-4 in. long, loose, somewhat obtuse,
with a very oblique mouth, glabrous. Flower-heads 4—5 lin. in diam.,
globose, moneecious, with the outer flowers female. Involucral-bracts
in 2-3 series, 1} lin. long, 3-1 lin. broad, oblong or somewhat obovate-
oblong, acute, glabrous, light fuscous, the innermost subtending the
female flowers, Flowering-bracts 1} lin. long, ? lin. broad, somewhat
244 CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). [Eriocaulon
spathulate-obovate, concave, obtusely keeled on the back, pale fuscous,
densely bearded with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle
glabrous. Female flowers subsessile or very shortly pedicellate,
trigonous. Sepals 3, equal, 1-1} lin. long, } lin. broad, elliptic-oblong,
very deeply boat-shaped, obtuse, obtusely keeled, dark fuscous, bearded
with white hairs at the apex. Petals 3, one larger than the others,
arising close to the sepals, about 1} lin, long, }-} lin. broad, oblanceo-
late, acute, white, bearded with white hairs within and with a black
gland near the apex. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 1 lin. long,
4-1 lin. broad, free or variously connate, obovate, obtuse, dark fuscous,
bearded with white hairs at the apex. Stipes between the sepals and
petals about } lin. long. Petals unequal, oblong, acute, white, bearded
with white hairs within and with a black linear central gland, the
largest 3 lin. Jong, } lin. broad. Anthers black. Capsule 3-lobed,
3 lin. in diam., glabrous, brown. Seeds } lin. long, ellipsoid, brown.—
Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 80. 2. schimperianum, Koernicke in
Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 309, name only; Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 503.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; in a swamp at Jan Meda, 8500 ft.
Schimper, 1217!
13. E. mesanthemoides, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb, xxvii. 79.
Leaves erect, 34-10 in. long, (1} in. broad at the base, ex Ruhland),
4 in. broad in the specimen seen, but much dilated in the sheathing
portion, gradually tapering to a very obtuse apex, many-nerved,
glabrous. Peduncles several to a plant (3 in the specimen seen), much
longer than the leaves, 1-11 lin. thick, terete, with 10-11 remarkably
prominent ribs, as seen in thin transverse section in water, glabrous ;
their sheaths shorter than the leaves, very lax, mostly 3-fid at the apex,
glabrous. Heads about 6-7 lin. in diam., semiglobose, moncecious,
densely white-pubescent (somewhat glabrous, ex Ruhland). Involucral-
bracts 17-23 lin. long, 1-14 lin. broad, white (greenish-fuscous, eX
Ruhland), glabrous. Flowering-bracts 13-2 lin. long, 3-1 lin. broad,
cuneate-rhomboid, abruptly very acute, white, densely bearded with
short white hairs on the apical part. Female flowers shortly pedicellate.
Sepals 3, equal, 1} lin. long, } lin. broad, oblong, boat-shaped, flaccid,
blackish, bearded and ciliate with white hairs on the apical part.
Petals 3, unequal, 1-1} lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-subspathulate
(oblong-spathulate, ex Ruhland), white, all slightly hairy on the inner
face (ciliate, ex Ruhland) with a black gland near the apex, the larger
bearded on the back at the apex, the smaller with only a small apical
tuft of white hairs. Male flowers pedizellate. Sepals connate into @
funnel-shaped body about 11 lin. long, open down one side, trifid at the
apex, blackish, densely bearded with white hairs on the apical part.
Stipes between the sepals and petals exceedingly short, about § lin. oF
less long. Petals 3, unequal, 3—1 lin. long, }—} lin. broad, linear-cuneate,
whitish, densely bearded with white hairs on the apical part, and with
Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN). 245
a linear black gland near the apex. Anthers black—Engl. Jahrb,
XXvill. 356.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Ukami; on the Lukwangula Plateau
in the Uluguru district, Stuhlmann, 9148, Goetze, 293!
In the very imperfect description given by Ruhland the flower-heads are
described as somewhat glabrous (glabriusculis), and the involucral-bracts as greenish-
fuscous. I have not seen Stuhlmann’s 9143, but in the plant collected by Goetze
(from which I have made the above description), the heads are densely white-
pubescent, and the involucral-bracts white. ‘The numerous, narrow, very prominent
ribs on the peduncle are quite different from those of any other African species I
have examined.
14. E. decipiens, V. /. Br. Stemless, moderately robust, with
stout roots. Leaves numerous, 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lin. broad, flat
gradually tapering from the base to a very acute point, many-nerved,
with the tessellate cross-veins very distinct in the basal part in the dried
state, woolly in the sheathing part, otherwise glabrous. Peduncle
solitary, twice as long as the leaves, 6-ribbed, glabrous ; sheath 34 in.
long, shortly oblique at the acute apex, glabrous. Heads 4} lin. in diam.,
hemispherical, unisexual in the 6 examples seen. Involucral-bracts
about 2 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, obovate, acute, whitish, glabrous.
Flowering-bracts 13-2 lin. long, 3—? lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, acute,
concave, much incurved at the apex, very light straw-colour or faintly
greenish-white, bearded with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle
pilose. Female flowers not seen. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3,
nearly equal, more or less connate at the base, 1-1} lin. long, {-} lin,
broad, obovate-ohlong, obtuse,- concave, entirely fuscous, bearded with
white hairs at the apex. Petals separated from the sepals by a stipes of
variable length, unequal, the largest 3-1} lin. long, oblong, oblanceolate
or linear, and sometimes scarcely broader than the gland, white, densely
bearded with white hairs, and with a linear black gland at the middle,
Anthers black.—Z. sonderianum. Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, iv.
53; Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. U. 133; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 81,
partly, not of Koernicke.
: Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Mlanji, Whyte,
15!
This plant is so exceedingly like Z. sonderianum, Koernicke, in external appear-
ance as to have been mistaken for it, but it distinctly differs in the following
particulars :—The flowering-bracts are much longer, broader, without the fuscous
spot on each side of the less pronounced keel, and are less rigid and more mem-
branous ; the sepals of the male flowers are larger, much more membranous, not
keeled, and are fuscous quite to the apex, whilst in Z. sonderianum the apical part
of the sepals of the male flowers is white with a whitish mid-line line running half-
way down the keel. Other differences may, perbaps, be found in the female flowers
When known. From E. Dregei, Hochst, it differs in its very acute leaves, and much
shorter cilia on the sepals, &e.
15. E. Jacteum, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 99. Stemless,
tufted. Leaves numerous, 3-1? in. long, 4-13 lin. broad, densely
246 CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN). | Hriocaulon.
rosulate, linear, obtuse and somewhat hardened at the apex, glabrous.
Peduncles varying from 1-10 to a plant, 3-18 in. long, +—4 lin. thick,
t-rete, 6—8-ribbed, their sheaths 1}—2} in. long, bifid or much split at
the apex, striate, glabrous. Heads 3-44 lin. in diam., depressed-globose,
milk-white, unisexual or monecious, the smaller male, the larger with
numerous male flowers surrounding a few females, or the sexes inter-
mixed? Involucral-bracts 1]-13 lin. long, 3—} lin. broad, broadly
oblanceolate, obtusely pointed, glabrous, straw-coloured or ochreous,
often fuscous at the apex. Flowering-bracts 1-1} lin. long, $—} lin.
broad, spathulate- or cuneate-obovate, variably acute or acuminate,
incurved, straw-coloured below, blackish or fuscous on the apical part,
or sometimes entirely pale ochreous, pubescent with white hairs on the
back, below the apex. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers subsessile.
Sepals 3, equal, 2-1 lin. long, about } lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, obtuse,
two of them concave, slightly hooded at the apex, the third flattened,
whitish, slightly fuscous at the apex, bearded on the apical part with
short white hairs. Petals 3, unequal, arising slightly above the sepals,
the largest 1-14 lin. long, } lin. broad, the others about } lin. long,
; lin. broad, cuneate-oblanceolate, obtuse, white, with a black gland
below the apex, and bearded on the inuer face with white hairs; style
deeply trifid. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, equal, free,
exactly as in the female flowers. Stipes between the sepals and petals
very variable, {—? lin. long. Petals 3, very unequal ; the largest }—1} lin.
long, 3~} lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, the lateral 4—2 lin. long,
sometimes rudimentary, spathulate or narrowly linear, all white, densely
bearded with white hairs at the apex and on the apical part of the
inner face, with a black gland at the middle. Anthers black.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; frequent in swampy meadows around
Lopollo, Welwitsch, 2452! in somewhat spongy meadows on the highest parts of
Morro de Lopollo, Welwitsch, 24528! on the high spongy slopes of Serra de
Oiahoia, in the Humpata district, Welwitsch, 2453! near Cunene River, Johnston !
Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa : lower plateau, north of Lake Nyasa,
Thomson! Brit'sh Central Africa : Mashonaland, Bryce !
HE. lacteum may prove to be conspecific with Z#. Teusczii, Bngl. & Rubl., but
the descriptioa of the latter does not enable me to identify it.
_ 16. E. bongense, “Lngl. ¢: Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 75.
Stemless. Leaves erect or ascending, 14-3 in. long, 1-2 lin. broad,
linear, somewhat abruptly acute or subobtuse, many-nerved, glabrous.
Peduncles 5-16 to a plant, 3-12 (usually more than 6) in. long, terete,
6—T-ribbed in the dried state, glabrous, their sheaths 14-3} in. long,
acute, rather loose, glabrous. Heads 21—4 lin. in diam., at first sub-
globose, becoming somewhat ovoid, monwecious, with the sexes inter-
mixed, light straw-coloured, slightly shining. Involucral-bracts 13-1?
lin. long, ?—14 lin. broad, obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, apiculate
or subacute, concave, somewhat membranous at the margins, light
straw-coloured, glabrous. Flowering bracts 14-13 lin. long, } lin.
broad, cuneate-oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate-
acute, incurved, thin, scarious, very light straw-coloured, glabrous.
Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULE& (BROWN). 947
Receptacle ovoid or conical, pilose with long silky hairs, which also
occur at the base of the pedicels. Female flowers very numerous,
pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, equal or unequal, #-1} lin. long, about
zs lin. broad, linear-filiform, acute, faintly tinted with straw-colour,
glabrous. Petals 3, shortly distant from the sepals, unequal, ?—1{ lin.
long, ;,-} lin. broad, linear, obtuse, white, hyaline, glabrous on both
sides, ciliate at the apex, without glands. Ovary trigonous; style
trifid to half-way down. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, free,
4 lin. long, ;4,—4 lin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous, hyaline, faintly
tinged with fuscous or straw-colour. Stipes between the sepals and
petals } lin. long. Petals rudimentary. represented by 1-3 minute
tuftsof hairs. Anthersblack. Capsule }lin.indiam. Seeds ellipsoid,
brown, reticulate with very minute white papille.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory ; Nupe, Barter, 1019a!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur ; at Agada (River ?) near Jur Ghattas,
Schweinfurth, 2539! Bongo; at Balu stream, near Sabbi, Schweinfurth, 2722 !
17. E. Buchananii, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb, xxvii.83. Stemless.
Leaves in a radical rosette, }-1} in. long, 1-2} lin. broad, flat, linear,
acute or subobtuse, often slightly thickened at the apex, 5-1 1-nerved,
tessellately cross-veined, glabrous. Peduncles very numerous, 3-7 in.
long, 4—} lin. thick, 4—5-striate and twisted in the dried state, square
or terete when swollen in water, glabrous, their sheaths 3—1} in. long,
acute, entire, glabrous. Heads exactly globular, monecious, 14-2}
lin. in diam., blackish or dark brown. Involucral-bracts at length
reflexed, 1 lin. long, 3-3 lin. broad, oblong-obovate, obtuse, glabrous.
Flowering-bracts 1 lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, spathulate-obovate, acute,
concave, blackish or fuscous, glabrous or very thinly pubescent with
whitish hairs. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers very numerous, in
many series, pedicellate. Sepals 3, unequal, blackish or brown, glabrous,
two lateral 4 lin. long, deeply concave, gibbous-keeled, obtuse, the
third (ventral) } lin. long, 4-} lin. broad, lanceolate, acute. Petals
slightly unequal, 4—? lin. long, $-} lin. broad, oblanceolate or linear-
oblanceolate, obtuse, dark fuscous, rarely pallid, glabrous, glandless.
Male flowers comparatively few, central, pedicellate. Sepals 3, more or
less united into a funnel-shaped body open down one side, 3-crenate at
the apex, } lin. long, blackish, rarely pallid, glabrous. Petals separated
from the sepals by a stipes } lin. long, very unequal, two very rudi-
mentary or altogether wanting, the third } lin. long, oblong, obtuse,
whitish, not exceeding the stamens, glabrous, glandless. Anthers
black. Seeds 3 lin. long, ellipsoid, covered with very minute white
papille arranged in transverse rows.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; on the Tanganyika
Plateau at Fort Hiil, 3800-4000 ft., Whyte / Shibisa (Chikwawa) to Tshinmuze,
2000-4000 ft., Kirk! at the foot of Mount Sochi, 3000 ft., Kirk! Namasi,
Cameron, 50! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1168!
e in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.
18. E. andongense, Welw. ex Rendl : :
-green, becoming yellowish-
100. Stemless, somewhat fleshy, subglaucous
248 CLIV. ERIOCAULEX (BROWN). | Briocaulon,
green when older. Leaves numerous, 3-2 in. long, 3-1} lin. broad,
linear, obtusely pointed and slightly hardened at the apex, erectly
spreading, glabrous. Peduncles 5-8 in. long, about 4 lin. thick, sub-
filiform, terete, about 6-striate in the dried state, glabrous; their
sheaths slightly shorter than the leaves, oblique at the mouth, subacute.
Heads 13-2 lin. thick, subglobose, somewhat truncate at the base, dark
fuscous or blackish, moneecious, with the outer flowers female. Invo-
lucral-bracts 1 lin. long, 3 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse or subacute,
glabrous, straw-coloured, shining. Flowering-bracts 1 lin. or slightly
more long, {—} lin. broad, oblanceolate, very acute, incurved, glabrous,
fuscous, with afew of the outermost straw-coloured. Receptacle pilose.
Female flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, unequal, fuscous, glabrous ;
the 2 lateral } lin. long, 4—1 lin. broad, obliquely spathulate-obovate,
nearly straight on the inner margins, very gibbous-keeled on the back,
very acute or almost awned at the apex, deeply concave, or somewhat
hooded; third sepal slightly shorter, about 4 lin. broad, linear-
oblanceolate, acute, nearly flat. Petals 3, unequal, arising about 4 lin.
above the sepals, fuscous, glabrous, the largest petal about ? lin. long,
4 lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute or bifid, the others shorter, linear-
cuneate, bifid or irregularly crenulate at the apex. Male flowers
pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, oblanceolate, obtuse, or more or less united
into a funnel-shaped body open down one side, glabrous, fuscous.
Petals rudimentary. Anthers black. Seeds ellipsoid, striolate.
_ ower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, 2400-3800 ft, ; in the Presidium,
im spongy places cn the higher rocks of Pedra de Cazamba, Welwitsch, 2442.
in spongy rocky places by the springs on the gigantic rocks of the Priesidium, at
Fonte de Salgado, Welwitsch, 2443! in wet places by the Cataract of Condo
(de Estefania), Welwitsch, 2443 !
This is very similar to EZ, Buchananii, Rubland, but the heads are not so globose,
heing more or less flattened at the base, and the sepals of the female flowers have @
rather long acutely acuminate point, whilst in E. Buchananii the point of the sepals
is very short and never very acute.
19, E. fulvum, V. #. Br. Stemless. Leaves numerous, ip 4
radical rosette, 1}-2
2 in. long, 14-14 lin. broad, linear, tapering to 42
obtuse point, flat, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles numerous, 24-4
in. long, subterete, 5-striate in the dried state, glabrous, their sheaths
about 1 in. long, acute, rather loose, glabrous. Heads not quite 2 lin.
in diam., semiglobese, perhaps globose with age, moncecious, buff-
coloured, glabrous. Involucral-bracts not quite 1 lin. long, ? lin. broa
at the apex, obovate, very obtuse, concave at the apex, spreading.
Flowering-bracts like the involucral-bracts, but rather smaller, all bufl-
coloured, glabrous. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers in severa
exterior series, very shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3, very unequal, eae
long, buff-coloured, glabrous; two lateral obliquely obtriangular, taperD8
towards the base, deeply hooded, somewhat gibbous-keeled and about
+ lin. broad near the apex; ventral sepal about |}; lin. broad, linear,
obtuse, rather membranous, Petals unequal, one about } lin. long,
“
3 lin, broad, cuneate-oblanceolate, notched at the apex, the other two
Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). 249
similar, but smaller, all yellowish-white, glabrous, glandless. Male
flowers numerous, central, shortly pedicellate, quite glabrous. Sepals
3 lin. long, united into a funnel-shaped body open down one side,
shortly 3-lobed, submembranous, buff-coloured. Petals very unequal,
2 rudimentary, I about 4 lin. long, ovate, obtuse. Anthers black.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory; Nupe, Barter!
A very distinct species, easily recognised by its slightly glossy, buff-coloured
heads.
20. E. Welwitschii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 97. Stem-
less. Leaves }-1} in. long, about 4—} lin. broad at the base, filiform-
subulate, gradually tapering to a very fine point, glabrous. Peduncles
numerous, 1j—4 in. long, about + lin. thick, filiform, glabrous, their
sheaths 4-8 lin. long, oblique at the mouth, bifid at the apex. Heads
1-1} lin. in diam., subglobose, somewhat flattened at the base, slightly
echinulate from the bracts exceeding the flowers, moncecious, with the
outer flowers female. ‘Involucral- and flowering-bracts lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, membranous, whitish or faintly straw-coloured, glabrous,
those of the involucre 3 lin. long, } lin. broad, the others rather shorter.
Receptacle pilose. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 3, subequal, 4 lin.
long, ,1,—4 lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, very acute, concave, membranous,
whitish, glabrous. Petals 3, arising close to the sepals, about 4 lin.
long, filiform, glabrous. Male flowers subsessile. Sepals 3, about 4
lin, long, qz—y'p lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute, free or more or less
connate below, membranous, whitish. Petals rudimentary. Anthers
black.— Dichrolepis pusilla, Welw. Apont. 542.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; only seen in one place, between
Lombe and Candumba, between 2400 and 3800 ft., Welwitsch, 2441 !
Var. Ppygmeum, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 98. A dwarf congested formu,
8-15 lin. high. Heads somewhat fuscous, with a whitish involucre. Receptacle
almost glabrous.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near Lopollo, in fields where Sorghum
had been cultivated the previous year, Welwitsch, 2444!
21. E. Teusczii, Hngl. & Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 77.
Leaves in a radical rosette, 1}—2 in. long, 14-2 lin. broad, lanceolate-
linear, obtuse and slightly thickened at the apex, 11—12-nerved, reddish,
glabrous. Peduncles up to 2 ft. long, 10-12 times as long as the leaves,
3-4 to a plant, with sheaths nearly twice as long as the leaves, split
into 38-4 at the mouth, glabrous. Heads large, globose, hard, shortly
villous. Involucral-bracts nearly rhomboid, rounded at the apex,
Somewhat glabrous, whitish-brown. Flowering-bracts obovate, subacute.
eceptacle apparently glabrous. Female flowers: Sepals 3, equal, |
narrowly ovate, hairy at the apex, white. Petals 3, elongate-spathulate,
ciliate all round, with a gland near the apex. Male flowers: Sepals 3,
almost free to the base, equal, obovate, obtuse, ciliate, white. Petals
equal, ciliate, with a gland near the apex. Anthers black.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Mechow, 281.
250 CLIV. ERIOCAULEH (BROWN). | riocaulon.
Said to be allied to Z. huillense, Engl. & Rubland, but differing in its larger
leaves and heads, pure white sepals, longer female petals and narrow equal male
petals. I have not seen it. See note under LZ. lacteum, Rendle, p. 246.
22. E. huillense, Hngl. ¢: Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 78;
not of Rendle. Leaves short, ?—-1} in. long, at the base 2 lin. broad,
above 4—} lin. broad, lanceolate, obtuse and somewhat thickened at the
apex, about 9-11-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 2-3 to a plant, several-
ribbed ; their sheaths twice as long as the leaves, glabrous. Heads
white-villous at the summit. Involucral-bracts ovate, subacute,
glabrous or very sparsely pilose on the margins, yellowish-fuscous.
Flowering-bracts similar to the involucral-bracts. Receptacle pilose.
Female flowers: Sepals 3, green at the tips, ciliate. Petals 3, much
shorter than the sepals, shortly spathulate, hairy all round, white, with
a gland near the apex. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals 3,
free, shorter than the petals, ovate, green at the apex. Petals unequal,
broad, ciliate, with a gland near the apex. Anthers black.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, Antunes.
Said to be allied to #. Teusezii, Engl. & Ruhland, and from description appears
to be near FE. Bauri, N. E. Br., from South Africa. I have not seen it, and do not
understand the use of the term lanceolate as applied to the leaf, which is stated to be
only # millimetre broad in the upper part. Probably the sepals are dark olive
or fuscous at the apex, rather than green as described.
23. E. afzelianum, Wikstr. ex Koernicke in Linnea, Xxvil. 680.
Stemless, Leaves 7-15 to a plant, ascending, 4-1} in. long, 3-2 lin.
broad, linear, acute or subobtuse, 4—10-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles
very variable, 1-20 to a plant, 3-9 in. long, acutely 45-angled,
glabrous, their sheaths 1-2 in. long, acute, glabrous. Heads 14—2} lin.
in diam., subglobose, monecious, with the sexes intermixed, whitish,
slightly ochreous or greyish. Involucral-bracts 3—1 lin. long, 4_2 lin.
broad, oblong or cuneate-oblong, obtuse, slightly rigid, pale straw-
coloured, glabrous. Flowering-bracts about 1-14 lin. long, 3—-$ lin.
broad, cuneate-obovate, acute or acuminate, incurved, ochreous OF
fuscous, more or less densely pubescent with white hairs on the apical
part. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers shortly pedicellate or sub-
sessile. Sepals 3, subunequal, 7-1 lin. long, 1} lin. broad, ochreous oF
fuscous, bearded with white hairs on the apical part; the lateral pair
linear-falcate, boat-shaped, obtuse ; the odd sepal cuneate-linear, obtuse,
nearly flat. Petals 3, unequal, inserted above the sepals and exceeding
them, the largest } lin. long, 4-1 lin. broad, oblanceolate, cuneate
at the base, obtuse, rather thick and somewhat spongy, white, some-
times slightly tinted with fuscous at the apex, slightly pubescent with
white hairs on both sides or more densely so on the back, ciliate at
the apex, glandless; the other two similar, but smaller, thinner and
less hairy or nearly glabrous on both sides. Male flowers shortly
pedicellate. Sepals 3, }-1 lin. long, more or less connate into a funnel-
shaped body open down one side, and trifid, with unequal obtuse
lobes, or sometimes free, ochreous or fuscous, pubescent with white
Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEA: (BROWN). + 251
hairs at the apex. Stipes between the sepals and petals 4—3 lin. long.
Petals unequal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, white, glandless, ciliate, the
largest not more than }-} lin. long. Anthers blackish. Seeds $ lin.
long, ellipsoid, white-reticulate.—Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 82.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: in marshes at Kitchom, near the mouth of the
River Searcies, Scott-Elliot, 4339! and without precise locality, Afzelius! Niger
Territory : Nupe ; in swamps about Jeba, Barter, 1019!
24. E. plumale, V. /. Br. Stemless. Leaves numerous, in a
radical rosette, 3-4 in. long, }-} lin. broad, linear, tapering to a very
fine point, 3-nerved, glabrous, Peduncles several to a plant, 3-6 in.
long, terete, 5—6-ribbed, glabrous ; their sheaths #-1} in. long, acute,
glabrous. Heads 2-3 lin. in diam., at first globose, afterwards elongating
and becoming oblong, monecious, with the sexes intermixed, white, very
woolly in appearance. Involucral-bracts about 1 lin. long and broad,
elliptic or orbicular, very obtuse, glabrous, spreading. Flowering-bracts
1} lin. long, ?# lin. broad, cuneate-obovate or rhomboid, suddenly
narrowed to a very fine point, whitish, with a dark fuscous band across
the broadest part, pubescent and ciliate, with very minute white hairs
on the apical part. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers sessile. Sepals
2, free, equal, 3-1 lin. long, $-} lin. broad, subspathulate, falcately
boat-shaped, with a broad thick spongy keel, obtuse, apiculate, entire or
more o1 less toothed on the keel and sides at the top, fuscous, glabrous.
Petals 3, longer than the sepals, unequal, #14 lin. long, $-3 lin, broad,
linear-spathulate, obtuse, white, hairy above the middle within, with a
very minute black gland near. the apex. Male flowers often abortive,
sessile. Sepals 2, or rarely 3, filiform, 1 lin. long, fuscous at the apex,
glabrous. Stipes between the sepals and petals as long as the sepals,
flat. Petals 3, unequal, white, very hairy within, with a very minute
black gland near the apex; dorsal petal twice as long as the others,
1 lin. long, } lin. broad, projecting beyond the bracts like a little white
plume. Anthers black. Seeds 4-4 lin. long, narrowly ellipsoid, apiculate
at one end, brown, seen to be marked with longitudinal rows of short
transverse papilla when highly magnified.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 148!
This species is well marked by the very different form of the sepals in the male
and female flowers, and by the somewhat plumose appcarance of the ultimately
oblong heads, due to the protruding odd petal of the male flowers. It is allied
to the following species, but besides the differences noted thereunder, the much
shorter, terete, 5—6-ribbed (not acutely angular) peduncles will at once distinguish it.
25. E. senegalense, V. H. Br. Leaves numerous, in a dense
rosette, spreading, 5--7 lin. long, }—3 lin. broad, linear, acuminate,
glabrous. Peduncles | or few to a plant, 16-22 in. long, about 5 lin.
thick, acutely 4-angled, glabrous. Heads 2-3 lin. in diam., whitish,
mMonecious. Involucral-bracts 1 lin. long, #-} lin. broad, somewhat
orbicular-obovate, very shortly cuspidate-acute, ochreous or straw-
coloured, glabrous. Flowering-bracts {-1 lin. long, and as much in
breadth, very broadly cuneate-obovate, shortly and very abruptly
252 CLIV, ERIOCAULE® (BROWN). [ Hriocaulon.
cuspidate-acute, straw-coloured, thinly bearded with minute white
hairs on the apical part. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers subsessile.
Sepals 2, equal, ? lin. long, } lin. or rather more in breadth from front
to back, spathulate-suborbicular viewed sideways, with a very broad
wing-like keel, rather coarsely toothed on the keel and apical part of
the sides, with the actual apex produced into a very short bristle-like
mucro, straw-coloured, glabrous. Stipes between the sepals and petals
very short. Petals 3, equal, much exceeding the sepals, # lin. long,
4-4 lin. broad, cuneately spathulate, very pale yellowish-white, glabrous
on both sides, ciliate with white hairs at the apex, two of them furni-
shed with a very conspicuous black gland near the apex, the other
glandless. Ovary compressed or trigonous, with a bifid or trifid style.
Male flowers sessile or subsessile. Sepals 2, free to the base, 2-3 lin.
long, subulate or filiform, pale straw-coloured, glabrous. Stipes between
the sepals and petals exceeding the sepals, nearly or quite 1 ln.
long, stout, flattened, curved, pale straw-coloured. Petals 3, very
unequal; the larger 3-1 lin. long, linear or linear-spathulate, projecting
beyond the bracts like a little white plume, the two smaller 4- lin.
long, linear, all densely bearded all over the inner face with long white
hairs, and furnished with a black gland near the apex, that on the
larger petal being very minute or absent. Stamens 6; anthers black.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Heudelot, 680!
This is closely allied to E. plumale, N. E. Br., differing in its fewer and very
much longer peduncles (which are out of all proportion to the small size of
the rosette of leaves), in the entirely straw-coloured flowering-bracts and sepals of
the female flowers and rather stouter sepals of the male flowers, The outer flowers
of the head are all male, with very long stipes between the sepals and the petals,
then come several series of female flowers, and the centre occupied with males which
have scarcely any stipes, but the stipes may grow out later, as the only head
examined was rather young. his and E. plumale are remarkably distinct from all
the other African species in the very great difference in the form of the sepals of
the male and female flowers, and in the disparity in the number of sepals and petals,
for in all the female flowers I have examined I constantly found 2 sepals and
; petals present : occasionally, but rather rarely, a third sepal is present in the male
owers,
26. E. zambesiense, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 75. Stemless.
Leaves all radical, 13-6 in. long, 1$—21 lin. broad, linear, flat, obtuse or
acute, many-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles numerous, 6—15 in. long,
slightly 5—6-ribbed, glabrous; their basal-sheaths 143-4 in. long, oblique
at the mouth, acute or obtuse, glabrous. Heads 2-3 lin. in diam.,
globose, greyish-white, monecious, with the outer flowers female.
Tnvolucral-bracts #-1 lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, linear-oblong, obtuse,
submembranous, glabrous, light brownish-white. | Flowering-bracts
1-1} lin. long, } lin. broad, oblong or subspathulate-obovate, acute oF
obtuse, concave, entire or very minutely serrulate near the apex, light
fuscous, outermost nearly or quite glabrous, inner bearded with white
hairs at the apex. Receptacle hairy. Female flowers subsessile or very
shortly pedicellate, larger than the male flowers. Sepals about 1 lin.
long, 4-4 lin. broad from front to back, concave, with a thick very
Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). 253
gibbous keel, blackish or dark fuscous, hairy inside and bearded with
white hairs at the apex. Petals arising about } lin. above the sepals,
#-1 lin. long, } lin. broad, cuneate-oblong or somewhat spathulate-
oblong, obtuse, whitish, bearded within with white hairs, and with a
black gland near the apex. Ovary trigonous, glabrous; style very
deeply trifid. Male flowers numerous, shortly pedicellate. Sepals free
or more or less connate below, ? lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse,
fuscous, bearded with white hairs at the apex. Stipes between the
sepals and petals }—} lin. long. Petals often unequal, }—} lin. long,
oblong, obtuse, whitish, bearded with white hairs within, and with a
black central gland. Stamens as long as the petals ; anthers black.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft.
Whyte! (Johnston ex Ruhland, by error).
Ruhland has described the female bracts as villous and the male bracts as sub-
glabrous at the apex, and the petals of the male flowers as glandless. I find them to
be the reverse of this. The heads are viviparous in the Mount Zomba specimens.
27. E. Hanningtonii, V. #. Br. Plant stemless. Leaves about
6-8, ascending or spreading, 1-14 in. long, 14-2} lin. broad, linear,
acute, flat, 9-13-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles several to a plant, 24-5
in. long, slender, acutely 5-angled, glabrous; their sheaths 1-14 in,
long, acute, loose, glabrous. Heads 2-21 lin. in diam., subglobose,
moneecious, grey. Involucral-bracts shorter than the young head,
spreading, not becoming reflexed, nearly 1 lin. long, 3? lin. broad,
obovate-oblong, very obtuse, glabrous, light brownish-white. Flowering-
bracts about 1 lin. long, } Jin. broad, subspathulate-obovate, acute,
concave, fuscous, thinly pubescent with white hairs on the apical part.
Receptacle thinly pilose. Female flowers in several exterior rows,
pedicellate. Sepals 3, subequal, ?— lin. long, } lin. broad, or from front
to back, lanceolate, acute or obtuse, boat-shaped, one less concave than
the other two, acutely keeled and somewhat gibbous on the back,
blackish or dark fuscous, ciliate with a few white hairs at the apex
and occasionally one or two on the keel, glabrous within. Petals about
} lin. long, } lin. broad, linear-cuneate, obtuse, glabrous on both sides,
ciliate with a few white hairs at the apex, white, glandless or with a
minute black gland just below the apex. Male flowers central, pedicel-
late. Sepals 4 lin. long, connate into a-funnel-shaped body open down
one side, 3-crenate or 3-lobed and ciliate at the apex, fuscous. Stipes
between the sepals and petals about } lin. long. Petals unequal,
minute, the largest not more than } lin. long, ovate, acute, tipped with
1-2 hairs, white. Anthers black.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa; Kwa Chiropa, Hannington!
This is very similar to E. zambesiense, Ruhland, in appearance, but, in the single
example seen, the peduncles are much shorter and the flowers are quite different in
structure. From E, elegantulum, Engl. (which it also closely resembles), the pallid
involucral-bracts will at once discriminate it.
_ 28. E. infaustum, WV. £. Br. Plant stemless. Leaves about
0-8, radical, erect, 14-5 in. long, 14-2 lin. broad, linear, acute, flat,
254 CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). [Hriocaulon.
7-1l-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 10-20 to a plant, 5-8 in. long,
slender, acutely 5-angled, glabrous; their sheaths 1-3 in. long, acute,
rather loose, glabrous. Heads 2-2? lin. in diam., globose, monecious,
grey. Involucral-bracts much longer than the young heads and in
that stage radiating, ultimately reflexed, 1? lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad,
linear-lanceolate, subobtuse, pallid or light greenish. Flowering-bracts
1 lin. long, } lin. broad, oblong-oblanceolate, acute, concave, blackish,
densely covered with white hairs on the apical part. Receptacle pilose.
Female flowers numerous, in many series, pedicellate. Sepals 3, equal,
3-3 lin. long, + lin. broad, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, somewhat
boat-shaped, slightly ciliate at the apex, blackish. Petals % lin. long,
4 lin. broad, linear, obtuse, whitish, with an apical black gland and
tipped with a fringe of white hairs. Male flowers central, pedicellate.
Sepals # lin. long, connate into a funnel-shaped body open down one
side, 3-lobed at the apex, glabrous, blackish. Stipes between the sepals
and petals } lin. long. Petals minute, unequal, the largest not more
than } lin. long, oblong, white, ciliate with white hairs at the apex and
with a minute black apical gland. Seeds 4} lin. long, ellipsoid, brown,
covered with transverse rows of very minute whitish, somewhat glitter-
ing papille.
Mozamb. Dist, Portuguese East Africa: Quilimane, in rice fields, Scolé!
This is probably the same as a plant collected in Zanzibar by Bojer (88), which is
quoted by Koernicke in Linnea xxvii. 646; in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v.
503 ; in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr., C. 183; and by Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 81, under
E. trilobum, Ham.
29. E. elegantulum, Hngl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 133. Stemless.
Leaves 4-10, radical, usually erect, 3-3 in. long, 4-2} lin. broad,
linear, acute, flat, 3-11-nerved, glabrous. Peduncles 2-16 to a plant,
1-8} in. long, slender, acutely 3—4-angled, glabrous; their sheaths 4-3
in. long, acute, rather inflated, glabrous. Heads 14-2 lin. in diam.,
globose, moneecious, with the male flowers usually central, greyish-
white. Involucral-bracts much shorter than the young heads, ulti-
mately reflexed, }-2 lin. long, 4-1 lin. broad, oblong or subquadrate,
very obtuse, fuscous, glabrous. Flowering-bracts 4-2 lin. long, ¢ lin.
broad, cuneate-oblong or cuneate-obovate, obtuse or subacute, dark
fuscous, densely covered with short white hairs on the apical part.
Receptacle glabrous. Female fiowers very numerous, pedicellate.
Sepals 3, slightly unequal, 4—} lin. long, } lin. broad, oblanceolate or
cuneate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, two of them more boat-shaped than
the third and sometimes gibbous on the back, dark fuscous, bearded
with a few white hairs on the keel and at the apex. Petals 3, arising
close to the sepals, }—} lin. long, 4 lin. broad, linear-spathulate or
cuneate-oblanceolate, subobtuse, whitish, tipped with a few white hairs
and with a very minute black gland just below the apex. Male
flowers rather few. Sepals } lin. long, more or less connate into 4
funnel-shaped body open down one side, trifid or obtusely 3-lobed at the
apex, fuscous, ciliate with white hairs, Stipes between the sepals and
Eriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEH (BROWN). 255
petals t—{} lin. long. Petals rudimentary or one of them about 1 lin.
long, ciliate. Seeds $—! lin. long, ellipsoid, brown, thinly covered with
very minute white papille.—Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 83.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ser. iii.
223! Witu ; between Fungo Zombo and Witu, Dennhardt.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar: near the town of Zanzibar, Kirk ! Hildebrandt,
1056. German East Africa: Usambara ; Duga, Holst, 3181!
ZH. elegantulum, Engl., closely resembles E. Hanningtonii, N. E. Br. and Z,
zambesiense, Ruhland, in general appearance, but the short blackish (not pallid)
involucral-bracts, which are best seen in the very young heads, readily distinguish
it from those species.
30. E. Schlechteri, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 78. Leaves
#-1} in. long, 1-14 lin. broad, linear, mucronate or somewhat obtuse,
7—9-nerved, glabrous, white-punctulate above. Peduncles 2-3 to a
plant, 2-3 times longer than the leaves, acutely ribbed ; their sheaths
about equalling the leaves, glabrous. Heads globose, somewhat glabrous.
Involucral-bracts slightly longer than the flowers, ovate, obtuse, some-
what glabrous, greenish-grey. Flowering-bracts like the involucral-
bracts. Receptacle pilose. Female flowers: Sepals 3, narrowly
ovate, almost glabrous, yellowish. Petals 3, equal, slightly narrower
than the sepals, thinly hairy near the tips, with a black gland near the
apex. Male flowers: Sepals connate for about 4 of their length ;
lobes elongate-spathulate, irregularly denticulate at the apex, glabrous,
greyish-white. Petals very minute, roundish, with an oblong black
gland, glabrous. Anthers blackish-brown.
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Gasaland; ina swamp at Inham-
bane, Schlechter, 12093!
The above locality is just south of the Tropic of Capricorn, but doubtless the
plant occurs within the Tropical area. I have not seen it.
31. E. subulatum, N. E. Br. Plant small, stemless. Leaves
several, 7-1} in. long, 1-4 lin. broad, subulate, gradually tapering to a
fine point, flat above, very convex beneath, 1—3-nerved, glabrous,
Peduncles numerous, varying from shorter to longer than the leaves,
3-24 in. long, square, glabrous ; their sheaths 4-} in. long, somewhat
close-fitting, subacute, membranous. Heads 1}-1} lin. in diam.,
globose, moneecious, blackish. Involucral-bracts $-} lin. long, oblong,
or oblong-obovate, acute, fuscous or somewhat pallid, spreading or
slightly reflexed, glabrous. Flowering-bracts like the involucral-bracts,
dark fuscous or blackish, glabrous. Receptacle thinly pilose. Female
flowers numerous, subsessile. Sepals 3, often unequal, nearly % lin.
long, 4 lin. broad, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, boat-shaped, some-
times slightly gibbous on the back, fuscous, slightly ciliate with dusky
hairs, Petals 3, slightly unequal, scarcely } lin. long, yg lin. broad,
linear, subacute, dark fuscous, glabrous. Male flowers not very
humerous, shortly pedicellate. Sepals } lin. long, united into a funnel-
shaped body open down one side, shortly 3-lobed and denticulate
at the apex, fuscous. Stipes between the sepals and petals } lin. long,
256 CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). [ Lriocaulon.
Petals unequal, minute, the largest 4-} lin. long, oblong-ovate.
Anthers black. Seeds about 4 lin. long, oblong-ellipsoid, brown,
glabrous.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Zambesi River, on an island at
Victoria Falls, Kirk !
This is very near Z. ciliisepalum, Rendle, and may be only a robust form of that
species, but it differs in appearance, in its stouter subulate leaves, more numerous
and stouter peduncles, larger heads, larger flowers, and the slightly different form of
the sepals and petals.
32. E. ciliisepalum, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 98. A
small, tufted plant, stemless, apparently an annual. Leaves }—1 in.
long, 4-4 lin. broad, very slender; filiform, glabrous. Peduncles
3-1} in. long, filiform; their sheaths not exceeding 4-5 lin.
in length, oblique at the mouth, acute, glabrous. Heads 1-1} lin.
in diam., subglobose, truncate at the base, with a whitish involucre
and blackish disk, few-flowered, monecious, with the outer flowers
female. Involucral-bracts 3 lin. long, }—} lin. broad, oblong-lanceolate
or elliptic-oblong, acute or subobtuse, glabrous. Flowering-bracts
3-4 lin. long, 4-} lin. broad, ovate or elliptic to oblong-lanceolate,
acute, glabrous, fuscous. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 3, equal,
3-4 lin. long, } lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, very concave, sparsely
ciliate along the margins, otherwise glabrous, fuscous. Petals
3, arising close to the sepals, } lin. long, narrowly-linear, acute. Male
flowers shortly pedicellate. Sepals united into a funnel-shaped body,
open down one side, bifid or trifid at the apex, glabrous, fuscous.
Stipes between the sepals and petals scarcely 4 lin. long. Petals
rudimentary, triangular-ovate, with a blackish gland below the apex.
Anthers blackish.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in damp fields in which maize has
been cultivated, tear Lopollo, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 2445! on spongy slopes of
Morro de Lopollo, below the old fortress, Welwitsch, 24458! Huilla to Humpata,
Johnston !
Johnston’s specimens are stouter, and have more numerous flowers in the heads
than any of those collected by Welwitsch, but I find no difference in the structure of
the flowers and bracts.
33. BE. mutatum, V. #. Br. Stemless. Leaves 2-8 lin. long,
4-} lin. broad, subulate, tapering toa fine point, glabrous. Peduncles
numerous, from less than 1 in. to 41 in. long, 4—1 lin. thick, filiform,
3—4-angled, glabrous ; their sheaths 3-10 lin. long, obtuse, often torn
at the apex, rather loose in the upper part, with a long oblique mouth.
Heads 1-2 lin. thick, subglobose, moneecious, with female flowers on the
outside and male and female mixed in the centre, black. Involucral-bracts
3-2 lin. long, about + lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, fuscous. Flowering-bracts
3—} lin. long, 4 to nearly 3 lin. broad, elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate
acute, concave, blackish, glabrous. Receptacle glabrous. Female flowers
sessile. Sepals 2, about 4 lin. long and as much in breadth, obliquely
“«
suborbicular in outline, apiculate, finely toothed on the upper part ©
Eriocaulon.| CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). 257
the sides and coarsely toothed on the broad wing-like keel, which is
about as broad as the rest of the sepal, membranous, blackish, glabrous.
Petals 2, arising slightly above the sepals, } lin. long, about } lin. broad,
narrowly cuneate, shortly bifid or rounded at the apex, glabrous, without
glands, blackish or very dark fuscous. Ovary transversely oblong ;
styles 2, filiform, exceeding the petals. Male flowers shortly pedicellate.
Sepals scarcely } lin. long, linear or cuneately oblong, rounded or
toothed at the apex, glabrous, fuscous; petals rudimentary. Stamens
4; anthers black.—Z. huillense, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 95,
not of Engl. & Ruhland.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in somewhat spongy wooded marshy
meadows between Lopollo and Monino, 3800-5500 ft., Welwitsch, 2448! on boggy
slopes, Welwitsch, 2449! very sparsely on the lofty pastures of Empalanca, which
are flooded in summer, Welwitsch, 2450 !
As the name EZ. huillense, Engl. & Rubland, claims priority by about a month, I
have been obliged to change the name of this species.
34. E. gilgianum, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 84. Leaves
4—7 lin. long, } lin. broad, narrowly linear, acute, 1-nerved, glabrous.
Peduncles 3-4 to a plant, up to 13 in. long, 3-4 times as long as the
leaves, glabrous, with sheaths shorter than the leaves. Heads small,
about ? lin. in diam., glabrous, greenish or blackish. Involucral-bracts
obtuse or somewhat acute, glabrous, greenish. Flowering-bracts obovate,
somewhat glabrous (‘ glabriusculis,” i.e., probably slightly pubescent),
those of the female flowers obtuse, uf the male flowers acute. Receptacle
pilose. Female flowers: Sepals ovate, acute, ciliate all round, pale
greenish-yellow. Petals lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous, without
glands. Male flowers: Sepals connate into a spathe-like body, with 2
to several irregular acute lobes, nearly glabrous, greenish. Petals none.
Anthers black.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, Antunes, 163.
Stated to be the smallest of the African species and one of the smallest species in
the genus, having an especially slender appearance on account of the capillary
leaves. I have not seen it.
35. E. abyssinicum, Hochst. in Flora, 1845, 341. Plant small,
stemless, annual? Leaves about 4-8 to a plant, radical, +4 in. long,
4-4 lin. broad, linear-subulate, tapering to a very fine point, glabrous.
Peduncles 3-4 in. long, 3—4-angled, slender, glabrous, their sheaths
4-1 in. long, acute, very oblique and slightly inflated at the mouth,
glabrous. Heads 1-11 lin. in diam., subglobose, monecious. Involucral-
bracts #-} lin.long, 4-4 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse or acute, concave, light
straw-coloured, glabrous. Flowering- bracts $—# lin. long, } or less broad,
lanceolate,acute, concave, glabrous, varying from light fuscous to blackish.
Receptacle glabrous or nearly so. Female flowers subsessile. Sepals 3,
subequal, $ lin. long, about 4 lin. broad, lanceolate, acuminate, boat-
shaped, glabrous, light fuscous or greenish-fuscous. Petals 3, arising
slightly above the sepals, rather less than 4 lin. long, about Tz lin.
broad, linear, acute, flat, glabrous, not ciliate, without glands, pallid or
fuscous. Style bifid to half-way down. Male flowers rather few, pedi-
VOL. VIII. 8
258 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). [Lriocaulon.
cellate. Sepals connate into a narrowly funnel-shaped body }-} lin.
long, deeply cleft on one side, denticulate at the apex, glabrous, light
fuscous. Petals reduced to very minute lobules at the apex of the } lin.
long stipes, glabrous. Anthers black. Seeds about 4 lin. long, ellipsoid,
smooth, brown.—Steud. Syn. P). Glum. ii. 273; Koernicke in Linnea,
xxvii. 612; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154; Schweinf. Beitr. Fi.
Aethiop. 295; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 502; Ruhland
in Engl. Jabrb. xxvii. 84; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 53. 4.
Richardt, Koernicke in Schweinfurth, Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 309, name
only; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 503; Ruhland in Engl.
Jahrb. xxvii. 85. HE. sewangulare, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 347
(excl. all syns.) ; Koernicke in Linnea, xxvii. 613, 615; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 503; Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 83,
partly, not of Linn. 2. minimum, Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 895,
not of Lam.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: on the mountain plains in the Province of Shire,
Schimper, 1944! Tigre; in inundated places near Tchelatchekenneh, Quartia-
Dillon.
Also in South Africa.
36. E. Heudelotii, V. #. Br. Plants small, tufted, stemless.
Leaves few, in a radical rosette, erect, 4-3? in. long, 1-4 lin. broad,
linear, tapering to a very fine hair-like point, 1—3-nerved, glabrous.
Peduncles 1-3 to a plant, 14-34 in. long, subterete, slightly striate in
the dried state, glabrous; their sheaths 4—7 lin. long, acute, glabrous.
Heads 14-2 lin. in diam., somewhat hemispherical, moneecious, with the
sexes intermixed, light brownish. Involucral-bracts #1 lin. long,
3 lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, or somewhat obovate, very obtuse, slightly
lacerate-denticulate at the apex, light ochreous-brown, glabrous.
Flowering-bracts #-1 lin. long, 4-1 lin. broad, linear-oblanceolate,
acute, very thin and membranous, glabrous. Receptacle glabrous.
Female flowers very numerous, pedicellate, entirely destitute of sepals
or petals, or with 2 filiform simple or bifid sepals at the middle of the
pedicel; pedicels about 4 lin. long; style trifid to half-way down,
or expanding upwards into a thin, flat, membranous, linear, entire, bifid
or trifid blade. Male flowers comparatively few, long-pedicellate. Sepals
connate into a somewhat funnel-shaped body } lin. long, open down one
side, toothed at the apex, very membranous, fuscous, glabrous. Stipes
between the sepals and stamens 0-} lin. long. Petals rudimentary oF
— Anthers yellowish. Seeds } lin. long, ellipsoid-oblong, ochreous,
smooth.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia : without precise locality, Heudelot, 677! 678!
37. E. amboense, Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. App. iii. 35.
Plant stemless, 13-24 in. high. Leaves numerous, 3-1} in. long, }-} ln.
broad, linear, tapering to a very fine point, flaccid, tessellately veined,
glabrous. Peduncles 5 or 6 to a plant, 1-13 in. long, slender, terete,
glabrous, green; their basal sheaths 5-8 lin. long, slightly inflated,
obtuse, glabrous, green. Flower-heads hemispherical, blackish or dark
Lriocaulon. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). 259
chestnut, about 13 lin. in diam., moneecious, with the outer flowers
female. Involucral-bracts ? lin. long, }-4 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse
or acute, entire, very thin and membranous, fuscous, glabrous. Flower-
ing bracts about } lin. long, lanceolate or spathulate-lanceolate, very
acute, entire, membranous, fuscous or dull olive-green, glabrous. Re-
ceptacle glabrous. Female flowers pedicellate. Sepale 2, free, about
2 lin. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, membranous, fuscous, somewhat
tessellated, glabrous. Petals none. Stipes between the sepals and
ovary none or excessively short. Ovary flattened, orbicular in outline,
glabrous; style divided to about the middle into 2 filiform branches.
Male flowers pedicellate, glabrous. Sepals 2 or rarely 3, free (always 2),
about $ lin. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, membranous, fuscous, Stipes
between the sepals and petals variable, sometimes half as long as the
sepals. Petals reduced to 3 very minute ovate white segments about
zo~# lin. long, bearing a black gland at their middle. Stamens 4 or
6; anthers yellowish.
ower Guinea. German South-west Africa: Amboland ; on the margin of
a pool at Uashitenga, near Olukonda, Schinz, 859 !
I do not find that the bracts are lacerate us stated in the original description,
and it is only the outermost or invyolucral bracts that are sometimes obtuse ; both in
the type specimen (which Prof. Schinz has kindly allowed me to examine) and in
the example at Kew they are as described above. I find only 2 sepals present in the
female flowers, but the male flowers seem to be very variable in the number of their
parts, some having 2 sepals, 3 petals, and 4 stamens, others 2 sepals, 3 petals and 6
stamens, whilst a few have 3 sepals, 3 petals and 6 stamens.
38. E. Stuhlmanni, V. #. Br. <A very small plant. Leaves
almost capillary. Heads glabrous (probably pale brown). Involucral-
bracts about as longasthe head. Female flower without petals. Sepals
unequal, narrowly linear. Male flower with the sepals connate into a
Spathulate body, trifid at the apex. Anthers white.—Z. sexangulare,
Ruhland in Engl. Jahrb. xxvii. 83, partly, not of Linn.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Eastern Uzinja, Stuhlmann, 3552.
This plant is unhesitatingly referred by Rubland to Z. sewangulare, Linn., but
that species grows 12-16 in. high and the female flowers have very distinct and
rather peculiar petals. I have not seen the plant, but think it possible that
Ruhland made the comparison with Z. sieboldianum, Sieb, & Zucce. (EZ. sexangulare,
Mart., not of Linn.) to which, from the description, it appears to be closely
related; but I doubt its identity with that plant. The only African species with
which it can be compared is E. amboense, Schinz, from which it differs (according
to the characters given by Ruhland in his key to the species) by the connate sepals
of the male flowers.
Imperfectly known species.
39. E. quinquangulare, Linn. Sp. Pl.87. Koernicke in Linnea,
XXvii. 642, mentions that there is a specimen of this Indian species in
the Stockholm herbarium labelled as having been collected by Afzelius
in Sierra Leone, but that there has probably been some exchange of
labels.— Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 503.
260 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). [ Mesanthemum.
2. MESANTHEMUM, Koernicke; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Pia, 1021,
Sepals 3, free, or shortly connate at the base in the male flowers,
hyaline. Petals united into a tube, entire and funnel-shaped in the
male flowers, cylindric and divided at the base into 3 claws in the female
flowers, subtruncate or shortly 3-lobed at the apex, with 8 glands on
the inside near the top of the tube. Stamens 6, in two alternating
series, included within the tube. Ovary 3-celled; style 3-branched;
branches simple and filiform, without alternating appendages.—Marsh
herbs, stemless or with a more or less elongating and rooting stem or
rhizome. Leaves broadly linear, in a dense tuft. Peduncles 1-headed,
longer than the leaves. Heads monecious, with a campanulate inve-
lucre, flat-topped or perhaps at length convex. Flowering-bracts with
a capillary stalk and a clavate head. Other characters as for the
Order.
Species 4, the following, and 2 others that are natives of Madagascar.
Inner involucral-scales 1-14 lin. longer than the outer ;
heads of the flowering-bracts obtuse, pubescent . 1. M. radicans.
Inner involucral-scales 2-3 lin. longer than the
outer; heads of the flowering-bracts acute,
glabrous . A : : : ; s . 2. M. prescottianum.
1. M. radicans, Koernicke in Linnea, xxvii. 573. Rootstock stout.
Leaves 3-16 in. long, 2-6 lin. broad, linear, tapering to an obtuse or
acute point, softly pubescent or glabrous on both sides. Peduncles
1-2} ft. long, nearly 1 lin. thick, terete, striate, more or less pubescent ;
their basal sheaths 8—9 in. long, acute, with a very oblique mouth 14 in.
long, softly pubescent. Heads 5-7 lin. in diam., flat-topped, moncecious,
the outer flowers female, the inner male. Involucre campanulate, its
outer scales about 2 lin. long and 2 lin. broad, broadly ovate, obtuse,
the inner about 3 lin. long and 14 lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, slightly
radiating, all rigid, whitish-brown or light ochraceous, more or less
pubescent. Receptacle flat, covered with long soft dark grey hairs.
Flowering-bracts, 2 lin. long, with a very fine capillary stalk and a
clavate obtuse head, covered with short hairs, white. Female flowers
usually pedicellate. Sepals 3-1 lin. long, scarcely } lin. broad, oblong,
truncate, denticulate and sometimes ciliate at the apex, very concave,
hyaline, white. No stipes between the sepals and petals. Petals
14-1? lin. long, connate above into a cylindric tube, free below, hairy
on the outside and within above the base, ciliate at the slightly trifid
apex, whitish, with 3 linear brownish glands near the top of the tube
within. Ovary acutely triquetrous, glabrous ; style long, with 3 filiform
branches. Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals 3, free, 14-1} lin. long,
3 lin. broad, as long as or longer than the corolla, oblong, obtuse OF
subtruncate, shortly ciliate at the apex, hyaline, whitish. Stipes
between the calyx and corolla about 1 lin. long. Corolla ? lin. long;
tubular, subtruncate or obscurely trifid, ciliate at the apex, glabrous OP
the outside, white, with 3 minute linear glands on the middle of the
Mesanthemum.] CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). 261°
tube within. Stamens 6; anthers white.—Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 504, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 277 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 133 ;
N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 58. Eriocaulon radicans, Benth. in
Hook. Niger Fl. 547; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 273. EZ. giganteum,
Afzel. ex Koernicke in Linnea, xxvii. 573. E. guineense, Steud. Syn.
Pl. Glum. ii. 273.
Upper Guinea. Senegal: River Senegal, Perrottet, 808. Sierra Leone :
Bagru River, in wet ground, Mann, 899! in a small stream near Regent, Scott-
Elliot, 3994! Peninsula of Sierra Leone, Afzelius! and without precise locality,
Hart! Smeathman! Don! Liberia: Grand Bassa, Ansell! Lagos: in a swamp,
Barter, 20211! Lagos Island, Burter, 20219! Yoruba, Milson! Niger Delta:
Bonny, in open savannah, very common, Kalbreyer, 245! Fernando Po and vicinity,
Milne! Old Calabar, Rodd!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Gaboon River, Jardin! French Congo: Loango;
in a swamp near Ponta Negra, Soyaux, 104! Congo, Smith! Angola, Curror !
South Central. Congo Free State: Lukolela, Bittner (ex Durand &
Schinz).
The female flowers of this plant are somewhat variable ; in some specimens the
sepals are only about 4 as long as the corolla, in others about half as long, whilst in
Kalbreyer’s 245 they are 2 as long ; in most examples they are simply denticulate
at the apex, but in others they are distinctly ciliate, these two extremes, however,
are connected by forms in which the ciliation is represented by one or two hairs
only. But I do not consider these differences of specific or even varietal importance
in the case of this plant, for in all other characters the plant is fairly uniform. :
This species was unfortunately included in the Flora Capensis before I had dis-
covered that all Currer’s plants (which are labelled “South of the Tropic”) were
collected in Angola,
2. M. prescottianum, Koernicke in Mart. Fl. Bras. iii. i. 472, t.
60, fig. 1. Leaves 34-7 in. long, 2-3 lin. broad, linear or lanceolate-
linear, acute, more or less folded longitudinally, pilose or glabrous below.
Peduncles 9-144 in. long, thinly pilose; their sheaths 3-3} in. long,
thinly pilose. Heads about ? in. in diam. Involucre campanulate,
with long radiating inner bracts, light ochraceous or whitish ; outer
bracts 2-2} lin. long, 14-1} lin. broad, ovate, obtusely pointed, pubes-
cent; inner 5-6 lin. long, 14 lin. broad, narrowly oblong, obtuse,
glabrous or very slightly pubescent. Receptacle flat, covered with long
soft whitish hairs. Flowering-bracts about 2 lin. long, with a very fine
capillary stalk and a fusiform acute head, glabrous, whitish. Female
flowers sessile or subsessile. Sepals nearly as long as the corolla, 1} lin.
long, } lin. broad, linear-oblong, acute and sometimes denticulate at the
apex, concave, glabrous, hyaline, white. No stipes between the sepals
and petals. Petals 14-1} lin. long, united into a cylindric tube above,
free below, ciliate at the apex, glabrous outside, with a few long hairs
inside, and having 3 linear glands in the upper part within the tube.
Male flowers pedicellate. Sepals longer than the corolla, 14-1} lin.
long, 4-1 lin. broad, lanceolate, acute and subdenticulate at the apex,
whitish, glabrous. Stipes between the sepals and corolla 4 lin. long.
Corolla funnel-shaped, truncate. about 1 lin. long, densely ciliate at the
apex, glabrous outside and inside, with three long linear glands inserted
262 CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). [ Mesanthenum.
at about the middle inside. Stamens 6; anthers brownish.— Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 504. Hriocaulon prescottianum, Bongard
in Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. 1831, i. 635.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, without indication of the collector !
Bongard states that this plant is a native of Rio de Janeiro, but upon what
authority does not appear. He described it from a specimen in the herbarium of
Prescott, which was received from Lindley. The Kew example (also received from
Lindley), is labelled “Sierra Leone,” which is much more likely to be the right
habitat than Brazil, since the other species of Mesanthemum are all from Tropical
Africa and Madagascar. However, as the plant appears not to have been collected
again, the locality requires confirmation.
3. PASPALANTHUS, Mart.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1022.
Sepals 2-3, free or rarely more or less connate. Petals 2-3 ; those
of the female flowers free, or connate at the middle or upper part and
free below ; those of the male flowers connate into a campanulate or
funnel-shaped tube, which is subtruncate or shortly (rarely deeply)
bifid or trifid at the apex. Stamens 2 or 3, of the same number as the
petals and opposite to them, free or adhering to the corolla-tube.
Ovary 2—3-celled ; style divided above into 2-3 simple or bifid, filiform,
stigmatic branches, with 2—3 other branches or appendages alternating
with them, or arising from the style below them.—Marsh, bog, aquatic
or terrestrial, perennial or annual herbs, stemless or with simple or
branched leafy stems. Leaves linear or subulate. Peduncles usually
one-headed, rarely several-headed, in a few species shorter than the
leaves. Flowering-bracts oblong or obovate, flattish or concave. Other
characters as for the Order.
A large genus of between 200 and 300 species, of which about 4 oceur in Africa,
the rest in Tropical America.
Peduncles all central.
Plant very small, 3-1 in. high ; heads 3-3 lin. in
diam. . : : : : i ; .1. P. Welwitschii.
Plant 2-9 in. high ; heads 2-3 lin. in diam . . 2. P. Wahlbergii.
Peduncles all lateral from the axils of the older
leaves ; plant cushion-like : : : . 8. P. pulvinatus.
1. P. Welwitschii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 102. A
minute, tufted, stemless plant 3-1 in. high. Leaves numerous, 3-5
lin. long, 4} lin. broad, linear-subulate, acute, rather rigid, glabrous.
Peduncles numerous, -entral, 4-1 in. long, filiform or almost capillary,
scantily clothed with rather long gland-tipped hairs; their sheaths
3-5 lin. long, with a tuft of white hairs at the base, very oblique at
the mouth, ending in a leaf-like point about 14 lin. long. Heads very
small, }-} lin. in diam., campanulate, becoming subhemispherical in
fruit, monecious, few-flowered, with 4-5 female flowers surrounding
2 males. Involucral-bracts exceeding the disk, 4-3 lin. long, } In.
broad, lanceolate or ovate, subacute, glabrous, thin, whitish, shining.
Flowering-bracts rather shorter and narrower than the involueral-
bracts, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subacute, glabrous, whitisD.
Pepalanthus. | CLIV. ERIOCAULEZ (BROWN). 263
Receptacle hairy. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 3,sometimes unequal,
nearly 4 lin. long, lanceolate, acute, boat-shaped, glabrous, sparsely
ciliate on the margins, yellowish. Petals about 4 lin. long, whitish.
Style with a stout base, dividing into 3 slender stigmatic arms, without
any alternating sterile arms. Male flowers subsessile. Sepals $ lin.
long and about half as broad, elliptic, obtuse, glabrous. Petals connate
into a short funnel. Stamens 3; anthers white. Seeds ellipsoid,
reddish-brown.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near Lopollo, in moist fields after the
cultivation of Sorghum, 5500 ft., Welwitsch, 2447 !
2. P. Wahlbergii, Koernicke in Mart. Fl. Bras. iii. i, 459. Leaves
very numerous, in a dense rosette, erect or spreading, 4-1 in. long,
3-4 lin. broad, subulate, flat above, convex beneath, very acute, glabrous,
woolly at the base. Peduncles few or numerous, central, unequal, 1-9
in. long, filiform, trigonous ; glabrous or more or less hairy in the upper
part and occasionally all along; their basal sheaths 4-9 lin. long, acute,
with a very oblique mouth, glabrous or thinly pubescent with spreading
hairs. Heads 2-3 lin. in diam., hemispherical, moneecious, with the
Sexes intermingled. Involucral-bracts in about 3 series, the inner
1-1} lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, concave,
obtuse or subacute, light brown or fuscous. Flowering-bracts none.
Receptacle convex, villous. Pedicels of both sexes villous, }—g lin. long.
Sepals of both sexes similar, free, 3—{ lin. long, lanceolate, boat-shaped,
acute, keeled, glabrous, slightly ciliate on the margins below, pale brown
or fuscous, those of the female flowers enlarging in fruit. Stipes
between the sepals and petals very short in the female flower,
about half as long as the sepals in the male. Female flower: Petals
2~% lin. long, free at the base, connate above into a tube, crenulate or
minutely 3-lobed at the apex, hairy outside, white, glandless. silly
triquetrous, glabrous; style with 6 filiform branches, 3 of ae ‘i
ing in globose knobs. Male flower: Corolla a mnt ae
tube, irregular at the mouth. Stamens 2-3; anthers white.—N. ve
in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 59; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 102;
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 504. Dupatya Wahlbergii,
O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii. 746.
Pd tated Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe; in a swamp near Lom, Barter,
9!
™ : Huilla, in spongy or marshy places; near the
shies 4 aa he Mosteos Welwitsch, 2454 betes Lopollo and Monino,
Welwitsch, 2455! and near the banks of the River Quipumpunhine, near Humpata,
Welwitsch, 24558 ! es ms
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Uziba ; in Usongora npptabay eR
edge of a swamp, Wilson, 140! Between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Rukwa,
6000 ft., Nutt !
Also in the Transvaal.
3. P. pulvinatus, V. F. Br. Plant very dwarf, stemless.
: ded into a cushion-like
ves very numerous (200-300), densely crow | ,
rosette 1-14 in. in diam., all strongly recurved from the first stages of
264 CLIV. ERIOCAULEE (BROWN). [ Pepalanthus.
growth, about 4 in. long, 4-3 lin. broad, linear, acute, thick, rigid,
thinly covered with rather long adpressed hairs, light greenish-grey 1n
the dried state. Peduncles numerous, arising around the sides of the
rosette from the axils of the older leaves, none central, {1 in. long,
filiform, terete, thinly covered with long adpressed hairs; their sheaths
about } in. long, obliquely truncate and slightly dilated at the mouth,
ciliate, and thinly covered with long hairs. Heads about 2 lin. m
diam., depressed or cushion-like, many-flowered, moneecious, brown.
Involucral-bracts 5—6-seriate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuml-
nate, brown, ciliate and thinly covered with long hairs at the apex, the
innermost about 1 lin. long, 3 lin. broad, the outer smaller. Flowering-
bracts ? lin. long, 4-4 lin. broad or less, linear, acute, brown, tipped
with a small tuft of hairs, otherwise glabrous. Receptacle large, rather
flat, spongy, densely covered with fine whitish hairs as long as the
bracts and flowers. Female flowers few, in about 1 series or sometimes
only 1-2 in a head, subsessile. Sepals % lin. long, 4~-} lin. broad,
cuneate-obovate, obtuse, slightly concave, brown, glabrous, ciliate with
short white clavate hairs, which in some flowers appear to be absent.
Petals free, arising close to the sepals and very similar to them in size
and shape, concave, white, hairy on the inner face, ciliate, glandless.
Style with 3 bifid stigmatic branches and 3 thickened clavate append-
ages alternating with them. Male flowers numerous, shortly pedicel-
late. Sepals exactly as in the female flowers. Petals connate into a
funnel-shaped tube, white, hyaline, glabrous, 3-toothed where adnate to
the stamens. Anthers pallid.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: without precise locality, Borkstadt!
This plant is very distinct from all the other African species of this Order.
The sepals in the flowers of both sexes often appear to be entirely without cilia, but
I am unable to determine whether the cilia have fallen away or whether only some
of the flowers have ciliate sepals.
Orper CLV. RESTIACER. (By N. £. Brown.)
Flowers usually dicecious, rarely monecious, very rarely hermapbro-
dite. Perianth-segments usually 6, in two series, sometimes 5, 4, OF 3,
very rarely deficient in the female flowers, glumaceous, scarious or
hyaline, all similar or the inner different from the rest, 2 of the outer
segments often complicate and more or less keeled. Male flowers with
3 stamens opposite the inner perianth-segments ; filaments slender,
free, or connate into a column in the basal part; anthers linear-oblong,
1—2-celled, dorsifixed, introrse, opening longitudinally. Pistillode
rudimentary or none. Female flowers like or unlike the males.
Staminodes none or 2-3 opposite the inner perianth-segments. Ovary
free, sessile, or on a stout stipes, 1-3-celled ; styles 1-3, free or more of
less united, linear-filiform, with a plumose stigmatic surface on the
inner side. Ovules solitary in each cell, orthotropous, pendulous.
Fruit 1-3-celled, dry, nut-like or capsular, dehiscent or indehiscent.
Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous; testa hard or membranous,
Hypolena. | CLV. RESTIACEZ (BROWN). 265
striate, reticulate or minutely tuberculate ; albumen copious, fleshy or
mealy ; embryo minute, lenticular or obovoid, seated in a cavity of the
albumen opposite the hilum.—Perennial or rarely annual herbs of
rush- or sedge-like habit, densely tufted or with a creeping rhizome,
which is densely covered with coriaceous scales. Stems rigid, simple,
or branched, bearing few or many convolute, persistent or deciduous
sheaths, which are sometimes produced at the apex into a linear
straight or curved leaf. Infloresence similar or very: dissimilar in the
two sexes, varying from a single terminal 1 to many-flowered spikelet,
to a raceme, umbel, cyme or panicle of few or many spikelets, which
are solitary or clustered in the axils of small or large and sometimes
coloured sheaths (spathes of authors). Bracts imbricate, 1 or more of
the lower barren, usually longer than the flowers. Bracteoles present
or absent.
An order of about 300 species, mostly natives of South Africa, Australia,
Tasmania and New Zealand, with 1 in Cochin China, 1 in Chili, and 1 (or 2?)
in Tropical Africa.
1. HYPOLENA, R. Br. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii, 1035.
Flowers dicecious. Male flowers: Perianth segments 6, in two
series, subequal or the outer larger, two of them more or less condupli-
cate and keeled, glumaceous or the inner membranous. Stamens 3;
filaments filiform, free ; anthers linear-oblong, 1-celled, opening by one
longitudinal slit. Pistillode rudimentary or none. Female flowers :
Perianth segments 6, in two series, the inner membranous or hyaline.
Staminodes 3, minute, or none. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate ; styles 2.
Fruit ovoid or trigonous, 1-celled, indehiscent, sometimes thickened at
the apex. Seed solitary, pendulous.—Perennial branching herbs.
Sheaths closely convolute, persistent. Spikelets arranged in spikes,
racemes, cymes or panicles, or solitary or clustered at the ends of the
branches, often distichous, those of the male piant 1 to many-flowered,
of the female 1-flowered. Bracts imbricate ; bracteoles none.
A genus of several species, natives of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand,
with the following from Tropical Africa.
1. H. Mahoni, V. #. Br. Stems 18-20 in. (or more ? ) high,
branching from the base to the middle, $—} lin. thick ; branchlets
rather more slender, minutely punctate or almost smooth. Sheaths
4-6 lin. long, closely convolute, obtuse, with a short terete obtuse
apiculus, opaque brown, persistent. Male inflorescence a terminal
spike 4-1 in. long, composed of 2-3 distant spikelets in the axils of
ovate brown sheaths 2-3 lin. long. Spikelets 24—3 lin. long and about
as much in breadth, ovate, 3—5-flowered, with a minutely scurfy-
pubescent rhachis, winged by the decurrent margins of the bracts, and
more or less zigzag. Bracts 13-24 lin. long, {-1 lin. broad, oblong or
ovate-oblong, acute or subobtuse, decurrent on the rhachis at the base,
Subcoriaceous, brown. Perianth-segments subequal, about 2 lin. long,
4 lin. broad, the 3 outer linear, acute, 2 of them complicate and keeled,
brown, glabrous, the three inner lanceolate, acute, thinner than the
266 CLY. RESTIACEZ (BROWN). | Hypolena.
outer, pale yellowish-brown, Stamens 3; filaments filiform, free ;
anthers 1 lin. long, linear-oblong, subacute. Pistillode minute, tri-
gonous, reddish. Female inflorescence not seen,
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa :. Nyasaland ; Zomba, Mahon !
Besides the above, the Kew Herbarium contains a flowerless specimen collected in
Nyasaland on Mount Mlanji, at 7000 ft. alt., MeClounie, 28! It may be the same
as the species above described, but the stems and branches are stouter, the sheaths
5-9 lin. long, and the plant itself appears to be of taller growth. Until flowering
specimens are procured it cannot be properly determined.
Orver CLVI. CYPERACEH. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Flowers glumaceous, 2- or 1-sexual. Perianth hy pogynous, of 6 or
fewer small scales or bristles, not petaloid, frequently irregular or im-
perfect, often 0. Stamens 3-1, free, all anterior. Ovary superior,
ovoid, 1-celled; ovule 1, basal; style 1, linear (base often thickened),
branches 3 or 2, or very rarely (in Rynchospora and a few species of
Cyperus) very much shortened so that the style is subentire. F rult a
nut. Seed obovoid or ovoid; testa thin; embryo minute, obpyramidal,
at the base of the (usually floury) albumen.—Herbs. _ Stems solid.
Leaves narrow, grass-like, usually very tough and inedible; sheaths
generally cylindric, entire, in some species of Hriospora split as in
grasses. Flowers 1 or many in spikelets (the axis of which bearing the
glumes being the rhachilla of the spikelet), which are 1- or 2-sexual,
with empty glumes either at the bottom or top or both. Spikelets 1 or
many or very numerous, solitary, or in clusters (such compound inflor-
escences usually designated spikes). Spikes or spikelets arranged in
corymbs or apparently in umbels or in various ways.
Species about 3300, extending throughout the world, growing especially in damp
places.
Sub-Order I. Scrrpo-Schanex. Fertile flowers all with perfect stamens,
axillary.
TRIBE I. Cypereze. Empty glumes at the base of the spikelets 2 or 1 3 Sertile
glumes many, few, or 1 to the spikelet, 2-ranked ; hypogynous bristles 0; inflores-
cence an umbel or congested into a head ; stem naked.
Style 2-branched.
Spikelet of 1 or 2 flowers ; rhachilla deciduous . 1. KYLLINGA.
Spikelet of several or many flowers ; rhachilla per-
sistent.
Nut compressed laterally. : : : . 2. PYCREUS.
Nut compressed dorsally 3. JUNCELLUS.
Style 3-branched.
Rhachilla persistent é : : : : . 4. CYPERUS.
Rhachilla deciduous in one piece.
Flower-glume not winged on thekeel . : . 5. MARISCUS.
Flower-glume winged on the keel : : . 7. CoURTOISIA.
Rhachilla breaking up into as many joints as nuts . 6. TORULINIUM. ‘itp
TRIBE II. Seirpeve.— Empty glumes at the base of the spikelets 2-0 ; fer ' ss
glumes usually numerous, spirally arranged (though often almost distichous in wines
bristylis, sect. Abildgaardia, and in various other species) ; inflorescence umbella
or capitate, and stem naked (except in Fuirena).
CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 267
Hypogynous scales 2 or 1 (not mere bristles), between
the glume and the axis, anterior and posterior.
Hypogynous scales 2, thin, minute . : : . 14. LipocarPHa,
Hypogynous scale 1, anterior, thick, longer than the
‘glume . : : : : : : . 15, ASCOLEPIS.
Hypogynous scales 0, or when present not anterior and
posterior.
Inflorescence paniculate, sometimes reduced to 1 or 2
heads nearly . : : ; : 5 . 13. FUIRENA.
Inflorescence umbelled or in a head.
Hypogynous bristles present.
Style-base distinct from, but crowning the nut . 8, ELEOCHARIS.
Style-base confluent with the pistil and nut =. 11. Scirpus.
Hypogynous bristles 0.
Nut elevated on a small obpyramidal dise within
the stamens. : : : ; . 12. FICINIA.
Nut subsessile.
Style-base passing gradually into the pistil and
muGe. é : : : : . 11. ScrrPvs.
Style-base narrow-oblong, deciduous with the
style . : : : : - . 9. FIMBRISTYLIS.
Style-base ovoid or pyramidal not falling from
the nut.
Style-base large : : : ; . 8. ELEOCHARIS.
Style-base minute, discoloured : . 10. BULBOSTYLIS.
TRIBE III. Schoenece. Empty glumes at the base of the spikelet 3 or more ;
fertile flowers usually 1 or few (sometimes many) ; inflorescence panicled or capi-
tate, not umbelled.
Style 2-fid : : 2 Z é a : . 16. RYNCHOSPORA.
Style 3-fid.
Nut-bearing flower manifestly axillary, low in the
spikelet.
Rhachilla of spikelet lengthened above the insertion
of the lowest nut-bearing flower . . . 18. ScH@NUS.
Rhachilla of spikelet not lengthened.
Lowest flower of the spikelet perfect, nut-
bearing . : : ; ‘ : . 17. CaARPHA.
Lowest flower of the spikelet infertile, the next
nut-bearing . - 3 “ : . 20. TETRARIA.
Nut-bearing flower at the top of the spikelet, pseudo-
terminal.
Plant several feet high ; panicle long . 19. CLADIUM.
Plant a few inches high; inflorescence capitate . 21. REMIREA.
Sub-Order II. MAPANIE®. Spikelets with 1 terminal female nut-bearing
flower: at the base of the spikelet 2 opposite boat-shaped glumes (male flowers)
containing 1 stamen each; between these and the pistil (which has no perianth) are
1, 0 or several glumes spirally imbricate which sre empty or the lower male.—
Spikelets very small, imbricated in spikes themselves simulating the spikelets of large
Scirpee. Inflorescence more or less scapose.
. 22. HyPOLYTRUM.
Inflorescence umbelled
. 28. MAPANIA.
Inflorescence capitate :
Sub-Order III. Carrcex. Fertile flowers without stamens. Inflorescence
panicled or capitate, not umbelled. Spikelet with but 1 female flower.
268 CLVI. CYPERACE£ (CLARKE). | Kyllinga.
Nut not enclosed in a utricle.
Nut surrounded at the base by numerous hairs or
bristles . . : . ; : : . 26. ERIOSPORA.
Nut without hairs at the base.
Nut-bearing spikelet containing male flowers or
rudiments . : : - : : . 24, SCLERIA.
Nut-bearing spikelet female, the flower pseudo-
terminal. : : : : ;
Nut enclosed in a utricle, i.¢., the 2 prophylla (brac-
teoles) connate into a bottle-shaped body. . 27. CAREX.
25. DIPLACRUM.
1. KYLLINGA, Rottb. partly; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Pl. iii. 1045.
Spikes. ovoid or cylindric, dense, with many small compressed
spikelets. Spikelets of 4-7 distichous glumes, 1—-6-flowered; lowest
(or several lowest) flower 2-sexual, perfecting a nut; uppermost flower
sterile or uppermost glume empty; 2 lowest glumes smaller, empty;
rhachilla in fruit falling off by disarticulation from a cushion below the
lowest fertile flower. Stamens 1-3, anterior; anthers narrow oblong,
not crested. Style not bulbous at the base; branches 2, linear, 1n 4
plane passing through the rhachilla. Nut oblong or ellipsoid, com-
pressed laterally, smooth.—Glabrous. Leaves all close to the base of
the nodeless stem, green and long (except in K. pungens and K. peruv-
tana). Inflorescence a head of 3-1 (very rarely 4—5) absolutely sessile
spikes, subtended by 3-6 leaf-like bracts. When the spikes are 3, the
middle one is often much longer than the others.
Species 45, in all hot and temperate regions except Europe. A specially African
genus.
*THRYOCEPHALUM.—Keel of nut-bearing glume winged
in fruit ; spikelets perfecting 1 (rarely 2) nut.
Rhizome less than 3 in. long, usually 0.
Spikelets § in. long, ina head 1—+ in. in diam.
Wing of nut-bearing glume very strong, with
conic teeth . : : : : . 1. K. squamulata.
Wing of nut-bearing glume narrow, ciliate . 2. K. controversa.
Spikelets {1 in. long, in a head 4 in. in diam.
Head even in fruit very white; spikelets
spreading : * : é ; 8. Kalba.
Head pale dusky-cinnamon-coloured ; spikelets
erect . : i : 5 : . 4, K. nigritana.
Rhizome creeping, 3-10 in. long. : : . 5. K. monocephala.
spikelets perfecting 1 (rarely 2) nut.
Rhizome creeping, often flexuose; bracts rarely
more than 3; head generally of one spike
only.
Spike of 6-12 lanceolate spikelets 7. K. paucifiora.
Spike of very many spikelets.
Head green, ultimately dull brown 6. K. brevifolia.
Head more or less golden-tinged 8. K. erecta.
Kyllinga. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 269
Head white cinnamon-coloured : . 9. K. sphaerocephala.
Rhizome horizontal, thick, not very long. Stouter
species than in the other groups.
Leaves long; bracts long, more than 3 (except in
K. melanosperma).
Stem terete at the top . : : : . 13. K. teres.
Stem triquetrous at the top.
Middle spike shortly cylindric.
Spikes 1-3 (usually l only) . : . 11. K. elatior.
Spikes 5 : : ; . 14. K. senegalensis.
Middle spike ovoid or depres eased.
Bracts 3-4. : : : . 15. K. melanosperma.
Bracts 5-8.
Stems 4-8 in. long, rather slender - 10. K. crassipes,
Stems 10-20 in. long, robust : . 12. K. polyphylla,
Leaves and bracts short, usually very short or 0.
Bracts 4 or 5 : : “ 4 ; . 16. K. pungens.
Bracts 2 or 3 : ‘ 2 é : . 17. K. peruviana,
Rhizome 0 or very short ; stem appearing bulbous
at the base, thickened by leaf-sheaths. Plants
and spikelets small (or medium-sized in K. ner-
vosa).
Head of 1 spike only.
N ne glume not strongly nerved.
Spike 4-2 in. in diam. ; rhizomeO_. . 18. K. chlorotropis.
Spikes at in. in diam. : . 19. K. parvula.
Spike + in. in diam, ; rhizome deheats . 20. K. bracheilema.
Nut- bearing glume chestnut, with 4 yellow
nerves on each side : : : . 21. K. nervosa.
Head of 3-1 spikes, usually 3.
Spike 1-3 in. long. : : . 22. K. triceps.
Spike } - in, long at most . . 23. K. microstyla.
Rhizome 0 or very small; stems not bulbous at the
base.
Head of 1 dense long-cylindric yellow spike;
glumes mucronate. . 24. K. flava.
Head of 3-1 green or white spikes ; nut- bearing
glume muticous.
Spikelets j,-1 in. long; nut-bearing glume
scabrous on the keel : 25. K. pumila.
Spikelets 1-4 in. long ; nut bearing glume ieee
smooth on the keel oe . 26. K. cylindrica.
***PSEUDO-PYCREUS.—Keel of nut-bearing pe not
winged; spikelets usually perfecting 2 or more
nuts.
Spikelets often perfecting 2 nuts, rarely more.
Stems hardly thickened at the base,
Heads tinged golden or yellow. aa
Middle spike cylindric, slightly tinged yellow 27. K. ruwenzoriensts,
Middle spike ovoid, golden . 3 . 28. K. chrysantha.
Heads chestnut with arse points to the
glumes . . 29. K. pulchella.
Heads straw-coloured or ‘very pale brown.
Spike oblong :
: . 30. K. oblonga.
Spike subglobose ‘ .
. 82. K. Buchanani.
270 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Kyllinga
Stems thickened ut the base.
Thickened base of stem oblong.
Basal leaf-sheaths torn, brown. ; . 31. K. bulbocaulis.
Basal leaf-sheaths torn, black . : . 33. K. nigripes.
Thickened base of stem ovoid, bulbous. . 34. K. exvigua.
Spikelets several-flowered, often maturing more than
2 nuts.
Stems tufted in a bed of fibrous remains of leaf-
sheaths . : . 387. K. leucocephala.
Basal leaf-sheaths not fimbriate into fibres.
Spikelets 2 in. long : : : . 85. K. albiceps.
Spikelets } in. long ; spike less than } in. in
5
diam. . : : : : : . 36. K. macrocephala,
Spikelets 1-3 in. long; spike more than 3 in.
in diam. < : : : : . 38. K. eximia.
1. K. squamulata, Vahl, Enum. ii. 381. Root fibrous. Stems
closely czespitose. Leaves often as long as the stem, } in. broad. Head
globose, usually of 1 spike, 3 in. in diam., green becoming brown;
bracts 3, lowest often 4 in. long, similar to the leaves, patent. Spikelets
numerous, } in. long, perfecting 1 nut. Nut-bearing glume crested by
toothed scales coalescent into a wing on its keel. Nut 3 the length of
the glume, orbicular, dull-brown.—Schumach. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin.
Pl. 41; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 431, and in Flora, 1879, 515; Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 147; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fi.
Brit. Ind. vi. 589, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 582,
and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 280; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 10, 11; Rendle
in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 105. XK. dipsacoides, Schumach. & Thonn.
Beskr. Guin. Pl. 41. KX. cristata, Afzel. Remed. Guin. 71; A. Rich.
Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 493, not of Kunth (cfr. C. A. Meyer in Mém. Sav.
Etrang. St. Pétersb. i. [1831] 205). XK. squamulosa, Kunth, Enum. ii.
135. K, dentata, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 70. A. sguamata,
Vahl ex Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 481. XK. monocephala, Zarb, in Cat.
Spéc. Bot. Pfund, 39, not of Rottb.
Upper Guinea. Guinea, Thonning! Senegal, Perrottet, 867! Lécard,
155! Sierra Leone : between Freetown and Sugarloaf Mountain, Welwitsch, 6987 !
and without precise locality, Smeathman ! Niger Territory: Nupe, Baikie!
_ Nile Land. Kordofan: Obeid, Pfund, 45! Gebel Kurbag, Pfund, 616! and
without precise locality, Colston, 283! Galabat : region of Matamma, Schweinfurth,
2052! Abyssinia: near Jelajeranne, Schimper, 1457! Begemeder, Schimper, 89!
and without precise locality, Schimper, 1733! Quartin-Dillon, 23! British East
Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2333 !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete, 2000 ft., Hens, A, 292!
Also in North India and Martinique.
2. K. controversa, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 70. Roots fibrous,
or root-stock thick and less than 3 in. long. Stems closely cespitose,
somewhat thickened at the base. Leaves often as long as the stem,
3-¢ in. broad. Head globose, of 1 spike, }-} in. in diam., pale brown
when dry ; bracts 3-4, lowest often 3-6 in. long, similar to the leaves,
suberect at the base. Spikelets numerous, } in. long, each perfecting
Kyllinga. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 271
1 nut. Nut-bearing glume acuminate, strongly winged on the keel,
wing ciliate. Nut } the length of the glume, obovoid, brown becoming
black.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 429; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr.v.527. XK. alba, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 597; A. Rich.
Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 494; not of Nees. K.monocephala, Hochst. in Flora,
1844, 102; not of Rottb. X. cespitosa, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe.
ser. 2, Bot. ii. 145 partly. X. triceps, Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii.
Append. ii. 49, not-of Vahl. . dorsocrena, Nees ex Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxv. 430.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: at the edge of the River Lobe, near Batanga,
Bates, 143!
Wile Land. Eritrea: Mogod Valley, 4500 ft., Schweinfurth § Riva, 1580!
Abyssinia: Tigre ; Hamedo, 6000 ft., Schimper, 856! hills near Enderder, Schimper,
581! and without precise locality, Schimper, 296! 836! Quartin-Dillon & Petit !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in damp forest-meadows between
Bumba and Condo, 3300 tt., Welwitsch, 6798! Muta Lucala, Welwitsch, 6790
partly! between Lombe and Muta Lucala, Welwitsch, 6796 partly !
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa; near Lupata, Kirk !
Var. subexalata, C. B. Clarke. Spikes usually 3 to the head. Wing on the
keel of the nut-bearing glume narrow, Sheaths of the leaves much torn.—
K. triceps, var. 8 ciliata, Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 535, in Linnea,
xxxv. 414, and in Flora, 1879, 515 partly; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 216 ;
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 533 partly. . cespitosa,
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot, ii, 145 partly. K. blepharinota, Hochst. ex
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 414,
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 399! Niger Territory: Nupe,
Barter, 1588!
Nile Land. Kordofan : Gebel Kurbag, Pfund, 359! 623! Abyssinia: sandy
places by the River Tacazze, near Gursarfa, 3000-4000 ft., Schimper, 2201! and
without precise locality, Hildebrandt, 360 !
_ This variety has been brought hither from K. triceps, principally because the
spikes and florets are too large for that species.
3. K. alba, Vees in Linnea, x. 140. Roots fibrous, or rhizome very
Short. Stems cespitose, 8-24 in. long, sometimes minutely scabrous
(scarcely hairy) under the bracts. Leaves often as long as the stem,
$-} in. broad. Head globose, of 1 spike, 4 in. in diam., white even in
fruit ; bracts 3-4, lowest often 3-8 in. long, similar to the leaves, patent,
finally pendent. Spikelets numerous, } in. long, each perfecting 1 nut.
Nut-bearing glume having a wing (though often but narrow) on the
keel, frequently crested. Nut 4 the length of the glume, ellipsoid,
chestnut-coloured.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 136; Boeck. in Linnea, XXXV.
430 ; Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 26; Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 147; C. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 526 (excl. Barter, 1588), in Bull. Herb.
Boiss. iv, Append. iii. 28, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 151 ; Engl. Hoch-
gebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 146; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 123;
272 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Kyllinga.
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 105. X. cristata, Kunth, Enum. ii.
136. AK. cartilaginea, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 123.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; 5000 ft., in the drier pastures of Empalanca,
Welwitsch, 6805! in the high pastures of Morro de Monino, Welwitsch, 6806! in
the drier thicket-grown pastures of Catumba, Welwitsch, 6812! German South-west
Africa: Amboland, Schinz, 364! Damaraland, Hen, Hereroland, Dinter, 487 !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Boivin! German East Africa: Usambara ; Tanga,
Holst, 2082! Unyamwezi; Uyui, Taylor ! Portuguese East Africa : Mozambique,
Zimmermann! Zambesi Delta; mouth of the Kongone River, Kirk! Lower
Zambesi; between Lupata and Tete, Kirk! near Morambala Mountain, Kirk!
British Central Africa: banks of the Zambesi, Holub !.Upper Zambesi, Ficalho !
Livingstone! Ngamiland; Kwebe Hills, Lugard, 67! Nyasaland ; near Zomba,
2500-3500 ft., Whyte !
Common in South Africa.
Var. B alata, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 526, in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 28, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 151. Stem scabrous
hairy under the bracts. Heads greenish-golden. Nut-bearing glume with a broad
wing on keel, crested.— K. alata, Nees in Linnea, ix. 286; Kunth, Enum. ii. 136;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 430.
Lower Guinea. German South-west Africa: Hereroland, Fleck, 1644!
Amboland, Nels, 14! Schinz, 365, 366!
Common in South Africa.
4. K. nigritana, C. B. Clarke. Roots fibrous. Stems cspitose,
7-10 in. long. Leaves somewhat shorter than the stem, 1} in. broad.
Head globose, of 1 spike, } in. in diam., pale cinnamon-coloured ; bracts
3—4, lowest 2-3 in. long, resembling the leaves, suberect, obscurely
dilated saccate at the base. Spikelets numerous, }—1 in. long, broadly
ovate, strongly compressed, in fruit erect (not stellately spreading as 10
K. alba), each perfecting 1 nut. Nut-bearing glume with a broad wing
on the keel. Nut 4s long as the glume, brown when ripe.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kimuenza, Gillet, 1624!
5. K. monocephala, Zoitth. Descr. et Ic. 13, t. 4, Sig. 4, excl. certam
syns. Rhizome creeping, often 4-10 in. long. Stems distant or contiguous.
Leaves often as long as the stem, 4-4 in. broad. Head of 3-1 green oF
green-white spikes, the middle one ovoid 1_1 in. in diam.; bracts 3,
lowest 2—5 in. long, resembling the leaves, patent. Spikelets numerous,
yo-$ in. long, each perfecting 1 nut. Nut-bearing glume broadly-
winged on the upper part of the keel ; wing gland-dotted. Nut 5 as
long as glume, obovoid, yellow finally brown.—Linn. f. Suppl. 1045
Vahl, Enum. ii. 379; Kunth, Enum. ii. 129; Boeck. in Linnea, XXXV-
427; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 147; CO. B. Clarke 12
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 588, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 530; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 123; Rendle in Cat. Aft.
Pl. Welw. ii. 105.
Lower Guinea. Princes Island; Welwitsch, 6988!
Kyllinga.| CLYI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 273
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Between Shire River and Shupanga,
Stewart !
Very general in the warmer parts of the Old World, especially near the sea,
This plant is frequent in the Mascarene Isles, but only known in Africa by the
two examples above cited, which may easily have been introduced. From the New
World two examples only have been seen, one from Bahia, the other from Buenos
Ayres.
6. K. brevifolia, Rotth. Descr. et Ic. 13, t.4, fig.3. Rhizome creeping,
2-8 in. long, rarely more than ;}, in. thick. Stems usually distant,
Sometimes contiguous, not thickened by basal sheaths. Leaves longer
than the stem or scarcely } its length, } in. broad. Head of 1 (some-
times of 2-3) spike rarely more than } in. in diam., ovoid, of many
Spikelets, green finally dusky brown; bracts 3-4, similar to the leaves,
lowest up to 4-5 in. long, or (in the short-leaved examples) only 1-2 in.
long, patent. Spikelets ;1, in. Jong, each perfecting 1 nut. Nut-
bearing glume acute, mostly without glands; keel not winged, nearly
always scabrous. Nut 4-2 the length of the glume, yellow-brown.—
Vahl, Enum. ii. 380; Kunth, Enum. ii. 130; Boeck. in Linnea, XXXV.
424 (excl. some plants cited), and in Flora, 1881, 79; C. B. Clarke in
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 588, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 527 (excl. Welwitsch, 6781); Urban, Symb. Antill. ii, 11;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 277% Schenus coloratus, Linn.
Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 64.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Old Calabar, Robt! Niger Expedition,
without precise locality, Vogel, 37!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, Buettner, 11 (ex Durand &
Schinz) ; Sicia, Dupuis, 21 (ex Durand & Schinz).
Abundant throughout the hot regions of the world, but very scarce in Conti-
nental Africa.
K. Schumann (in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 123) records Ks brevifolia, Rottb. from
five of his regions (including Cameroons, Gaboon, Niamniam, and Zanzibar). How
far this distribution is founded on plants that I have not seen, or how far it is com-
piled from collections wrongly named brevifolia that I have seen, I am altogether in
doubt.
7. K. pauciflora, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Bot. ii. 147, t.
23, fig. 1-4. Rhizome horizontal. Stems approximate, 4-20 in.
long, acutely triquetrous at the top. Head of 1 spike, ¢ in. in diam.,
ovoid, of 6-12 spikelets, when young sometimes golden-tinged ; bracts
3, lowest up to 5 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets lanceolate,
5 in. long, each perfecting 1 nut. N ut-bearing glume lanceolate,
acute; keel smooth, without wing.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 530, and in Dyer, Fl, Cap. vii. 152; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 105.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6811!
Also in Natal:
This very critical species comes between K. brevifolia and K. erecta, themselves
hardly separable: it differs from both in the longer, elongate-lanceolate, glumes ;
the small number of spikelets may be accidental,
VOL. VIII,
274 CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). | Kyllinga.
8. K. erecta, Schumach. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 42. Rhizome
creeping, sometimes 4-8 in. long, ;/,—} in. in diam., with distant stems ;
sometimes only 1-3 in. long, thicker, with contiguous (often uniseriate)
stems. Leaves often } the length of the stem, } in. broad. Head of
1 spike, }-} in. in diam., ovoid, dense, very commonly (especially
when young) showing a golden tinge ; bracts 3-4, lowest 1-3 in. long,
similar to the leaves, patent. Spikelets 1-1 in. long, each perfecting
1 nut. Nut-bearing glume without a wing, usually not scabrous on
the keel. Nut 4 the length of glume, ellipsoid, yellow-brown finally
nearly black.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
528, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 152; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-
Afr. ©. 123; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 278; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl, Welw. ii. 105. KX. awrata, Nees in Linnea, x. 139 (excl.
Nees’ citation of himself in Linnea, vii. 512), ? Nees in Linnea, ix. 286 ;
Kunth, Enum. ii. 137 partly ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 422, excl. var. y;
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 146; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 146; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 123; Volk. Kili-
mand. 285. K. consanguinea, Kunth, Enum. ii. 135. K. polyphylla,
Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 552 mainly, not of Willd. 4K. monocephala,
Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 552 mainly, not of Rottb. K. Sqjauan,
Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 515.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Falaba, Scott-Elliot, 51873 ! Liberia: Bassa
Cove, Ansell! Gold Coast : Cape Coast Castle, Don! Guinea, Thonning ! Niger
Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1589!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2033!
Ruwenzori, 5000-7000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7561! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa,
Taylor!
Lower Guinea. Loango: Chinchocho, Soyaux, 175! Mouth of the Congo,
Smith ! Duchesne, 185! Lower Congo, Hens, 59,134! Angola: Pungo Andong®;
3500 ft., around Lagoa de Quibinda, Welwitsch, 6800! in damp thickets near
Luxillo, Welwitsch, 6808! Huilla; near Lopollo, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6809! in
meadows by the River Cacolobar, Welwitsch, 6810! Loando, 800 ft. ; around ponds
near Repressa de Luiz Gomes, Welwitsch, 6797! 6999! Dande ; by Lake Bombo,
Welwitsch, 6799! Benguella ; by the River Caculovar, Newton, 3!
South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; by the Kibali River,
Schweinfurth, 3541 !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro ; at Marangu, 4900 ft.,
Volkens, 239! 1396! 2102! Karagwe; Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 3304! Unyamwedl;
Uyui, Taylor! British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Zomba, 2500-6000 ft.,
Whyte! near Nsessi River, Scott !
Abundant also in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands.
Any example in which the head has a golden tinge has been usually referred to
this species, but it is not a safe character, and the Indian plant referred here
by Boeckler is K. brevifolia.
9. K. sphzrocephala, Boeck. in Flora, 1875, 258. ahi
creeping, hardly ;4;in.indiam. Stems 1 ft. long, slender, not thickene
at the base by sheaths. Leaves }-2 the length of the stem, ~o—$ ™-
broad. Head of 1 spike, } in. in diam., globose, dense, pale cinnamon
colour; bracts 2—3, lowest 2 in. long, 5/5 in. broad, patent. Spikelets
Kyllinga. CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 275
YJ
$ in. long, each perfecting 1 nut. Nut-bearing glume ovate-oblong,
without a wing on the keel, in the type plant 4-ribbed without glands.
Nut } the length of glume, ellipsoid, yellow-brown.—Oliver in Trans..
Linn. Soc. xxix. 166; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. v. 532 (excl. var. y); K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 123,.
K. ? alba, T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 654 partly.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Unyoro, Speke & Grant!
Var. glandulosa, C. B. Clarke. Nut-bearing glume full of conspicuons round:
red oil-glands.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Humpata, Newton, 1!
Further material may show this to be a distinct species. Of the var. brunnescens
(now excluded) 1 have since seen a piece showing well the rhizome, and describe it
below as K. senegalensis.
10. K. crassipes, Boeck. in Flora, 1859, 444. Rhizome horizontal,,
seen 3 in. long. Stems 4-8 in. long, contiguous, somewhat thickened
by basal leaf-sheaths. Leaves rather longer than stem, 51, in. broad.
Head of 1-3 spikes, pale brown ; middle spike ovoid, } in. in diam. ;.
bracts 4—5, very long, lowest often longer than the stem, similar to the
leaves. Spikelets } in. long, perfecting 1 nut. Nut-bearing glume
smooth on the keel, without a wing, with sunk round red glands.—Boeck..
in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 534, and in Linnma, xxxv. 426; OC. B.
Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 527; K. Schum. in
Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 123.
Nile Land. Atwot district, between Jemed and the River Rohl, Petherick !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Peters! and Mozambique Island, Peters.
This species is slenderer than the others in this group.
11. K. elatior, Kunth, Enum. ii. 135. Rhizome obliquely de-
Scending, thick. Stems 16-24 in. long, thick, acutely triquetrous at
the top. Leaves sometimes nearly as long as the stem, more often
abbreviated (the uppermost 2-4 in. long), 4} in. broad. Head of
3-1 (usually 1) spikes, middle one cylindric, up to 4-3 in. long by 4-4
in. broad, of very many horizontal dirty-white spikelets ; bracts 5-6,
very long, lowest 4—8 in. long, + in. broad. Spikelets 4-3 in. long,
each perfecting 1 (or rarely 2) nut. Nut-bearing glume smooth on the
Wingless keel. Nut less than 4 the length of the glume, obovoid,.
rown or black.—Krauss in Flora, 1845, 757; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv.
422; Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 334 ?; C. B, Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 528 (excl. syn. XK. aromatica, Ridley),
and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 153; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.
C. 123; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 278.
Lower Guinea, Lower Congo: Matadi, Heus, 31 (ex Durand & Schinz).
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan! Plains of Zomba, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte!
South-east Trop. Africa ; and ? Madagascar.
There js very little to distinguish this species from K. polyphylla, Kunth, and
. e melanosperma, Nees, but the cylindric middle-spike. I have moved all the
Angola examples (K. aromatica, Ridley), which 1 formerly called K, elatior, into
K. polyphylla.
276 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Kyllinga.
12. K. polyphylla, Willd. ex Kunth, Enum. ii. 134. Rhizome
horizontal or obliquely descending, short, thick. Stems 10-20 in. rong
triquetrous at the top. Leaves usually short, sometimes $-3 oe sina
of the stem, }-! in. broad. Head of 3-1 (usually 1) spikes ; ne S
5-8, lowest usually exceeding 4 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes
ovoid, 4 in. or more in diam., dense, green usually tinged with orange se
brown. Spikelets 4-3 in. long, lanceolate, each perfecting 1 ao
Nut-bearing glume scabrous, wingless on the keel, which is pee.
into a mucro. Nut less than } the length of the glume, obovoid,
finally chestnut-coloured.— Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 409 ; C. B. ee
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 531; K. Schum. in Engl. Hy
Ost-Afr. C. 123. XK. elata, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 420, not of Steud,
K. macrantha, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 420. K. aromatica, Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 146. K. planiceps, C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 531; Durand & Schinz, Etudes
Fl. Congo, i. 279. XK. elatior, C. B. Clarke in Durand & pep
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 528 partly; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 104.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor!
Lower Guinea. Mouth of the Congo, Smith! Angola : Pungo Andongo; in
fissures of rocks on the stream Malemba, near Candumba, 3500 ft., Welwitsch,
6801! Golungo Alto; near Banza de Bango, Welwitsch, 7007! Loanda, 1000 ft.,
Welwitsch, 6996 !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1065! Boivin! German East
Africa: Usaramo; Dares Salaam, Kuntze, 212! Usambara: Sega (Magila), Volkens
66!
Abundant in the Mascarene Islands.
This species hardly differs from K. melanosperma but by the more numerous
bracts. As to K. elata, Stend. (Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 70, not of Boeck.), the example
of Boivin, 1676, named elata by Steudel’s hand in his own herbarium, is Mariscus
dregeanus, Kunth.
13. K. teres, C. B. Clarke in Durand ¢: Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr .
v. 583. Stems 20 in. long, at the apex 4-4 in. in diam., cylindric,
scarcely at all trigonous. Leaves short. Head of 1 spike, ovoid,
exceeding 4 in. in length ; bracts 6-10, up to 6 in. long, more os
4 in. broad. Otherwise as X. polyphylla.—Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl.
Congo, i. 280; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg.
Xxxvi. 88.
South Central. Congo Free State: Bangala, Demeuse, 336! Romee
Laurent! Stanleyville, Duchesne, 9!
This might be treated as a variety of K. polyphylla, Kunth, which it is —_
allied to in all respects. But K. polyphylla has the stem sharply triquetrous at t
top, without any approach to the terete stem of K. teres.
14, K. senegalensis, (. B. Clarke. Rhizome short, thick. een
18 in. long. Leaves 8 in. long, } in. broad. Head of 5 spikes ; brac
4—5, patent, lowest 3 in. long. Spikes short-cylindric, 4 in. long, 4 all
broad, dense with spikelets Spreading horizontally. Spikelets x PF
scarcely 7’ in. long, narrowly oblong, each producing 1 nut, NU
ye
Kyllinga. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 277
bearing glume without glands; keel wingless, scabrous. Nut 3-3 the
length of the glume, oblong, finally black.—X. spherocephala, var.
brunnescens, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 5382.
Upper Guinea. Upper Senegal, Lécard, 215.
The short thick rhizome, as well as the 5 cylindric heads, negative this plant
being arranged under K. sph erocephala, Boeck.
15. K. melanosperma, Wees in Linnea, ix. 286. Rhizome thick,
$-1} in. long. Stems 20-30 in. long, triquetrous under the inflores-
cence. Leaves much shorter than the stems, often 4—6 in. long, }-} in.
broad. Head of 1 spike, ovoid, dull green, $ in. long and more;
bracts 3—4, similar to the leaves, the lowest often 4 in. long. Spikelets
numerous, }-} in. long, each producing 1 (very rarely 2) nut. Nut-
bearing glume ovate, acute; keel not winged, almost smooth. Nut }—3
the length of the glume, narrowly obovoid, finally black.—Nees in
Wight, Contrib. 91; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 419; Oliver in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxix. 166; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 588,
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 529, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap.
vii. 153; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 123. K. macrocephaia,
T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 654, not of A. Rich.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Madi, Speke & Grant, 693!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis!
South Central. Congo Free State: Lusambo, on the Sankura River,
Duchesne, 11! 23!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Stuhlmann, 93! British Central Africa: Nyasa-
land; Plains of Zomba, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte! Namasi, near Zomba, Cameron, 89!
Also in South Africa, Madagascar, India and Malaya.
The plants with the ticket “ Stuhlmann, 93,” are by some error in distribution
marked Rhyncospora echinophora, K, Schum. ; but I have not found where that
Rhyncospora is published. In Cameron, 89, the stems exceed 5 ft. in height; the
heads are young and I do not see how they differ from young heads of K. melano-
sperma.
16. K. pungens, Link, Hort. Berol. i. 326. Rhizome horizontal,
thick, closely covered by ovate rigid brown scales. Stems 8-18 in.
long, rather stout, contiguous and uniseriate on the rhizome. Leaves
3+} in. broad, less than } the length of the stem, often quite short.
Head of 1 spike, }-} in. in diam., dense, subglobose ; bracts generally
4, sometimes 5, 1—4 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets ;',—} in.
long, each perfecting 1 nut. Keel of the nut-bearing glume slightly
Scabrous, not winged. Nut scarcely 3 the length of the glume, finally
black.— Kunth, Enum. ii. 128; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 532; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 123;
Urban, Symb. Antill. ii, 12; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii, 104.
K. obtusata, Presl, Rel. Haenk. i. 183; Kunth, Enum. il. 128; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxv. 418; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 146.
K. brevifolia, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 425 (as to Barter 1586 only);
278 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Kyllinga.
‘ ey Gs!
and in Flora, 1879, 515; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf, Ost-Afr. C. 123
partly.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1586 ! mee
Nile Land. British East Africa : Bongo ; by the Matju River, Schweinfurth,
4032!
- Gaboon: near the Ogowe River, Soyaur, 285! Congo Bree
Si es cae Inkissi River, Gillet, 1010! 1022! Angola: Pungo ie
in wet places on the Calemba Islands, in the River Cuanza, near Condo, Welwitsch,
‘6800 partly ! ae
oe Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi; Uyui, Zaylor! British
‘Central Africa : Nyasaland; Karonga, Scott !
Abundant in Sonth America ; very rare in China and Malaya. mh
The African specimens of this plant have been marked repeatedly K. eb ns
by Boeckeler, and authors have published accordingly. It differs muc ae
K. brevifolia in the rhizome, which is much thicker, with crowded uniseriate ste ie
‘and imbricated one-sided almost horny scales. It has also very constantly, are
subverticillate bracts (with sometimes a fifth small one added), whereas in K. drevi-
folia the bracts are 3, and the lowest much the longest,
17. K, peruviana, Lam. Encycl. iii, 366. Rhizome hormone
thick, closely covered by ovate rigid brown scales. Stems 12-: se
long, stout, contiguous and uniseriate on the rhizome. Leaves in od
typical state hardly any, but the barren shoots often have leaves, aa
on some of the flowering stems the uppermost leaf is 8-12 in. long . e
in. broad. Head of 1 spike, globose, } in. in diam., dense; babe
3, rarely exceeding 1 in. long. Spikelets 4-1 in. long, each periee mg
1 nut. Keel of nut-bearing glume wingless, smooth. Nut 4 the ae ;
-of the glume, round-obovoid, brown.—C. B, Clarke in Durand & Se ie
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 530; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii, 12. X. og a:
Lam. I 4 148; Vahl, Enum. ii. 381; Kunth, Enum. rhe: =e
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxy, 416, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. -
K. globosa, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 50. XK. capitata, Beauv. FI. Oren
t. 31. K. aphylla, Kunth, Enum. ii. 127; Benth. in Hook. Niger abl,
552; Henriques in Bolet, Soc. Bot. v. 209. Mariscus aphyllus, Vahl,
Enum. ii. 373. Lyprolepis denudata, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 130,
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Sieber, 5! Roger! Senegambia, Heudelot, 30);
449, 452! Gambia, Szkues ! Cape Verd Isles, Smith! Sierra Leone, Don!
Vogel! Liberia: Grand Bassa, Ansell ! Vogel, 30! Monrovia, Naumann nee
Boeckeler), Niger Territory: Oware & Benin, Beauvois! Niger Delta; Nun
River, Vogel, 7! Mann, 455! Brass, Barter, 63! 1849! Cameroons : Batanga,
rocky beach south of Lobe Village, Bates, 116!
; !
Lower Guinea. Princes Island, Quintas, 10! Rolas Island, Quintas, 125°
‘Gaboon, Jardin ! Corisco Bay, Mann, 1898!
South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 211!
Plentiful in Tropical South America, d
The length of the leaves in this species is not a safecharacter. In Vogel’s Gran
Bassa examples, correctly named by Bentham “ K. aphylla,” the leaves run to 10 in.
toa 9 diffi-
long ; and several other examples show fairly developed leaves, The species is diffi- _
cult to separate from K. pungens.
Kyllinga. | CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 279
18. K. chlorotropis, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 598. Rhizome 0.
Stems subsolitary, 1-2 in. long, slender, thickened and bulb-like at the
base. Leaves longer than the stem, , in. broad. Head of 3-1 spikes;
bracts 2-3, lowest up to 1 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes tby din,
dense, blackish. Spikelets 4, in. long, perfecting 1 nut. Nut-bearing
glume ovate, obtuse, with subexcurrent mucro, chestnut-coloured, the
keel green, wingless, smooth. Nut ? the length of the glume, broad
ellipsoid, dusky-brown.—Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 70; A. Rich. Tent.
Fl. Abyss. ii. 493; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 404; ©. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 527; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop.
Afr. 145 (excl. syn. K. nervosa).
Wile Land. Abyssinia : Samen; mountain sides towards Shoata, Schimper,
1377! Enjedcap, Schimper, 573! Tigre; near Adowa, 6000 ft., Schimper, 238,
around Memsah, Quartin-Dillon & Petit, 16! Setamuko, 8500 ft., Schimper, 1303!
Sholoda Mountain, 7200 ft., Schimper, 859, partly! Without precise locality,
Hildebrandt, 358!
19. K. parvula, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 103. Rhizome 0,
Stems adjacent, thickened and bulb-like at the base, 2—4 in. long, slender.
Leaves 3 the length of the stem, 4, in. broad. Head of 1 spike, appa-
rently lateral, 1-1 in. in diam., globose, dense; bracts 3-2, the lowest
1-1} in. long, erect. Spikelets minute, ovoid, hardly acute, each per-
fecting 1 nut. Nut-bearing glume full of sunk round red glands;
keel not winged. Nut 3 the length of glume, ellipsoid, brown.—
K. cespitosa, var. angustifolia, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot.
ii, 145. XK. brevifolia, OC. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. v. 527 partly.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, 3500 ft., without precise locality,
Welwitsch, 6781!
__ 20. K. bracheilema, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 598. Rhizome
slender, seen } in. long, arising from a very delicate stolon. Stems
subsolitary, 2-4 in. long, thickened at the base by torn black sheaths.
Leaves about half the length of the stem, 7; in. broad. Head of 1
spike, ovoid-globose, 4 in. in diam., dense, chestnut-coloured ; bracts
% in., lowest up to 3 in. long. Spikelets } in. long, each perfecting 1
nut. Nut-bearing glume ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, chestnut-coloured ;
keel green, wingless, smooth, Nut seen immature.—Steud. Syn. PI.
Glum. ii. 70; A. Rich. Tent. FI. Abyss. ii. 495; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxv. 405; OC. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 527 ;
Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 145.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen ; Enjedcap, 11,500 ft., Schimper, 1371 !
This has a much broader spike than K. chlorotropis, more acuminate flower-
glumes, and often exhibits the very small stolon or rhizome.
21. K. nervosa, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 597. a ae
seen up to in. long. Stems subsolitary, 2-6 in. long, rea near
the base by the torn blackish leaf-sheaths. Leaves wie ag as ey as
the stem, ;/, in. broad. Head of 1 spike, up to $ by ¢ m., ovold or
280 CLYI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Kyllinga.
very short cylindric, dense, greenish-black ; bracts 3, lowest 1} in. long,
similar to the leaves. Spikelets 4 in. long, each perfecting | nut.
Nut-bearing glume acute, chestnut-coloured, on each side with 4 lurid-
yellow nerves; keel wingless, smooth. Nut seen immature.—Steud.
Syn. P). Glum. ii. 70; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 494; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxv. 407; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 530; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 49, 104.
K. aurata, Hochst. in Flora, 1844, 102, not of Nees. X. chlorotropis,
Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 145 partly.
Nile Land. Eritrea: Keren, Hildebrandt, 358! Mount Amba, near Geleb,
6300 ft., Schweinfurth, 1861! Abyssinia: near Wadi Schwada, on mountains,
Schimper, 1375! Sholoda Mountain, 7200 tt., Schimper, 589, partly! and without
precise locality, Schimper, 263! 1320! Somaliland: Abdalla, Keller, 81! British East
Africa : Ukamba, Scott-Elliot, 2346!
22. K. triceps, Roith. Descr. et Ic. 14, t. 4, fig. 6 (excl. the plate of
Rheede and some syns. cited). Rhizome 0. Stems 2-12 in. long,
thickened at the base, cespitose. Leaves 5}; in. broad, $ as long as (or
sometimes as long as) the stem. Head of 3-1 spikes, white or green ;
bracts 3-4, lowest up to 2—3 in. long, similar to the leaves. Middle
spike 4-4 in. long, very dense, varying from ovoid to oblong-cylindric.
Spikelets ;'; in. long, each perfecting 1 nut. Nut-bearing glume ovate,
very shortly acute, strongly 3—4-striate on each side, sometimes red-
spotted and with sunk glands; keel wingless, smooth (except var. 8).
Nut 4-} the length of the glume, ellipsoid, yellow-brown. — Vahl,
Enum. in. 381; Kunth, Enum. ii. 133; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 0.
4922; Boeck. in Linnza, xxxv. 413 (excl. var. 8); Schweinf. Beitr. Fi.
Aethiop. 216; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 145 (excl.
varieties) ; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 587, and in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.v.533; K.Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C.
123; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.145 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
ii. Append. ii. 49 partly, 104; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 103.
K. bulbosa, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 11, t. 8; Kunth, Enum. ii. 138 ; Steud.
in Flora, 1842, 597, and Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 71. K. pumila, Steud. in
Flora, 1842, 596, not of Mich. K. geminiflora, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i.
70. K. cespitosa, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 145 in
large part. XK. Schimperi, Hochst. ex Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 414.
of fete Guinea. Senegambia, Leprieuwr! Galam, Heudelot, 323! Niger,
Vogel!
Wile Land. Eritrea: Ginda, at the foot of Donkollo Mountain, 3100 ft.»
Schweinfurth, 138, 350. Galabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2051
Abyssinia: Begemeder ; Gafat, 9000 ft., Schimper, 507, 1310! Quartin-Dillon,
12! British East Africa: Jur ; Kurshook Ali’s Seriba, Schweinfurth, 1705! Jur
Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1913! 1926!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; without precise locality, Welwitsch,
70058! Pungo Andongo, 3000 ft.; in wet places at Mutollo, Welwitsch, 6787!
67878! between the Presidinm and Quilanga, Welwitsch, 6780! marshy places oD
the higher parts of the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6791 ! 7160!
Common in India, extending to South China and North Australia.
Kyllinga.| “OLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 281.
Var. ciliata, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 414. Nut-bearing glume ciliate (not.
winged) on the keel,— Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 515 partly; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 104; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 583 partly ;
K. Welwitschii, Ridley in Trans. Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 147,
Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda; damp places at Zamba Grande, Welwitsch, .
6793! between Loando and Penedo, Welwitsch, 6995! between Penedo and
Conceigao, Welwitsch, 69998! Benguella; near Benguella, Welwitsch, 6792!
Pungo Andongo; banks of the River Cuanza, near Calemba and Calemba Islands,
Welwitsch, 6779! Muta Lucale, Welwitsch, 6790 partly! between Lombe and
oh Lucale, Welwitsch, 6796 partly! and between Bumba and Condo, Welwitsch, .
8!
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi, Tete, Kirk !
Also in India, China, and Australia.
K. triceps, var. pumila, Boeck. i.e., Schweinfurth 2053 is Scirpus kyllingioides,
Boeck. Much of the material referred to K. triceps, var. ciliata (in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl]. Afr. v. 533), I now refer to K. controversa, var. subexalata ;.
some of the K. triceps of Schweinturth which I have seen is this K. controversa,
var.; I therefore do not know how much of Schweinfurth’s triceps, which I have
not seen, belongs to K. controversa. The difference between K. triceps, Rottb..
typical, and its var. ciliata (as here understood) is trifling.
23. K. microstyla, C. B. Clarke in Kew Bulletin, 1895, 229.
Stems 4-6 in. long, slender, thickened at the base by leaf-sheaths.
Leaves about half as long as the stems, ;'s in. broad. Head of 3 spikes ;
bracts 3, lowest 14 in. long, similar to the leaves. Middle spike ¢ by in.,
dense. Spikelets ;!, in. long, each perfecting 1 nut. Nut-bearing
glume ,j, in. long, ovate; keel wingless, smooth. Nut ? the length of
glume, ellipsoid or obovoid; style hardly any, its 2 small branches
hardly half the length of the nut.
Nile Land. Somaliland, Mrs. Lort-Phillips ! Thuja Steppe, Keller, 84!
24. K, flava, C. B. Clarke. Rhizome oblique, short, stout, covered
by torn sheaths. Stems 1-24 in. long, not bulbous at the base. Leaves
6 in. long, } in. broad. Head of 1 spike, 4 in. (and upwards) long, $ in.
broad, cylindric, dense, yellow ; bracts 3, lowest 2} in. long, similar to
the leaves. Spikelets 51, in. long, lanceolate, each perfecting 1 nut.
Nut-bearing glume acuminate, 3—4-nerved on each side; keel wingless,
smooth, excurrent in a longish mucro.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Taita; Mbuyuni, Scott-Elliot, 6233 !
25. K. pumila, Mich. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ij. 28. Roots fibrous. Stems
cxspitose, 4-18 in. long, rather slender, not thickened at the base, the
basal sheaths being rather tight, not torn, usually reddish. Leaves
4-3 the length of the stem, t-} in. broad. Head of 3-1 green or
greenish-white spikes dense with small spikelets; bracts 2-4, lowest
2-6 in. long, similar to the leaves. Middle spike }-} by 3-5 in. short-
cylindric, or in the same tuft subovoid and hardly longer than broad.
Spikelets j-1 in. long, each perfecting 1 (rarely 2) nut. Nut-bearing
glume thin, slenderly nerved, without glands ; keel stronger, green,
Wingless, scabrous, excurrent in a small mucro. Nut } as long as the
282 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [Kyllinga.
glume, ellipsoid, yellow-brown.—Vahl, Enum. ii. 380 ; Kunth, Enum. ii.
132 partly; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v,
531; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 279; Durand & De Wild.
in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 88; Urban, Symb. Antill.
ii, 13; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 103. XK. gracilis, Afzel.
Remed. Guin. 71. A. monocephala, Nees in Flora, 1828, 331; Benth.
in Hook. Niger Fl. 552 partly. X. ceespitosa, N ees in Mart. FI. Bras.
ii. i. 12 (excl. syn. Kunth. et var. 8); Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 411;
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 145: X. odorata, var. gracilis,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 411. X. polyphylla, Benth. in Hook. Niger
Fl. 552 partly, not of Vahl. X. rigidula, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i. 71
{as to the Nubian plant); Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 416. _K. viridula,
Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 492. X. tenuifolia, Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 69. KX. triceps, Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
145, not of Rottb. brevifolia, forma, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 516, not
of Rottb. XK. naumaniunna, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 516; var. Bennit,
and (?) var. B tenuis, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 89, and in Engl. Gazelle
Reise, Bot. 16. KX. cylindrica, Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 209, not
-of Nees.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Brunner, 157! Leprieur! Cape Verd Isles,
Brunner, 137! Sierra Leone, Don, 1! Barter! Scott-Elliot, 51873! Liberia:
Monrovia, Naumann (ex Boeckeler). Ashanti, Cummins! Fernando Po, Vogel, 11!
219!
Wile Land. Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Kotschy, 416! Nubia, Kotschy, 516!
Abyssinia: mountains near Jelajeranne, Schimper, 1641! British East Africa : near
Mombasa, Taylor !
ower Guinea. Princes Island, Newton, 9! Island of St. Thomas: Novo
Moka, Saudade, 2450-2600 ft., Moller,19! and Fl. Afr, Ersice. Conimbric, 126! and
without precise locality, Don, 2! Gaboon : Sierra del Crystal, Mann, 1640! Munda;
Sibange Farin, Soyaux, 332! Lower Congo; Boma, Naumann (ex Boeckeler) ;
Latete, 1500-2000 ft... Hens, A, 2541 805! Bingila, Dupuis! Angola : Pango
Andongo, 3500 ft.; in the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6796 partly! near the Cabonde
Hill, Welwitsch, 7153! 7158! and without precise locality, Welwitsch, 7167!
‘6790 partly ! Golungo Alto ; slopes of eastern Queta, near the banks of the river,
Welwitsch, 7012 4!
: mes Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu ; Munza, Schweinfurth
405!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa :
Karonga, 2500-6500 ft., Whute!
Abundant in America, from Ohio to South Brazil.
This species is exceedingly like K, brevifolia, Rottb., except that it wants the
‘Creeping rhizome. In reducing so large a number of species, admitted by high
authority, I should add that Schimper, 1641 (K. triceps ex Boeck.), Soyaux, 332
(XK. naumanniana, Boeck.), Schweinfurth, 3405 (K. brevifolia, ex Boeck.) are not
varieties or forms—they are so far as I can see identically one. The greatest
- Variation in the whole set is shown by Kotschy, 416 (K. rigidula, Steud.) which is
rather stouter than typical K. pumila, and has spikes up to + in. wide. The
American K. pumila, with its range of form, easily covers K. rigidula.
Nyasaland ; between Kondowe and
26. K. cylindrica, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 91. Rhizome 0 or
Short, except in var, uppendiculata, Stem 6-18 in. long, hardly thickened
Kyllinga. | CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 283
at the base by leaf-sheaths. Leaves often longer than the stem, }—} in.
broad. Head of 3-1 (often 3) white or very pale brown spikes; bracts
3-4, lowest 1-6 in. long, similar to the leaves. Middle spike } by } in.,
short-cylindric, green or whitish, dense. Spikelets 4 in. long, each
producing 1 nut. Nut-bearing glume ovate, acute, not mucronate,
without glands, thin; keel wingless, smooth or very nearly so. Nut
% the length of the glume, yellow-brown finally black.—Nees in Linnea,
ix. 286; Kunth, Enum. ii. 133; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 415; Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 146; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl.
Brit. Ind. vi. 588, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 528, and in
Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 153; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. CO. 123;
Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 146 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.
104. K. triceps, Afzel. Remed. Guin. 70, not of Rottb. X. triceps, var. B
obtusiflora, Boeck in Linnea, xxxv. 414; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser. 2, Bot. ii. 145. XX. triceps, var. longispicata, Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 146. K. monocephala, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 552
partly. . macrocephala, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soe. vi. 22, and vii.
225, not of A. Rich. X. odorata, var. B gracilis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv.
411 partly. X. cespitosa, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 145
partly. Cyperus Schimperi, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 121.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius! Welwitsch, 6989! Liberia : Bassa
Cove, Ansell ! Niger Territory: Old Calabar, Robb! Cameroons: Upper slopes
of Cameroon Mountain, 8000-10,000 ft., Johnston! Mann, 2104! Fernando Po ;
Clarence Peak, 7500-8500 ft., Mann, 659! 1474!
Wile Land. British East Africa : Ruwenzori, 9000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7757 !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; 3500 ft., by the River Casalale,
Welwitsch, 6789! Golungo Alto ; Monte de Queta, Welwitsch, 7005! Huilla, 5000, ft.;
near streams in Morro de Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6795! near Humpata, Welwitsch,
fruit, 1080 !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000-6000 ft., Taylor !
Volkens, 693!
Also in South Africa, Madagascar, India, South China, and Australia, (The
American K. odorata, Vahl, is hardly specifically separable.)
Var. major, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 528.
Larger than typical cylindrica ; middle spike more than ¢ in. broad ; spikelets 4-4
in. long.— K, cylindrica, Nees ? ex Oliver in Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 353,
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft., Johnston, 75
Var. appendiculata, C. B. Clarke, Rhizome 4 in. long, densely covered with
seales.— K. appendiculata, K. Schum, in Preuss, Exsicc. 923.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Buea, 8250 ft., Preuss, 923!
Preuss, 923 is a distinct-looking plant ; but the series collected by G. Mann in
the Cameroons and Fernando Po fills up the gap between this variety and the type
cylindrica : Mann, 1474 is var, appendiculata almost.
27. K. ruwenzoriensis, (. B. Clarke. Rhizome seen, 1 in. long,
thick. Stems 2-4 in. long, thick, not bulbous at the base; basal leaf-
sheaths entire, reddish. Leaves often as long as the stem, 3-1 in. broad.
Heads of 3-1 spikes, dusky-white tinged with yellow ; bracts 4, lowest
up to 2} in. long, similar to the leaves. Middle spike } in. long, more
than } in. broad, cylindric, dense. Spikelets rather more than } in.
284 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [Kyllinga.
long, 3—2-flowered, each often perfecting 2 nuts. N ut-bearing glume
ovate, 2—3-nerved on each side, keel wingless, smooth, excurrent into a
recurved short bristle. Style hardly any; branches 2, long. Nut
more than } the length of the glume, ellipsoid, straw-coloured or
scarcely brown.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Ruwenzori; Kivata, common up to 8000 ft.,
Scott-Elliot, 7554!
Scott-Elliot has marked this “common,” perhaps not distinguishing it from
K. erecta, to which it is perhaps allied; it differs in being stouter with larger spikes.
and the glumes with recurved points. The greater number of flowers might be due
to luxuriance merely,
28. K. chrysantha, K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 123. The
lateral innovations (short stolons) at the base of the stems harden into a
rhizome seen } in. long. Stems 8 in. long, slender, hardly thickened at
the base. Leaves shorter or longer than the stem, hardly attaining
yz in. in breadth. Head of 3-1 spikes, golden-yellow ; bracts 3-4,
lowest up to 3 in. long, similar to the leaves. Middle spike ovoid, very
dense, } in. broad, rather longer than broad. Spikelets ;1, in. long,
rather narrow, each often perfecting 2 nuts. Nut-bearing glume
elliptic-lanceolate, strongly striate, hardly acute; keel wingless, smooth.
Nut } the length of the glume, oblong-ellipsoid.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe ; Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 3227!
Thangiro, Stuhlmann, 901! British Central Africa : Nyasaland; among rocks at
Namasi, near Zomba, Cameron, 92!
The Cape K. tetragona is the nearest ally to this.
29. K. pulchella, Kunth, Enum. ii. 137. Stolons very slender ;
rhizome seen } in. long, very slender. Stems 6-18 in. long, hardly
bulbous at the base. Leaves often as long as the stem, 3',—} in. broad.
Head of 3-1 spikes, deep chestnut-coloured ; bracts 3, lowest up to 3 in.
long, similar to the leaves. Middle spike attaining 2 by } in., usually
smaller, sometimes scarcely f in. long, ovoid. Spikelets numerous, }—3
in. long, each perfecting 3-1 nuts. N ut-bearing glume ovate, acumi-
nate, mucronate, obscurely nerved on the sides, black- or rusty-
chestnut ; keel green or greenish-yellow, wingless, smooth. Nut } the
length of the glume, ellipsoid, brown.—Hochst. in Flora, 1844, 102;
A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 494; Boeck, in Linnea, xxxv. 405; C. B.
Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 531,and in Dyer, FI.
Cap. 154; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 145. XK. atrosanguinet,
Steud. in Flora, 1842, 998, and Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 69.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: near Dubomara, Schimper, 1269! Shireh ; banks of
the River Tacazze, Quartin-Dillon & Petit! Begemeder ; Gottes Claudius, Schimper,
1302! 1313! near Gafat, Schimper, 1815 ! and without precise locality, Schimper,
257! 1307! 1550!
Also frequent in South Africa,
30. K. oblonga, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 530. Rhizome horizontal, short, thick, covered by black scales.
Kyllinga. | CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 285
Stems 1 ft. long, rather slender, not thickened at the base, contiguous
in one row. Leaves often as long as the stem, ;/,—} in. broad, weak.
Head of 3-1 spikes, green-white; bracts 5-4, lowest up to 4 in. long,
similar to the leaves. Middle spike more than $ in. long, } in. broad,
oblong, dense. Spikelets } in. long, with 2 perfect flowers. Nut-
bearing glume elliptic, acuminate, mucronate, 2—3-nerved on each side ;
keel wingless, hispid-ciliate. Nut $ the length of the glume, oblong,
black.— K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 123.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Rubai Hills, near Mombasa, Zaylor ! Nyika
ey near Mombasa, Zaylor ! -East Ongalea Mountains, 2000 ft., Gregory,
13!
This is allied to K. cylindrica, but differs in the hispid-ciliate keel to the
glumes.
31. K. bulbocaulis, Boeck. in Flora, 1875, 258. Rhizome hardly
any. Stems 6-8 in. long, tufted at the base and much thickened by
the long torn tough brown leaf-sheaths. Leaves longer than the stem,
3 in. broad. Head of 1 globose straw-coloured spike [4 in. in diam. ;
bracts 3, lowest 4 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets } in. long,
3-flowered ; each often perfecting 2 nuts. Nut-bearing glume scarcely
acute, 5—8-ribbed on each side; keels wingless, smooth.—Oliver in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 167; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl, Afr. v. 527; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 123. Kyllinga
sp. n. 1, T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 654.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Speke & Grant, 13! German East Africa:
Karagwe; top of a hill, Speke & Grant, 410!
32. K. Buchanani, C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 155.
Rhizome hardly any. Stems 6-15 in. long, tufted, not thickened at
the base; basal sheaths reddish, not torn. Leaves often % as long as
the stem, 1-1 in. broad. Head of 1 globose or globose-cylindrie spike,
} in. long, straw-coloured, dense; bracts 3, lowest 4 in. long, similar
to the leaves. Spikelets 1 in. long, each often perfecting 2 nuts.
Nut-bearing glume 1-coloured, hardly acute, obscurely ribbed, with a
few round sunk glandular dots; keel wingless, smooth, not at all green.
Nut } as long as the glume, yellow-brown.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Blantyre, Buchanan,
159! Zomba and vicinity, 2800-3500 ft., Whyte !
Also in South Africa.
In K. alba, Nees, and K. controversa, Steud., when the wing of the keel is very
narrow, it is strongly ciliate.
33. K. nigripes, C. B. Clarke. Roots fibrous, wiry. Stems 12-14
in. long, thickened at the base by the torn black basal sheaths 1-1} in.
long and very harsh rigid. Leaves as long as the stem, 4 in. broad.
Head of 1 spike, } in. in diam., ovoid, dense, straw-coloured ; bracts 3,
lowest 24 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets me in. long, each
usually perfecting 2 nuts. Nut-bearing glume elliptic-lanceolate, sub-
acute, strongly 4-ribbed on each side ; keel wingless and smooth above,
286 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE) [Kyllinga.
with short very contiguous cilia coalescing almost into a wing in the
lower half. Nut 4 as long as glume, ellipsoid, quite black.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 1428!
34. K. exigua, Boeck. in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. 36.
Stems 2-10 in. long, with basal bulbs 4 in. in diam., woody, and also
sometimes throwing out very slender stolons 2 in. long and hardly ,), in.
indiam. Leaves often as long as the stem, 1, in. broad. Head of 3-1
straw-coloured spikes; bracts 3, lowest 2 in. long, similar to the leaves.
Spikes } in. in diam., ovoid, dense. Spikelets zo in. long, 2—3-flowered.
Nut-bearing glume ovate, acute, obscurely ribbed; keel wingless,
smooth green. Nut not seen—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v, 529.
Nile Land. Somaliland, Donaldson Smith !
Also in the Mascarene Islands.
Boeckeler’s description of this species was drawn up from depauperated examples.
39. K. albiceps, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 106. Stem 4-9
in. long, rather slender, solitary, bulbous at the base ; sometimes with
very slender stolons hardening into rhizomes 21 in. long, less than 35
in. broad. Leaves usually much shorter than the stem, }—1 in. broad.
Head of 3-1 (mostly 3) spikes, dusky straw-coloured ; bracts 3, lowest
2 in. long, similar to the leaves. Middle spike ovoid, 4-4 in. long,
dense. Spikelets 4 in. long, each perfecting 2-5 nuts. Nut-bearing
glume ovate, scarcely acute, obscurely ribbed, usually with sunk round
red or blackish glands; keel wingless, smooth. Ripe nut not seen.—
K. macrocephala, var. angustior, C. B, Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 529; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 279.
Cyperus albiceps, Ridley in Journ, Bot. 1884, 16.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Old Calabar, Robb! Holland, 50!
Cameroons: Rio del Rey, Johnston !
Nile Land. British East Africa : Ruwenzori, 5000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7626!
_, Mower Guinea. Lower Congo, Smith! Stanley Pool, 900 ft., Hens, B, 14
Kisantu, on the Inkissi River, Gillet, 442! Angola: Pungo Andongo; in the Pre-
sidium, Welwitsch, 6796 partly !
South Central. Congo Free State: Mzona, Descamps ! Albertville, near
Tanganyika, Huy !
Mozamb. Dist. Lake Tanganyika, Storms ! British Central Africa : Nyasa-
land ; in shallow pools by the River Nsessi, Scott ! ;
This differs very little from K. macrocephala, A. Rich., but by the slenderer
stems. The glands in the glumes are usually very prominent in K. albiceps, but
sometimes they are very few, Scott-Elliot, 7626, has much smaller heads and
spikelets than the type form.
36. K. macrocephala, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 491. Stem
8-12 in. long, stout, at the base decumbent for 0-14 in.; basal sheaths
not torn. Leaves 3 the length of the stem, 1-1 in. broad. Head of
3-1 spikes, large, straw-coloured ; bracts 3-5, lowest 3 in. long, similar
Kyllinga. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 287
to the leaves. Middle spike ovoid, 4 in. long and upwards, dense.
Spikelets + in. long, each perfecting 3-5 nuts. Nut-bearing glume
ovate-lanceolate, hardly acute, obscurely ribbed, without glands; keel
straw-coloured, wingless, smooth or scarcely scabrous. Nut nearly 4
the length of the glume, ellipsoid, yellow-brown.—C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 529 partly; K. Schum. in
Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 123; Durand ‘& Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i.
279; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 145. K. lewcantha, Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxviii. 356. Cyperus Richardi, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii, 8,
Cyperi (potius quam Kyllingi) sp., Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 507.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; by the River Tacazze, near Tchelalchekenneh,
Quartin-Dillon ; Begemeder; near Senka Berr, in the valley of the Reb, 6000 ft.,
Schimper, 1305 ! and without precise locality, Schimper, 540 !
Mozamb. Dist, East Africa, Fischer, 625! Portuguese East Africa :
Quilimane, Stuhlmann, 96!
The rhachilla disarticulates above the two lowest empty glumes of the spikelet,
falling off in one piece on which the nut-bearing glumes persist—Kyllinga and
Pycreus are two closely allied genera ; they cannot be distinguished by the number
of flowers (or nuts) to the spikelet. According to the character relied on here
to separate them, K. macrocephala is an unmistakable Kyllinga.
37. K. leucocephala, Boeck. in Flora, 1875, 257. Stems 1 ft.
high, densely tufted, thickly surrounded at the base by the torn
lacerate dark-brown tough leaf-sheaths. Leaves 4—5 in. long, 4 in.
broad. Head of 1 globose dense spike, } in. in diam., straw-coloured ;
bracts 3, lowest 24 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 5 in.
long, each perfecting 3-2 nuts. Nut-bearing glumes elliptic-lanceolate.
—Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 166. K. aurea, T. Thoms. in
Speke, Nile, Append. .654, not of Nees. 4. macrocephala, C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 529.
Mozamb. Dist, German East Africa: Uyanzi; common in moist woods
at the “ BossRock ” in the Mgunda Mkhali, Speke & Grant !
The main difference ‘between this and K. macrocephala is that the stems in
i, leucocephala arise from a dense bed of the fibres of the torn leaf-sheaths.
K. leucocephala, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr, C. 123 (i.e., Holst, 2018, collected
at Tanga), has a single row of stems having their bulbous bases contiguous on a hori-
zontal rhizome. It is very young (possibly = K. crassipes ?) but I believe cannot be
K. leucocephala, Boeck. ‘
38. K. eximia, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi.
Afr. v.529, Stem 1 ft. long, at the base somewhat thickened by sheaths
hardly torn. Leaves as long as the stem, $$ in. broad, Head of
1 globose spike exceeding } in. in diam., dense, pale cinnamon-coloured :
bracts 3, lowest 4 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 1} in.
long, each perfecting 3-5 nuts, much compressed. Nut-bearing glume
ovate, acuminate, acute, 3—4-ribbed on each side ; keel wingless, some-
what scabrid. Young nut very large.
Wile Land. Somaliland: Harradigit, James Thrupp !
Spikelets and glumes much larger than in any other species.
288 CLYI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [Kyllinga.
Var. Kelleri, C. B. Clarke. Spike and spikelets rather smaller. Nut-bearing
glumes elliptic, subtriangular at the tip, not at all acuminate.
Nile Land. Somaliland: Abdallah, Keller, 80! 87!
2, PYCREUS, Beauv, Fl. Owar, ii. 48, t. 86, fig. 2.
Spikes umbellate or solitary, or of only 1 spikelet. Spikelets 5-40-
“flowered; glumes distichous, 2 lowest empty, several succeeding bi-
-sexual and perfecting nuts, caducous in fruit from the lowest upwards ;
vhachilla persistent, not winged. Stamens 3-1, anterior; anthers
narrow-oblong, not crested. Style passing continuously into the top
of the pistil, not bulbous at the base; branches 2, linear in a plane
‘passing through the rhachilla. Nut ellipsoid or obovoid, compressed
laterally.—Glabrous. Leaves all close to the base of the nodeless stem
(in species 9-11 the stem is more clothed by leaf-sheaths in its lower
half), green and long. Spikelets in ebracteolate (rarely bracteolate in
P. albomarginatus) clusters or spikes arranged in bracteate umbels ;
bracts similar to the leaves, only smaller.—Cyperus, Benth. et Hook. f.
Gen. Pl. iii. 1043 partly,
Species 63; in all tropical and warm-temperate regions, a few extending
to Canada and Amurland.
*ZONATH.—Superficial cells of the nut longitudinally oblong or elliptic. Nut
- often appearing zonate or muricate by reason that the thickened ends of the cells run
-into an undulating or broken horizontal line.
Annuals,
Spikelets yellow or reddish, hardly at all chest-
nut-coloured.
Spikelets yellowish, with parallel sides . 1. P. flavescens.
Spikelets reddish-brown, lanceolate 5 . 2. P. intermedius.
Spikelets yellow, brown-spotted, elliptic 5
. P. pauper.
Spikelets chestnut-brown.
Leaves and stems slender - i . 38. P. rehmannianus.
Leaves and stems capillary S : . 4. P. debilissimus.
Perennials. Rhizomes or stolons frequent.
Spikelets } in. wide : ‘ : : . 7. P. subtrigonus.
Spikelets 2 in. wide at least.
Stems and leaves slender e ; A . 6. P. nigricans.
Stems stouter ; leaves thicker : . . 8. P. macranthus.
°° PUNCTICULAT.—Superficial cells of the nut nearly square. Nut often appear-
a ea very regularly, by reason of the light reflected from the convex surface of
each cell.
Stems clothed for }-} their length by leaf-sheaths,
decumbent at the base.
Spikelets turgid, greenish-brown, tinged dark-
red : - ri . ° : Pua! baud LP sanguinolentus.
Spikelets flattened, hardly turgid; glumes not
inflated.
Glumes green with black nerves . i . 10. P. atronervatus.
Glumes rich or pale brown . . . 11. P. Muadtii.
‘Stems enveloped by the leaf-sheaths only 9 little
way above the base,
Pycreus. |
Spikes umbellate, sometimes nearly in a head,
straw-coloured, yellowish or reddish, not
chestnut-brown nor black. Roots fibrous
(or rhizome less than } in, long).
Spikelets small, delicate ; glumes whitish,
very thin.—Annuals.
Spikelets qty i in. broad, c . .
Spikelets 4 in. broad : : .
Spikelets yellowish, ferruginous, or brown-
red ; glumes not scarious.
Nut symmetric.
Spikelets Tz in. wide, not bright . .
Spikelets 4 in. wide, bright ferruginous .
Spikelets eae in, wide, bright brown-
red.
Nut one-sided, the part next the rhachills
flattened, Spikelets rela
Spikelets } in. wide. .
Spikelets ai in, wide .
Spikes in 1 head (or in a very close umbel),
white, straw-coloured or yellowish.
Head 1, more or less yellow.
Stem and leaves rather easel spikelets
$ in. wide 5 74
Stem and leaves capillary ; : spikelets i in.
wide : op 4
Umbel very close ; heads white.
Stems bulbous at the base . . 23
Stems not thickened at the base, aeean:
bent . . 24,
Spikes in a simple umbel (or it inl head), chest-
nut, black or dusky brown.
Stolons 0. No woody rhizome.
Plants very slender ; stems less than 6 in.
high.
Spikelets J, in. broad . : . .
Spikelets ;4, in. broad . .
Plants medium-sized. Stems 6-28 i in. ‘high.
Glumes not overlapping in fruit, black-
chestnut with green keel : :
Glumes closely overlapping in fruit.
Spikelets lanceolate, i.e., sides not
parallel . °
Spikelets linear-oblong, sides parallel .
Rhizome woody or stolons present.
Head 1 only
An umbel, or distinctly compound head.
Spikes chestnut to black or a rich brown,
Spikelets moderately compressed .
Spikelets strongly flattened °
Spikes a smoky yellow-red_ . :
Umbels compound, or subsimple, large. Spike-
lets yellow, straw-coloured or pale brown.
Umbel subsimple, Margins of glumes crisped
wavy . * . ° . .
VOL, VIII.
CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE),
25.
26.
27
15.
20.
29.
28.
. 31.
. 30.
32.
289
. P. nitens.
. P. pumilus.
. P. polystachyos.
. P. ferrugineus.
. P. Hildebrandtii,
. P. suleinuz.
. P. pelophilus.
. BP. propinguus.
. P. capillifolius.
. P. smithianus.
P. cuanzensis.
P. minimus,
P. melas.
P. elegantulus
P. Athiops.
P. globosus.
P. nyasensis.
P. wmbrosus.
P. betschuanus.
P. spissiflorus.
P. angulatus.
U
290 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE), [ Pycreus.
Umbel compound. Margins of glumes con-
spicuously scarious.
Spikelets 4 in. wide, glistening . ; . 33. P. albomarginatus.
Spikelets 5), in. wide, hardly glistening . 34. P. tremulus.
1. P. flavescens, Reichb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 72. Annual. Stems
1-12 in. long. Leaves % as long as the stem, 4-4 in. broad. Spikes
loosely umbellate (or I); bracts 2—4, overtopping the umbel. Spikes
of 3-12 clustered spikelets, ebracteolate. Spikelets 3 by 1, in. (in the
form abyssinica, } by 4 in.), compressed, parallel-sided, straw-coloured
more or less red-tinged, each perfecting 8-36 nuts. Glumes close-
placed, ovate, obtuse, boat-shaped, inflated. . Nut hardly 4 the length
of the glume, transversely white-muriculate by reason of the sub-
persistent ends of the small longitudinally-oblong superficial cells.—
C. B. Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 589, in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 537, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 156; Durand
& Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 281; Urban, Symb. Antill.ii.16. Cyperus
fluvescens, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 68, not Linn. Herb. ; Kunth, Enum. ii.
5; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 474; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 438;
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 279 ; Ridley in Trans, Linn. Soc.
ser. 2, Bot. ii. 125; Zarb in Cat. Spéc. Bot. Pfund, 39; K. Schum. in
Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.C. 117. P. flavescens, var. abyssinica, CO. B. Clarke
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 279; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 106.
C. abyssinicus, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 474; Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 4; Boeck. in Tinnea, xxxv. 440, and in Flora, 1879,
545 incl. var. monocephala.; Schweinf. Beitr. FI. Aethiop. 214; Eng].
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 137; not of Oliver.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet! Sierra Leone; near Freetown, Wel-
witsch, 7055 | Niger Territory : Nupe, in rice fields, Barter, 1567 !
Wile Zand. Kordofan: Er Rahad, Pfund, 604. Galabat: region of
Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2011! Abyssinia: Tigre; near Adowa, Schimper, 122!
Mai Kabi, Schimper, 297! Dehli-Dikeno, Schimper, 253! Shireh; in inundated
places, Quartin-Dillon! British East Africa : by the River Tigirish, Gregory!
by the Babr el Ghazal, near the ‘Nuer’ Villages, Schweinfurth, 1173! 1251! Bongo;
Addai, Schweinfurth, 1433! ° y
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: at the mouth of the River Kwa, 1000 ft.,
Hens, C, 117! Angola: Pungo Andongo, 3500 ft., in and near the Prasidium,
Welwitsch, 6907! 6911! banks of the River Cuanza, near Sansamanda, Welwitsch,
6922! marshes near Quitage, Welwitsch, 6923! Ambaca; marshes near Lake
Canguele Canganga, Welwitsch 7087! 7096! Golungo Alto; boggy places near
Sange, Welwitsch, 7072 ! 71011 near Ponte de Luiz Somoes, Welwitsch, 7088!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! British Central Africa : Tanganyika
paler at Fort Hill, 350Q-4000 ft., Whyte ! margins of ponds by the Nsessi River,
coll:
. ree in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and America from Canada to South
razil. :
2. P. intermedius, C. B. Clarke. Annual. Stems 4-8 in. long.
Leaves % as long as the stem, ys—i'p in. broad. Spikes loosely umbellate
(or 1); bracts 2-3, suberect, lowest up to 4 in. long, similar to the leaves.
Spikes of 3-8 clustered spikelets, ebracteolate, Spikelets 4-4 by vo
i., Compressed, narrower at cach end, reddish-brown, each perfecting
. Pycreus. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 291
. 5-10 nuts. Glumes ovate, obtuse, boat-shaped, inflated. Nut 3 the
length of glume, ellipsoid, brown, transversely muriculate by reason of
. the subpersistent ends of the small longitudinally-oblong persistent
. cells. —P. lanceolutus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
. Afr. v. 538; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 107, but not Cyperus
lanceolatus, Poir. C. intermedius, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 581, and Syn.
Pl. Glum. ii. 5; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 483 (but erroneously
placed in Hu-Cyperus); Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 450, excel. vars. 6, y.
C. Eragrostis, Krauss in Flora, 1845, 754 in note, not of Vahl.
C. lanceolatus, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 125; Engl.
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 138, not of Poiret.
‘ Nile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; near Jomara, Schimper, 1267! Begemeder,
Schimper, 1243,
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6873!
3. P. rehmannianus, (. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect.
_#l. Afr. v. 542, excluding several numbers cited. Roots fibrous. Stems
tufted, up to 15 in. long, rather slender. Leaves 10 by 3-4 in.
Umbel up to 4 in, in diam., simple, of 10-25 spikelets ; bracts 3, lowest
4-8 in, long, similar to the leaves. Spikes of 3-10 loosely arranged
‘Spikelets, ebracteolate, Spikelets $-3 by } in., much compressed, with
parallel sides, 20-30-nutted, chestnut-brown. Glumes ovate, boat-
‘shaped, obtuse, 1-nerved. Nut 4 the length of the glume, obovoid,
compressed, white muriculate; outermost cells oblong, conspicuous.—
C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 156. Cyperus rehmannianus, Boeck.
‘ex C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 542.
i Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Zomba, 4000—-
* 6000 ft., Whyte !
Also in South Africa.
The species was founded on Rehmann’s Transvaal plant ; Whyte’s specimens
_*re much finer and more developed, but the brilliant small nut, much narrowed at
- the base, is the same!
4. P. debilissimus, (. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. 1896, 224.
» Annual, very slender, weak. Stems 3-6 in. long, capillary. Leaves
few, nearly as long as the stem, setaceous, flaccid. Head 1, of 8 sub-
Sessile spikelets; bracts 2, lower 2 in. long, similar to the leaves.
Spikelets 2 by 54, in., 20-flowered, chestnut-brown, compressed, some-
_ What turgid. Glumes ovate, obtuse, chestnut-coloured ; keel chestnut-
brown. Nut nearly 4 the length of the glume, obovoid, nearly black ;
outermost cells distinctly longitudinal.
Wile Land. British East Africa : Tana River, Gregory, 87 !
- 5. P. pauper, C. B. Clarke in Durand d&: Schinz, Conspect. FI.
4fr.v. 540. Annual, weak. Stems 4-7 in. long. Leaves as long as
‘the stem, setaceous. Head 1, of 2-1 sessile spikelets; bracts 2, the
-lower 2 in. long, erect, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 4-1 by $ in.,
4-10-flowered, compressed, turgid, yellow, with the upper margins of
cthe glumes dark-brown. Glumes ovate, not acute, with 3 greenish
‘erves on the back. Nut 4-4 the length of the glume, obovoid, black,
292 CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Pycreus,
transversely muriculate.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 107,
Cyperus pauper, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 478 (but erroneously
placed in Zu-Cyperus); Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 451; Ridley in Trans.
Liun. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 126; K. Schum. in Engl. Hochgebirgsfl,
Trop. Afr. 138. C. intermedius, var. tenuis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxXxv,
451.
Nile Land, Abyssinia: Sana; in marshes on the mountain plain of Walcha,
Schimper, 1602! Shireh province, Petit! Begemeder, Schimper, 1311 !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Ambaca ; borders of flooded fields between the River
Caringa and Lake Canguele Canganga, Welwitsch, 7069 !
A species of Fimbristylis is mixed with Schimper, 1602, and it is partly from the
mixture of plants that this species has been so strangely described ; Steudel (Syn. Pl,
Glum. ii. 5) says that the stems when young are patently hairy, when old, glabrous.
6. P. nigricans, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl,
Afr, v. 539. Rhizome seen oblique, woody, short; stolons sometimes
present (fide Boeckeler). Stems 8-24 in, long, slender ; basal sheaths
long, brown, stout, apparently thickening the stems. Leaves often
4 the length of the stem, =,-} in. broad. Head 1, of 3-11 black
(rarely dark-brown) sessile spikelets; bracts 2-3, lowest 3-4 in. long,
similar to the leaves. Spikelets attaining } by 1 in. (sometimes only 3
these dimensions), compressed, narrowed at each end, 10—20-flowered,
Glumes close-packed, ovate, obtuse, inflated; keel green. Nut 2 the
length of the glume, oblong or somewhat obovoid, black ; outermost
cells (on the shoulders of the nut) elliptic—C. B. Clarke in Trans,
Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 53. Cyperus nigricans, Steud. in Flora, 1842,
584, and Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 12; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. il. 476;
Boeck. in Linnza, xxxv. 462; CO. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxl
42; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 117; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 139.
Mile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; swamps near Enjedcap, Schimper, 1373!
Begemeder; Gafat, Schimper, 1286! British East Africa; Nandi, by streams,
7000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliott, 6963!
_Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, 10500 ft., Volkens, 2014!
British Central Africa; Nyasaland; Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Mount
Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Mlanji, 6000 ft., Whyte! Shire Highlands,
Buchanan, 28! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 990! 1454!
The nut is reticulated rather than muricated ; the species is near P. umbrosus;
ees.
7. P. subtrigonus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl,
Afr, v. 542, Rhizome descending, seen 14 in. long, 75 i. thick.
Stems 6-14 in. long. Leaves 2 the length of the stem, 4 in. broad.
Spike solitary, of 12-30 spikelets; bracts 3, lowest 3 in. long, similar
to the leaves. Spikelets 4-2 by } in., compressed, yellow-brown,
20-36-flowered, with parallel sides. Glumes ovate, obtuse, keel
Nut 4 the length of the glume, obovoid, with a protuberance on ©a¢
side so that it is almost trigonous; style-branches 2, linear, in @ gph
passing through the axis of the spikelet ; outermost cells loosely elliptic,
Pycreus. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 293
longitudinal. Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 282; De Wild. &
Durand, Ill. Fl. Congo, i. 37, t. 19.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete, by the ‘River Ntombi, Hens, A,
251!
South Central. Congo Free State: Equator, 1000 ft., Hens, C, 182 !
This species is altogether a Pycreus; but it is the only one which affords any
clue to the route by which Cyperus has passed into Pycreus. The nut has some-
times a large asymmetric depression, being then similar to the nut of Carez, called
*nux prava”’ by Boott.
8. P. macranthus, (. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 538. Roots fibrous. Stems 1-2 ft. long, somewhat thick,
triquetrous at the top. Leaves 12 by 4-4 in. broad; sheaths of rather
lax tissue, transversely lineolate. Umbel 3-1 in. in diam., often con-
tracted, nearly into 1 head of 6-30 spikelets; bracts 3, lowest 3-8 in.
long, similar to the leaves. Spikes of 3-8 spikelets, dark-chestnut-
coloured. Spikelets up to 1 by } in. (sometimes only 3 these dimen-
sions), each 16-28-nutted. Glumes ovate, obtuse, inflated. Nut very
small, scarcely } the length of the glume, obovoid, black; outermost
cells very obscure.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 156; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 107. Cyperus macranthus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxx.
462; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 126; K. Schum. in
Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 117. C. lanceus, var. macrostachya, Kunth,
Enum. ii. 8.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; marshy places at Empalanca, 5000 ft.,
Welwitsch, 6877 !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : between Lake Tanganyika and Lake
Rukwa, 6000 ft., Nutt!
Also in South Africa.
Kunth regarded P. macranthus as the full form of P. nigricans. Boeckeler
Separated off his single Cape type of P. macranthus (from all the mountain
Abyssinian P. nigricans) by its thicker stem, and much longer, brighter spikelets.
The accession of material from intermediate localities has made it difficult to keep
the two species separate ; Buchanan, 28 (from the Shiré Highlands) at first placed
in P. macranthus, was subsequently removed to P. nigricans. At «li events, Nutt’s
plant from Lake Tanganyika is typically P. macranthus. .
Var. angustifolius, C. B. Clarke ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 107.
Stolons long, scarcely 1, in. in diam., covered by narrow-lanceolate scales 4 in. long.
Leaves very narrow. Spikelets 4 by Jin. Nut having the outermost cells longi-
tudinally oblong.—C. Janceus, var. angustifolius, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2,
Bot. ii, 126.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; Candumba, 3300 ft., Welwitsch,
6930! Quita ; Gambos, Newton, 20!
The nut, though not ripe, shows that these plants must go with P. macranthus
and P, nigricans rather than with P. umbrosus (Cyperus lanceus).
9. P. sanguinolentus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283. Stem 4-18 in.
long, covered } its length by leaf-sheaths, often flowering the first year,
or usually decumbent at the base, rooting and often ie creeping.
ves as long as the stem or scarcely half so long, tot in. broad.
Umbel simple, usually narrow, often contracted nearly into 1 head;
294 CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Pycreus.
bracts 3, lowest 3-6 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 3-3 by
zo} in., 6-30-flowered, not much compressed, greenish-brown more or
less tinged with dark red. Glumes ovate, obtuse, turgid, 3—5-nerved |
on the back. Nut 4-4 the length of the glume, obovoid, biconvex,
ashy-brown ; style longer than the nut, its linear branches long
exserted ; superficial celis of the nut small, subquadrate hexagonous.—
C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi.590, and in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl, Afr. v. 542. Cyperus sanguinolentus, Vahl, Enum. ii.,
301. C. Eragrostis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 7; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 443,
incl. vars.; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 215; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 138; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 117; Vahl,.
Enum. ii. 322? partly? C.. nevrotropis, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 583, and
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 12; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii, 476. C. jlavescens,
A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 474 partly.
Nile Land. Eritrea: Hamasen district, Steudner, 933! Abyssinia : Tigre ;
near Adowa, Schimper, 122 partly! Samen ; ponds near Gapdia, Schimper, 765!
pba Schimper, 1589! and without precise locality, Schimper, 14! 24!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! German East Africa: Karagwe;
Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 1099! Harigae (?), Fischer, 636!
Also in St. Helena, Asia (except Siberia), and Australia.
10. P. atronervatus, (. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 535. Stem clothed 4-? its length by leaf-sheaths, at the
base decumbent, creeping and rooting 3-6 in., but there are seedlings
coming into flower also. Leaves 4~7 by 4 in. Spike solitary, of 3-8
spikelets ; bracts 3, lowest 2-4 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets
4 by }-} in., 10-18-flowered, compressed. Glumes ovate, obtuse, green
with 4 black nerves on each side. Nut 3 the length of the glume, |
obovoid, biconvex, black.—Cyperus atronervatus, Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvill. 358; Engl, Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 139. |
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder: Gafat 9000 ft., Schimper, 1287! Gerra
8000 ft., Schimper, 1244! : ets. et
_ 11. P. Mundtii, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283, x. 131. Stem clothed
with leaf-sheaths for 4-3 its length, 8-16 in. long (sometimes exceeding
2 feet, robust), at the base decumbent, creeping and rooting for 3-10 in.
Leaves 4-10 by 4-1 in. broad, sometimes tin. broad. Umbel of spikes
simple (rarely subeompound or reduced to 1 head), rays often rather
numerous ; bracts similar to. the leaves, usually overtopping the umbel,
and (if the rays are numerous) 4-6 or more. Spikes of 3-8 spikelets,
brown, ebracteolate. Spikelets 4 by 4 in., 12-16-flowered, but varying
much in depth of colour and in width (in Ascherson, 530, they are. 4 by.
yz in.). Glumes ovate, obtuse, close-packed (less so in Ascherson, 530).
Nut scarcely half the length of the glume, obovoid, biconvex, cove
by raised dots.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v-
239, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 157; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
ii, 106. Cyperus Mundtii, Kunth, Enum. ii..17; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxv. 448, and in Flora, 1879, 545; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 25
Pycreus. | CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). 295:
Bot. ii. 125; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 117. C. densifolius,
Nees ex Kunth, Enum. ii. 114; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 6. A. disticho-
phyllus, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 582, and Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 11; Boeck,
in Linnea, xxxv. 488. C. turfosus, Krauss in Flora, 1845, 754; Daveau
in Bull. Soc. bot. France, xli. (1894) 279; Salzmann ex Kunth, Enum,
u.7. C. Eragrostis, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 475 ; Wilk. & Lange,
Fl. Hisp.i.138; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 215; Kunth, Enum. ii. 7
in Obs, ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 138 partly ; not of Vahl,
Wile. Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; near Adowa, Schimper, 745! Begemeder,
Schimper, 344! and without precise locality, Schimper, 760! British East Africa ;)
White Nile, at the mouth of the River Sobat, Schweinfurth, 1116! Bahr et Ghazal,
nae mouth of the Bahr el Arab, Schweinfurth, 1119! Uganda, Stuhlmann,
74! ie
Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes ; by the Lake of Giraul, 1000 ft.,
Welwitsch, 6885! Loanda, 1000 ft., Welwitsch, 7092! Golungo Alto ; by the River
Casabella, | Welwitsch, 70928! Pungo Andongo ;.by streams in the Presidium, near
Cabonda, 3500 {t., Welwitsch, 6926!
_ South Central. Lunda: Mukenge, Pogge, 1581!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 9981
Unyamwezi ; Tabora, Stuhlmann, 520! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Shiré
Highlands, Buchanan, 56! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 463! 1001! :
Throughout Africa, the Mascarene Is!ands, and in Spain.
_ This common African plant has been continually mixed with P. Eragrostis ever
since Hochstetter issued Schimper, 760, as Cyperus Eragrostis. The two species
are evidently allied, very alike in habit and leaves, but separated at a glance by the
spikelets, which are turgid in P. Eragrostis. :
12. P. nitens, Vees in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. (1848) 93.
Annual. Stems cespitose, }-12 in. long, rather slender. Leaves basal,
often as long as the stem, ;!; in. broad, weak. Umbel simple, rays 1-6 ;
bracts 3-6, lowest 4-6 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 5-30
in a spike }-1 by 1, in., 8-44-flowered, straw-coloured or pale brown.
umes ovate, boat-shaped, 3—5-nerved on the keel, in the common form,
usually with a curved mucro, in the African examples nearly muticous.
Nut minute, 4-2 the length of the glume, obovoid, pale brown.—C. B.
Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 591, and in Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 539; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 16 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 108, Cyperus pumilus, Linn. Amen. Acad. iv. 302, Sp. Pl.
ed. 2, 69, and herb. propr.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 4 (only in small part) ;
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 43 ; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser, 2, Bot. ii, 129; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 118; not of
Rottb. nor of Nees. (. nitens, Retz. Obs. v. 13 (?); Vahl, Enum. ii. 331;
Kunth, Enum. ii. 3; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 483. C. patens, Vahl,
Enum. ij. 334 ; Schumach. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 36; Kunth,
Enum. ii. 16. @. truncatulus, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 581, and Syn. Pl.
Glum. ii. 10. C. lawiusculus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 14. @. commu-
datus, Steud, Syn. Pl. Glum. ii.10. C. terminalis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum.
ii. 5. CO. squarrosus, Kotschy ex C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xxi.
45. Dichostylis nitens and D. patens, Palla in Engl. Jahrb. x. 296.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 331}! Leprieur, 7!
296 CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [Pycreus.
Nile Land. Kordofan: Abn Gerad, Kotschy, 53! and without precise
locality, Steudner, 910! Abyssinia: Samen; near Gapdia, Schimper, 821! British
East Africa: by the River Tana, Gregory, 97! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa,
Taylor!
Lower Guinea, Angola: Loanda ; at Represa de Maghalaes, near Conceicao,
Welwitsch, 7076! Pungo Andongo; Catete and Umbilla, Welwitsch, 6907! between
the Presidium and Quilanga, Welwitsch, 6921! Mossamedes; banks of the River
Bero, Welwitsch, 6888! Huilla, 5000 ft. ; in fields near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 6854!
plentiful in damp fields, Welwitsch, 68798 !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 000 ft., Taylor! British
Central Africa: Zambesi Valley ; Boruma, Menyharth, 1051 partly !
Also in Socotra, India, China, Malaya and North Australia.
The huge synonomy of this plant has grown up from Cyperologists giving import-
ance to the length of the mucro to the glume. In this, as in several other species
of the Order, it is a character of no value.
13. P. pumilus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283. Annual; stems
ceespitose, 2-10 in. long. Leaves basal, often as long as the stem,
yo in. broad. Umbel of spikes simple, rays 4—7; bracts 3-5, lowest
up to 6 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 5-10 in a spike, 4 by
$ in., 8-flowered, much compressed, straw-coloured or pale brown,
glistening. Glumes broad-ovate, keel excurrent in a mucro, strongly
2-3-ribbed on each face. Nut 4-2 the length of the glume, ellipsoid,
flat, ashy-black.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 591.
Cyperus hyalinus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 329; Kunth, Enum. ii. 3; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxv. 482. (. pumilus, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 74, excl.
all syn.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 4 mostly, not of Linn.
_ Mozamb. Dist. Mozambique, Kuntze, 303!
Also in Madagascar, South India and Timor.
It is unfortunate that, in transferring this species and the last to Pycreus, Nees
should have interchanged their Linnean specific names under Cyperus. The species
is a striking one; plentiful in the Linnean and old collections ; then hardly collected
for a century ; now very rarely received.
14. P. polystachyos, Beauv. Fl. Owar. ii. 48, t. 86, fig. 2. Roots
fibrous. Stems tufted, 1-24 ft. long. Leaves basal, longer or shorter
than the stem, 4-1 in. broad. Spikes (more or less evidently com-
pound) in an umbel of 1-7 rays, each of 10-50 spikelets (but see
var. 8), erect even in fruit; bracts 3-6, lowest 4-12 in. long, similar
to the leaves. Spikelets % by #5 in., linear, not wider towards the
base, 20-50-flowered, dusky straw-coloured or somewhat red-tinged.
Glumes ovate, tip triangular, muticous. Nut 3-2 the length of the
glume, oblong, nearly symmetric, brown.—C. B. Clarke in Hook.
f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 592, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F). Afr. ¥-
540, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 157; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fi.
Congo, i. 281; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 17; Rendle in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 108. Cyperus polystachyos, R. Br. Prod. 214; Kunth,
Enum. ii. 13; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 549; Krauss in Flora, 1845,
754 5 Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 477 ,in Flora, 1879, 547 incl. var., aD
in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 535; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Scient.
Pycreus. | CLYI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). 297
Algér. Glum. 253 ; Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 155; Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii, 127. C. odoratus, Linn. Sp. Pl.
ed. 1, 46, ed. 2, 68, and herb. propr. mainly. C. intactus, Vahl,
Enum. ii. 332 ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 14. C. Sonderi, J. A. Schmidt, Beitr.
F]. Cap. Verd. Ins. 162. (C. complanatus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii.
3 partly. C. elongatus, Steud. lc. 11. C. tetraphyllus, Beauvois ex
Kunth, Enum. ii. 13. C. protractus, Delile, Fl. Aegypt. Ill. 50.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Leprieur ! Heudelot, 444! Cape Verd Islands :
St. Nicolao, Bolle! Sierra Leone, Vogel! Liberia: Cape Palmas, Ansell ! Mon-
rovia, Herb. Berlin! Gold Coast: Accra, Brown, 30! Niger Territory: banks
of the River Nun (Niger), Mann, 530! Vogel, 11! and without precise locality,
Vogel, 35!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Bahr el Ghazal, Schweinfurth, 1152!
Tsimba (Shimba) Hills, Taylor !
Lower Guinea. Gaboon River, Jardin, 43! Princes Island: higher part of
Pico de Papagaio, Welwitsch, 7032! Lower Congo, Smith, 14! 25! Angola: Ambriz,
in marshy places, Monteiro ! Welwitsch, 7041! Loanda; by ponds on the Island of
Cazanga, Welwitsch, 7081! Golungo Alto; banks of the River Quiapose, near
Sange, Welwitsch, 7100! Pungo Andongo ; in marshy meadows, Welwitsch, 6927 !
Mossamedes ; marshes near Aguadas, Welwitsch, 6890! on the banks of the River
Caroca, Welwitsch, 6891! Huilla, Newton, 15! German South-west Africa : Herero-
land, Dinter, 399!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1069! Stuhlmann, 85! German
East Africa : Usambara ; Tanga, Holst, 2029! Portuguese East Africa : Cabaceira
Peninsula, Peters, 21! British Central Africa: Zambesi Valley ; Boruma, Meny-
harth, 1061! North Nyasaland, Whyte !
m In tropical and warm temperate countries throughout the world, especially near
e sea.
Var. laxiflora, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 261. Spikes open, subcorymbose or
umbellate. Spikelets subsolitary, spreading horizontally, often yellow or somewhat
brown-red.—(C, B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 592, in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 541, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 158. Cyperus globosus, Boeck.
in Flora, 1879, 546, not of Allioni.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 39! Adanson, 172! Senegambia ; near the
River Jonware, Brunner, 165! and without precise locality, Heudelot, 498 ! Cape
Verd Islands: St. Antao, Gray !
Mile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1462!
Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor ! Nyika country, near Mombasa, Taylor /
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; Humpata, Johnston!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk! Hildebrandt, 1067! Kuntze, 210! 211!
In tropical and warm temperate countries throughout the world.
There occurs every gradation from the dense tassel-spikes on 2. polystachyos
type to the extreme form of the var. laziflora. The favourite name for this
abundant species with authors appears to be Cyperus polystachyos, Rottb., which I
have doubtfully referred (in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 616) to Cyperus subcapitatus,
C. B. Clarke. Whatever C. polystachyos, Rottb. may have been, as it had a trifid
Style, it was not our present species nor any Pycreus.
15. P. éthiops, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v.534. Stems tufted, 8-16 in. long. Leaves } as long as stem.
Umbel simple; rays 0-3 in. long; bracts spreading horizontally.
298 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Pycreus.
Spikelets loosely spicate, much flattened, hard, shining black-chestnut-
coloured. Glumes rigidly imbricate; keel yellowish or nearly black;
otherwise as P. polystachyos, Beauv., var. laxiflora, Benth.—Rendle in.
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 109. Cyperus dthiops, Welw. ex Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 129,
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in wet pastures near Ferrao da Sola,
5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6875!
In the genus Pycreus it has been usual to rely much on the colour of the spike-
lets for separating the closely-allied species. It must be recollected that in Cyperus
globosus, Allioni, spikelets of every colour, from green to black, occur ; and the
present species might be made a variety of P. polystachyos.
16. P. sulcinux, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 593.
Annual. Stems 3-9 in. long, tufted. Leaves basal, often as long as
the stem, 4} in. broad, weak. Spikes in a simple umbel 3-6 in. in
diam.; rays 3-7; bracts 3-5, lowest exceeding the umbel, similar to
the leaves. Spikelets 4—11 in the loose spike, up to $ by } in., 8—28-
flowered, flattened, straw-coloured to yellow. Glumes somewhat dis-
tant, ovate, subacute. Nut 2 the length of the glume, oblong-obovoid,.
asymmetric, the face next the rhachilla being straight or somewhat con-
cave.—C. B, Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 542..
Cyperus sulcinux, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 56, and xxv.
80; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 117.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Umbaka River, Scott
Zomba Rock, Whyte !
Also in India and Malaya.
The spikelets of the Nyasaland specimens are considerably finer and broader than’
anything hitherto referred to P. polystachyos ; they are larger even than in
P. ferrugineus.
TAG 33 pelophilus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
fl. Afr. v.540, Roots fibrous. Stems tufted, 1 ft. long, rather stout.
Leaves basal, 8 by } in., weak. Bracts 5, spreading, lowest up to 5 in.
long similar to the leaves: rays of umbel about 7, up to 4 in. long;
umbellules (secondary umbels) with rays 0-1 in. long. Spikelets 1 by
io In., yellowish, 12-30-flowered. Glumes ovate, hardly acute, rather
distant in fruit. Stylé small, the 2 linear branches hardly exserted.
Nut 4 the length of the glume, obovoid, very 1-sided, black, much
compressed, the faces almost concave.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
%, - Cyperus pelophilus, Ridley in Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda, 1000 ft. ; in dried-up places near Bemposta
and near Cnmano, Welwitsch, 7025! near Fort de Conceigao, Welwitsch, 7082 !
Mossamedes, 1000 ft.; marshes near Giraul, Welwitsch, 6887! German South-west
Africa : Hereroland, Dinter, 50! aes
oo Le P. ferrugineus, (. B. Clarke in. Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi.
593. . Roots fibrous. Stems .1-2 ft, long, robust. Leaves } the length
of the stem, up to 4 in. broad. Umbel 2-5 in. broad, simple or nearly
Pycreus. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 299
so, Spikelets numerous, loosely spicate, ferruginous, up to # by} in. ;
otherwise as P. polystachyos, Beauy. var. lawiflora.—C. B. Clarke’ in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 536, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii.
158; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 18. Cyperus ferrugineus, Poir. in Lam.
Encycl. vii. 261; Kunth, Enum. ii. 11; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-
Afr. C.118, C. polystachyos, var. ferrugineus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv.
479,
. acieomaeg Dist. German East Africa; Karagwe; Bukoba, Stuhlmann,
468 ! :
Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Isles, and South-east Asia; also in the
United States and Tropical America, if Cyperus Nuttallii, C. Sprengel, be con-
sidered =the Madagascar Cyperus ferrugineus, Poiret.
This plant altogether resembles P. polystachyos, var. laxiflora, except that its
spikelets (glumes and nuts) are larger and brighter.
19. P. Hildebrandtii, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 538. Roots fibrous. Stems 1 ft. long, rather stout..,
Leaves 3 the length of the stem, up to } in. broad. Umbel compound ; '
primary rays 7, slender, 24 in. long; lowest bract up to ’5 by } in,
Secondary umbels often of | 3 very slender rays hardly } in. long,:
ebracteolate. Spikes loose, of 7-20 spikelets. Spikelets 3-2 by 20-18,
in., 10-30-flowered, bright brown; glumes rather distant, minute.—
Cyperus polystachyos, var. micans, partly, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxi. 54. ‘C. Hildebrandtii, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr.
C. 118, not of Boeck. :
Wile Land. British East Africa : Ozi, Gregory ! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa,
Taylor ! :
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1071! :
This and the preceding 4 species may be treated as extreme forms of P. poly-—
stachyos, Beauv. P. Hildebrandtii, with its strong development and compound
umbel, yet with excessively narrow spikelets and capillary rays, appears’ as distinct
as any of the preceding 4.
20. P. globosus, Aeichd. var. nilagirica, C. B. Clarke in Durand
¢& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 537. Stolons 0. Stems 1-2 ft. long,
annual or biennial, tufted. Leaves % the length of the stem, rarely
exceeding } in. in breadth, much enrolled in all the dried examples.
Umbel 1-6 in. in diam., simple or compound, or one compound head ;
bracts 3-5, lowest overtopping the inflorescence, similar to the leaves.
Spikelets loosely spicate, 4-2 by ,—75 in., strongly compressed, from
shining dark brown to nearly: black, 8—30-flowered, with parallel sides,
Glumes rigid, ovate, scarcely acute. Nut } the length of the glume,
ellipsoid, apiculate, nearly black, superficial cells small, quadrate.—
P. capillaris, var. nilagirica, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi.
592. Cyperus nilagiricus, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum, ees
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 457. C. globosus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879,
546; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 117. C. polystachyos, var.
Jerruginea, C. B, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxi. 54 partly. :
Upper Guinea. French Guinea: Farana, near the sources of the Niger,
300 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Pycreus.
3500 ft., Scott-Elliott, 5334! Cameroons: Yaunde, 2600 ft., Zenker & Staudt,
336 !
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1462!
Buddu district, Scott-Elliot, 7516!
South Central. Congo Free State: Ntenke, Briart !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Urundi district, 4000-5000 ft., Scott-
Elliot, 8182! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan !
Scott-Elliot, 8508 ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1452!
Also in Bourbon, South-east Asia, Malaya and Australia.
The species nilagiricus was originally grounded on the black-chestnut colour, while
my var. nilagirica includes all the narrow spikeleted heads whatever the colour. All
the Tropical African material has narrow spikelets with exactly parallel sides, and
is chestnut-brown to chestnut-black. P. betschuanus differs in the prominent long
stolons. The Cameroon plant, issued from Berlin as Cyperus globosus, Allioni
is exactly the common form of C. nilagiricus in India.
21. P. propinquus, Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. i. 7. Stolons 0
Stems 12-18 in. long, rather slender. Leaves nearly as long as the
stems, { in. broad. Spikelets 10-16 in one compound head, pale
yellow; bracts 3, lowest 3-7 in. long and similar to the leaves.
Spikelets 4 by } in., 20-36-flowered, compressed, sides parallel.
Glumes ovate, one-coloured, hardly acute, a little inflated. Nut 3 the
length of the glume, obovoid, apiculate, chestnut-coloured, not trans-
versely muricate.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 541; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, i. 281; Urban, Symb.
Antill. ii. 18. P. monocephalus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 538. Cyperus lanceolatus, Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vii.
245; Kunth, Enum. ii. 9; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 442 ; C. B. Clarke
in Journ, Linn, Soc. xx. 279 and xxi. 42; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe.
ser. 2, Bot. ii. 125; not of Presl. C. olfersianus, Kunth, Enum. ii. 10 ;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 439; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi-
62 partly; not Pycreus olfersianus, Nees. ('. pycnocephalus, Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii.5. C. Jluminalis, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 127; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 106. C. flavescens,
var. abyssinica, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 279.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet! Sierra Leone, Scott-Elliot, 51874 |
Cameroons: Yaunde, 2600 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 335!
, Mower Guinea, Mouth of the Congo, Smith, 62! Lower Congo: by the
River Ntombi, near Lutete, 1500 ft., Hens, A, 250!
South Central. Congo Free State, Butaye !
é Moxamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Namasi, Cameron
Also in the Mascarene Islands and Tropical America.
I can only tell this species from 1-headed examples of P. flavescens, Reichb., by
the nut being perfectly smooth, i.e. without a trace of longitudinal superficial cells
(and consequent transverse markings) which mark the nut of P. flavescens.
22. P. capillifolius, C. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect-
fl. Afr, v. 535. Annual. Stems tufted, 4-8 in. long, very slender.
- Pycreus. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 301
Leaves as long as the stem, capillary or nearly so. Head 1, lateral, of
4-18 spikelets; bracts 2, the‘lower 1-2} in. long, as though continuing
the stem. Spikelets }—} by ,j,in., 10-30-flowered, pale yellow. Glumes
ovate, inflated, hardly acute. Nut } the length of the glume, obovoid,
black, smooth, without longitudinal cells or transverse murication.—
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 107. Cyperus capillifolius, A. Rich,
Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 475; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 117,
C. Afzelii, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 475, and in Flora, 1879, 547 (var,
capillifolia, partly) ; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 62; Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 127. C. flavescens, T. Thoms. in
Speke, Nile, Append. 653; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 164,
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius !
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Shireb; Kouaieta (Kuayata), Quartin-Dillon!
British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1948! slopes of Madi rocks,
Speke & Grant !
Lower Guinea. Angola; Welwitsch, 6907 partly! Pungo Andongo, 3500 ft.,
Welwitsch, 6919 !
23. P. smithianus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi,
Afr. v. 542. Rhizome sometimes 8 in. long. Stems 1 ft. long, tough,
with a bulb }—4 in. in diam. at the base. Leaves as long as the stem,
44 in. broad, rather stiff. Inflorescence of 30-40 white spikelets
nearly condensed into a head 14 in. in diam.; rays hardly attaining 4
in. in length, bracts 4—5, lowest 6 in. long and similar to the leaves.
Spikelets closely spicate, 4 by jy in., compressed, 14—22-flowered.
Glumes ovate, obtuse, one-coloured, not rigid. Nut 4 the length of
the glume, obovoid, apiculate, brown, smooth.—Durand & De Wild. in
Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 88; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl.
Congo, i. 282. Cyperus smithianus, Ridley in Journ, Bot. 1884, 15;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl, Ost-Afr, C. 117.
Lower Guinea. Mouth of the Congo, Smith ! Lower Congo: near the mouth
of the River Kwa, 1000 ft., Hens, C, 116! Dewévre, 706! Stanley Pool, Lwa, 56!
Kinshassa, Luja, 184!
Mozamb, Dist. German East Africa : Karagwe; Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 1593,
3960 !
24, P. cuanzensis, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v.536. Stem 15 in. long, at the base decumbent, not at all
thickened, with lax brown shining sheaths. Leaves greatly exceeding
the stem in length, }—} in. broad, flaccid. Inflorescence of 30-40 white
spikelets nearly condensed into a head 1} in. high; rays 0-4 in, long ;
bracts 4—5, lowest attaining 10 in. or more. Spikelets undistinguish-
able from those of P. smithianus.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 1.
108. Cyperus cwanzensis, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
128,
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Batanga, among rocks by the River Lobe, left
bare by low water, Bates, 323! Bipinde, Zenker, 1935!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; marshy meadows by the River
Cuanza, near Nbilla, 3500 ft., Welwitsch, 6899!
3802 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). ' [Pycreus.
_.. The inflorescence, spikelets and nuts appear to me so identical with those ot
_ BP. smithianus, from the same locality, that I cannot bnt suspect they are one species.
' The diversity in the base of the stem is so striking that more material must
‘ be awaited before uniting the two.
‘
25. P. minimus, (. B. Clarke. Roots fibrous. Stems 14 in.
long, weak. Leaves 1 by j4,—31, in., weak. -Umbel 4 in. in diam.,
"of 6-9 spikelets; rays 2-3, 0-1 in. long; bracts 2-3, lowest } in.
long and similar to the leaves. ‘Spikes of 2-4 spikelets. Spikelets
'} by 3's in., chestnut, 6-12-flowered. Glumes ovate, not acute, rather
distant, keel green. Style slender; branches 2, long, linear. Nut ?
the Iength of the glume, ellipsoid, compressed laterally, brown ; super-
ficial cells minute square.—Cyperus minimus, K. Schumann MS., non
“Thunb.
Wile Land. British East Africa : Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Stuhlmann, i. 65!
26. P. melas, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
‘v. 538. Annual. Stems 2-6 in. long, tufted, almost setaceous. Leaves
‘3- the length of the stem, almost setaceous. Umbel of 5-10 spikelets,
‘nearly contracted into a head; rays 1—4, 0-2 in. long; bracts 2-3,
lowest 2 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 2-4 together, almost
‘digitate, 2 by +45 in., 8-30-flowered, black-chestnut, with parallel sides.
Giumes ovate, obtuse, chestnut, narrowly scarious-yellow on the
‘margins. Style small, the two linear branches hardly exserted. Nut
% the length of the glume, ellipsoid, apiculate, ashy black; superficial
cells small, square.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 108.
: Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; 3500 ft.; marshy places near
‘Lombe, Welwitsch, 6913! Mutollo, Serra de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6914! 7154!
Huilla ; lofty pastures of Morro de Lopollo, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6871!
27. P. elegantulus, C. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect.
_ £1. Afr. v. 536. Annual. Stems 8-28 in. long. Leaves 3 the length
of the stem, ;',-3 in. broad. Umbel of 1-7 dense compound spikes,
often 1-headed, but rays sometimes 2-3 in. ; bracts 3-5, lowest 3-9 in.
_long, similar to the leaves. Spikes dense, of 5-30 spikelets, (several
often congested, forming a mass of 80 spikelets or more), ebracteolate.
Spikelets 4-3 by 3. in, 6—16-flowered, much compressed, hard.
Glumes ovate, keeled, subobtuse, uniformly black-chestnut, not nerved
-on the sides, the keel broad green. Style short, the two branches
hardly exserted. Nut 4-3 the length of the glume, obovoid, apiculate,
. Smooth, the superficial cells minute square.—Cyperus melanocephalus,
_R. Br. in Salt, Abyss. Append. iv. 63 name only. C. elegantulus,
Steud. in Flora, 1842, 588, and Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 11; Hook. f. in
Journ. Linn, Soe. vii, 224 2; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 117.
C. atronitens, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 20; A. Rich. Tent. Fi.
Abyss. ii. 476; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 456; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl.
Aethiop. 215, and in Bull.’ Herb. Boiss. ii, Append. ii. 46, 102; C. B.
Pycreus. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 303
Clarke in Journ, Linn. Soc. xxi. 66. C. cimicinus, Presl, Rel. Haenk.
1.166. C. ischnocormis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 11. C. Hragrostis,
Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 46, 102. —
_ Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, 8500 ft., Mann, 1470!
Nile Land. By the Nile between Khartoum and Shendy, Bromfield ! Eritrea:
Belta Felkat, 4900 ft., Schweinfurth § Riva, 1050! near Saganeiti, 7200 ft.,
Schweinfurth & Riva, 1735! Deghorra Valley, near Saganeiti, 7200 ft., Schwein-
furth § Riva, 1779! Acrur, 6000 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 1773! Abyssinia :
Tigre; Sholoda Mountain, |\Schimper, 25! Mettgalo Mountain, Schimper, 845!
near Adowa, Schimper, 312! Samen; marshes near Demerki, Schimper, 574! Mount
Bachit, Schimper, 118! Begemeder; Senka Berr, on the River Reb, 7000 ft.,
Schimper ! Magdala, Steudner, 925 ! 928! Lotho, Schimper, 470! Dehli-Dikeno,
4000 ft., Schimper, 272! Shoa; Ankober, Roth! and without precise locality,
Schimper, 505! 965! 1245! Quartin-Dillon & Petit !
Mozamb, Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 5000 ft.,
Volkens, 653! 691! 761! Taylor ! Usambara; Heboma, Holst, 2553! Karagwe ;
Ihangiro, Stuhlmann, 3342! British Central Africa: North Nyasaland, Whyte !
Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte!
Also in Natal and Tropical America.
The South American Cyperus cimicinus, Presl, is identical with the African
P. elegantulus.
28. P. umbrosus, Nees in Linnea, x. 130. Stronger than any of
the preceding species, the Tropical African examples large. Stolons
(in Schweinfurth, 1219) exceeding 12 by 4 in., clothed with ovate black-
brown scales 1 in. long. Stems up to 12-18 in. long. Leaves exceed-
ing the stem, } in. broad; sheaths fleshy with transverse linéolations.
Umbel subsimple; rays 3-7, up to 2 in. long, stout; bracts 4, lowest 6
in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes of 3-8 spikelets, loosely or closely
spicate, ebracteolate. Spikelets up to } by 3 in., 16-flowered, brown to
chestnut-black, compressed. Glumes ovate, obtuse, one-coloured, not
nerved on the sides, keel yellowish-brown or green. Style shorter
than the nut; branches 2, shortly exserted. Nut } the length of the
glume, obovoid, dark-brown, smooth.—C. B. Clarke in Durand «& Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 543, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 158 ; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 107. Cyperus lanceus, Thunb. Prodr, 18, and
Fi. Cap. ed. Schult. 101; Kunth, Enum. ii. 8, excl. vars. B, '¥3
K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 117. C. melanopus, Boeck. in Flora,
1879, 545. C. brumneo-ater, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 498. C. fulvus,
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 126; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 138.
Wile Land. British East Africa: by the Bahr el Ghazal, near the Nuer
Villages, Schweinfurth, 1219!
_. Gower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; 5
Eme, Welwitsch, 6872! near the river in Lopollo district, Wel
. Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor!
Also in South Africa and Madagascar.
I have described above from the Tropical African plant, which is considerably
larger and more fleshy than the Cape rigid form. Boeckeler esteems Schweinfurth,
000 ft., damp places between Lopollo and
witsch, 6881!
304 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Pyereus.
1219, specifically different; but Taylor’s example is still larger with a compound
umbel,
Var. Grantti, C. B. Clarke. Glaucescent. Umbels contracted, 1 in. in diam. ;
lowest bracts 4 in, long.—C. lanceus, T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append, 654.
C. nitidus, Boeck, in Linnea, xxxv. 461 partly ; Oliv. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 164.
C. lanceus, var? B Grantit, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 66,
Nile Land. Ruwenzori, Scott-Elliot, 7516 !
Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa: at Jiwa la Mkoa, in 'the Mgunda
Mkhali, Speke & Grant! British Central Africa: Urundi; Lake Tanganyika,
Carson, 54! Nyasaland ; Namasi, Cameron, 21!
29. P. nyasensis, (’. B. Clarke. Stem 1 ft. long, slender, with
1 head. Spike loose, of 3-8 spikelets; bracts 2, the lower 2 in. long,
spreading. Spikelets 3 by } in., compressed, linear-oblong, 20-flowered,
with parallel sides, a rich brown colour. Glumes elliptic, obtuse, sub-
obtuse, 1-coloured, rather closely imbricate. Style-branches 2. Nut
rather large, obovoid, white-reticulate ; superficial cells hexagonal, lax.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Zomba, 4000-
6000 ft., Whyte !
The examples are without rhizome or leaves,
30. P. spissiflorus, (. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot.
iv. 53. Rhizome woody. Stem 1 ft. long; basal sheaths black, some-
what lacerate. Leaves 3 the length of the stem, 4-1 in. broad. Umbel
simple, with rays 0-1} in. long, or congested into a head; bracts 3-5,
lowest up to 3 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes loose, of 3-9
spikelets. Spikelets } by 4 in., compressed, brownish-yellow, 16-20-
flowered. Glumes closely-packed, elliptic, obtuse, submucronate. Style
2-fid—C, B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 542.
Cyperus spissiflorus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 117.
Retire Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland; Mount Mlanji,
byte
This resembles some forms of P. globosus, Reichb., but differs in the woody
rhizome,
31. P. betschuanus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspett.
Fi. Afr. v. 535. Stolons hardening into a slender rhizome, seen 3 oy
long. Stems 4-12 in. long. Leaves 4 the length of the stem, $ ™.
broad. Umbel $2} in. broad, simple or of 1 head; rays 3-5; bracts 3,
lowest 2-4 in. long, similar to the leaves, Spikes of 4-8 spikelets,
shortly spicate. Spikelets 4 by zz in., lanceolate, much compressed,
hard, shining chestnut-coloured, 16-22-flowered. Glumes very tightly
packed, ovate, subobtuse; keel yellowish. Nut scarcely 4 the length
of the glume; superficial cells hexagonal-subquadrate.—C. B. Clarke
in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 159. Cyperus betschuanus, Boeck. in Engl.
Jahrb. xi. 406. C. globosus, var. nilagirica, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc, xxi. 49,
Mozamb-. Dist. British Central Africa : Mashonaland, Bryce !
Also in South Africa.
Pycreus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 305
32. P. angulatus, ees in Linnea, ix. 283. Rhizome slender.
Stem 1-3 ft. long. Leaves } the length of the stem, {-} in. broad.
Umbel simple or rarely reduced to 1 head; rays 3-8; bracts 4—5,
lowest up to 6-10 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes of 3-20
spikelets, loose. Spikelets up to 2 by 4 in., 22-flowered, compressed,
yellow-brown. Glumes ovate, keeled, a little inflated; tip triangular ;
margins crisped-undulate. Nut }-} the length of the glume, obovoid,
black.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 593, in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 534, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 156,
160; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 19. Cyperus angulatus, Nees in Wight,
Contrib. 73; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 465.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Rhodesia; Leshumo Valley, south
of the Zambesi, Holub! Nyasaland; Namasi, Cameron, 22!
Also in South Africa, India, Australia, and Tropical America.
This species occurs in Natal and the Transvaal, and is very likely to oceur in
Tropical Africa, whether Holub’s example is rightly named or no; and hus therefore
been included in this Flora. Holub’s specimens are 5-7 in. high only, with a single
loose head of 4 large spikelets on each. The woody stem and spikelets do very well
for au extremely depauperated P. angulatus; but the flowers are quite young and
the identification altogether uncertain,
33. P. albomarginatus, ees in Mort. Fl. Bras. ii. i. 9. A large
annual. Stem solitary, 1-3 ft. high, triquetrous at the top, smooth.
Leaves 2 the length of the stem, }-} in. broad. Umbel usually com-
pound ; primary rays 3-11 up to 1-7 in. long; bracts 3-6, lowest up to
8-18 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes subglobose, 14 in. long, of
12 spikelets, or very loose, elongate, 2 in. long, of 8-10 spikelets.
Spikelets up to 1} by } in., flattened, straw-coloured or yellow, 18-30-
flowered. Glumes ovate, obtuse, distant, with white margins. Nut 4
the length of the glume, up to 1, in. long, compressed, ellipsoid, black.
—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 594, and in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 534 ; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, 1.
280; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 107. Cyperus Hochstetteri,
Krauss in Flora, 1845, 755 in note; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 471, and
in Flora, 1879, 546; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 282, and
Xxi. 69, incl. vars. 8, y; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. i. 126.
C. retusus, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 582, and Syn. Pl. Glum. i: 11 partly ;
A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 485, not of Nees. C. albomarginatus,
Steud, Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 10. C. argyreus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii.
io Wee as patuliflorus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 475, and in Flora, 1879,
mae. C. esculentus, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 1. 138
partly.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perottet, 876! Roger, 20! 39!
Heudelot, 537! Galam, Heudelot, 316! Bakel, Heudelot, 317!
Nile Land, Kordofan : near Abu Gerard, Kotschy, 52! Galabat ; region of
Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2012! Abyssinia: near Gafta, Schimper, 1199! Efak, near
Lake Tana, Schimper, 1551! British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth,
1939! 2018! 2082!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Boma, Hens, 392! Angola : Loanda; near
Teba and Quicuxe, Welwitsch, 7046! and fruit, 1072! Pungo Andongo: Lagoa de
VOL. VIII. x
Senegambia,
306 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Pycreus.
Quibinda, Sansamanda, and Quitaje ad Cuije, Welwitsch, 6907 partly! on islands at
the cataract of the River Cuanza, near Condo, Welwitsch, 6938 !
South Central. Congo Free State: Bangala, Hens, 35!
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Quilimane, Stuhimann, 78!
British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 62! plains of
Zomba, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte !
Also in the Mascarene Isles, India and Australia.
34. P. tremulus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 542. A large annual. Stem solitary, 1-3 ft. high, triquetrous
at the top, smooth. Umbel usually compound, with very numerous
spikelets ; bracts 4—7, lowest often exceeding 12 by } in. Spikelets
4-2 by {}, in., 14-20-flowered. Nut scarcely 1, in. long; otherwise
resembling P. albomarginatus (differing in the slender spikelets).—
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. 1897,72; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl
Congo, i. 282. Cyperus tremulus, Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vii. 264;
Kunth, Enum. ii. 16; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 469, and in Peters,
Reise Mossamb. Bot. 535; K.Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 117.
(. chlorostachys, Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 540, and in
Linnea, xxxvi, 293; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 120.
Nile Land. British East Africa : Uganda, Stuhlmann, 4610!
South Central. Equatorville, 1000 ft., Hens, C, 358! °
Mozamb. Dist. Mozambique, Peters, 22! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ;
Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte !
Also in the Mascarene Islands.
3. JUNCELLUS, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Ind. vi. 594.
Spikes umbelled or congested into a head or solitary. Spikelets
5-80-flowered ; glumes distichous, 2 lowest empty, several succeeding
bisexual, perfecting nuts and deciduous seriatim from the lowest;
rhachilla persistent. Stamens 3-1, anterior; anthers oblong, not
erested. Style passing continuously into the ovary, not bulbous at the
base; branches 2, linear, in a plane at right angles to the median
plane of the spikelet, or in J. pustulatus branches sometimes 3. Nut
oblong or ellipsoid, triangular, the anterior angle flattened, smooth.—
Cyperus, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1043 partly.
Differs from Cyperus only in having the style 2-fid, not 3-fid.
Species 12, scattered through nearly all warm and temperate regions.
Spikes umbelled.
Spikes numerous, cylindric, of very many spikelets . 1. J. alopecuroides.
Spikes few, of 2-5 spikelets . : 5 . 2. J. pustulatus.
Spikes congested into 1 dense compound head of many
spikelets . . se : : . 3. SJ. pygmaeus.
Spike solitary, of 1-30 spikelets.
Rootstock woody. Spikelets 4 in. broad, straw-
coloured . : : : : : : . 4, J, levigatus.
Very small annual, Spikelets 3, in. broad. . 5. J. minutus.
Tuncellus. | CLYVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 307
1. J. alopecuroides, ('. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
vi. 595, Large; flowering the first season. Stem solitary, 13-3 ft. long,
at the top trigonous and smooth. Leaves as long as the ‘stem, }—} in.
broad. Umbel 6-24 in. in diam., compound; rays 4-10; bracts 3-8,
lowest 6-15 by }-} in. Spikes 3-5 together, sessile, 1-14 by 4-4 in.,
dense, cylindric. Spikelets 4-3 by ;4,-} in., compressed, 8—30-flowered,
straw-coloured. Glumes very closely imbricated, ovate, concave, thin ;
rhachilla stout, subquadrangular, not winged. Nut 4 the length of
the glume, obovoid, with the anterior angle flattened.—C. B, Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 543, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
iv. Append. iii. 28; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 20. Cyperus alopecu-
roides, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 38, t. 8, fig. 2; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xx. 283, and xxi. 30, 74, t. 2, fig. 12; Aschers. & Schweinf. Il. Fl.
Egypte, 156; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 49, 103.
C. semidives, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 36.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia: Cape Verd, Brunner, 46! 64! Cape Verd
Islands : St. Jago, Hooker, 100! Bornu, Vogel !
Nile Land. Kordofan, Kotschy! Abyssinia; Modat, Schimper, 110! 1478!
and without precise locality, Hildebrandt, 361!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Benguela, Menyharth, 203! Mossamedes, Hoepfner, 1!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa; Nyasaland, Buchanan, 417!
Also in North Africa, the Mascarene Islands, India, Malaya, Queensland and
Guadeloupe.
Boeckeler has included this species under Cyperus (Eucyperus) exaltatus,
Retz. It is therefore not possible to dissect the synonymy and geography satisfac-
torily in many cuses. Schweinfurth’s Cyperus alopecuroides is founded on his three
numbers 920, 1487, 1716; of these 920, which I have seen, is Cyperus eraltatus,
Retz; but it is very likely that the other two (or one of them) was Pycreus
alopecuroides.
2. J. pustulatus, ©. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect, Fi.
Afr. v.546. Annual. Stems tufted, 4-16 in. long, rather slender.
Leaves few, 3—} the length of the stem, ;1,-} in. broad, weak. Umbel
Simple (sometimes 1 spike only present); rays 2-5, 0-24 in. long ;
bracts 3, lowest 3-7 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes of 2-5
nearly sessile spikelets, ebracteolate. Spikelets up to $ by nearly + in.,
turgid, moderately compressed, linear-oblong with parallel sides, 8-18-
owered, glistening-white purple-marked; rhachilla persistent, not
Winged. Glumes ovate, obtuse, 7-nerved, closely imbricated, rounded
or scarcely keeled on the back, caducous regularly beginning with the
lowest nut-bearing one. Style 2-fid or more rarely 3-fid. Nut 2? the
length of the glume, obovoid, flattened on the anterior angle, usually
So much flattened that the nut is biconvex and the anterior style-
branch gone, sometimes unequal trigonous with 3 style-branches.—
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 109. Cyperus pustulatus, Vabl,
num. ii. 341; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 37; Kunth, Enum. ii. 63 ;
oeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 491, and in Flora, 1879, 548 ; Ridley in Trans.
Linn. Soe. ser, 2, Bot, ii. 128 partly. C. Barteri, Boeck. in Linnea,
*xxv. 460; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 76.
308 CLVI. CYPERACE& (CLARKE). [ Juncellus.
Upper Guinea. Senegal: Heudelot, 313! Upper Senegal, Lécard, 224!
Togo, Kling, 213! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1563! Baikie !
Wile Land. Soudan, Lécard, 133! British East Africa : Jur; Jur Ghattas,
Schweinfurth, 2081 ! 1939 partly !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshes between the Presidium
and Quilanga, and on the banks of the River Casalale, Welwitsch, 6918! 7156!
South Central. Congo Free State: Lulua River, Pogge, 1569! 1584! by the
Kasai River, Duchesne, 217!
This species has differentiated itself into Juncellus, but has not broken its
connection with Cyperus entirely yet.
3. J. pygmeeus, (. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 596.
Annual. Stems 1~10 in. long, usually in dense large tufts. Leaves
often longer than the stem, ;!,—+ in. broad, flaccid, green. Inflorescence
a dense compound head of very many (often 100) spikelets ; bracts 3-8,
dilated at the base, lowest up to 3-6 in. long, similar to the leaves.
Spikelets + by 51, in., compressed, green to pale brown, 8—24-flowered ;
rhachilla persistent, often curved or twisted. Glumes close-packed ; nut-
bearing glumes distichous, boat-shaped, regularly deciduous beginning
from the lowest. Style with 2 linear branches. Nut 4-3} the length
~€ the glume, ellipsoid, plano-convex, brown, smooth.—C. B. Clarke
2 Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 546. Cyperus pygmeus,
Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 20, t. 14, figs. 4-5; Kunth, Enum. ii. 18; Coss. &
Durieu, Expl. Se. Algér. Glum. 252; Schweinf. P]. Nilot. 41, and Beitr.
Fl. Aethiop. 215; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 493 (excl. var. 3), and in
Flora, 1879, 548; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 282, and xx?
28-30, 81, t. 2, figs. 10-10a, incl. var. 8; Aschers. & Schweinf. Tli. Fi.
Egypte, 156. C. michelianus, Delile, Fl. Augypt. Tllustr. 50. Isoleprs
micheliana, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 553. Dichostylis pygme4, Nees
in Linnea, ix. 289. Pycreus pygmeus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Zelievre! Galam, Heudelot, 387.
Nile Land. Near Khartoum, Petherick! Tutti Island, near Khartoum,
Kotschy, 329! banks of the Nile between Old Dongola and Messaurat, Bromfield !
at the 6th Cataract, Schweinfurth, 488! White Nile, Schweinfurth, 620! 852!
Kordofan, Pfund, 482! 609! Sennar, Hartmann, 757!
Also in North Africa and the Orient, India, China, Amurland, Malaya,
and Australia.
4, J. levigatus, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 59-
Rhizome woody, creeping horizontally, long and with solitary distant
stems or short and with crowded stems, their bases enclosed by
imbricate shining chestnut-red scales. Stems 6—24 in. long, roundish,
somewhat fleshy. Leaves usually short or scarcely any, sometimes
exceeding the stem, ,1,-} in. broad, the upper part terete-trigonous-
Spikelets 1-30, in one apparently lateral head, straw-coloured ; bracts
2, lower as though a continuation of the stem 1-3 in. long, similar to
the leaves (when those are developed) ; spikelets 4 by } in., compresse®:
but thick, with parallel sides, 12-24-flowered. Glumes close-packed,
broad-elliptic, obtuse, rounded on the back, the nut-bearing ones falling
seriatim from the base of the persistent rhachilla. Style with 2 linear
branches. Nut }-2 the length of the glume, obovoid, plano-conve™
Juncellus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 309
the anterior angle rounded off, smooth, brown.—C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 544, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii.
28, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 161; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-
rendus Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxvi. 88; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 21;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 109. Cyperus levigatus, Linn.
Mant. 179, and in herb. propr.; Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 19, t. 16, fig. 1;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 486, and in Flora, 1879, 548; Oliver in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxix. 164; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum. 250 ;
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 282, and xxi. 77, t. 3, figs. 20-21,
t. 4, fig. 33; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 128; Aschers.
& Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 156; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii.
Append. ii. 46; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 118. ('. muero-
natus, Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 19, t. 8, fig. 4; Kunth, Enum. ii. 17;
Barker Webb in Hook. Niger Fl. 182. C. teretifolius, A. Rich. Tent.
Fl. Abyss. ii. 477. C. subaphyllus, Boeck. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver.
Brandenb. xxx. 139. C. submonostachyus, Steud. et Jardin in Bull. Soc.
Linn. Normand. sér. 2, ix. (1875) 272, 280. Pycreus levigatus, Nees in
Linnea, x. 130. P. mucronatus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283.
_ Upper Guinea. Senegambia: banks of the River Senegal on the Island
of St. Louis, Brunner, 18! Cape Verd Islands: St. Vincent, Vogel, 95! 99! 114!
Milne! MacGillivray, 133! 1000 ft., Welwitsch, 7075! St. Antonio, Vogel, 64!
Ansell! St. Nicholao, Bolle !
Nile Land. Nubia: Coast region, Bent! near Singot, Schweinfurth, iii. 139!
Eritrea: Keren, 3800 ft., Schweinfurth, 777; Ailet, 1000 ft., Schweinfurth, 474!
Abyssinia : Gursarfa, in marshy places, Schimper, 2160! and without precise
locality, Schimper, 21! 1236! Ehrenberg! Somaliland: near Maid, Hildebrandt,
1474 | British East Africa: Usongora, on the shore of the salt lake, Scott-Elliot,
7957! by the Kariandusi River, Gregory, 44!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes ; banks of the River Caraco, at Cabo
Negro, Welwitsch, 6855 ! by the River Bero, near Cavalheiros, Welwitsch, 6856!
near Os Cazados, Welwitsch, 6857 |! marshy ground near Aguadas, Welwitsch, 6858 !
German South-west Africa : Hereroland, Fleck, 161 partly !
Mozamb, Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, Taylor ! Khutu : at the
margin of a hot spring near Zungomero, Speke g Grant! British Central Africa :
Nyasaland; Manganja Hills, Meller !
Found in all warm and temperate regions.
: The variety junciformis (C. junciformis, Desfont. Fl. Atlant. i. 42, t. 7, tig. 1)
With few, hard, black chestnut spikes, is spread over the warmer parts of the world,
ree common in North Africa, but no examples have been yet seen from Tropical
rica,
a. J. minutus, (. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. 1896, 224. A very
small annual. Stem 1-2 in. long. Leaves few, shorter than the
stem, zg in. broad, weak. Head 1, of 8 spikelets ; bracts 2, lower | in.
long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 4 by s'; in., compressed, straw-
coloured red-tinged, 6-8-flowered. Glumes closely packed, boat-shaped,
the green keel subexcurrent into a mucro. Stamens 2-1; anthers
short-oblong, very small. Style long, slender, branches 2 much shorter
than the style, or the style sometimes only minutely notched. Nut
minute, pyriform, plano-convex, black, minutely punctate.
310 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE), [ Juncellus.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Ongalea Mountains; alt. 2750 ft., Gre-
gory, 14!
This plant is very possibly rather a Cyperus. It is in the case of very small re-
duced species that generic characters elude us; Cyperus tenellus and Schenus
nitens have been treated as Scirpus.
4, CYPERUS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1048
(excluding the sections Pycreus, Juncellus, Diclidium, and Mariscus).
Spikes umbelled, or congested into a head, or solitary. Spikelets
5-70-flowered (in C. ochrocephalus 3-1-flowered) ; glumes distichous,
2 lowest empty, several succeeding bisexual, perfecting nuts and
deciduous seriatim from the lowest; rhachilla persistent. Stamens
3-1, anterior ; anthers oblong or linear, muticous or (rarely) crested, i.e.
the connective produced. Style passing continuously into the ovary,
not bulbous at the base; branches 3 (in C. stoloniferus occasionally 2),
linear, or in a few species (C. holostigma, C. nudicaulis, C. semitrifidus,
and others) branches short or hardly any. Nut oblong or obovoid,
triquetrous, plane face against the rhachilla, anterior angle not (or
occasionally somewhat) flattened.— Leaves all close to the base of the
stem, sometimes none, i.e. basal sheaths only present. The spikelets are
clustered or spicate in the spikes.
Species 300 ; in all warm and warm-temperate regions—a few extending to cool-
temperate regions,
A, Pycnostachys.—Spikelets digitate or clustered or (rarely) subsolitary, i.e. not
spicate. (Rhachilla wingless, or narrowly winged in C. Hensii.) Sect. 1-9.
§i, ANOsPoRUM.—Floating, Nut thickened by corky tissue at the base. Style
long linear ; branches 3, short, The African species leafless, with 1 head.
Stems rather slender, at the top 34 in. in diam. ~ lL. C. nudicaulis.
Stems stout, at the top #y-4 in. in diam., triquetrous 2. C. Colymbetes.
$ii. MonocePHALm.—None annuals, except C. Teneriffe. Stems with 1 i
(2 heads once seen in C. compactus).—N.B. In the following sections, among the
umbellate species, numerous examples with 1 head only occur. Also 49, C. dichro-
mena@formis is constantly 1-headed.
Spikelets small, rarely so much as 4 in. wide.
Spikelets brown or chestnut-coloured.
Style with 3 linear branches.
Leaves narrow-linear, acute .
Leaves narrow-linear, obtuse.
Thickened base of stem oblong-cylindric . 5. C. amnicola.
Thickened base of stem globose, bulbous . 8, C. atractocarpus.
Style subentire or minutely 2-3-toothed at the
tip 3 ‘ ‘ : ‘ :
Spikelets yellowish, more or less tinged with red.
Leaf-sheaths torn into pale fuscous fibres 3 spike-
lets ;1, in. wide . - : c ‘
Leaf-sheath torn into black fibres ; spikelets 1,
in. wide . : “ : . .
Spikelets white or cinnamon-coloured.
Leaves and leaf-sheaths glabrous
. 4. C. rupestris.
%
C. holostigma.
7. C. Kirkii.
9. C. elavinux.
: . 16. C. leucocephalus-
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE® (CLARKE), 311
Leaf-sheaths (and often leaves) pubescent . 18. C. somaliensis.
Spikelets medium-sized, usually -in, wide or more.
Glumes strongly mucronate or subaristate.
Stems tufted, thickened at the base . E ‘
Stems on a horizontal stout rhizome, not
thickened at the base ‘ A : . 15. C. pecilus.
Glumes obtuse, sometimes minutely apiculate.
(Spikelets white, straw-coloured, cinnamon-
coloured or yellow.)
Basal sheaths not breaking up into fibres.
Rhizome very short or 0.
3. C. Teneriffe,
Spikelets 5-20 to 4 kead, 2 in. wide. AAS Of compactus.
Spikelets 3-8 to a head, 1—4 in. wide . 18. C. margaritaceus.
Rhizome very long, straight, rigid. :
Spikelets 8-16-flowered . c E . 12. C. angolensis.
Spikelets 3-1-flowered . 3 5 . 14. C. ochrocephalus.
Basal sheaths breaking up into fibres. cies
Head of 3-6 spikelets . peel e : . 10. C. niveoides.
Head dense, of numerous spikelets ‘ . 17. C. zanzibarensis.
Siii. Conatomeratx.—None annuals, The dense heads few in a simple umbel,
or agglomerated into 1 (sometimes very large) head. Spikelets straw-coloured to
ferr uginous-brown, or reddish in C. Freret.
Roots woolly, é
Glumes not very approximate; spikelet 8-16-
flowered 5 f : ‘ : . 19. C. conglomeratus.
Glumes very approximate ; spikelet often 20—40-
flowered.
Stem rather slender, at the top more or less
trigonous : . “ : ; . 20, C. cruentus.
Stem thicker, terete, striate, at the top hardly
tigtnous ee es Bl. C. auaus:
Roots not woolly.
Leaves coarse, tough ; spikelets straw-colour to =
brown é e ‘ < ° . 22. C. maritimus.
Leaves green, flat; spikelets tinged with red . 23. C. Frerei.
S iv. GRACILES.—Slender, green annuals. Spikelets slender, green. Umbel
loose. Nut verrucose, hardly cancellate . . ° . 24, C, cancellatus.
$v. Uncrnara.—Annuals. Spikelets small or medium-sized. Spikes umbelled.
Glumes more or Jess mucronate. oe
Glumes minutely mucronate. Spikes golden-brown . 25. C. amabilis.
Glumes distinctly mucronate. :
Mucro long recurved ; glume strongly 3-nerved . 26. C. uncinatus.
Mucro shortly exserted; glume hardly 3-nerved . 27. C. reduncus.
§vi. DirFormEs.—Annuals or weak perennials. Spikes umbelled, usually very
numerous. Glumes small, muticous or very nearly so.
Spikelets numerous in each spike.
Stems annual, tufted. ; ;
Spikelets dusky or Seiten . . . ‘ oe me sibel
Spikelets whitish-green, glistening . < »- 29. C. mi .
Stems subsolitary, oe a ‘cig rhizome . . . 80. C. dichroustachyus.
312 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
Spikelets 1-5 in each spike. :
Spikelets lanceolate, chestnut to black , < . 31. C. phaorhizus.
Spikelets parallel-sided, yellowish-green or reddish.
Bracts usually shorter than the umbel é . 32. C. Haspan.
Bracts longer than the umbel . : : . 33. C. flavidus.
§vii. PuLcHR#.—Leafy. Rhizome woody. Spikes umbelled. Glumes rigid,
shining.
Stylelong; branches much shorter than the undivided
part : 5 : A : : : . 38. C. apricus.
Style short; branches much longer than the un-
divided part. : :
Spikes 2-1 ; leaves green, weak . : : . 39. C. Adansont.
Spikes numerous ; leaves narrow, tough.
Style (including its branches) hardly longer than
the nut.
Nut much flattened on the anterior angle . 34. C. podocarpus.
Nut subequally trigonous : : . 36. C. Hensit.
Style branches much longer than the minute
nut.
Rhizome hardly any.
Spikelets 1—3 in. long; glumes closely packed 35. C. tenax.
Spikelets 1 in. long; glumes rather loosely
packed . 3 ; : . 87. C. Boehmit.
Rhizome 2 in. long, horizontal, woody, nodose 40. C. spherospermus.
§ viii. TExXTILES.—Leafless. Rhizome woody. Umbel with numerous spikes.
Primary rays of umbel subequal, often very numerous.
Bracts numerous, much longer than the umbel,
rather bro:d. ‘
Stems terete, or under the umbel scarcely
trigonous.
Primary rays of umbel rather thick . 41. C. flabelliformis.
Primary rays of umbel very slender . 42. C. alternifolius.
Stems 6-angular under the umbel_. . . 43. C. sexangularis.
Bracts much shorter than the umbel.
Stems terete . : : . ; : . 47. C. prolifer.
Stems triquetrous . : 48. C. isocladus.
Primary rays of umbel unequal, rarely more than
15; bracts not very conspicuous.
Stem acutely triquetrous under the umbel.
Spikelets pale to reddish-brown ; glumes yellow
on the keel : Z : ‘ F . 44. €C. denudatus.
Spikelets shining black ; glumes 1-coloured . 45. C. lucentiargricans.
Stem under the umbel round or obscurely
trigonous , . . : . 3 . 46. C. marginatus.
§ix. Dirrus#.—None annual, Leaves green, usually long, flat, 3-nerved, grassy,
not rolled up in the dried state.
Umbel congested into 1 head ; spikelets pallid
Glumes remote, hardly imbricated in fruit. . 49. C. dichromene- |
forms.
Glumes close-packed, even in ripe fruit « . 50. C. mapaniordes.
Umbel simple, with very long flexuose rays . 51. C. fertilis.
Umbel compound with numerous spikes; depauperated
examples rarely occur.
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACE& (CLARKE). 3
Bracts much longer than the umbel, 3-nerved.
Spikelets linear-oblong or linear; with (usually)
more than 6 nuts.
Spikelets in fruit green; nut nearly as long
as the glume : . 57. C. diffusus.
Spikelets in fruit reddish or brow nish (8
species very closely allied).
Spikelets 54,2 in. wide.
Glumes closely packed, hardly mucronate.
Nut ovoid.
Spikelets compressed ; glumes rather
rigid. : : 3 . 52. C. Manni.
Spikelets turgid ; siecle soft . 54. C. fischerianus.
Nut oblong : . 58. C. Deckenii.
Glumes in fruit hardly ov erlapping, with
a small mucro.
Bracts 3 in. wide. c : . 55. C. derreilema.
ice a in. wide . : : . 56. C, Ajax.
Spikelets 7,—;1; in. wide.
Spikelets short-oblong ; umbel rigid . 59. C. Baroni.
Spikelets ier ee umbel flexuose.
Leaves + 2 ue broad. ‘ c . 58. C. glaucophylius.
Leaves 3-3 in, broad : . 60. C. zambesiensis.
Spikelets short oblong, with (usually) 3—4 nuts . 61. C. Renschit.
Bracts not (or scarcely) overtopping the umbel,
I-nerved 2 F ‘ : z . 62. C. aureobruneus.
B. Choristachys.—Spikelets spicate.
a. SUBEXALATE.—Rhachilla not or scarcely winged, Leaves and bracts long,
except in 72, C. socialis,
§x. CoMPREss#.—Annuals; but sometimes persisting and flowering the second
year.
Nut nearly as long as the glume. : : . 63. C. Iria.
Nut 3-2 the length of the glume.
Glames obtuse, scarcely apiculate.
Spikelets tort i in. broad : : . . 64. C. sphacelatus.
Spikelets 2-1 in. broad. 5 - : . 66. C. incompressus.
Glumes ete, ierene or aristate.
Spikelets 4-1 in. broad . : . . 65. C. compressus.
Spikelets 1-2 in. broad . : : : . 67. C. aristatus.
§xi. Not annuals. Elongate stolons produced by most species.
Leaves 0 : é : : : . 72. C. socialis.
Leaves long.
Rhachis of the spikes minutely hairy . . . 73. C, pilosus.
Rhachis of the spikes glabrous. ;
Glumes with an excurrent mucro_. : . 70. C. eleusinoides,
Glumes muticous or scarcely apiculate.
Glumes in fruit overlapping .
Glumes in fruit overlapping but little.
Spikelets in fruit acicular, divaricate . . 68. C. distans.
Spikelets in fruit linear, suberect : . 69. C. nutans.
Stems approximate on a nodose woody rhizome. Spikelets hard with rigid
Gace : a ‘ 5 A z = . 74, C. pratensis.
. 71. C. latifolius.
314 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
b. ALATE.—Rhachilla obviously winged. Each marginal base of the glume
is decurrent on the rhachilla; the glume falls off, leaving this ovate or lanceolate
marginal base on the rhachilla—the “ wings of the rhachilla ”—which themselves are
persistent or late deciduous or very early caducous, and are scarious, white, yellow,
brown or pinkish.
§ xiii, Tuntcat#.—Leafy. Stolons exceedingly slender, disappearing after the
bulbs are formed on them. Bulbs clothed (tunicate) when ripe by a tough black coat ;
flower-stem of the second year, springing from a bulb,
Bulbs more than 4 in. in diam, ; umbel condensed into
a dense head of 30 spikelets
Bulbs less than 4 in. in diam.
Inflorescence of 6 spikelets in one spike, nowise
~
77. C. grandibulbosus.
umbelled : - 5 : ¢ . 78. C. blysmoides.
Inflorescence of 2-4 subumbelled spikes, or of one
head.
Head 1, dusky brown-red, of many spikelets . 79. C. Stuhlmanni.
Spikes 2—4, laxly spicate, imperfectly umbelled.
Bulbs 1 in. in diam., coat tough, striated . 75. C.\bulbosus.
Bulbs + in. in diam., coat scarious shining
brown . : : : : : . 76. C. usitatus.
Bulbs 51, in. in diam. ; plant very slender . 80. C. microbolbos.
Inflorescence a fully developped umbel, usually
compound.
Stem much swollen at the base ; leaves with whip-
like ends z a . . 81. C. callistus.
Stem scarcely swollen at the base.
Leaves shining; spikelets very bright shining
red, “ : 4 : . . 82. C. fulgens.
Spikelets not shining ; bulbs zonate . . 83. C. esculentus.
§xiv. BREVIFOLIATH.— Leaves very short or 0.
Leaves and bracts hardly any; stem (when dry)
pseudo-septate : : s : ; -
Leaves and bracts short; stem not (or obscurely)
septate . . 85. C. corymbosus.
§xv. REMOTIGLUME.—Leafy. Glumes rather farther apart (remote) on ~
rhachilla, by which alone this section differs from the Rotund@. Stolons hardening
into woody rhizomes, sometimes very short, and not seen on many examples. Large oF
medium-sized plants. In several species, the wings of the rhachilla are very narrow-
Spikelets chestnut or bright brown.
Leaves short ; stem at the top acutely triquetrous . 86. C. schimperianus.
Leaves long.
84. C. articulatus.
Umbel compound, open; stem 2-3 ft. long . 87. C. aterrimus.
Umbel contracted almost to a head; stem 6-9
in. long . . a - : : . 88. C. atroviridis.
Spikelets a black lur'd-green . 5 c . . 89. C. maranguensis-
Spikelets a bright ferruginous-red_ . : . . 90. C. nubicus.
Spikelets straw-coloured, or (in C. schweinfurthianus,
var.) yellow.
Stem very scabrous at the top. F ° . 92. C. schwein-
Surthianus-
Stem smooth at the top. ;
Stem rather slender ; spikelets spreading . . 91. C. Zollinger.
Stem rather stout; spikelets suberect : . 98. C. elatior.
Cyperus. | CLVI, CYPERACEX (CLARKE). 315.
§ xvi. RorunDx.—Leafy. Glumes approximate. Large or medium-sized plants,.
producing stolons or lateral shoots near the base. Wings of the rhachilla conspicuous,
Spikelets scarcely attaining =}, in. in breadth, exactly
linear, i.e. of the same width, nearly their whole
length with parallel sides.
Stem at the base oblong-thickened by leaf-sheaths 108. C. ibeensis.
Stem at the base not oblong-thickened.
Spikelets up to 14 in. long, 60-flowered, straw-
coloured . ; : ‘i ‘ : . 95. C. locuples.
Spikelets 1 in, long, ashy-brown 5 : - 98. C. congensis.
Spikelets less than 1 in. long.
Spikelets highly coloured ; glumes brown with
green keel . 5 : : - 102. C. nuerensis.
Spikelets pallid ; rhizome 4 in. thick, woody. 99. C. Heudelotii.
Spikelets pallid, usually dull red spotted . 97. C. maculatus.
Spikelets 7s in. broad, usually broader, linear, more or
less lanceolate.
Spikelets very pale straw-coloured, sometimes red-
tinged.
Spikelets very slightly compressed, rigid . - 96. C. natalensis,
(5) Top)
Spikelets distinctly compressed, loose c - 105. C. fenzelianus.
Spikelets chestnut or chestnut-red.
Spikes congested so that the umbel appears
simple. 4 : : A : . 103. C. rigidifolius,
Spikes loose; umbel manifestly compound . 100. C. rotundus, var.
Spikelets ferruginous-reddish ; glumes with yellow
or yellow-brown keel.
Spikelets large, ;4, in. broad, in one dense com-
pound head. é : : c . 104. C. Taylori.
Spikelets either less than zp in. broad, or ina
large open umbel.
Anthers with an elongate triangular crest on
the connective ; : . . 106. C, fissus.
Anthers not crested ; tip of connective very
short, triangular. es
Nut 3-3 the length of the glume, oblong . 94. C. gracilinua,
Nut less than 3 the length of the glume.
Stem at the base decumbent, hardly
bulbous : 4 . 101, C. longus.
Stem at the base suberect, bulbous
thickened.
Rays of umbel either long stout or
short ° - . 100. C. rotundus.
Rays of umbel long slender js . 107. C. tuberosus.
§ xvii, Exatratx.—Leaves and bracts long. ‘Tall annuals without stolons, some-
times producing in autumn short lateral shoots, and flowering a second season. Umbel
large, compound. Rhachilla of spikelets conspicuously winged. Style (with its 3
branches) small, Nut small.
Spikelets linear, much compressed. Wings of the
rhachilla persistent, except in C. immensus.
Wings of rhachilla falcate, yellow, early deciduous 112. C. tmmensus.
Wings of rhachilla narrowly oblong, hyaline, per-
sistent.
316 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
Spikelets hard; margins of the glumes not
incurved.
Spikes all sessile . : : : : - 109. C. radiatus.
Spikes (some of them) pednncled . : - 110. C. exaltatus.
Spikelets loose ; margins of the glumes in-
curved . : : c : : - lll. C. Pethericki.
Spikelets narrow-linear, nearly terete. Wings of
rhachilla yellow, early deciduous.
Stem at the top moderately trigonous; umbel very
large.
Umbel rays 51,-;); in. in thickness. : . 118. C. digitatus.
Umbel rays 1—} in. in thickness 3 : - 114. C. grandis.
Stem at the top acutely triquetrons ; umbel not
very large . : . . : : - 115. C. auricomus.
§xviii. Papyrxz,—Tall. Flowering stem leafless. Umbel large with innumerable
rays. Plant 8-16 ft. high . : : 4 : - 116. C. Papyrus.
1. ©, nudicaulis, Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vii. 240. Glabrous,
floating. Rhizome long, } in. in diam. Stems tufted, 1-2} ft. long,
at the top ;'. in. in diam., round trigonous. Leaves 0); leaf-sheaths
pale-brown or reddish, the uppermost produced on one side 0-4 in. but
hardly green. Head 1, of 1-12 sessile spikelets; bracts 1-3, lowest
often suberect, shorter than the head, as though a continuation of the
stem. Spikelets 3-1 by 4! in. (rarely up to i in. broad), much
flattened, 30-40-flowered, sometimes 70-flowered, pallid or reddish.
Glumes very closely packed, ovate, boat-shaped, apiculate, 3—5-nerved,
sometimes scabrous on the upper part cf the keel, falling seriatim from
the lowest fertile glume; rhachilla persistent. Stamens 3; filaments
broad ; anther-cells thick, muticous. Style long, linear ; branches 3,
linear, very short. Nut 2 the length of glume, ovoid, flattened, long
acuminate ; base of the nut, especially the margins, corky thickened.—
Kunth, Enum. ii. 48; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 133,
and in Journ. Bot. 1884, 16, in Obs. ; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 570; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 118;
Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 23; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 112 ;
cfr. Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1044. OC. pectinatus, Vahl, Enum.
ii. 298; Kunth, Enum. ii. 107, Atomostylis cyperiformis, and A. fla-
vescens, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 315. Anosporum nudicaule, Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvi. 411, and in Flora, 1879, 561.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia : Ndanout, Dollinger, 41! Cameroons: Yaunde,
Zenker gf Staudt, 332! Cape Verd, Perrottet ! Niger Territcry: Nupe; on the
murgius of lakes, Barter, 1568 !
Nile Land. White Nile, Schweinfurth, 1117! Gazelle River, Schweinfurth,
1146! 1157!
Lower Guinea. Congo Free State: Kisantu on the Inkissi River, Gillet,
1248! 1558! and without precise locality, Dewévre, 253! Angola: Dande ; by the
Dande River, Welwitsch, 7028!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Karagwe ; Bakoba, Stuhlmann, 1163 !
and without precise locality, Fischer, 638! British Central Africa : Nyasaland 5
marshes near the River Shire, Kirk !
Also in Madagascar and Martinique.
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEA! (CLARKE). 317
2. ©. Colymbetes, Kotschy et Peyr. Pl. Tinn. 49, t. 24. Gla-
brous, floating. Stems tufted on an oblique rhizome, 1—2 ft. long, at the
top ;4,-} in. in diam., triquetrous. Leaves 0. Head 1, of 6-30 sessile
spikelets ; bracts 2, lowest shorter than the head. Spikelets J—? by
4-4 in., much flattened, often 40-flowered, pallid or reddish, otherwise as
C. nudicaulis.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
551; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.C.118, <Anosporum Colymbetes,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 412, and in Flora, 1879, 561; Schweinf.
Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. A. macrostachyum, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.
413.
Nile Land. Floating on the White Nile near the mouth of the Bahr el
Gebel, Schweinfurth, 1125! and near the Bahr el Ghazal, Brownell ! Werne !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: without precise locality, Fischer, 637 !
Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi ; Expedition Island, Kirk !
Also in Madagascar.
This species is exceedingly close to C. nudicaulis, Poiret, and best recognised by
the much thicker stem. The spikelets are usually broader and the glumes longer ;
bnt in a Senegambian example (referred above to C. nudicaulis), the spikelets are
us broad as in the average C. Colymbetes.
3. CG. Teneriffe, Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vii. 245. _Glabrous.
Stems 2-9 in. long, the broad reddish sheaths forming an oblong swell-
ing at the base, tufted. Leaves 3 the length of the stem, ¢ in. broad.
Head 1, of 3-20 sessile spikelets; bracts 2, the lower 1-2 in. long,
similar to the leaves. Spikelets }-? by 1—} in., much compressed, red,
10-36-flowered. Glumes closely imbricated, narrowly boat-shaped,
strongly 4-ribbed on each side, conspicuously mucronate. Style about
as long as the nut; branches 3, linear, rather shorter. Nut less than
4 the length of the glume, ellipsoid or subovoid, with concave faces.—
Nees in Linnea, x. 131; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fi. Brit. Ind. vi.
601, in Durand é& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 579, and in Dyer, Fi.
Cap. vii. 166; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. 0. 115. .6; rubi-
cundus, Kunth, Enum. ii. 49 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 507 ; Schweinf.
Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 216, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 46,
102; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Lion. Soc. xxi. 104; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 139; not of Vahl. C. Serra, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. i.
479.
Nile Land. Eritrea: below Geleb, 5200 ft., Schweinfurth § Riva, 1256!
Abyssinia: rocky places near Goelleb, 3500 {t., Schimper, 2340! and sharing Lapee
locality, Schimper, 603! Somaliland : Mrs. Lort-Phillips. Keller, 90! 95 1 97!
British East Africa : Uganda, Lugard! Lake Elmeteita, Gregory, 6574! —
River, 6000-7000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6574! Taita; Ndara Mountains, Gregory, 9!
Ukamba, Hildebrandt, 2658! Tsimba (Shimba ) Mountains, Taylor !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! German East Africa: Kilimanjaro ;
Lake Chala, 2500 ft., Volkens, 322! Karagwe ; Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 1099!
Also in Teneriffe, South Africa, Arabia, Madagascar and India.
52. Glabrous. Stems 2-8 in.
ato . ‘unth, Enum. ii.
4. C. rupestris, Aunth, Lnun fibrillose leaf-sheaths, tufted.
long, slender, thickened at the base by
318 CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). ; | Cyperus.
Leaves often as long as the stem, ;}; in. broad. Head 1, of 2-10 sessile
spikelets; bracts 2-3, lowest up to 3 in. long, similar to the leaves.
Spikelets chestnut-red, 4} by } in., much compressed, shining, hard,
8-18-flowered, sides parallel. Glumes closely imbricated, ovate, striate,
nearly one-coloured; mucro minute, subrecurved. Style about } the
length of the nut; branches 3, very long. Nut } the length ot the
glume, ellipsoid, triquetrous, obtuse—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap.
vil. 167.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Zomba Plateau, 2500-
3000 ft., Whyte!
Also in South Africa.
5. ©. amnicola, Kunth, Enum. ii. 52. Leaves very narrow,
margins when dry inrolled, tip obtuse. Bracts similar to the leaves;
tips obtuse. Glumes muticous. Otherwise as C. rupestris.—Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxv. 509; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 131 ;
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 548, and in
Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 167.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in dried-up swamps near Nene, Welwitsch,
‘6878 (ex Ridley).
Also in South Africa.
6. C. holostigma, Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. i.
103. Glabrous. Rhizome very short. Stems thickened at the base,
clustered, 2-4 in. long, very slender. Leaves a little shorter than the
stem, almost setaceous. Head 1, of 3-6 subdigitate spikelets; bracts
2-3, lowest up to 1 in. long, setaceous, spreading. Spikelets } by q's i0.,
narrow lanceolate, black, 10-15-flowered. Glumes 9—11-nerved, muti-
cous. Style long exserted, the tip subentire or very shortly 2—3-lobed.
Wile Land. Eritrea: Plateau of Kohaito, 8500 ft., Schweinfurth, 120!
Schweinfurth detected this curious species, made a drawing of the style and
sent it to me. It may possibly be a mountain reduced chestnut-black state of
C. apricus, Ridley (n. 38 below).
7. ©. Kirkii, C. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Stems 4-5 in. long,
slender, at the base thickened and woody, in a tough tuft; basal sheaths
persistent in dirty straw-coloured fibres. Leaves overtopping the stems,
setaceous. Head 1, of 5-12 subdigitate spikelets; bracts 3, lowest
13-23 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 2 by 5}, in., compressed,
dense, 14—18-flowered, yellowish or reddish, with parallel sides, Glumes
closely imbricated, 5—-7-nerved, minutely apiculate, scarcely mucronate.
Style short, linear; branches 3, long. Nut not seen.
_Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi; Lupata, Kirk!
British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Manganja Hills, Meller !
8. C. atractocarpus, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
141. Glabrous. Stems 4-8 in. long, rather slender, thickened and
sub-bulbous at the base, united on a very short horizontal rhizome.
Leaves 4 the length of the stem, very narrow, suddenly contracted
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 319
from broad many-striated bright-brown sheaths with scarious margins.
Head 1, of 4-1 sessile spikelets; bracts hardly as long as the head.
Spikelets 1 by } in., bright-brown, 16—20-flowered. Glumes 9—11-nerved,
hardly acute. Style slender, short; branches 3, very long. Nut nearly
} the length of the glume, trigonous, linear-oblong (not seen ripe).—
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 549; Engl.
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 139; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 118.
Lower Guinea. Augola: Huilla; on the higher pastures of Empalanca,
5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6863 !
This is very close to C. amnicola, Kunth; the stems are more bulbous at the
base and the nut narrower.
9. C. clavinux, (’. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 551. Glabrous. Stems 14-3 in. long, at the base woody and covered
by black fibres (fragments of leaf-sheaths). Leaves overtopping the
stems, 5, in. broad. Head 1, of 8-20 nearly sessile spikelets; bracts
3-2, lowest up to 3 in. long, suberect, similar to the leaves. Spikelets
} by 4/5 in., compressed, 20-flowered, pallid, with parallel sides. Glumes
boat-shaped, thin, ovate, hardly acute; nerves 5, close to the keel, often
red-spotted, sides nerveless and colourless. Style short; branches 3,
long. Nut hardly half the length of the glume, trigonous-globose,
suddenly contracted almost into a stalk, black-brown, glistening with
dots (ie. the superficial quadrangular ce)ls becoming scarious, finally
porose).
Upper Guinea. Bornu, Vogel, 64! 65!
10. ©. niveoides, C. B. Clarke in Durand d&: Schinz, Conspect. F1.
Afr. v.570. Glabrous. Stems 4-8 in. long, tufted, at the base much
thickened by tough torn dusky straw-coloured sheaths, Leaves 3 the
length of the stem, setaceous (less than ,5 in. broad). Head 1, of 3-6
spikelets; bracts 2-3, lowest up to 2 in. long, setaceous, spreading.
Spikelets 2 by } in., flattened, elliptic, 12-flowered, whitish. Glumes
very closely imbricate, muticous, acutely keeled; sides hardly striated.
Young ovary trigonous.
South Central. Lunda: Mukenge, Pogge, 1576! 1608!
This came to hand marked Cyp. macropus (i.e. Mariscus macropus below),
to which the base of the stems and heads bear a very general resemblance. The
€xamples are young, but hardly differ from the Indian C. niveus, Retz.
11. ©. compactus, Lam. Ill. i. 144, not of Retz. Glabrous.
Stems 4-16 in. long, robust or medium, thickened at the base by hard
black-brown (not fibrillose) leaf-sheaths, contiguous, fused into a short
horizontal rhizome. Leaves as long as the stem, or sometimes much
shorter, =,—1 in. broad. Head 1, of 5-20 spikelets, }-1} in. in diam.,
dirty straw-coloured or yellowish (but see var. flavissima) ; bracts 3-4,
lowest 2-4 in. long, similar to the leaves, spreading, dilated at the base.
Spikelets 4-2 by 1-1 in., broad oblong or ovoid, compressed, 8-18-
flowered. Glumes 1-1 in. long, very closely packed, elliptic-oblong,
Sy)
20 CLVI, CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
muticous, with many conspicuous striations. Nut } the length of the
glume (yet rather large for Cyperus), triquetrous, obovoid, smooth,
black ; style shorter than the nut, branches 3, linear.—C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 552, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vil.
168; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 118; Durand & Schinz,
Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 284; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 112.
C. obtusiflorus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 308; Kunth, Enum. ii. 45; Boeck, in
Linnea, xxxv. 528, and in Abhandl. naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. (1880)
36; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 286, and xxi. 110; Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 132; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
ii. Append. ii. 47, 102. C. ambongensis, Boeck. in Linnea, XXxVill.
361. C. argenteus, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 133.
C. niveus, var. polyphyllus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 550.
Upper Guinea. Niger River, Baikie!
Nile Land. Eritrea: Geleb, 6300 ft., Schweinfurth, 1212; Ginda, 4000 ft.,
Schweinfurth, 131, 415; Mount Alamkale , 6000 ft., Schweinfurth, 1639. Somali-
land: Darra-As, Miss Edith Cole! Mrs. Lort-Phillips! Serrut Mountains near
Maid, 5200 ft., Hildebrandt, 1477. British East Africa: Jur; Abu Guroon’s Seriba,
Schweinfurth, iii, 187! Albert Nyanza, Stuhlmann, 2873! Malewa, Gregory, 42!
Victoria Nyanza, Scott-Elliot, 6477! Nandi, Scott-Elliot, 6894! Rabai Hills, near
Mombasa, Taylor! Mombasa, Wakefield !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Smith, 63! Angola: Pungo Andongo; hills
between Candumba and Muta Lucala, 3500 ft., Welwitsch, 6900! Huilla, 5000 ft.5
near the Catumba rivulet, Welwitsch, 6905! near Nene, Welwitsch, 6906 !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1064! Linck, 117! Schmidt, 67!
German East Africa: Mafia Island, Bartle Frere! Usambara; Tanga, Ago
151! Meru Mountain, 2400 ft., Volkens, 1644! Usaramo; Kagehi, Fischer, 631:
and without precise locality, Stuhlmann, 900! 3434! British Central sear
Urungu ; Fwambo, 5200 ft., Nutt! Nyasaland; Namasi, near Zomba, Cameron, 94!
and without precise locality, Buchanan, 23! 393! Matabeleland, Elliott !.
Abundant also in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands. '
This abundant species varies much in size, also in the breadth of the spikelets ;
the young spikelets are much less compressed and look different from the ripe ones-
It is possible to subdivide perhaps the material here collected ; but it must be noted
(1) that the variety and species which follow are very near C. compactus, (2) thet
none of the material should be referred (as by Boeckeler and| others) to the poe:
C. niveus, Retz., which has much thinner glumes, and can be definitely distinguished,
though nearly allied. ;
Var. flavissimus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 552.
Spikelets golden-yellow, or yellowish or brown.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. be
168 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 112. C. obtusiflorus, var. flavissimus, Boec :
in Linnea, xxxv. 529 ; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 182. Ce
Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 5, t. 2, fig. 2. ©. spherocephalus, Val, Enum. ii. 3105
Kunth, Enum. ii. 45 ; T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 654; Oliver in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxix. 164, t. 108, fig. A; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 118.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in the drier pastures near Lopollo, 5000 ft.,
Welwitsch, 6876!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Jiwa-la-Mkoa, in the Mgunda
Mkhali, 4488 ft., Speke Sf Grant!
Abundant in South Africa. :
I concur with Boeckeler in thinking there is no difference in structure betwee?
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). 321
this and C. compactus type. The colour sometimes, as in Grant’s example, is
golden-yellow ; but there is a complete series from this into straw-colour and into
brown.
Var. tenerior, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl, Afr. v. 552.
Much slenderer with smaller spikelets and nuts,—Rendie in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.
112.
Upper Guinea. River Niger, Baikie !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in the pastures of Empalanca, 6000 ft.,
Welwitsch, 6803 !
This variety was founded on Welwitsch, 6803 ; Baikie’s (which has no rhizome)
may prove to be different. There may be 1 (or 2) new species latent here.
12. C. angolensis, Boeck. in Flora, 1880, 435. Rhizome oblique,
4 by 4-4 in., clothed by stout ovate acute striate pale brown scales 4—2
in. long. Stem solitary on the rhizome, 4-12 in. long. Leaves often as
long as the stem, 4 in. broad. Bracts and head as of C. compactus, Lam.
—Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI, Congo, i. 283. C. ochrocephalus,
C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 53; Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 112; not Ryncospora ochrocephala, Boeck.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kimuenza, Gillet, 1740! Angola: Huilla ;
on dry hills near Lake Ivantala, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6838! Golungo Alto ; Sobato
de Bumba, Welwitsch, 6813! marshy banks of the River Quiapoze, Welwitsch, 7014!
Malange, Mechow, 182!
South Central. Congo Free State; Zenze, Laurent ! Mukenge, Pogge, 1604!
1605! Mpala, Descamps, 10! Wba Kionde, Dupuis! Mission Caba, Zilmann, 14!
and without precise locality, Dewévre, 275 !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Mlanji, Whyte!
Mount Zomba, 3000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte !
I cannot distinguish this species from C. compactus unless I have the rhizome.
The spikelets are many-flowered ; and my naming it (Lc.) in 1894 C. ochrocephalus
(which species has 3-2-flowered spikelets) was an error. The style is always 3-fid
with me.
13, C. margaritaceus, Vahl, Hnum. ii. 307. Glabrous. Stems
6-24 in. long, thickened at the base by leaf-sheaths, contiguous,
rhizome very short or 0. Leaves 3 the length of the stem, '5-} in.
broad. Head 1, of 3-6 spikelets; bracts 3, lowest up to 2-4 im. long,
Similar to the leaves. Spikelets up to } by }-} in., much flattened,
white, straw-coloured or pale brown, 20-flowered. Glumes up to 4 in,
long, very close-packed, muticous, with numerous strong striations.
Nut 4-2 the length of the glume, ellipsoid, triquetrous with concave
faces.—Schumach. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 33; Kunth, Enum. ii.
46; Benth. in Hook. Niger FI. 550; Jardin, Herbor. 13; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxv. 529; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xxi. 110, in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 568, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv.
Append. iii. 30, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 169; Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 133; Ficalho et Hiern’ in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 26 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 119; Durand & Schinz,
Etudes Fl, Congo, i. 290; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii, 112.
C. eburneus, Thonning ex Kunth, Enum. ii. 46.
VOL. VIII. Y
322 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
Upper Guinea. Gambia, Mackenzie-Skues ! Niger Territory : Quorra
(Niger) River, Vogel, 19! Nupe, Barter, 620! Gold Coast : Accra, Don, 7! Ansell !
Vogel!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Maladi, 150-300 ft., Hens, A, 210! Gaboon:
Jardin! Congo Free State: Kisantuon the Inkissi River, Gillet, 1289! Angola
Pungo Andongo; Condo Quisonde, 3500 ft., Welwitsch, 6903! Huilla, near
Humpata, 6000 ft., Welwitsch, 6904! Newton, 14! German South-west Africa :
Dammaraland, Fen /
South Central. Congo Free State: Lusambo, Duchesne, 18! 29!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Stuhlmann, 94! Taylor ! British Central Africa :
Urungu ; Fwambo, Carson, 20!
Also in South Africa, where this type form is rare.
I have described above the Upper Guinea plant, the type of Vahl, and distinct
enough from C. compactus, Lam., by the broad flattened spikelets, few to a
head.
Var. pseudonivea, C. B. Clarke. Spikelets 3-13 to the head, 2 by g-+in,
somewhat compressed, but turgid.— C. pseudoniveus, Boeck. in Verhandl. Bot, Ver.
Brandenb. xxix. 45.
Lower Guinea. (erman South-west Africa: Amboland ; Olukonda, Schinz,
376! Dammaraland, Een !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Urungu ; Fwambo, Carson, 67!
Nyasaland ; Manganja Hills, Weller! and without precise loeality, Buchanan, 1424!
1425! 1451! Rhodesia: Zambesi Valley ; Boruma, Menyharth, 1172! Leshumwo
Valley, Holub!
Frequent in South Africa,
The type of Boeckeler’s Cyp. pseudoniveus is Schinz, 376, which Buchanan,
1424! 1425! matches. Several of the numbers cited for this variety were formerly
referred to C. compactus, Lam., and I see no good line between this var. pseudo-
nivea and C. compactus.
14. C. ochrocephalus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 571, not of Steud. Glabrous. Rhizome seen
9 in. long by 4-1 in. in diam., several arising from one point, cylindric,
perfectly straight, rigid, spreading on the ground, and rooting beneath
nearly their whole length, covered above by shining scales }—} in. long.
Stem 1 from the end of each rhizome, 4-12 in. long. Leaves 4 by $
in. Head 1, 4-} in. in diam., of 50 spikelets, yellow; bracts 3, the
lowest 14 in. long, similar to the leaves, dilated at the base. Spikelets
(young) 3~-} in. long, 3-1-flowered; lowest flower 2-sexual, second
flower male. Glumes elliptic-oblong, much inrolled, smooth. Style-
branches 3, long, linear.—K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 122;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fi. Congo, i. 291. C. obtusiflorus, var:
stylo 2-fido, Ridley (errore) in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 132.
Rynchospora ochrocephala, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 568; Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 164.
South Central. Lunda: Kimbundu, Pogge, 412!
This extraordinary species K. Schumann proposes now (l.e.) to arrange in Mariseus,
probably becanse of the few flowers to the spikelet. I have seen no ripe spikelets
and leave it here for the present; the rhizome is exceedingly like that of Cyp-
angolensis.
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 323
15. C. peecilus, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Rhizome short, hori-
zontal, thick, clothed by brown scales. Stem 8 in. long, rather slender.
Leaves 3 the length of the stem, !,—,, in. broad. Head 1, of 12-20
spikelets; bracts 3-4, lowest up to 3 in. long, similar to the leaves (i.e.
very narrow). Spikelets } by +4 in., slightly compressed, 16-20-
flowered, green variegated with purple. Glumes oblong, very closely
packed, rounded on the back, the excurrent mucro long, almost a
bristle; ribs numerous, strong. Style shorter than the nut; branches
3, long, brown-red, much exserted. Nut } the length of the glume
(mucro included), oblong-ellipsoid.
Nile Land. Somaliland: Mandira, Keller, 88!
Named many-coloured (pecilus) on account of the green-straw spikelets being
spotted with purple, and almost comose from tie red exserted styles.
16. C. leucocephalus, /etz. Obs. v.11. Glabrous. Stems 4-10
in. long, slender, bulbous at the base, tufted. Leaves }_2 the length
of the stem, ;1,—,), in. broad. Head 1, globose, pallid or cinnamon-
coloured, 4-2 in. in diam., of 6-40 spikelets ; bracts 3, lowest 2 in.
long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets attaining } by } in., but more
often about half these dimensions, much compressed. Glumes broad-
oblong, obtuse, 3—-1-nerved; closely placed, but in the dry state usually
not imbricated owing to the inrolling of the margins. Stamen (at
least very often) 1. Style much shorter than the nut; branches 3,
linear, medium short. Nut 4-3 the length of the glume, oblong,
round-trigonous, yellow, somewhat glistening.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 97 ;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 590; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi.
107, in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 602, and in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 566; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
137; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 141; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI.
Welw. ii. 115. C. seslerioides, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot.
li. 130, not of H. B. & K. C. Sorostachys, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 588.
Sorostachys kyllingioides, Steud. S\n. Pl). Glum. ii. 71.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Leprieur ! Soudan, Lécard, 110!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; banks of the River Cacolovar, 5000 ft.,
Welwitsch, 1675! in spongy mountainous places at Humpata, Welwitsch, 6783!
Pungo Andongo; 3500 ft., Welwitsch, between the Presidium and Quilanga,
Welwitsch, 6772! pastures of the Presidium near Quilanga and Catete, Welwitsch,
7146! 7147!
Also in India, Malaya, Australia aud Tropical America.
This plant varies a good deal in the size of the spikelets, but has not been much
confused with any other Cyperus. It has been arranged, in the best herbaria, freely
with Kyllingia, Ascolepis, and Lipocarpha.
17. C. zanzibarensis, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 581. Glabrous. Stems 10 in. long, medium stout,
bulbous at the base with torn black leaf-sheaths, tufted. Leaves 4-3
the length of the stem, narrow. Head 1, % by 3 in., dense, white, of
very numerous spikelets; bracts 3-4, lowest 2-3 in. long, similar to
the leaves, Spikelets 4 by 4-4 in., linear-oblong, compressed, 6-10-
324 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
flowered. Glumes closely imbricated, oblong, obtuse, many-nerved.
Stamens 3. Style as longas the nut; branches 3, linear, much exserted.
Nut } the length of the glume, oblong, brown.—C. sansibarensis,
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 121.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Mombasa, Taylor !
Dr. K, Schumann may be correct, from his great linguistic knowledge, in
altering the spelling to Sansibar. I would gladly accept the correction if it would
obviate our Indices being afflicted for all time with two words (instead of one), but
Dr. Schumann’s alteration of a first letter has made me helpless.
18. C. somaliensis, (. B. Clarke in Kew Bulletin, 1895, 229.
Stems 4-6 in. long, slender, at the base cylindric-thickened by leaf-
sheaths, tufted, hard, with wiry roots. Leaves }—} the length of the
stems, setaceous, glabrous or pubescent ; sheaths always pubescent.
Head 1, 4-3 in. in diam., of 6-24 spikelets, straw- or cinnamon-
coloured ; bracts 2, lowest up to 2 in. long, setaceous. Spikelets up to
+ by 3 in. (mostly smaller), ovoid, flattened, 4—8-flowered. Glumes
boat-shaped, obtuse, many-striate. Style as long as the nut; branches
3, linear, exserted. Nut 2 the length of the glume, triquetrous,
obovoid, brown, curved, asymmetric.
Nile Land. Somaliland, Mrs. Lort-Phillips! Miss Edith Cole!
This plant appears most like C. niveus, Retz., but is on a very much smaller
scale. The heads, though dense, are evidently compound, which approximates it to
the succeeding section.
19. ©. conglomeratus, Rotth. Descr. et Ic. 21, t. 15, fig. *
Glabrous. Rhizome usually hardly any, sometimes elongate; roots
woolly. Stems 4—24 in. long, round-trigonous towards the top. Leaves
sometimes twice as long as the stem, sometimes only half as long, y'o- 5
in. broad, very stout and tough, midrib very obscure, margins muc
inrolled when dry. Spikes few in a simple umbel, or very often con-
densed into 1 head ; bracts 3-5, lowest suberect, dilated at the base,
often 3-6 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 3-25 toa head,
2-4 by }-} in., 8-16-flowered, moderately compressed, straw-coloured
or pale brown. Glumes tightly imbricated but not placed very close
together on the rhachilla, ovate with a minute mucro, rounded on the
back, many-ribbed, somewhat shining, especially on the margins. Style
short ; branches 3, linear, rather long. Nut as long as } the glume,
obovoid, unequally trigonous.—Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 369, var. and
mainly ; Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 156; C. B. Clarke
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 602, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi.
Afr. v. 554. C. jeminicus, Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 25, t. 8, fig. 1 ; Kunth,
Enum. ii. 24, not of Retz. C. pungens, Boeck. in Linnea, XXXV- 534
(excl. var. elatus); C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 113.
C. arcuatus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 542. C\. proteinolepis, Boeck. »
Linnea, xxxv. 542.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 69!
Nile Land. Nubian Desert: Wady el Derood, Petherick ! Galabat : Matamima,
Oudney, 4! 5! Darfur, Purdy, 42!
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 325
Also in the Mediterranean Region, Arabia, Beloochistan and Sind.
Var. Aucheri, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr, v. 554.
Very bright. Spikelets larger, shining, up to 2 by ? in. with 46 flowers; rhachilla
broad.— C. Aucherii, Jaub. & Spach, Ill, Fl. Orient. t. 101; C. B. Clarke in Journ,
Linn. Soe. xxi, 114.
North Central. On sand-bills near Agadem Oasis, Vogel !
Also in Egypt.
This is a very striking plant ; the glumes in the ripe spikelet are jig in. apart on
the rhachilla; so that, if it is not admitted as a species, it must be appended
to C. conglomeratus, and not to C. effusus, i.e. according to the diagnosis of these
two critical species given here.
20. C. cruentus, Rotth. Descr. et Ic. 21, t. 5, figs. 1,4. Stems at
the top trigonous. Spikelets narrower and glumes less distant on the
rhachilla, but otherwise as C. conglomeratus.— Kunth, Enum. ii. 82;
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 555. C. falcatus,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 546, and in Flora, 1879, 550 ; Schweinf. Beitr.
Fl. Aethiop. 215, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 47; Zarb,
Cat. Spéc. Bot. Pfund, 39. (. proteinolepis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii.
15 partly ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 522 partly (at least Kotschy, n. 21,
cited). C. cwrvulus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 541 partly. C. conglo-
meratus, T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. i. 38; C. B. Clarke
in Journ. Linn. Soc, xxi. 112, var. a; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
li. Append. ii. 47. C. pungens, var. multiculmis, Boeck. in Linnea,
XXxvV. 538.
Nile Land. Nubia: Dongola, Ehrenberg ! Abu-Gerad, Kotschy, 21! O-bak,
Schweinfurth, 645! Kordofan, Pfund, 245! 466! Fogel, Pfund, 610 (ex Zarb).
Eritrea: near Massowa, Steudner, 912! Schweinfurth & Riva, 66! 208 !
Also Egypt, Arabia and Beloochistan.
Var. excisus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 555. Glumes
more mucronate, their tips slightly spreading in fruit.— C. excisus, Boeck. in Linnea,
XXxv, 523.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 517! Senegal, Perrottet !
In this variety, as in most of C. cruentus type, the spikelets as they ripen get
very brown; in C. conglomeratus they usually remain pallid. Ina given length of
rhachilla there are nearly twice as many nuts in C. cruentus as there are in C. con-
glomeratus,
21. C. effusus, Rotth. Descr. et Ic. 22, t. 12, fig. 3. Stem rather
stouter, striate, terete, hardly at all trigonous even at the top. Spikelets
nearly as those of (. cruentus, i.e. narrower with less distant glumes
than the spikelets of C’. conglomeratus, otherwise as the two last species.
—Kunth, Enum. ii. 47; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fi. Brit. Ind. vi. 603,
and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr, v. 599. C. proteinolepis,
Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 15 partly; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 522
mainly; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 113. C. acutiflorus,
Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 33. C. conglomeratus, var. a, Coss. & Durieu,
Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum. 243. C. conglomeratus, var. effusus, Boiss.
- Orient. v. 369.. C. conglumeratus, var. major, Boeck. in ——
Xxxv. 544 partly; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 112.
326 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
C. curvulus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 541 partly. C. densus and (.
involutus, R. Br. in Salt, Abyss. Append. 63 (names only).
Nile Land. Hanish (Harnish) Island, in the Red Sea, Slade! Eritrea: near
Massowa, Steuduner, 9162, Schweinfurth & Riva, 208! Abyssinia, Salt /
Also in Egypt, Syria, Arabia, Socotra and Sind.
The spikelets in this species are usually 20-40-flowered (the glumes standing
much closer than in C, conglomeratus), and sometimes they are (though narrow)
more than 13 in. long with 60 flowers. It should be understood that this series (our
species 19-21) are considered but one species by Boissier and by Cosson (botanists
who generally took a narrow view of species) ; while Boeckeler has described them as
6 or 7 species. The variability of the series is great, and a middle course has been
taken here of collecting the forms under the 3 old types of Rottboell. But as
Boeckeler has grounded his species largely on the size of the specimens, the curva-
ture of the stems, &c, (esteemed as of small import here), the synonymy has become
both complex and imperfect.
22. C. maritimus, Poir. in Lum. Encycl. vii. 240. Glabrous.
Stolons up to 12 in. long, } in. in diam., terete; nodes 1 in. apart,
scales 1 in. long, elliptic-oblong; roots not woolly. Stems 4-16 in.
long, stout, trigonous, smooth, often approximate. Leaves often as
long as the stem, !—} in. broad, coarse, tough, hardly scabrous. Umbel
much contracted, usually 1 compound head, when young pallid or
cinnamon-coloured, when ripe deep brown; bracts 3-6, lowest 4-8 in.
long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets often 10-20 to a spike (3 or 5
spikes agglomerated or nearly so), $ by } in., 8-14-flowered, slightly
compressed, Glumes ovate, obtuse, hardly apiculate, round on the
back, many-nerved. Nut 4 the length of the glume, obovoid, shining
black.—-Kunth, Enum. ii. 47 ; Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot.
539, and in Linnea, xxxv. 539; ©. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. xx.
285, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 569; Ridley 1n
Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 135 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Air.
C. 119; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, i. 290; Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 113. C. rigidus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 309. C. heterophyllus,
Boeck. in Flora, 1859, 441.
Upper Guinea. (Gold Coast, Krause, 103!
Lower Guinea. Congo, Smith! Daniell! Angola: Ambriz; near P outa
@Ambriz, Welwitsch, 7039! Loanda ; in dry sandy and gravelly soil, Welwitsch,
7044! 7050!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1068! Kuntze, 204! German Kast
Africa: Usaramo; Bagamoya, Hildebrandt, 10688! Rovama River, Meller:
Rovuma Bay, Kirk! Portuguese East Africa: Raza Island, Forbes, 42! Bem
Kuntze, 302! Quilimane, Berlin Herb.! Zambesi Delta ; Kongone River, Kirk!
Also in Madagascar.
The spikelets flowers und nuts in this species are exceedingly like those of large
examples of C, conglomeratus. ;
Var. crassipes, C. B, Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v- Lg
Stems very stout, tufted on a short thick oblique rhizome. Umbel contracted into
1 dense compound head 2 in. (sometimes more) in diam., with 60-100 ment
—Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 291; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 114
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 327
C. crassipes, Vahl, Enum. ii. 299; Beauv, Fl. Owar, ii. 63, t. 97, fig. 1; Kunth,
Enum. ii. 82; Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxv. 539, C. scirpoides, Vahl, Enum. ii. 311;
Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 34; Kunth, Enum. ii. 107. C. Jardini, Steud. in
Jardin, Herbor. 7, and Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 28. C. cephalostachyus, Steud. Syn. Pl.
Glum. ij. 315 (from Africa, not America, as Steudel states).
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger! Senegambia: Mbidjem, Thierry, 86! and
without precise locality, Heudelot, 478 ! Cape Verd Islands, Cunningham ! Bolle!
Lowe! Sierra Leone, Smeathman! Afzelius! Lagos, Millen, 160! Oware,
Beauvois !
Lower Guinea. Congo, Smith! Loango, Jardin!
23. C. FPrerei, (. 2. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr, v. 563. Glabrous. Rhizome creeping, 4-4 in. in diam. ; nodes
very short; roots not woolly. Stems 12-16 in. long, subsolitary, at
the top trigonous and smooth. Leaves 4-2 the length of the stem,
narrow, green, flat. Umbel (with rays hardly } in. long) contracted
nearly into a dense head 1-2 in. in diam.; bracts 3-4, the lowest 44
in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets up to 1 by } in., compressed,
reddish, 30—40-flowered. Glumes closely packed, elliptic, hardly
mucronate, 13-ribbed. Style as long as the nut; branches 3, linear,
long, much exserted. Nut 2 the length of the glume, obovoid, trique-
trous, shining black.—K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 121.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Frere Town and Rabai Hills, near Mom-
basa, Taylor !
24. C. cancellatus, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot, ii. 131.
A slender, glabrous, green annual. Stems 4-8 in. long, tufted.
Leaves as long as the stem, ;1,—} in. broad, sometimes smaller. Umbel
compound, loose; rays up to 3-4} in. long; bracts as long as the rays,
Similar to the leaves. Spikelets 1-4 together, digitate, green, red-
Spotted, linear, 2 by ,'; in., with parallel sides, compressed, 6—24-
flowered. Glumes close-packed, ovate, hardly nerved; keel green,
ended by a broad triangular point. Style-branches 3, hardly exserted.
Nut minute, obovoid, trigonous, white, verrucose, almost tubercular
(scarcely cancellate). C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi.
Afr. C. 551; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 118; Rendle in Cat,
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 110.
Nile Land. British East Africa : Ralai Hills, near Mombasa, a se :
L : ngo Andongo; between Muta Lucala an
Lombe, and banks ib ane aie toate in the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6916!
rice-fields near Caghuy, Welwitsch, 6917! Huilla; spongy grounds in the woods of
Monino, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6862!
25. C. amabilis, Vahl, Hnum. ii. 318. Glabrous, slender, annual.
Stems 2-8 in. long, tufted. Leaves }-} the length of the stem, ;'; in.
broad, weak. Umbel compound or simple, rarely reduced to 1 head ;
rays sometimes 14, up to 4 in. long; bracts up to 2-4 in. long, usually
shorter than the umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 3-10 together,
subdigitate, golden-brown, % by ;';—7y in., compressed, 16—36-flowered.
lumes ovate, boat-shaped, obtuse, the mucro very minutely or
328 CLVI. CYPERACE& (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
obsoletely excurrent; sides golden, not striated; keel of 3-5 green
nerves. . Style nearly as long as the nut; branches 3, linear, hardly
exserted. Nut 3 the length of the glume, obovoid, smooth, brown.—
Schumach. Beskr. Guin, Pl. 35; Kunth, Enum. ii. 108; Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 130 ; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xx. 283, xxi. 85, in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 598, in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 547, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append.
ili. 29; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 283 ; Urban, Symb.
Antill. ii. 24; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 109. C. micro-
stachyos, Vahl, Enum. ii. 318; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 36 ; Kunth,
Eoum. ii. 108. C. aureus, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. i. 205; Kunth,
Enum. ii. 21; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 494, in Peters, Reise Mossamb.
Bot. 535, and in Flora, 1879, 548; Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn.
Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 26. C. aurantiacus, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1.
205; Kunth, Enum. ii. 20; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 549. C.lepidus,
Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 14. C. triqueter, Boeck. in Flora,
1879, 548, in Engl. Jahrb. v. 90, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 14.
Upper Guinea. Gambia, Mungo Park! Niger Territory: Lower Niger ;
Patteh Mountain, Vogel, 193! Nupe, Baikie !
_ Wile Gand. Kordofan: Arashkol Mountain, rotschy, 139! British East
Afri-a: Ador village, in Kitch district, Petherick ! Bongo ; near Addai, Schweinfurth,
2183! Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2256! ser. iii. 193! near Mombasa,
Taylor! by the River Sabaki, Gregory, 116!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, Hens, B, 61! Angola: Barra
do Bengo, near Quifandongo, Welwitsch, 7084 ! Loando, 1000 tt., Welwitsch, 7024 !
7083! Benguella ; in sandy woods, Welwitsch, 6892 ! Pungo Andongo ; in sandy
woods near the River Cuanza, 3500 ft., Welwitsch, 6912! Huilla ; between Lopollo
and Monino, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6893 !
South Central. Lunda; River Lulua, Pogge, 465! Bangala, Hens, 135!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! Schmidt, 62! Decken, 115! German
East Africa: Usambara; Amboni, Holst, 2598! Rovama River, Kirk ! Mwanza, on
Lake Victoria, Stuhlmann, 453) ! Portuguese East Africa : Mozambique, Kuntze,
205! Peters! Inhambane, Scott! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount
Zomba, 5000-6000 ft., Whyte! Zomba Rock, Whyte! Shire Highlands, Buchanan,
18! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 6248! Likoma Island in Lake Nyasa,
Jcohnson, 47! Borama, on the Zambesi, Menyharth, 555 partly ! Upper Zambesi,
Pinto, 69 (ex Hiern).
Also in South Africa, Madagascar, India and Trop. America.
Var. ? macra, C. B. Clarke. Much larger in all parts. Stems up to 18 in. long.
stout. Umbel simple; rays short, erect ; bracts several, long, dilated at the base,
Spikelets (young) 2-3 in. long, erect in close clusters.—C. amabilis, var. mace?s
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 547, by typogr. error.
Lower Guinea. Congo, Smith, 26!
26. C. uncinatus, Poir. in Lam. Encycel. vii. 247. Glabrous, oor
Stems 2-10 in. long, tufted, slender. Leaves usually as long as ro
stem, setaceous. Umbel simple (rarely compound or reduced to a hea 1
bracts 3-6, much overtopping the umbel, setaceous. Spikelets digita ri
often 3-10 together, % by 3-4 in., compressed, 8—28-flowered, from 2
ferruginous to brown. Glumes ovate, strongly 3-nerved, the gree
Cyperus. | CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 329
keel excurrent in a recurved prominent bristle. Nut as long as } the
glume (exclusive of the mucro), oblong-obovoid.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 21 ;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 502; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx.
284, xxi. 90, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 580;
Dur. et De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 89; K. Schum.
in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 118; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i.
294; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 24; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
ii. 110. CO. capitatus, Retz. Obs. iv. 9 (?); Kunth, Enum. ii. 97, not of
Vandelli. C. cuspidatus, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. i. 204; Kunth,
Enum. ii. 22; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 496; Oliver in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxix. 164; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 284, xxi. 88,
and in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 598; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser. 2, Bot. ii. 130. ©. squarrosus, T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append.
653, not of Linn. Dichostylis cuspidata, Palla in Engl. Jahrb. x. 296.
: hed Guinea. Sierra Leone, Smeathman! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter,
569!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur, Schweinfurth, 1984 partly! Madi;
on rocky heights, Speke & Grant! Soudan, Lécard, 140!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 342! Lower
Congo; Msuata, Buettner, 12! Kinchassa, on Stanley Pool, Duchesne, 176!
Stanley Pool, Hens, B, 68! Kisantu, Gillet, 502! Lutete, Hens, A, 23! Lufu,
200-500 ft., Hens, A, 207! Angola: Pungo Andongo, 3500 ft., Welwitsch, 6910!
7155! 7157! 7168! Golungo Alto; near Cambondo, Welwitsch, 7099! Huilla; in
damp places in Sorghum fields, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6879! Humpata, Newton, 24!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Namasi, Cameron, 13!
Common in all tropical and warm temperate lands.
C. aristatus, Rottb., having similar recurved points to the glumes, has been
much confused with the present species, but differs infer alia by having the spikelets
Spicate, not digitate.
27. ©. reduncus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 580. Glabrous,
annual, or (in Heudelot, 172) furnished with a rhizome 1 by ,’y in.
Stems 2-10 in. long, tufted. Leaves as long as the stem, } in. broad.
Umbel usually compound, 3-4 in. in diam., sometimes reduced ; bracts
overtopping the umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikes digitate, of 3-20-
spikelets, straw-coloured or brownish. Spikelets }-3 by }—} in., much
flattened, 30-flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, obscurely 3-nerved; keel
green, excurrent into a short recurved mucro. Style short; branches
3, linear, short. Nut 3-3 the length of the glume, narrow-oblong,
brown.—Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 165; Hochst ex Boeck. in
Flora, 1879, 550; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fil. Afr.
v. 573; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 119. C. aristatus,
T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 653 partly, not of Rottb.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 172! 286! Niger Territory: Nupe,
Barter, 903! Ogurude, on the Cross River, Holland, 257!
Nile Land. Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Figari! British East Africa : Jur;
Jur Ghttas, Schweinfurth, 2433! Unyoro, in marshes, Speke & Grant !
South Central. Lunda: by the River Lulua, Pogge, 464!
330 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
28. C. difformis, Linn. Amen. Acad. iv. 302. Annual, glabrous,
slender or medium-sized. Stems 4—20 in. long, tufted, at the top trique-
trous. Leaves }—# the length of the stem, }-} in. broad. Spikes in a
simple or compound umbel, or contracted into 1 head ; bracts 2—4, lowest
2-10 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets many in dense heads, dusky
or brown, }~3 by 34,—,1, in., compressed but somewhat turgid, 10-30-
flowered. Glumes close-packed, concave, very obtuse, tip usually
scarious. Stamen 1, rarely 2; anther small, oblong, bardly exserted.
Style much shorter than the nut; branches 3, linear, short. ob
nearly as long as the glume, trigonous, ellipsoid, very little narrowed
at the base, smooth, straw-coloured, finally brown.—Sp. Pi. ed. il. 67;
Kunth, Enum. ii. 38; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 550; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxv. 586, and in Flora, 1879, 550; Oliver in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxix. 165; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f, Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 599, in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 556, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv.
Append. iii. 29, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 170 ; Ridley in Trans. ne
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 137; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 12¢ A
Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 285; Rendle in Cat. Afr, Pl.
Welw. ii. 115. C. protractus, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. Mant.
102; Zarb, Cat. Spéc. Bot. Pfund, 39.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 213! 326! Senegal, Leprieur!
Sierra Leone : Falaba, Scott-Elliot, 5158! Niger ; Baikie! Cameroons: Yaunde,
Zenker, 1513!
Wile Land. Darfur: Er Rahad, Pfund, 614 (ex Zarb). British ery
Africa : Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2473! Niamniam, Schweinfurth, peta
Upper Nile; Madi, Speke § Grant! Albert Nyanza, 2500 ft., Stuhlmann, 2872!
Ukamba, Gregory, 103! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor!
Lower Guinea. Island of St, Thomas, Don! Lower Congo: cn
Gillet, 367! 989! 1398! among the rocks of Ntamo, near Stanley Pool, Hens, 7
5! 6! and without precise locality, Smith, 13! Angola : Barra do Dande ; ban S
of a lake near Bombo, Welwitsch, 7027! Mossamedes; on the banks of the River
Bero, 1000 ft., Welwitsch, 6853! 6883! Loanda 3; near Forte de Conceigao, Mat
rare, 1000 ft., Welwitsch, 7065! Ambaca ; by Lake Canguele-Canganga, and banks
of the River Caringa, Welwitsch, 7066 ! Golungo Alto; on the islands of the wee
near Banza de Bango, very rare, Welwitsch, 7067 ! Pungo Andongo ; between Con od
and Calemba Islands, 3500 ft., Welwitsch, 6933! marshy places at Luxillo, Welwitsch,
6934! Dammaraland, Een!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Boruma, on the Zambesi, eryres oe
672 partly! 1662! Nyasaland: Elephant Marsh, below Mbewe, Scoté ! and witho
precise locality, Whyte, 84! :
General in the tropies and warm temperate regions of the Old World; extending
through Polynesia to the Philippines.
Also twice received from Mexico.
29. C. microlepis, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 551. Stems pesca
at the top trigonous, not triquetrous. Spikelets whitish. Nut
more elongate and less truncate than in @. diformis, Linn. seo 'ak
more elongate and narrower than in C. difformis, Linn. 3 otherw! in
C. diformis, Linn.—O. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxi. 137, an
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 331
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 569. C. Afzelit, var. capillifolius,
Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 547 partly.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Jeba, on the Niger, Barter!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 2195! Jur;
Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2328 !
This might be treated as a variety of C. difformis, Linn.
30. ©. dichroostachyus, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, Intell. 21.
Glabrous, stout. Rhizome 4-8 in. long, } in. diam., with chestnut
scales. Stems 14-3 ft. long, subsolitary, at the top } in. in diam.,
acutely triquetrous or almost 3-winged. Leaves $—} the length of the
stem, }—} (sometimes 3) in. broad. Umbel lateral, 2—5 in. in diam.,
compound ; bracts 3-4, lowest up to 6-8 by 4 in., as though a continua-
tion of the stem. Spikes of 3—5 spikelets, digitate, numerous, bractless.
Spikelets whitish with chestnut spots, 4 by z,-,'5 in., compressed,
6—-14-flowered. Glumes closely packed, boat-shaped, 1-nerved, obtuse.
Stamens usually 2; anthers short-oblong, hardly exserted. Style very
short; branches 3, linear, hardly exserted. Nut ? the length of the
glume, trigonous, ellipsoid, pyramidal at both ends, smooth, yellow-
brown.—A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 481; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv.
587; Ottver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 352; Ridley in Trans.
Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 137, and in Journ. Bot. 1884, 16 in Obs. ;
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 556; K.Schum.
in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 120; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 141;
Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 103; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 115. C. Andschoa, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss.
li. 481. C. scirpoides, R. Br. in Salt, Abyss., Append. 63, name only ;
Fresenius in Abhandl. Mus. Senckenb. ii. 149, not of Presl. C.
Fresenii, Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, i. 469.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; Debra-Eski, Schimper, 238! at the foot
of Mount Scholoda, Schimper, 273! 391! Anadehr, 7800 ft., Schimper, 844 !
Mettgalo, 9840 ft., Schimper, 857! and without precise locality, Schimper, 953 !
Salt! Quartin-Dillon & Petit! British East Africa: Kariandusi River, 6000 ft.,
Scott-Elliot, 6632! Gregory !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near the River Mupanda, 5000 ft.,
Welwitsch, 6864 !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000-6000 ft., Johnston !
Volkens, 1417! 2277! Usambara; Heboma, Holst, 2555! British Central Africa:
Nyasaland ; Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte !
Also in Madagascar and Yunnan.
31. C. phzeorhizus, K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 119.
Glabrous. Rhizome creeping, slender. Stems 1 ft. long, approximate,
slender, at the top triquetrous. Leaves often as long as the stem, 4-4
in, broad. Umbel compound; rays 4-5 up to 2} in. long ; bracts
overtopping the umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 2-5 together,
digitate, 1} in. long, 10-flowered, chestnut-coloured. Glumes obtuse,
hardly mucronate, chestnut with 3 green nerves on the keel. Style
short; branches 3, scarcely exserted. Nut } as long as the glume,
obovoid, truncate, whitish—C. haspanoides, C. B. Clarke in Durand &
332 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 565, name only; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf.
Ost-Afr. C. 119.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000-6500 ft., Taylor !
olkens, 2275!
This differs little from some large examples of C. Haspan, but by the dark
chestnut-colour and rather larger glumes.
32. C. Haspan, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 66 partly, not of Linn. Herb.
Glabrous. Rhizome long-creeping, } in. thick, sometimes slender ;
plants frequently flower the first year. Stems distant on long-creeping
rhizomes, more often close together, varying from 4 to 28 in. long, at
the apex from ,'; in. diam. and trigonous to } in. diam. and triquetrous
or 3-winged. Leaves often short, or hardly any, sometimes long or
overtopping the stem 4-} in. broad. Umbel usually compound or
decompound, rarely simple, small or large; bracts usually 2-3, lower
suberect shorter than the umbel, but sometimes far overtopping the
umbel. Spikelets 2-6 together, digitate, 1-1 by 3.-,4 in., much
compressed, 10—4()-flowered. Glumes ovate, obtuse, obscurely or not
mucronate, 1—3-nerved on the keel, dusky green or purple-reddish.
Stamens 3-2; anthers linear-oblong. Style short ; branches 3, scarcely
exserted. Nut 4-4 the length of the glume, ovoid or obovoid, scabrid
or nearly smooth, pallid or brown.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 34; Benth. in
Hook. Niger Fl. 550 partly; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 574, var. a, and
in Flora, 1879, 550 partly ; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi.
600, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 564; Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 136; Boeck. in Engl. Gazelle Reise,
Bot. 15; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 119; Durand & Schinz,
Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 289 ; De Wild. & Durand in Comptes-rendus Soc.
bot. Belg. xxxvi. 89; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 25; Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 114.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 833! Sierra Leone : Kundita, in the
valley of the River Scarcies, Scott-Elliot, 5039! and without precise locality, Don !
Liberia; Monrovia, Naumann (ex Boeckeler). Lagos: Abeokut», Irving ! Niger
Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1572! on the sandy banks of the River Nun, Vogel, 18+
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2054!
near Mombasa, Hildebrandt, 2045!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon River, Jardin ! Lower Congo: Lutete, 1000-1750
ft., Hens, 78! 158! 248! Kisantu, Gillet, 6! 189! 988! Leopoldville, Luja, 38!
62! and without precise locality, Smith, 19! 47! Angola: Ambaca, Welwitsch,
7097! Pungo Andongo, 3500 ft., Welwitsch, 6908! 6932! Golungo Alto, Welwitsch,
7086! Ambriz, Welwitsch, 7035! 70358!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Lake Yipe, near Kilimanjaro, 2000 ft.,
Volkens, 2388! Usambara; banks of a stream near Tanga, Holst, 2045! Unyamwezi ;
Tabora, Stuhlmann, 579! Nguru ? Wadiboma, Fischer, 629! Karagwe ; Bukoba,
Stuhimaan, 995! 1610! Portuguese East Africa: in rice-fields, Quilimane, Scott !
British Central Africa : Nyasaland; Zomba Rock, Whyte! by the Karonga River,
Scott ! Ngamiland; Lake River, Lugard, 10!
A rice-field weed in all hot countries,
Cyperus. | CLYI. CYPERACE# (CLARKE). 333
33. C. flavidus, Retz. Obs. v.13. Annual, living about 3 months.
Stems 2-8 in. long, tufted, sometimes rather stout but weak, obtusely
trigonous (not acutely triquetrous). Leaves generally longer than the
stem, often 4—} in. broad, weak. Umbel usually very compound, and
denser than that of C. Haspan, when ripe yellow or finally blackening ;
bracts usually overtopping the umbel, similar to the leaves. Stamen
usually 1 (rarely 2). Nut plano-convex, when ripe marble white;
otherwise as C’. Haspan.—Vahl, Enum. ii. 334; C. B. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xx. 287, xxi. 122, in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 600, and in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 563; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser. 2, Bot. ii. 136; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 119; Durand
& Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, i. 288; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.
114. C. Haspan, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 36, t. 6, fig. 2; Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,
66 partly ; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 550 partly ; Oliver in Trans. Linn.
Soc, xxix. 165. C. Haspan, var. a, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 574 in
large part, and in Flora, 1879, 550 partly. C. leptostachys, Nees in
Linnea, ix. 285; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 33. C. pulvinatus, T. Thoms.
in Speke, Nile, Append, 653. C. microcarpus, Boeck. in Abhandl.
naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. 37.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 38! Heudelot, 325! Adanson, 164!
Perrottet, 877! Senegambia : Richard Tol, Dollinger, 14! Niger Territory; Nupe,
Barter, 1566!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurlh, ser. iii.
194! Unyoro, Speke & Grant !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete, 2000 ft., Hens, A, 360! Angola:
Loanda ; ponds near Forte de Conceicao, Welwitsch, 7077! Pungo Andongo; ponds
near Quisonde, Welwitsch, 6917! Lagoa de Quibinda, Welwitsch, 6920! between
Condo and Quisonde, Welwitsch, 6924 !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Blackburn! Kirk! German Kast Africa :
Usambara; Amboui, Holst, 2676! Nguru? Wadiboma, Fischer, 628! Mkana
River, Stuhlmann, 125! Portuguese East Africa: Quilimane, Scott! British
Central Africa : Boruma, on the Zambesi, Menyharth, 1051 partly! Nyasaland ;
Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte !
Also in the Seychelles, South-east Asia, and North Australia.
This plant is very unlike the typical large C. Haspan, but is difficult to separate
from small tufts of C. Haspan flowering the first season. It may generally be dis-
tinguished by the long leaves ani bracts which very rarely occur in C, Haspan.
34. ©. podocarpus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 551. Glabrous.
Rhizome seen } by is in., clothed by striate scales. Stems 10 in. long,
tufted, slender, tough, obtusely trigonous. Leaves % the length of the
stem, tin. broad. Umbel simple ; rays 2-4, up to 1} in. long ; bracts 3
lowest suberect up to 4-8 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes of 3—7
spikelets, ebracteate. Spikelets 2 by J; in., a little compressed, somewhat
turgid, 8—12-flowered, variegated with red-purple. Glumes ovate, obtuse.
tamens 3; anthers small, nearly square. Style, including the 3
branches, shorter than the nut. Nut } the length of the glume, broad
ellipsoid, trigonous but much flattened on the anterior angle, suddenly
narrowed into a minute stalk, smooth, black.—C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 572.
334 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
Upper Guinea. Interior of Senegal, Léeard, 98! with capillary stem and
leaves, Lécard, 165 partly !
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2005!
35. ©. tenax, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 504. Glabrous. Rhizome
very short. Stems 4—16 in. long, tufted at the top, trigonous. Leaves
2 the length of the stem, }—} in. broad. Umbel simple, rarely some-
what compound ; rays 1—7, 0-2 in. long ; bracts overtopping the umbel,
similar to the leaves, often slightly distant. Spikes of 3-16 digitate
spikelets, chestnut-black to chestnut-brown, spikelets +—2 by 4’; in.,
compressed, 8—20-flowered, linear with parallel sides. Glumes ovate,
obtuse, boat-shaped, hard, often shining. Stamens 3. Style much
shorter than the nut; branches 3, linear, long. Nut }—% the length of
the glume, trigonous, narrowly ellipsoid, finally black.—C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 578, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii.
170; K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 118; Durand & Schinz,
Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 293; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 111.
C. Grantii, Boeck. ex Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 164. C.
actinostachys and C. andongensis, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 140, and C. sabulicolus, Ridley, 1.c. 136. C. andongensis, Rendle
in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 111. C. monroviensis, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb.
v. 90, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 14. Cyperus, sp. n. 15, T. Thoms.
in Speke, Nile, Append. 654.
Upper Guinea. Liberia: Monrovia, Naumann (ex Boeckeler).
Wile Land. British East Africa; Uganda, Scott-Elliot, 7494! Rabai Hills
and Tsimba (Shimba) Mountains, near Mombasa, Taylor /
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo : Lutete, 2000 ft., Hens, 360 partly! Kisantu,
Gillet, 1584! Angola: Ambriz, Welwitsch, 7038! Barra do Bengo, Welwitsch,
7049! Pungo Andongo, 3500 ft., Welwitsch, 6794! 6928! 6929! 6931! Huilla,
5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6866! 6874! River Nene, Newton, 21!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! Kuntze, 304! German East Africa :
Usambara ; Tanga, Holst, 20844! Unyamwezi; near Tabora, 3800 ft., Speke 4
Grant! British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 1439! Rhodesia ; Leshumo
Valley, Holub !
Also in Natal and the Transvaal.
The spikelets merely vary a good deal in length in this species ; I see no other
ground for the variety of names given it.
36. C. Hensii, Durand &: Schinz, Etudes Fil. Congo, i. 289. Glabrous.
Stems 16 in. long, decumbent at the base (not annual), at the top
ys in. in diam., rounded. Leaves 4 the length of the stem, 4 in. wide,
inrolled when dry ; sheaths torn, scarious, red-brown. Umbel simple,
contracted ; rays 1-6, 0-3} in. long, bracts 4—5, up to 24 in. long,
similar to the leaves, dilated at the base. Spikelets 12-20 toa spike,
digitate, 4 by 31, in., compressed, pale brown, 16-24-flowered, wit
parallel sides ; rhachilla somewhat zigzag, with narrow hyaline wings-
Glumes close-packed, ovate, obtuse, nerved only on the keel. Style
hardly any; branches 3, linear, hardly longer than the nut. Nut
Cyperus. | _ CLVI, CYPERACE& (CLARKE). 335
} the length of the glume, trigonous, broadly oblong, smooth, chestnut-
red, dotted.—De Wild. & Durand, Ill. Fl. Congo, i. 15, t. 8.
South Central. Congo Free State: Lisha, 1000 ft., Hens, C, 364!
or
37. ©. Boehmii, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 498. Stems 15 in.
long, slender, roundish. Leaves 4 the length of the stem, ;1,-} in.
broad. Umbel-rays 10-12, up to 2 in. long, very slender, bracts as
long as the umbel, linear. Spikelets 20-40 to a spike, up to 1 by
z's in., 30-flowered, black ; glumes rather distant, otherwise as (’. tenaa.—
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 550; K. Schum.
in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 118.
Nile Land. British East Africa : Rabai Hills and Tsimba (Shimba) Mountains,
Taylor!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Schmidt, 59! German East Africa: Karagwe;
Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 1104! Unyamwezi; Msalala, Hannington! Ugalla district,
Boehm, 75!
The long, very slender spikelets are handsome, and they differ from those of
C. tenax in the glumes being more distant, but in some examples they are hardly
longer than in C, tenax.
38. C. apricus, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 141.
Glabrous. Rhizome seen 3-1} in. long, densely covered with coarse
stiff fibres (the remains of scales). Stems 2-10 in. long, slender, at the
top trigonous, at the base surrounded by stiff fibres, approximate.
Leaves 2 the length of the stem, ;},; in. broad. Umbel-rays 1-4, up to
I} in. long, often very short, or inflorescence contracted into 1 head;
bracts 2-3, much overtopping the inflorescence, .); in. broad. Spikelets
3-12 to a spike, subdigitate, brown-red, }-} by 1, in., compressed,
5-22-flowered, with parallel sides. Glumes ovate, obtuse or very
minutely apiculate, 7—9-striate. Filaments long, exserted, slender ;
anthers linear-oblong. Style linear, long; branches 3, linear, about }
the length of the undivided part of the style.—C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 548, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv.
Append. iii. 29; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 118; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 118. C. Schinzii and C. purpureus, Boeck. in
Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxix. 45.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; between Muta Lucala and
Quibonda, Welwitsch, 6915! and without precise locality, Welwitsch, 7163! 9164!
te South-west Africa : Amboland; Oshiheke, Schinz, 384! Olukonda, Schinz,
Schinz, 383 (type of C. purpureus, Boeck.), has 4 spikes; Schinz, 384 (type of
C, Schinzii, Boeck.), has 1 spike ; otherwise they seem to me identical. The branches
ing so much shorter than the undivided part of the style separates this species com-
pletely from most species of Cyperus except C. semitrifidus, Schrader (Cape), which
has much broader spikelets. C. holostigma (n. 6 above) is possibly a depauperated
state of C. apricus ; it has the style subentire and the spikelets black.
39. ©. Adansoni, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz. Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 546. Glabrous. Rhizome hardly any. Stems 3 in. long, at the
top trigonous, at the base woody, approximate. Leaves 4} by ;);—;';in.,
green, weak. Spikes 1, or with a second on a ray ? in. long; bracts
336 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
2-3, far overtopping the inflorescence, very narrow. Spikelets 3-10 to
a spike, nearly digitate, 2 by } in., compressed, linear-lanceolate, 20-30-
flowered, pallid; rhachilla wingless. Glumes closely packed, ovate,
minutely mucronate, strongly 11—13-ribbed over their entire width.
Stamens 3; filaments broad. Style deeply 3-fid. Nut 2 the length of
the glume, obovoid, trigonous, ashy-black.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Adanson!
40. C. sphzerospermus, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 8. Glabrous.
Rhizome horizontal, seen 2-4 in. by 1} in., nodose, with brown-red
scales. Stems 6-14 in. long, approximate, tough, trigonous or triquetrous
at the top. Leaves } the length of the stems or sometimes overtopping
the stems, 4-4 in. broad, tough. Umbel compound or simple, 1-5 in. in
diam. ; bracts about the length of the inflorescence, or frequently
shorter, the longest sometimes only 1 in. Spikes of 3-8 digitate
spikelets, from straw-colour to a rich brown. Spikelets } by 1-4 in.,
much compressed, 10—30-flowered. Glumes close-packed, muticous,
paler on the keel, obscurely or not striate. Stamens 3; anthers
narrow oblong. Style very short ; branches 3, linear, long. Nut 4-4
the length of the glume, i.e. very small, trigonous, subspherical, pallid,
ultimately brown.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 106; C. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 577, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 172;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 119; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
ii, 115. C. denudatus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 576 partly; C. B.
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 124. huwillensis, Ridley in Trans.
Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 139, inel. var. aphyllus (which has long
leaves).
Nile Land. Somaliland, 3500 ft., Hildebrandt, 8730 !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in various places near Humpata, Welwitsch,
6865 ! 6867 ! 6868! 6869! banks of a stream near Bumbo, Welwitsch, 6889 !
Also in Madagascar and common throughout South Africa.
C. denudatus, Linn, f., is common throughout South Africa, and hardly differs
from C. spherospermus except in the want of leaves. The two have been much
mixed, and finally united by Boeckvler. It is remarkable that the type example of
Ridley’s var. aphyllus, in herb. Welwitsch., has long leaves. :
Var. triqueter, C. B, Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect, Fl. Afr. v. 578, and in
Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 172. Stems very rigid, acutely trigonous at the top. :
mower Guinea. German South-west Africa : Amboland; Olukonda, Schinz,
Also in South Africa. :
This variety differs from the type in unimportant points only. In recording
it, I am able to explain that it was sent me marked Cyperus triqueter, 8 !
supposed, by Boeckeler; and J have given it the varietal name trigueter thereon.
But I find that it was erroneously named ¢riqueter, not by Boeckeler ; and that
Boeckeler’s triqueter was C. amabilis above.
41. C. flabelliformis, Rotth. Descr. et Ic. 42, t.12, fig. 2. eapret
Rhizome seen stout, horizontal ; also plants flowering weakly, in tufts,
apparently the first season. Stem 3—2 ft. long, stout, at the top sear
Cyperus. | CLYI, CYPERACE& (CLARKE). 337
times terete with very fine numerous strie, sometimes fluted with
fewer deep striw, sometimes nearly triangular or 6-angular. Leaves
Y, except on the first sterile shoots. Umbel 4-12 in. in diam., usually
compound ; primary rays numerous (often 6-10), subequal in length,
not very slender ; bracts 8-12, subequal, overtopping the umbel, often
at the base }—} in. apart (i.e. umbel subcorymbose), up to 14 by 4-3 in.,
with lanceolate (not caudate) tips. Spikes of 2-15 digitate spikelets,
whitish-yellow, cinnamon-coloured or rust-coloured, sometimes chestnut-
spotted. Spikelets 4-1 by ;4,in., much compressed, 10—20-flowered.
Glumes close-packed, very acutely keeled, hard, shining, not distinctly
ribbed, tip trigonous, pointed. Stamens 3. Style short; branches 8,
long. Nut $ the length of the glume, triquetrous, obovoid, slightly
apiculate, becoming brown.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 32; A. Rich. Tent. FI.
Abyss. ii. 479; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 566 (excl. the Costa Rica
plant) ; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 135; C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 562; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb.
Boiss, ii. Append. ii. 48, 102; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 119 ;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 287; De Wild. & Durand in
Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 88; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI.
Welw. ii. 114. ©. proximus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 19. C. flagellatus,
Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 21; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
140. ©. petersianus, Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 537, and in
Linnea, xxxv. 567. C. Ginge, Welw. Apont. 586. C. sexangularis,
Fenzl ex Steud. Le.
Nile Land. Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Kotschy, 565! Eritrea: Arrot Valley,
4300 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 684! below Geleb, 5500 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva,
1382 ! Abyssinia: near Adowa, Schimper, 55 ! and withont precise locality, Schimper,
131! 1590! 1941! Quartin-Dillon & Petit ! Somaliland : Golis Range, Mrs. Lort-
Phillips! British East Africa : Kiboko, Scott-Elliot, 6679! Taita; Ndi Mountain,
Hildebrandt, 2593! Ribe, Wakefield !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 464! Congo, Burton!
Sinith f Angola: Malange, Buchner / Golungo Alto and Golungo Baixo ; plentiful
everywhere in marshy places, Welwitsch, 7103! Mossamedes; by lakes at the mouth
of the River Giraul, Welwitsch, 6882 !
Mozamb. Dist, Zanzibar, Taylor! Peters, 15! German East Africa :
Kilimanjaro : Chagga distr., New! Volkens, 1682! Usambara ; Lutindi, Holst,
3231! Portuguese East Africa: banks of ponds at Shupanga, Scott / Expedition
Island, in the Zambesi, Kirk! British Central Africa: Boruma, on the Zimbesi,
Menyharth, 1054! Nyasaland ; Songue and Karonga, Whyte! 72! between Mpata
and the commencement of the Tanganyika Plateau, 2000-3000 ft., Whyte ! Monkey
Bar, Whyte! Manganja Hills, Meller / Shire Valley, Scott! and without precise
locality, Buchanan, 493!
Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Islands and Arabia.
42. C. alternifolius, Linn. Mant. 28, and Linn. Herb. Primary
and secondary rays of the umbel very slender. Nut lanceolate or
oblong, finally black ; otherwise as C’. flabelliformis, Rottb.—Jacq. Ic. PL.
ii. 8, t. 298; Kunth, Enum. ii. 33; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 568;
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 289, xxi. 130, and in Durand «&
VOL, VIII. Z
333 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 547; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.
1s.
Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa : Usambara (ex Schumann).
Mascarene Islands,
This plant has been much cultivated for more than a century, It is so exceed-
ingly near C. flabelliformis that I have doubted whether it may not be a cultivated
state; the only wild plants which I sort with C. alternifolius are trom the Mascarene
Islands. The Usambara example cited by K. Schumann may be exactly my
Mascarene C. alternifolius, or may be one of the forms which I sort with C. flabelli-
formis, The leaves described by Kunth and others are an error.
43. C. sexangularis, Nees in Linnea, ix. 284, and x. 135. Stem
at the top trigonous or triquetrous, each plane face with 3-1 striz, of
which the central one is strongest, so that in the typical form the stem
is subequally hexagonal at the top; otherwise as C. flabelliformis.—
Kunth, Enum. ii. 32; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 568; C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 577, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1v.
Append. iii. 31, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 175.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Boruma, on the Zambesi, Meny-
harth, 1055!
Frequent in South Africa.
The typical subequally hexagonal-stemmed plant seems distinct enough from the
exactly cylindric-stemmed (finely striated) C. flabelliformis. But Bolus has
supplied intermediate states, till I find it hard to distinguish the species. So far as
my experience goes, this is the result throughout the Order Cyperacee where the
discrimination of two species hangs on the roundness or 3-4-angularity of the stem
alone.
44. C, denudatus, Linn. f. Suppl.102. Glabrous. Rhizome hort
zontal, thick. Stems 12—32 in. long, at the top triquetrous or trigonous,
sometimes triquetrous their whole length and almost 3-winged. Leaves
hardly any ; the highest sometimes }—1} in. long, green, bayonet-shaped,
but usually a mere prolongation of the sheath. Umbel, bracts, spikelets
and nuts as of C. spherospermus, Schrad.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 36 ;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 576 partly; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 555, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 29, and
in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 173; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 119;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 115.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Mombasa, Hildebrandt, 2045! Ndoro, on
Mount Kenia, Gregory, 78!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; ponds near Nene, Welwitsch, 6861!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor ! German East Africa : Karagwe ; Bukoba,
Stuhlmann, 1001! Unyamwezi; Gonda (Igonda), Boehm, 64! Niansa, Stuhlmann,
872! British Central Africa : on an island at Victoria Falls, Kirk !
Also in South Africa and Madagascar. ot
Var, delicatulus, C, B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v._ 556.
Rhizome stout. Stems 2 ft. long, stout, triquetrous, almost 3-winged. Umbel
dense. Spikelets numerous, about ;4; in. broad, Glumes obtuse, chestnut-red.—
C. denudatus, T. Thoms, in Speke, Nile, Append. 654; Oliver in Trans. Linn, Soc-
xxix. 165.
Cyperus. | CLVI, CYPERACEA (CLARKE). 339
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 6600, Taylor! Unyam-
wezi ; boggy ground near Kazeh (Tabora), Speke g& Grant !
The varietal name delicatula refers only to the slenderness of the spikelets.
45. ©. lucentinigricans, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr.
C.119. Stem thick, at the top triquetrous. Umbel 24 in. in diam.,
‘lense ; bracts } in. long, triangular. Spikelets }-} by ,), in., chestnut-
coloured. Glumes obtuse, one-coloured, striate.
Mozamb. Dist. German Kast Africa: Usambara, Holst, 3851!
The head of this at Kew is very near C. denudatus, Linn. f., var. delicatula ; it
differs in the shining black-chestnut colour ; the glumes are slightly larger and more
striate.
46. C. marginatus, 7hunb. Prodr.18. Glabrous. Rhizome woody.
Stems 1-3 ft. long, hard, strong, terete, at the top terete or obscurely
trigonous. Leaves hardly any; the top sheath produced lanceolate
1-2 in., but hardly green or with any blade. Umbel simple or com-
pound, contracted, with numerous brownish or somewhat chestnut-
coloured spikelets; rays unequal; bracts 5-2, usually much shorter
than the umbel, but sometimes as long. Spikelets 6—38-flowered,
variable in length. Nut nearly 2 the length of the glume, ellipsoid,
rather larger than that of C. denudatus, Linn. f.; otherwise like
C. denudatus.—Thunb. Fl. Cap. ed. Schultes, 100; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxv. 571; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 136; C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 568, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv.
Append. iii. 30, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 173; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI.
Welw. ii. 114.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Benguela; in damp maritime places south of the
city, and near the banks of the River Bero, Welwitsch, 6859! German South-west
Afriea : Hereroland, Fleck, 161 partly ! 897! Damaraland, Hen !
Abundant in South Africa.
47. C. prolifer, Lam. Jil. i. 147. Glabrous. Rhizome creeping.
Stems 12-28 in. long, terete or at the top obscurely trigonous. Leaves
hardly any. Umbel of 50-100 subequal primary slender rays; bracts
numerous, 0-1 in. long. Spikelets 1-5 together, digitate, } by j'5 in.,
6-12-flowered, dusky brown. Glumes boat-shaped, obtuse, apiculate.
Stamens 3. Style as long as the nut; branches 3, linear, somewhat
exserted, Nut } the length of the glume, minute, ovoid, trigonous,
pallid.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 572;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C.119. C. equalis, Vahl, Enum. ii.
320; Kunth, Enum. ii. 37; Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 538,
excl. var, B,and in Linnwa, xxxv. 577, excl. var. 3; C. B. Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc, xx. 287, xxi. 123.
Mile Land. British East Africa: Tsimba (Shimba) Mountains, Taylor !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kuntze, 206! Hildebrandt, 1066 | German East
Africa : Zanguebar, Kirk, 3! Portuguese East Africa : Mozambique, Peters /
Also in the Mascarene Islands.
48. C. isocladus, Kunth, Enum. ii. 37. Stem trigonous, at the
‘top triquetrous, often very minutely scabrous on the 3 faces ; otherwise
340 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
as in C. prolifer,—C, B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 565, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 175. C. equalis, var. 8, Boeck. in
Peters, Reise Mussamb. Bot. 538, and in Linnea, xxxv. 578.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! Portuguese East Africa : Mozambique,
Peters!
Common in South Africa.
As in so many cases where species of Cyperacee have been established on a difference:
in the stems (rouid or trigonous), it is a matter of taste whether the present plant
be arranged as a species or as a variety of C. prolifer.
49. ©. dichromenzformis, var. major, Boeck. in Flora, 1879,
549. Rhizome woody, nodose. Stems 12-30 in. long, at the top
unequally trigonous, almost flattened. Leaves nearly as long as the
stem, 4-4 in. broad, 3-nerved, flat, grass-like. Head 1 of 12-34 spike-
lets; bracts 4-5, lowest up to 10 by } in., similar to the leaves.
Spikelets } by nearly } in., much flattened, 12—20-flowered, straw-
coloured. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, distant on the rhachilla,
in fruit hardly imbricate, obscurely many-striate, on the margins and
keel very minutely hairy. Stamens 3; anthers almost crested. Style
shorter than the nut; branches 3, long. Nut 2 the length of the
glume, trigonous, shining brown.—Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 132; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
556; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 285; Rendle in Cat. Afr.
FL Welw i. 111,
Upper Guinea. Togo; Buettner, 144!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam; Kulenjo, Schweinfurth,.
3886 !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 295! Angola: Pungo
Andongo; banks of the Rivers Cuanza and Cuije, Welwitsch, 6901! by springs On
the more lofty rocks of the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6902! 7149! Golungo Alto ;
on the edge of marshes, &c.,on the more lofty heights of Queta, rather rare,
Welwitsch, 7093!
South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; Munza, Schweinfurth, 3461!
The typical C. dichromeneformis, Kunth, is from Brazil; it is a much smaller and
weaker plant than the African, with ne definite rhizome. The African plant 1s
doubtless closely allied, either as a species or a geographic race.
50. ©. mapanioides, (. 2B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl, Afr. 568. Stolon 1 in. in diam., covered by scales scarcely ¢ in.
long. Stem 16 in. long, rather stout, acutely and equally triquetrous
at the top. Leaves as long as the stem, } in. broad, flat, 3-nerved.
Head 1, very dense, of 50 spikelets; bracts 4—5, lowest up to 1 ft. a
similar to the leaves. Spikelets 2 by 4 in., moderately compress?
10-16-flowered, pale brown or cinnamon-coloured. Glumes ovate,
boat-shaped, very close-packed on the rhachilla, much imbricated 10
ripe fruit, tip narrow-triangular, hardly acute, nerves many, per
very minutely hairy. Stamens 3; connective not produced. Style short ;
branches 3, long. Nut 3 the length of the glume, trigonous, ener
brown.—Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, i. 290; De wild.
Durand, Ill. Fl. Congo, i. 47, t. 24.
C yperus. | CLVI. CYPERACER (CLARKE). 341
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo; margin of Stanley Pool, 1000 ft., Hens, B,
7! 69! 389!
Owing to the close packing of the glumes on the rhachilla, the spikelets of this
Species are very unlike those of C. dichromeneformis ; but the two species agree in a
great number of minute points and may prove to be but one.
51, C. fertilis, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 90, vii. 331. Glabrous.
Rhizome woody, seen short. Stems 2-6 in. long, at the top triquetrous.
Leaves longer than the stem, lanceolate, 4-2 in. broad, 3-nerved, flat.
Umbel simple ; primary rays 3-8, up to 8-12 in. long, flexuose, at the
top triquetrous ; bracts 4~7, similar to the leaves, lowest 4—6 in. long.
Spikes digitate, of 1-4 spikelets, ebracteate, but not rarely subproliferous
or rooting, then producing a leaf. Spikelets 2 by } in., ovate, much
flattened, pallid, 10-20-flowered. Glumes ovate, obtuse, 11—15-striate ;
rhachilla slightly winged. Stamen 1; anther crested. Style very
short ; branches 3, long. Nut % the length of the glume, ovoid, tri-
gonous, smooth, brown, finally black.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 562 ; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 287 ;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 113. (. Lanceola, Ridley in Trans.
Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 134.
Upper Guinea. Old Calabar River, Mann, 2332! Holland, 57 ! Cameroons :
Rio del Rey, Johnston! Efulen, near the river, Bates, 237! Mungo, Naumann,
Buchholz (ex Boeckeler), and without precise locality, Buettner, 551! Braun, 16!
Preuss, 30!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon River, Mann, 1021! Lower Congo; Bussindi,
1000 ft., Hens, C, 160! Stanley Pool, Duchesne, 206! Angola: Pungo Andongo ;
marshes of Mato do Pedro Cabondo, rather rare, Welwitsch, 6896! Golungo Alto:
by streams at Calomba Queta, Zengas do Queta, and near Canguerasange, rare,
Welwitsch, 7094!
South Central. Congo Free State: Bangala, on the Congo, Duchesne, 20!
This striking species is at once recognised by the umbel-rays being longer than
the stems. In cultivation at Kew, the umbel-rays trail all round the plant.
52. C. Mannii, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect Fl. Afr.
v. 568. Glabrous. Rhizome short, horizontal, clothed by brown scales,
Stem 3-1 ft. long, at the top triquetrous, smooth. Leaves nearly as
long as the stem, } in. broad in the type plant (Mann, 1358), scarcely
4 in. broad in Mann, 2107, 3-nerved. Umbel compound with many
spikes 6 in. in diam. ; bracts 5, lowest up to a foot long, similar to the
leaves. Spikes of 3-6 clustered spikelets, pale reddish-brown, when
young greenish. Spikelets 1-1 by j!; in., moderately compressed,
8-12-flowered. Glumes closely packed, ovate, acute, apiculate, scarcely
mucronate, with 4 moderate strize on each side, in fruit a bright red-
brown. Stamens 3; anthers linear, connective elongated into a distinct
crest. Style short; branches 3, long. Nut ? the length of the glume,
‘ovoid, sharply trigonous, pyramidal at the top and base, smooth, brown,
finally black.—K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 119. C. deptocladus,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 581 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 141,
not of Kunth. (. ingratus, Hook. f. in Journ, Linn. Soc. vil. 224, not
of Kunth. (. elegans, Ridley in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 208.
342 CLVI. CYPERACE# (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 7000-10,000 ft., Mann,
1358! 2107! Johnston, 46! and without precise locality, Preuss, 564! 571! 979!
Fernando Po, 4000-7000 ft., Mann, 320! 1479!
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, 5800 ft., Moller, 23!
The present group of Cyperus is, in Tropical Africa, very difficult to divide into
species. The above description is drawn from Mann, 1358, as a typical form; in
this the stem is more than 8 feet high, and there are in the umbel more than 150
spikes containing more than 600 spikelets. Mann, 2107, is a foot high, slender,
one stem carrying only 6 spikes and 35 spikelets, and is referred by Boeckeler to
C. leptocladus, Kunth; but was marked by Hooker, f. as “ = Mann, 1358,” with
‘which determination I agree.
53. C. Deckenii, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviil. 361. Glumes strong,
red-brown or chestnut-red, with a small recurved mucro. Nut } the
length of the glume, narrowly ellipsoid to oblong; otherwise as C’. Mannu.
.—Boeck. in Decken, Reisen Ost-Afr. Bot. 72; C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 555; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.
C. 119; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 141. (C. leptocladus, Oliver
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 353, not of Kunth. C. (Mariscus)
clarkeanus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 123 (excl. syD.)-
_C. zambesiensis, C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 53.
C. sambesiensis, K. Schum. in Eng. Pil. Ost-Afr. C. 121.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, 4900-8000 ft., Volkens,
650! 652! 704! Johnston, 84! Kersten! Decken, 126! Meyer, 273! Taylor !
. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Chiradzulu, Weller! Nyika Plateau,
6000-7000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Malosa,
4000-6000 ft.. Whyte! Shire Highlands, Scott-Elliot, 8488! Mount Mlanje,
Whyte ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1001!
The type form of this species has the umbel rather loose, the spikelets longer and
darker-colonred than those of C, Mannii. As to the synonymy, the plant of
Kersten marked Deckenii by Boeckeler, that of Volkens marked clarkeanus by
Schumann, and that of Johnston marked leptocladus by Oliver (all three from
the same level on Kilimanjaro) have been placed side by side and admitted to be
_identical. Some of the Nyasaland material also appears identical ; but other Nyasa-
land material, at present arranged as Deckenii, has very dense umbels, or paler
or shorter spikelets, and may hereafter be separable. This plant in no wise approXl-
mates to the genus Mariscus ; and it must have been by some error in ticketing that
K. Schumann could have imagined that it was a Mariscus of mine.
54, C. fischerianus, Schimper ex Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 21.
Glumes more distant on the rhachilla, in fruit not or hardly overlapping,
pale, thin in texture, at the top rounded, thin, often torn, the nerve
hardly ever excurrent. Nut ovoid or somewhat obovoid, small ; other-
wise as ('. Mannii and C. Deckenii.—A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 4885
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 582; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 562; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 120; Engl.
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 140; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1.
Append. ii. 103.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Mount Scholoda, Schimper, 348! Debra Eski, 8250 ft.,
Schimper, 160! Amman Eski, 6800 ft., Schimper, 533! and without precise locality,
Schimper, 261! 1481! Parkyns! British East Africa: Butagu in Ruwenzor
district, Scott-Elliot, 7979!
Cyperus. | CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 343
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; in damp places on tlie
Nyika Mountains, 6000-7000 ft., Whyte! Zomba Rock, Whyte !
The diagnosis above given is drawn from Schimper, 348. With this, Scott-
Elliot, 7779, closely agrees, The southern Nyasaland examples of Whyte have the
spikelets rather smaller, the glumes smaller and closer together on the rhachilla,
5d. ©. derreilema, Stewd. in Flora, 1842, 585. Tall, robust.
Umbel 4~7 in. in diam., dense with innumerable heads, red. Spikelets
4-l by zo in. (i.e., larger than in C. fischerianus), moderately compressed,
somewhat turgid, soft. Glumes rather close together on the rhachilla,
not rigid nor mucronate; otherwise as C’. fischerianus.—Steud. Syn. Pl.
Glum. ii. 20; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 488; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxv. 583; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 556 ;
Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 141.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: in the middle region of Mount Silke, Schimper, 659 !
and without precise locality, Schimper, 534! British Kast Africa: Ruwenzori,
10,000 ft., in the bamboo forest, Scott-Elliot, 7731 !
This species again is exceedingly near the preceding; and the difficulty of
diagnosing it is not lessened by the fact that in Schimper, 659 (the type of authors),
the spikelets have been attacked by smut, and no good nut is to be sven.
56. C. Ajax, C B. Clarke. Glabrous. Top of the stem stout,
triquetrous. Umbel 10-12 in. in diam., decompound ; rays and raylets
numerous, stout; bracts overtopping the umbel, {—1 in. broad, 3-nerved.
Spikes 200-400 to the umbel, red-brown, of 3-5 spikelets each. Spike-
lets } by 1 in., compressed, 6—10-flowered. Glumes ovate, with a small
mucro. Nut 3? the length of the glume, ovoid, at the base and apex
pyramidal. Otherwise as C. derreilema.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland; Mount Zomba, 4000-—
6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte !
The two collections of this each show the umbel only with the bracts cut down.
It differs from C, derreilema in the shorter, broader, more compressed spikelets
4s well as in the very broad bracts.
57. CG. diffusus, Vahl, Hnum.ii.321. Glabrous. Stolons 0; roots
wiry. Stem 1-2 ft. long, triquetrous at the top. Leaves often numerous,
as long as the stem, }—} in. broad, 3-nerved. Umbel 4-10 in. in diam.,
usually compound or decompound, rather dense, green; bracts 0-8,
long, overtopping the umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikes digitate, of
3-9 spikelets. Spikelets }-} by 4 in., 4—14-flowered, compressed. Glumes
ovate, acutely keeled, grey-green, strongly en 1-nerved, with a recurved
conspicuous mucro, in fruit squarrose (being forced outwards by the
large nut). Style short ; branches 3, linear, long. Nut large, nearly
as long as the glume (excluding its mucro), broadly ellipsoid, trigonous,
smooth, dusky black.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 30; ©. B. Clarke in Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 603, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 557;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes, Fl. Congo, i. 286; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii.
30; Renttle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 113. C. elegans, Swartz, Obs.
Bot. 30; Kunth, Enum. ii. 28; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 549; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxv. 532; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 135;
744 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE) | Cyperus.
not of Linn. C. sylvestris, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 134 ;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 112. CC. Buchholzii, Boeck. Cyp.
Nove, i. 3. C. Buettneri, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 3, and in Verhandl.
Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxxi. 71.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Aburi, Johnson! Lagos: near Addo, Millen,
182! Old Calabar, Holland,101! Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 283! Ebea (Edea ?)
Falls, Dinklage, €40! Yaunde, Zenker & Staudt, 798! and without precas
locality, Preuss, 92! 348! Miss Kingsley! Buchholz! Braun, 26! Fernando Po,
Vogel!
Lower Guinea. Princes Island, Mann! Newton! Spanish Gaboon: Mount
John, Kongui River, Mann, 1895! Gaboon: Sibange, Buettner, 9! Lower Congo,
Hens, 356! Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in marshy places, Welwitsch, 6942! 6943!
6944! 6898! Golungo Alto; banks of streams on the mountains of Alto Queta,
Welwitsch, 7071!
Common throughout the tropics, including Madagascar, but no specimen from
East Africa.
N.B. No part of C. elegans, Linn., neither description nor herbarium examples,
refers to this species.
58. C. glaucophyllus, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 4. Glabrous.
Rhizome oblique. Stem nearly 3 ft. long, at the top trigonous.
Leaves 3 the length of the stem, } in. broad. Umbel 10 in. in aia
compound, with slender flexuose rays; bracts overtopping the umbel,
similar to the leaves. Spikelets 6-1 together, }—} by ;/;—-;'; in., brown,
compressed, 12—16-flowered. Glumes striate, minutely mucronate.
Style nearly as long as the nut; branches 3, linear. Nut $ as long as
the glume, oblong-obovoid, black.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 564; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 120.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan, 24! :
The spikelets are said by Boeckeler to be solitary ; so some of them are, a6 ™
very commonly the case in the group of C. diffusus ; but the ultimate te ran
is not spicate (as in the subgenus Choristachue) ; the final umbellule has some of 1
raylets with one spikelet only.
09. ©. Baroni, (. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 289. As
up to 5 ft. high, at the top trigonous. Leaves 3 the length of oa
stem, up to } in. broad, somewhat 3-nerved. Umbel geen teh
8-14 in. in diam., with innumerable spikes; bracts overtopping :
umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 3-5 together, 1} by - ae
compressed, brown, 6-12-flowered. Glume ovate, green, 5-nerve ie
the back, usually very minutely pubescent near the _excurrent eee
Nut 3-3 the length of the glume, small, ellipsoid. Style ae:
branches 3, longish_—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspec ee
Afr. v. 550. C. Mannii, K. Schum. in Holst, Exsice. 3385.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; Lutindi, Holst, ny
Britisb Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Wage’
and without precise locality, Buchanan, 647 !
Common in Madagascar.
Cyperus. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 345
This species differs from C. Deckenii by the smaller spikelets. Buchanan, 647,
and Whyte’s example are identical with the typical C. Baroni from Madagascar.
As to Holst, 3385, it is nearer C, Deckenii than C. Mannii, but the bracts attain Zin.
in width, so that it does not exactly match anything e!se ; the spikelets are too long
‘with too distant glumes to match C. Ajax.
60. C. zambesiensis, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 581, Stem exceeding 44 ft. long, stout, at the top
triquetrous. Leaves 3 ft. by $—} in., 3-nerved. Umbel decompound,
rays 9 in. long; secondary rays slender, flexuose, with innumerable
brown spikes. Spikelets 2—5 together, } by ;}; in., compressed, delicate,
10-12-flowered, comose from the red-brown stigmas. Glumes ovate,
apiculate, hardly mucronate. Style short; branches 3, linear, long.
Nut scarcely 4 the length of the glume, ovoid, trigonous.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan, 47!
This was marked by Boeckeler C. longifolius, Poiret, which has much larger
spikelets and nuts and is near C. diffusus, Vahl. It is near the large examples of
C. Baroxi, but the slender branchlets of the umbel and delicate spikelets give it a
different aspect. Whyte’s Mlanji plant, which I formerly referred here, I have
above renamed C. Deckenii.
61. GC, Renschii, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 11. Glabrous. Rhizome
horizontal. Stem attaining 6 ft. high, very stout, at the top triquetrous
or almost 3-winged. Leaves up to 4 ft. by 14 in., 3-nerved. Umbel
8-24 in. in, diam., decompound in a rigid somewhat divaricate mavner ;
bracts 2 ft. by in., similar to the leaves. Spikes innumerable, green,
finally brown-red, exceedingly small, of 2-7 clustered spikelets.
Spikelets ,-1 in. long, hardly compressed, oblong or ovoid, 3-6-
flowered. Glumes ovate, distichous, keel minutely excurrent into a
mucro. Stamens 3-2; anthers small, oblong, muticous. Undivided
part of the style } the length of the nut; branches 3, as long as the
nut. Nut 4~2 the length of the glume, obovoid, smooth, brown ;
apex pyramidal.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. ¥ i Afr.
v. 573; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 113. C. hyleus, Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 134. C. sylvicola, Ridley in Bolet.
Soc. Brot. v. 208, t. F, fig. A. ©. deremensis, K. Schum. in Engl. Pal.
Ost-Afr. C.119. C. ochrocarpus, K.Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.
122. Scirpus trialatus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 563.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast; Kwaha, 2000 ft., Johnson, 689! and without
Precise locality, Burton § Cameron! Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 2000-
3000 ft., Mann, 2103! :
Wile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam, Schweinfurth, 3109! Rabai
Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor ! :
Lower Guinea. I<land of St. Thomas, 4000-6000 ft., Quintas, 10! and in
Fi. Afr. Exsice. Conimbric., 116! Moller in Fl. Afr. Exsice. Conimbric., dv!
hed Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 574! Angola: Golungo Alto ; by streams, Welwitsch,
!
South Central. Lunda: Mukenge, Pogge, 1588! 1599! Congo Free State:
Lualaba River, Pogge, 1589 !
346 .CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., Volkens, 903!
Usambara ; Nderema, Holst, 2257!
Also in the Comoro Islands.
This species is well separated from the preceding by its huge size and very small
few-flowered spikelets. As to the synonymy cited, I have seen authenticated
examples of the seven names.
62. ©. aureobruneus, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Top of the
stem 1 in. in diam., triquetrous. Umbel 8 in. in diam., decompound,
dense with numerous golden-brown spikes; bracts 3-5, suberect,
lowest 1 in. broad, usually much shorter than the umbel, but in one case
a little overtopping the umbel. Spikelets 5-12 together, }—} by jy in,
compressed, 14—30-flowered, with parallel sides. Glumes elliptic, some-
what 3-nerved, rounded at the top, with narrow scarious torn margin.
Style short; branches 3, hardly exserted. Nut small, } length of the
glume, ellipsoid, trigonous, brown (many white and infertile).
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau,
at Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte !
The collection consists of 5 fine umbels. The species does not resemble any one
in this group, and is perhaps really allied to C, amabilis, Vahl, though of very large
size.
63. C. Iria, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 67, eel. tab. Rheed. cit. Annual,
glabrous. Stems 4-20 in. long, tufted. Leaves often nearly as long
as the stem, } in. broad. Umbel 2-20 in. in diam., usually compound;
bracts long, often overtopping the umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikes
of 5-20 spikelets loosely spicate on a rhachis 4—2 in. long. Spikelets
4-4 by ;{; in., yellow or brown, 6—20-flowered ; rhachilla not winged.
Glumes obovate, muticous, in fruit hardly imbricated. Nut nearly as
long as the glume, triquetrous, black ; style short, branches 3, shortly
exserted.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 38; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 452;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 595, and in Flora, 1879, 551; C. B. Clarke
in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 606, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspett.
Fl. Afr. v. 565. (. resinosus, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Gilum.
li, 23. :
Upper Guinea. Senegambia: Galam, Heudelot, 314! 329! and_ without
precise locality, Heudelot, 312! ii
Nile Land. Nubia, Kotschy, 52! Koréofan: near Obeid, Kotschy, 267 -
Darfur: Gebel Barkin, Pfund, 335! 624! 636! British East Africa: Jur; Jur
Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2281 ! ‘
Also in Mauritius, Persia and Cabul. A rice-field pest in South and East Asia
Malaya and Australia.
64. C. sphacelatus, Rotth. Descr. et Ic. 26. Annual, giabeow’s
Stems 6-24 in. long, rather slender, tufted. Leaves 3 the length ai
the stem, 1-1 in. broad. Umbel compound or simple, opens ee
3-6, similar to the leaves, lowest often overtopping the umbel. Sp )
of 5-12 spikelets. Spikelets }-1 by },—7; im., much sap
8-24-flowered, straw-coloured, often purple-spotted. Glumes 0 tuse,-
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). 347
often with a purple spot on each side; rhachilla with oblong wings.
Style shorter than the nut; branches 3, linear, hardly exserted. Nut
2 the length of the glume, ellipsoid or obovoid, trigonous, ashy-black.—
Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 37; Kunth, Enum. ii. 63; Benth. in Hook.
Niger F]. 550; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 292; Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii, 139 partly; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxi.
183, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 577; Henriques
in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 208; De Wild. & Durand in Comptes-rendus
Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 89; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 120;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, i. 293; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii.
30; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 117. CO. pustulatus, Ridley
in ‘Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 128 partly.
: Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Don! Vogel, 33! Welwitsch, 7056. Liberia:
Grand Bassa, Ansell! Gold Coast : Cape Coast Castle, Don ! Dahomey, Newton, 27 !
River Niger; at Attah, Togel ! okaja district, Richardson, 1! and without precise
locality, Baikie! Old Calabar, Robb! Fernando Po, Barter / Vogel, 13!
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, up to 2800 ft., Moller in Flor. Afr.
Exsice, Conimbric., 120! Annobon Island, Burton! Gaboon: Munda; Sibange
Farm, Soyaux, 3254! Lower Congo: Lutete and Stanley Pool, 1000 ft., Hens, B,
22! 41! 99! 267! Leopoldville, Luja, 12! Angola: Loanda, Welwitsch, 7102
Partly! Golungo Alto; at the foot of Mount Cungulungulo, Welwitsch, 7070! near
Rodrigo’s house, rare, Welwitsch, 7090 !
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi; Tete, Kirk !
: _Var, tenuior, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 5
Spikelets 1-4, subdigitate on the rays of a simple umbel, about 10-flowered.
bo
dé.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 485!
This much resembles the slender African form of C. Zollingeri ; but it appears
‘nnual, and the bracts are larger and more flaccid than those of C. Zollingeri.
_ 69. ©. compressus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 46. Annual, glabrous, green.
Stems 4-16 in. long, tufted. Leaves often 3 the length of the stem,
$ (rarely 1) in. broad. Umbel simple (or appearing nearly so), strag-
gling ; lowest bract usually longer than the umbel, similar to the
leaves, Spikelets 3-10 together, shortly spicate, or almost clustered,
3-1 by 4-} in., very much compressed, green or when ripe yellowish,
440-flowered. Glumes_ ovate, conspicuously many-striate, closely
packed, keel very sharp and shortly excurrent into a mucro. Nut 4
the length of the glume, broadly obovoid, very acutely triquetrous
(so that the faces are concave), black. Style shorter than the nut;
ranches 3, hardly exserted.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 23 ; Boeck. in Linnea,
Xxxv. 517; ©. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 605, and in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 553; Ridley in Trans. Linn.
0c. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 132; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 118;
Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 31; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 111.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Leprieur,4! Sierra Leone: at the foot of Sugar
Loaf Mountain, Welwitsch, 7057! Old Calabar, Robb!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Mombasa; Taylor!
348 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Loando; near Cabo Lombo, Welwitsch, 7021! 7045!
ponds near Cumano, Welwitsch, 7026! Mossamedes ; damp places at the public
garden, near Mossamedes, Welwitsch, 6884 !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1072! Schmidt, 64! German East
Africa: Zanguebar, Kirk! Usambara; Amboni, Holst, 2583! Portuguese Kast
Africa: Quilimane, Zimmermann! Zambesi Delta; Luabo River, Kirk ! British
‘Central Africa: Boruma, on the Zamtesi, Menyharth, 583!
And in nearly all tropical and subtropical countries.
66. C. incompressus, (’. 8. Clarke. Annual, glabrous. Stems
12-18 in. long, tufted, triquetrous, almost 3-winged. Leaves 3 the
length of the stem, } in. broad. Umbel in appearance simple, of 3-9
very unequal rays, lower up to 8 in. long; bracts 3-4, similar to the
leaves, lowest about as long as the umbel. Spikelets 3—» together,
shortly spicate, up to 1 by } in., moderately flattened, 16—24-flowered,
pallid, tinged with rose. Glumes concave, obtuse, obscurely keeled,
somewhat inflated, 3-nerved on the back; rhachilla not winged.
Stamens 3; anthers shortly oblong. Nut 4 the length of the glume,
-obovoid, acutely triquetrous; style shorter than the nut; branches »,
little exserted. ;
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: in swamps near Kambia, on the River Scarcies,
Scott-Elliot, 4373 !
This has been distributed as C. compressus, Linn. ; the obtuse round-backed
glumes are very different.
67. C. aristatus, Rotth. Descr. et Ic. 23, t. 6, fig. 1. Annual,
glabrous. Stems 1-7 in. long, tufted. Leaves often as long as the
stem, ;}, in. broad. Umbel appearing simple (or of 1 spike) ; rays 1-6,
up to 3 in. long; bracts similar to the leaves, lowest usually over-
topping the umbel. Spikes $ by } in., cylindric or subovoid, dense, of
5-40 spikelets, finally brown, spreading. Spikelets $ by ¢ 1. (or
usually smaller), compressed, 6—30-flowered; rhachilla not winge™
‘Glumes ovate-lanceolate, 7—9-striate over nearly their whole breadth,
keel excurrent into a conspicuous recurved bristle. Stamen 1. Nut ¢
the length of the glume (mucro included), oblong or narrowly obovoid,
dusky brown; style shorter than the nut ; branches 3, shortly exserted:.
—Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 39; Kunth, Enum. ii. 23; Steud.
Flora, 1842, 585; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 478; Benth. in_ Hook.
Niger Fl. 549; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 500, and in Flora, 1879, sae
(excl. the syn. C. hamulosus, M. Bieb.); T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile,
Append. 653; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 164; Schweinf. Beitr.
Fl. Aethiop. 215; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 130;
©. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 606, in Durand & —_—
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 548, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. Ml *%
and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 179; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. ea
Append ii. 46; Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. 11. ‘ :
K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 118; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. We vf
ii. 110. CO. squarrosus, Linn. Ameen. Acad. iv. 303, and Sp. Pe
-66 partly. Dichostylis aristata, Palla in Engl. Jahrb. x. 296
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 349.
Upper Guinea. Senegal: in damp places in the Wallo district, Roger, 68!
aud without precise locality, Lepriewr, 3! Senegambia: Galam, Heudelot, 128!
aid without precise locality, Heudelot, 328! Gambia, Mungo Park! Gold Coast :
Accra, Vogel, 13! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1570!
Nile Land. Kordofin: around ponds, Kotschy, 50! Steuduer, 909! Eritrea!
Gaaba, in a lava valley, Schweinfurth, 1670! Abyssinia: near Gapdia, Schimper,
822! near Gafta, Schimper, 1208! Tacazze Valley, Schimper, 1735! Goelleb,
Schimper, 2155! and without precise locality, Schimper, 217! 437! 855! Hilde-
brandt, 365! 366! British East Africa: Kich district, at Ador Village, Petherick !
Jar; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1984! ser. iii, 192! Kamasia, Gregory, 63!
Kikumbuliyu; Ngomene, Scott-Elliot, 6227 !
Lower Guinea. Angola; Loanda, 1000 ft., Welwitsch, 7029! 7031! 7078!
Benguela, Welwitsch, 6894! Pungo Andongo, 3500 ft., Welwitsch, 6909! 6909z !
Huilla, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 6895 ! Namaqualand, Schinz, 388! Dammaraland, Hen !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! German East Africa: Unyamwezi ;
Kezeh (Tabora), Speke &§ Grant! Kowanda, Fischer, 6384! and without precise
locality, Stuhlmann, 3467 ! Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi ; Tete, Kirk !
British East Africa: N yasaland ; Namasi, Cameron, 12! and w.thout precise locality,
Buchanan, 6244! Rhodesia ; Tamasetze, Holub! Mapani Pan, Holub! Gashuma
Flats, Holud ! Boruma, on tie Zambesi, Menyharth !
Also in India, Australia, and nearly the whole of America.
This species has been greatly confused with C. wncinatus, Poiret, probably by
reason of noticing the recurved points of the glumes instead of the more important
characters.
68. C. distans, Linn. f. Suppl. 103. Glabrous, large or medium
sized. Stolons elongate, hardening into a stout horizontal rhizome, but
many plants flower the first year. Stems 1-3 ft. long. Leaves often
as long (or 2 as long) as the stem, }-} in. broad. Umbel compound,
usually open 8-12 in. in diam., sometimes congested or depauperated ;
bracts usually overtopping the umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikelets
usually spicate (rhachis of the spike }—2 in. long), }—1} by 31; in., almost
acicular, reddish, 10-12-flowered, in fruit divaricate at right angles;
rhachilla very slender, not winged, appearing zigzag in the lower half
where the glumes have fallen. Glumes very remote, oblong-elliptic,
obtuse. Nut 4-8 the length of the glume, oblong or narrow-ellipsoid,
trigonous, dusky-black, style much shorter than the nut ; branches 3,
shortly exserted.—Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 35, t. 20; Kunth, Enum. ii. 93 ;
Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 551; Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxv. 612; C. B. Clarke
in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 607, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 558, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 178; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser. 2, Bot. ii. 138 partly; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 208;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 120, excl. var. 8; Engl. Hoch-
gebirgsfi. Trop. Afr. 142; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 286 ;
De Wild. & Durand in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 88 ; Urban,
Symb. Antill. ii. 32; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 116. C. elatus,
Presl in Oken, Isis, xxi. 271; Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 551, not of Linn.
C. squamulatus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 49. C. dissolutus, Boeck. in
Flora, 1879, 555, not of H. B. & K.
350 CLYI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
Upper Guinea. Seuegambia, Heudelot, 688! 788! Sierra Leone, Afzelius !
Don! Gold Coast, Burton & Cameron! Cameroons : Bipidde, Zenker, 899! and
without precise locality, Braun, 16! 24! Fernando Po, Vogel, 218! Mann, 121!
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; Senka Ber, 4200 ft., Schimper, 1552!
and without precise locality, Schimper, 176! British East Africa: Jur; Jur
Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2314! Niamniam ; at Nabambisso River, Schweinfurth,
3023! Ruwenzori, 6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7590! Lake Losuguta, Gregory, 51!
Ukamba ; Kitui, Hildebrandt, 2656! near Mombasa, Taylor !
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Don! Moller in Fl, Afr. Exsice,
Conimbric., 118! Princes Island, Welwitsch, 70338! Gaboon : Munda; Sibange
Farm, Soyaur, 326! Lower Congo: River Ntombe, near Lutete, 1500-1800 ft.,
Hens, A, 86! 255! 259! Kisantu, Gillet, 671! Angola: Ambaca; at Lake
Canguele-Canganga, Welwitsch, 7095! Loanda; Welwitsch, 7047! 7048! 7054!
Benguela, Menyharth, 202!
South Central. Congo Free State : Monbuttu; Munza, Schweinfurth, 3506!
Bangala, Demeuse, 339! Nyangwe, Pogge, 2582! Casselange, Pogge, 1580! River
Lukassi, Pogge, 1570! 1571! 1572! 1573! Albertville (Tanganyika Region), Huy /
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk! Schmidt, 66! German East Africa:
Usambara; Amboui, Holst, 2764! Nderema, 2500 ft., Volkens, 123! Karagwe;
Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 3728! Kavala Islands in Lake Tanganyika, Carson, 1 ! Porta-
guese East Africa : Zambesi, Stewart ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland! Kondowe
to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! near Umbaku River, Scott! between Matope
and Lake Pamelombe, Scott! Zomba, 2800 ft., Whyte’ Masuka Plateau, 6500 it.,
Whyte! Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 50! Scott-Elliot, 8593!
Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and in nearly all warm regions.
Var. niger, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 559. Spike-
. lets black-chestnut-coloured.
Wile Land. Abyssinia, Schimper, 1255!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Urungu, Fwambo, Carson, 14!
69. C. nutans, Vahl, Hnum. ii. 363. Spikes long, rhachis often
1-1} in. long. Spikelets 1-3 by 4, in., suberect, brown when dry.
Glumes approximate, but in fruit hardly imbricated ; otherwise &s
C’. distans, Linn. f.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 94; Boeck. in Linnea, xXXV- 594 ;
C. B, Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 607, and in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 570; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 116.
(. Jacquini, Fenzl in Denksch. Akad. Wissen. Wien, viii. 45, t- 1.
C, eleusinoides, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 137; Rendle
in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 116.
Lower Guinea. Angola; Pungo Andongo; banks of the River Lombe,
3500 ft., Welwitsch, 6935! banks of the stream near Quilanga, Welwitsch, 6941 !
Frequent in India and China. F
The spikelets being suberect in fruit, the spikes are in the typical plant 11 by { i»
while in C. distans, Linn, f. (with divaricate spikelets) they are 1-2 in. broad.
The spikes ave longer than those of C. eleusinoides, and the glumes not (or obseurely)
mucronate ; otherwise the two are very closely allied.
TU Gs eleusinoides, Kunth, Enum. ii. 39. Stems 1-3 ft. long,
throwing out lateral shoots at the base; no elongate stolons see”.
Spikes about 1 by } in., dense, cylindric, with obliquely spreading green
or grey-brown spikelets. Spikelets 4 by } in., about 10-flowered. Glumes
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 351
mucronate, approximate, in fruit spreading, but little imbricated. Nut
often curved ; otherwise as C’. distans.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 596;
C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 608, and in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr.v. 559; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 141 ; Schweinf.
in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 48. C’. xanthopus, Steud. in Flora,
1842, 595; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 485. C. kotschyanus, Fenzl
ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 36.
Nile Land. Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Kotschy, 528! Galabat: region of
Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2005! 2006! Abyssinia: Modat; by streams in Augar
Valley, Schimper, 1021! near Demerki, 1155!
Also in the Orient, India, China, Malaya and Queensland.
71. ©. latifolius, Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vii. 268. Glabrous.
Stolons long, {1 in. thick. Stem 2-3 ft. long, at the top acutely tri-
quetrous. Leaves } the length of the stem, ? in. broad. Umbel
compound, dense ; secondary umbels pyramidal, corymbose; bracts
overtopping the umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikes of 4-8 spike-
lets; rhachis glabrous or scarcely hairy. Spikelets } by } in,
moderately compressed, pallid or reddish, 8-16-flowered. Glumes
imbricated even in fruit, obtuse. Nut 4 the length of the glume,
obovoid, trigonous, black.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 75; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxy. 602; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 565,
and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 177 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 120.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Nandi Range, north of Victoria Nyanza,
6500 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6905!
South Central. Angola: Malange, Buchner /
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: East coast of Lake Nyasa,
Johnston, 6! British East Africa : Nyasaland; Zomba Plains, 2500-3000 ft.,
Whyte / Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte /
Also in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands.
72. C. socialis, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr.v.577. Glabrous, leafless. Rhizome horizontal, thick. Stem 3 ft.
long, stout, at the top acutely triquetrous. Umbel compound, con-
tracted, dense; bracts several, the lowest 16 by $ in. Spikelets up to
30 in the cylindric spikes, spreading, } by ;}, in., a little compressed,
8-10-flowered ; rhachilla very narrowly winged. Glumes rather remote,
dusky, obtuse. Style 3-fid. Nut } the length of the glume, oblong-
bovoid, black.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 118. C. latifolius,
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 188, not of Poiret.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Cazengo; at the Lake of Moembege, not plentiful,
Welwitsch, 7068 !
The spikes and the spikelets resemble those of C. pilosus, Vahl ; but the rh ichis
of the spike is quite glabrous,
73. C. pilosus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 354. Glabrous, except the rhachis
of the spikes. Stolons slender, finally hardening into rhizomes. Stem
1-2} ft. long, at the top acutely triquetrous. Leaves j the length of
the stem, 4-1 in. broad. Umbel usually compound; rhachis of the
352 CLYI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
spikes minutely hairy; bracts several, similar to the leaves, the lowest
overtopping the umbel. Spikelets spicate, divaricate at right angles,
3-2 by j1, in., pale reddish, compressed, 10—24-flowered ; rhachilla
scarcely winged. Glumes ovate, obtuse, rather loosely imbricated.
Nut 2 the length of the glume, ellipsoid, acutely trigonous, black.—
Kunth, Enum. ii. 80; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 598, and in Flora, 1879,
551; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 609, and in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 571. C. marginellus, Nees in Wight,
Contrib. 83; Kunth, Enum. ii. 75.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2017!
Abundant in India ; extending to Japan, Malaya and Queensland.
Schweinfurth’s plant has the rhachis of the spikes only minutely hairy, and thus:
agrees with the form “ marginella” (sp.) Nees. The examples are young and
perhaps should be sorted rather with C. procerus, Rottb. var. lasiorrhachis
(Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 610); Boeckeler considers that no specific line can be
drawn between this and C. pilosus.
74. C. pratensis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 364. Glabrous.
Rhizome short, horizontal, knotty. Stems 1 ft. long, at the top
triquetrous and slender, at the base bulbous, approximate. Leaves 4-3
the length of the stem, 4 in. broad. Umbel of 1-4 rays, contracted
into a compound head; bracts 3, lowest suberect, 3} in. long, similar to
the leaves. Spikelets in a dense oblong spike, }—4 in. long, linear-
lanceolate, 8-10-flowered, obliquely suberect, rigid, somewhat shining,
variegated with brown. Glumes ovate, very obtuse, rounded on the
back, strongly 5-nerved. Style short; branches 3, long, somewhat
exserted. Nut 3 the length of the glume, broadly ellipsoid.—C. B.
Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. 572; Engl. Hochge-
birgsfl. Trop. Afr. 141.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; near Dewr (Debra) Ari, 8500 ft.
Schimper, 1326! .
This remarkable species appears not closely allied to any other Old World species 3
but much resembles the North American group of Cyperus, of which C. Schweinit=u,
Torrey, is the best-known representative. They form that section of Cyperus which
is nearest to and much confused with Mariscus (the C. Manime, H. Bb. & K.
group) ; and the nodose rhizome is also very similar.
Var. radiatus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v- 572.
Rays of umbel 3-5, up to 1} in. long. Spikes cylindric, dense 3 by 2 in.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; near Gafat, 8800 ft., Schimper, 1330!
Var. laxa, C. B. Clarke. Rays of umbel 3-5, up to 1-2 in. long. Spikes of 47
spikelets placed } in. apart, very lax.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo; Kimuenza, Gillet, 1744 !
This might be treated as a separate species, the general aspect of the inflor-
escence being very unlike that of C. pratensis. But the resemblance of the spikelets,
glumes, styles and nuts is so complete that it must be very closely allied.
75. ©. bulbosus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 342. Glabrous. Stolons-
very slender, with yellow or brownish scales, disappearing as soon as the
bulbs are completely formed ; bulbs formed close to the end fe
stolon, when ripe ovoid, 2 by 1 in., enclosed in a hard black striate
coat which splits irregularly into lanceolate valves. Stems annut
”
Cyperus. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 353
arising from a bulb, 4-12 in. long, very slender. Leaves numerous,
longer than the stem, at the base % in. broad, but the upper half very
narrow and whip-like. Umbel contracted (rays usually not exceeding
t-¥ in. long), irregular subcorymbose (i.e. the lowest ray often J- in.
below the others); bracts 3-6, lower much exceeding the umbel, with
whip-like ends as the leaves. Spikelets 4-12 in a spike, rather loosely
spicate, } by ;,-,)5 in., compressed, red, 8—26-flowered; rhachilla
62. C. bulbiferus, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 324. C. rotwndus, Kunth, Enum.
_. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger / Perrottet, 883! Cape Verd Isles: St.
Nicolao, Bolle !
Nile Land. Nubia: Wady O-Mareg, Schweinfurth, 406! Hor Tamanib, near
Suakin, Lord / Abyssinia : in cultivated places near Gursarfa, in the Tacazze
Valley, 3000—4.000 ft., Schimper, 2238! and without precise locality, Salt!
Schimper, 96! 1250! Somaliland, Mrs. Lort-Phillips / Keller, 79! 82!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo? Kimuenza, Gillet / Angola: Loanda ; sandy
shores near the mouth of the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 7073! near the sea at Zamba
Grande and Cabo Lombo, Welwitsch, 7074! Mossamedes: near Cavalheiros, Wel-
witsch, 6852 !
Also in Egypt, Arabia, India and North Australia.
76. C. usitatus, Burchell, Trav. S. Afr. i. 417 in note. Bulbs
(whence spring the stems) } in. or more in diam., coat scarious shining
chestnut-brown; otherwise nearly as (. budbosus.—Kunth, Enum.
u. 107; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 511; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxi. 176 (excl. syn. C. semitrifidus; Schrad.), in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 581, in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 179, and in Bull. Herb,
iss. iv, Append. iii. 31.
Lower Guinea. Hereroland: Omaruru, Schinz, 523! Amboland: between
Olukonda and Uukuambi, Rautanen, 20.
Frequent in Sonth Africa.
77, ©. grandibulbosus, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Bulb shortly
below the base of the stem, more than } in. in diam., with a black hard
Coat. Stem 22 in. long, rather stout, striate, at the top trigonous and
Smooth. Leaves longer than the stem, 4—} in. broad. Umbel reduced
to a dense compound head, 1 in. in diam. of 30 spikelets, at the base
VOL. viII. 2A
Bd4 CLYI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
subcorymbose ; bracts 6-7, up to 8 in. long, similar to the leaves.
Spikelets 1-4 by 4 in., compressed, 8—14-flowered. Glumes strongly
striated, pale ferruginous with green keel, obtuse with a microscopic
mucro.
Wile Land, British East Africa: Taita; Ndi Mountain, in dry sand on rocks,
Scott-Elliot, 6284!
This plant is, in a word, C. bulbosus on a very large scale. The pale ferru-
ginous-green colour of the heads is not to be seen in any of the numerous examples
of C. bulbosus.
78. C. blysmoides, Hochst. in Flora, 1844, 102. Stem, basal
bulb, and leaves, exactly as in depauperated examples of C’. bulbosus.
Enflorescence not at all umbel-like, a simple narrow-oblong spike of 6
spikelets; bracts hardly any. Spikelets } by ;, in., 3—5-flowered,
chestnut-red ; otherwise as C. bulbosus.—C. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 550. OC. bulbosus, var. spicatus, Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 301; Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 90; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 143. Hemichlena bulbosa, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fi.
Abyss. ii, 509.
Nile Land. Eritrea: Bogos, Steudner, 932! Abyssinia: near Enderdert in
the: district of Shoata, Schimper, 580! Gondar, Héricourt / Adowa, Quartin-Dillon
& Petit / and without precise locality, Schimper, 17! 188! British East Africa:
Gilgil River, 6000-7000 ft., Scott-Hiliot, 6650!
79. ©. Stuhlmanni, (’. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fi.
Afr, v.578. Glabrous. Stem 12 in. long, slender bearing bulbs (A. Schu-
mann). Leaves % the length of the stem, } in. broad, flaccid. Head 1,
dense, of 15 dark-red-brown spikelets ; bracts 4, like the leaves, much
exceeding the head. Spikelets 1} by ;1, in., about 8-flowered. Glumes
rounded on the back, very strongly striate, obtuse. Style-branches 3,
much exserted, dark-red.—C. Stuhlmannii, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-
Afr, C. 118. :
Mozamb Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; Kafuro, 4400 ft., Stuhl-
mann, 1826!
The examples are young, so that it cannot be stated positively whether this is a
€yperus ora Mariscus. Boeckler marked it Cyp. leptophyllus, var., i.e. a Mariscus.
The authentic piece at Kew shows a short slender rhizome only ; the bulbils men-
tioned by K.Schumann make it almost certainly a Cyperus near C. bulbosus.
80. C. microbolbos, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Stolons $-% in.
long, capillary, with thin yellow-brown scales, bearing near their ends
bulbs ;', in. in diam. Stems 3 in. high, rising from a bulb, slender.
Leaves twice as long as the stems, setaceous, weak. Inflorescence of 1
spike or an umbel of 2 spikes, the ray } in. long; bracts 2, exceeding
the umbel, setaceous, weak, Spike of 3-5 loosely arranged spikelets.
Spikelets 4 by } in., compressed, with parallel sides, chestnut-coloured,
24-flowered ; rhachilla hardly winged. Glumes_ boat-shaped, ovate,
the yellow keel excurrent in a short green mucro. Stamens 3 ; anthers
linear-vblong, apiculate. Nut 4 the length of the glume (exclusive of
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 35D
the mucro), ellipsoid, trigonous, pyramidal at the base and apex, dark-
brown ; style nearly as long as the nut; branches 3, long, exserted.
Nile Land. Nubia: Coast land to between 3000 and 4000 ft., Bent /
81. C. callistus, Lidley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 143.
Glabrous. Stolons long, very slender, bearing bulbs near their ends.
Stem 8-24 in. long, much thickened at the base by the dilated chestnut-
brown leaf-sheaths. Leaves as long as the stem, }-} in. broad at the
base, but with whip-like ends. Umbel 4-10 in. in diam., compound ;
bracts and bractlets (of the secondary umbels) long with whip-like
ends. Spikes, spikelets, and flowers nearly as of C. budbosus, Vahl.
—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 551;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 121; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 119.
Upper Guinea. Dahomey, Newton, 10!
Nile Land. Uganda, Wilson, 151!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda, 1000 ft., Welwitsch, 7079! Huilla; in
dried-up swamps near Wene, Welwitsch, 6878 (ex Ridley). German South-west
Africa ; Dammaraland, Een ! :
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kagehi, Fischer, 630!
82. C. fulgens, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 563. Glabrous. Stolons 2-6 in. long, hardly ,3, in. in diam.,
clothed by bright yellow-brown thin scales, producing near their ends
ovoid bulbs exceeding } in. in diam., with a thick black longitudinally-
Striate coat. Stem springing from the bulb, carrying up the lowest
node near the surface of the ground and there rooting (as in the
Cape C. usitatus, Burchell), 1-2 ft. long, rather stout, acutely triquetrous
at the top. Leaves as long as the stem, up to 4-4 in. broad, tough,
thick, shining. Umbel simple or subcompound, 4—5 in. in diam., open ;
bracts 4-5, similar to the leaves, lowest overtopping the umbel. Spikes
of 8-30 spikelets rather loosely arranged. Spikelets spreading at right
angles, shining-red, $ by ;!; in., compressed, 7—10-flowered ; wings of
the rhachilla persistent, holding back for a time the ripe nut. Glumes
rather remote, rounded on the back, strongly striate, muticous, sub-
acute. Nut 4 the length of the glume, oblong-obovoid ; style shorter
than the nut, with 3 long branches.—C. B. Clarke in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
iv. Append. iii. 30.
Lower Guinea. (German South-west Africa: Hereroland, Fleck, 642!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Ngamiland; between Koobie (Kobis)
and North Shaw Valley, Baines / Kwebe Hills, 3300-3500 ft., Mrs. Lugard, 104!
Also received lately from the Kalahari.
This species is like, and exceedingly near in structure, to C. esculentus, of which
the bulbs differ (being zonate). But the shining foliage and very glistening red
Spikelets snffice to distinguish it.
83. C. esculentus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,67. Glabrous. Stolons very
slender, bearing bulbs near their ends; ripe bulbs } in. and upwards
in diam., zonate by horizontal lines. Stems 6-24 in. long, trigonous
396 CLVI, CYPERACE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
at the top. Leaves often }—} the length of the stem, 4—} in. broad.
Umbel compound or nearly simple, 3-12 in. in diam.; bracts 3-5,
similar to the leaves, as long as the umbel or longer. Spikes of 4-30
spikelets. Spikelets }-? by 51, in., with parallel sides, compressed
but more or less turgid, from pale yellow to deep brown, 6-30-
flowered; rhachilla winged. Glumes obscurely keeled, muticous,
prominently striate. Nut scarcely $ the length of the glume, obovoid ;
style much shorter than the nut, with 3 often much exserted branches.
—Kunth, Enum. ii. 61; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 287 ; Coss. & Durieu,
Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum. 246; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. vi. 616, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 559, in Bull.
Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 29, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 180; Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 138 partly ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 142; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 120; Durand &
Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 287; Volk. Kilimand. 285; De Wild. &
Durand in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 88; Urban, Symb.
Antill. ii. 33; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 117. C. phymatodes,
Muhl. Descr. Gram. 23; Kunth, Enum. ii. 62; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl.
Aethiop. 215. C. melanorrhizus, Del. Fl. Aigypt. Tllust. 50. C. sewr-
poides, R. Br. ex Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 21. C. rotundus,
var. (an (’. lucidulus, Klein 2), Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 550 in Obs.
C. Buchanani, Boeck. Cyp. Novae, i. 4. (. chrysostachys, Boeck. in
Flora, 1859, 438 bis. C. awricomus, herb. Sieber. partly.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Islands, Cardosa, 250! Moseley / Bolle! Senegal,
Heudelot, 518! Leprieur, 2! Roger! Lécard, 117! Sierra Leone, Vogel, 31!
Dahomey, Newton / River Niger, Baikie / Cameroons: Yaunde, 2600 ft., Zenker
& Staudt, 517!
Nile Land. Eritrea: near Keren, Steudner, 903, partly! Kordofan,
Kotschy, 52! Pfund, 632! Abyssinia, Schimper, 21! 62! 273! 1205! 1246!
British East Africa: Jur; Kurshook Ali’s Seriba, Schweinfurth, 1731! Kivata in
Ruwenzori region, 6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7740 !
Lower Guinea. Princes Island, Mann / Wower Congo ; near Stanley Pool =
Kinchassa, Hens, B,49! Boma, Hens, 392, partly! Angola: Dondo, Mechow, 9g! 92!
Underton and San Salvador, Buettner, 6! 17 ! Malange, Pogge, 463! Golungo Alto;
in gravelly places at the foot of Mount Cungulungulo, Welwitsch, 7098! around
Sange and throughout Sobato Bumba, Welwitsch, 7102, partly! Pungo Andongo ;
near the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6907, partly! German South-west Africa: Dam-
maraland, cultivated specimen /
South Central. Congo Free State, Dewévre, 474! :
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! German East Africa: Kilimanjaro,
3500-5000 ft., Volkens, 660! 2111! Lake Tanganyika, Cameron! British Central
Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 23! Namasi, Cameron, 14:
Zomba, 2800-3500 ft., Whyte ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 446!
In nearly all warm countries, abundant in America. :
The bulbs are roasted and eaten in Dammaraland, as in many other countries.
This species is much confused with the universal C. rotundus, from which it is most
readily distinguished by the markedly striate glumes.
84. C. articulatus, Linn. Sp. Pi. ed. 2,66. Glabrous. Stolons
long, hardening into stout woody rhizomes. Stems 3-6 ft. high, at the top
Cyperus. | CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 357
round or nearly so, showing (at least when dry, owing to shrinkage of
the pith) transverse-rings $-14 in. apart. Leaves 0, or the green
termination of the top sheath rarely 1 in. long. Umbel 4-3 in. in
diam., compound or smaller (sometimes hardly 1 in. in diam.) with few
spikelets; bracts 1-} in. long, elliptic-lanceolate. Spikes of 3-4
spikelets, but several congested into 1 apparent spike of numerous
spikelets. Spikelets 1-1 by .),—-74, in., 12—-50-flowered, linear, straw-
coloured or dirty-brown. Glumes obtuse, scarcely keeled. Nut 2 the
length of the glume, oblong-ellipsoid, black; style-branches 3, long,
little exserted——Kunth, Enum. ii. 53; Barker Webb in Hook. Niger
Fl. 182; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 274; T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile,
Append. 653; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soe. xxix. 165; Ridley in Trans.
Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 141 partly ; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. vi. 611, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 548, and in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 29; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-
Afr. C. 120; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 48, 102;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, i. 283; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii.
33; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 117. C. niloticus, Forsk. FI.
gypt.-Arab. 13; Beauv. Fl. Owar. ii. 63, t. 97, fig. 2. C. fistulosus,
Ehrenb. ex Boeck. in Linnwea xxxvi. 275.
Upper Guinea. Senegal; Sieber, 101! Dollinger, 58! Heudelot, 522!
Cape Verd Islands: St, Antonio, Lowe! St. Nicolao, Lowe! Bolle! St. lago,
Brunner! Gambia, Heudelot, 344! Sierra Leone: River Bagru, Mann, 894!
Gold Coast: Acera 3 Buettner! Ashanti, Bowdich ! Niger Territory : Old Calabar,
Robb! Contluence of the River Quorra (Niger) and the River Tchadda (Benve),
Barter ! Cameroons, Buchholz ! Fernando Po, Barter !
_ Nile Land. iritrea: Ainsaba Valley near Keren, Sfeudzer, 905 ! Habab
district, 5500 ft., Hildebrandt, 361B ! Somaliland, Keller, 92! 95! British East
Africa: banks of the White Nile, Petherick! Speke & Grant! east side of the
Albert Edward Nyanza, Scott-Elliot, 8051! Mombasa, Taylor !
Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Salowe, Soyaux, 273! Lower Congo, Smith, 14!
26! Angola : Congo; edges of lakes at Quizembo, Welwitsch, 7034! Ambriz,
Monteiro ! Teolo e Bengo ; edges of Lagoa da Funda, Welwitsch, 7051! 7089;
ngo Andongo; banks of the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6936 !
South Central. Congo Free State; Monbuttu ; Munza, Schweinfurth, 3446 !
hy the River Sankuru, Demeuse ! Mzona, Descamps ! Lunda, Pogge, 1586!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1058! Schmidt, 65! German East
Tea ; Usambara ; Masheua, Holst, 3521! Kilimanjaro ; Lake Yipe, 2500 ft.,
Volkens, 2372! 2387! Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique, Peters, 8! Luabo
River, Kirz / British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Elephant Marsh in the Shire
Valley, Scott / Ngamiland; Lake River, Lugard, 12!
In the tropical and warm regions of both hemispheres,
85, C, corymbosus, otib. Descr. et Ic. 42, t. 7, fig. +. Stem at
the top round, or round trigonous, not (or very obscurely) transversely
Septate when dry. Leaves (i.e. the green portion) attaining sometumes
® in. in length, but usually very short or hardly any. Bracts usually
? the height of the umbel, but sometimes overtopping it. Spikes
&s clustered ; otherwise as (. articulatus.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 612,in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 994,
358 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 181; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl, Welw. i. 116.
C. diphyllus, Retz. Obs. v. 11; Kunth, Enum. ii. 54; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 272, var. 8, not of Benth. C. articulatus, Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 141 partly.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; banks of the River Lombe
Welwitsch, 6937 !
Also in Natal and Madagascar, extending to India, and in the warm parts of
America.
86. C. schimperianus, Stewd. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 34. Glabrous.
Stems 1-3 ft. long, approximate on a woody rhizome, round, at the
very top round or hardly round-trigonous. Leaves short, rarely } the
length of the stem, } in. broad. Umbel 3-10 in. in diam., usually
compound ; bracts 4-7, usually exceeding the umbel, similar to the
leaves. Spikes of 3-20 loosely arranged spikelets, often drooping.
Spikelets $-} by } in., compressed, chestnut-brown or bright browa,
12—24-flowered ; wings of rhachilla narrow oblong, separating from
the glume, finally deciduous; glumes elliptic, obtuse, not striate, 10
fruit very distant. Nut } the length of the glume, oblong-obovoid ;
style-branches 3, long.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 277, and in Flora,
1879, 551; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 216, Pl. Nilot. 40, and in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 48; C. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 576 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 142,
C’. elongatus, Lej.ex Nees in Linnea, ix. 285 (name only). C. truncatus,
A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 487. C. amblyleptos, Steud. Syn. Pi.
Glum. ii. 30. ©. longus, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 21;
A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 484; T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append.
653; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 165, not of Linn. C. tegetum,
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 160 partly. C. longus, var.
elongata, C. B, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 166 partly. C. phymatodes,
Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 2152 not of Muhl. @. nudiculmis,
Sieber ex C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 161. C. esculentus,
herb. Sieber partly. C’. aterrimus, Boeck. ex C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 576.
Wile Land. Ethiopia, Kotschy, 361! Nubia: on rocks in the Nile ane
Mount Rayan, at the Gherri Cataract, Speke § Grant / Dongola, Ehrenberg:
Sedob, Schweinfurth, 616! Berber, Schweinfurth, 743! Abyssinia: near Adowa,
Schimper, 57! 1994! Hamedo, 4900 ft., Schimper, 854! Ungea, 5900 ft., Sehimper,
569! and without precise locality, Schimper, 539! 688! Rohlfs and Stecker, 48° ‘
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; Bombuera, Holst, 2209+
Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., Taylor.
This species is readily separated from C. longus, Linn. (with which it has been
greatly confused) by the glumes standing altogether separate in fruit with their
margins inrolled. The species is so close to the Indian C. tegetum, Roxb., that I can
allege no difference except the remarkable roundness of the stem in C. schimpertan™®,
which character distinguishes it also from its African neighbours.
87. C. aterrimus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 31. sprang
Stems 2-3 ft. long, approximate on a very short rhizome, at the e
acutely triquetrous. Leaves ? the length of the stems, 4 in. as
Umbel 3-8 in. in diam., with unequal divaricate (often reflexed) rays>
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 39
bracts 4-6, up to 10-16 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes elongate,
loose, of 10-40 spikelets. Spikelets 3-1 by } in., dark chestnut,
10-20-flowered ; wings of rhachilla narrow, subpersistent. Glumes
elliptic, obtuse, not striate, in fruit with enrolled margins not
imbricate. Nut $—3 the length of the glume, oblong-obovoid ; style-
branches 3, long.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 299; C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 549; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 142. (. distans, var. kilimandscharica, K. Schum. in Engl.
Fl. Ost-Afr. C. 120.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; near Debra Eski, Schimper, 233! Bege-
meder ; near Debra Tabor, 9100 ft., Schimper, 1249! and without precise locality,
Roth / 10,000 ft., Schimper, 1008! 2448!
_Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; 5000 ft., Volkens,
2276! British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte !
: This species differs from C. schimperianus, Steud., only by the longer leaves.
K. Schumann has finally arranged it (i.e. Volkens, 2276) as a variety of C. distans,
Linn, f.; it differs from the black variety of that species by the stem being acutely
triquetrous at the top, the broader spikelets, and especially by the nut being widened
towards the top; but it is critically near.
88. C. atroviridis, C. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. F1.
Afr. vy. 549. Stems 6-9 in. long. Umbel congested into a compound
head, 3-11 in. in diam., of 15-25 spikelets. Glumes chestnut, with a
broad striated green band down the back ; otherwise as C’. aterrimus.—
C.adoensis, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soe. vii. 220, not of Hochst.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, 9000 ft., Mann, 1466!
It may possibly be a subalpine depauperated state of C. aterrimus.
89. C. maranguensis, A. Schum. im Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr.C. 120.
Glabrous. Stem 2 ft. high, at the base erect from a woody rhizome,
at the top trigonous. Leaves as long as the stem, up to 4 in. broad.
Umbel 7 in. in diam., compound; bracts 5, lowest nearly 1 ft. long,
Similar to the leaves. Spikes loosely spicate, of 12-15 spikelets.
Spikelets lurid green, up to 3 by ys in., 10—16-flowered; wings of
rhachilla oblong, persistent. Glumes elliptic, obtuse, distant. Style
Short ; branches 3, shortly exserted from the glume. Nut % the length
of the glume, oblong ellipsoid.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 5000 ft.,
Volkens, 649! Mochi, 4000-5000 ft., Taylor !
: This species appears from the unusual blac
et The example is not fully ripe; the
the reer empty glume has a short point ; from this )
pecies may prove a Mariscus near M. eurystachys and M. foliosus.
Var. ferrugineoviridis, C. B. Clarke. Stolons numerous, stout. Stem at the
ase erect, at the top thick, fluted. Leaves and bracts numerous, broad. Glumes
sreen on the back, ferruginous on the sides.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Ruwenzori, 5300 ft., Scott-Elli
k-green colour of the spikelets very
lower empty glume has a long tail,
I think it not improbable that
ot, 7590!
360 CLVI, CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; 3500 ft., Volkens, 1620!
This has been issued from Berlin as C. fenzelianus, Steud., to which it is not
(owing to the very remote glumes) closely allied. It may prove a new species.
90. C. nubicus, C. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Stolons ;', in. in diam.,
hardening into rhizomes. Stems up to 2 ft. long, triquetrous at the
top, at the base erect, not at all bulbous. Leaves 12 by $4 in.
Umbel 5-8 in. in diam., compound, dense with numerous spikelets,
a bright ferruginous-red ; bracts 3—4, the lowest overtopping the umbei,
similar to the leaves. Spikelets loosely spicate, up to 1 by } in., com-
pressed, 20—30-flowered ; wings of the rhachilla ovate, hyaline, con-
spicuous, finally deciduous. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, slenderly striate,
acute, hardly mucronate, distant, in fruit spreading and hardly imbri-
cate. Style short; branches 3, long, exserted. Nut 2 the length of
the glume, oblong-ellipsoid, black.
Nile Land. Nubia: sea-coast, to between 3000 and 4000 ft., Bent ! Mount
Erau, Cholmley ! Somaliland: Berbera maritime plain at Dobar Waina, 500 ft.,
Miss Edith Cole!
“ A : é . ight-
This species is perhaps more nearly allied to some of the very large brigh
coloured forms of C. rotundus,
91. C. Zollingeri, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ti. 62.
Glabrous. Stems 1-3 ft. long, slender for their length, trigonous,
smooth at the top, suberect at the base; stolons slender, clothed by
striate brown scales, hardening into slender woody rhizomes. Leaves
3—% the length of the stem, narrow, sometimes attaining } in. in breadth.
Umbel irregular, straggling, usually nearly simple, but sometimes com-
pound with the secondary rays up to 4-6 in. long, and the primary
rays up to 6-12 in. long, sometimes with more numerous long Trays;
sometimes with 1-2 rays, or reduced to a head; bracts about as long
as the rays, or in the case of a contracted umbel much longer, similar
to the leaves ; in the case of numerous rays the bracts are also numerous.
Spikes very loosely spicate, of 3-9 spikelets. Spikelets 1 by $ oe
20-flowered, yellow-green, compressed, subquadrangular; wings :
rhachilla oblong, hyaline, finally deciduous. Glumes distant on ns
rhachilla, ovate-oblong, obtuse, acute or mucronate; margins pi ’
nerveless, yellow; keel broad, green, closely 5—7-nerved. Nut 3
length of the glume, obovoid, black, hardly curved. Style ee
branches 3, long, shortly exserted.—Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ines fi
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 352; OC. B. Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Brit. : De
vi. 613, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. paige
Wild. & Durand in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. XXXVI. a
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 120; Durand & Schinz, oS ‘1.
Congo, i. 294; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 117. @. tenwice bare
Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxvi. 286, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. a ia
Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 554. C. sphacelatus, Ridley in Trans. ; on
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 139 partly, not of Rottb. C. lucidulus, C. B, Clar.
Cyperus. | CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 361
in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxi. 99; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
139 partly, not of Klein nor of Kunth.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Freetown, Afzelius! Welwitsch, 7058!
she Heudelot, 458! 559! Lécard, 149! Gambia, Mungo Park ! Lagos; Millen,
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyauz, 355! Lower
Congo : Kimuenza, Gillet! Stanley Pool, 1000-2000 ft., Hens, 34! 56! 399!
Kisantu, Gillet, 510! 1511! Angola: Pungo Andongo; between the River Cuanza
and Caghuy, Welwitsch, 6940 partly !
“she Central. Congo Free State: Lunda; Mukenge, Pogge, 1578! 1583!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; Tanga, Holst, 2026!
Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique, Kuntze, 202! British Central Africa:
Zambesi Valley; Boruma, Menyharth, 658!
Also in Tropical and Sub-tropical Asia and Australia.
Var. parva, C. B. Clarke. Plants small, slender, with very narrow leaves, much
depauperated umbel, and dull-coloured hardly at all yellow spikelets.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete, 1800-2000 ft., Hens, A, 220!
: South Central. Congo Free State: Bussindi, 950 ft., Hens, C, 159! Equator-
ville, Hens, C, 178! Lusambo, on the River Sankuru, Duchesne, 16!
In Hens, 159, 17 8, the stems are sometimes reduced to 4 in. long, and the umbel to
a single head of 3-5 spikelets. In the variety robusta, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl.
Ost- Afr. C. 120 (i.e. Holst, 2026), the umbel is more than 2 ft.in diam. The species
varies greatly in development in India; it can generally be recognised by the
distant glumes and subquadrangular spikelets.
92. C. schweinfurthianus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 553. Stem
tall, at the top very scabrous. Glumes apiculate; otherwise as
C. Zollingeri—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
576 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. P]. Welw. ii. 117. C. tenwiculmis, Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 286, and in Engl. Jahrb. v. 91 partly. C. lucidulus,
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 99 partly; Ridley in Trans.
Jinn, Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 139 partly, not of Klein.
Upper Guinea. Togo, Kling, 71! Lagos: Abeokuta, Irving! Niger Terri-
ty; Nupe, Barter, 1573! Lokoja district, Richardson, 4!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2318!
Ruwenzori; Semliki Valley, Scott-Elliot, 7992 !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 586! Angola: Pungo Andongo ;
‘Quitage on the River Cuije, Welwitsch, 6940, partly !
: Var. ? levicaulis, C. B. Clarke. Stem quite smooth at the top, 2 ft. long.
Umbel compound ; primary rays 3-4 in. long. Spikelets (young) 2 by nearly 3 in.,
Somewhat lanceolate (i.e. narrowed at both ends), very flat, yellow.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, Carson, 19!
I doubt this being any variety of C. schweinfurthianus. The inflorescence and
t lanceolate spikelets are more like those of C. fenzelianus ; but the spikelets are
broad for that species or C. rotundus or any of its neighbours.
93. C. elatior, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 553, not in Linnea,
XXXv1. 327. Stem 21 ft. high, at the top smooth. Umbel compound ;
Yays up to 10 in. long. Spikelets 1 by } in., 20-30-flowered, suberect ;
362 CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
otherwise as C. Zollingeri.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 559.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2280!
South Central. Congo Free State; Nlemfu, Butaye !
This looks like a very large variety of C. Zollingeri.
94. C. gracilinux, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 162.
Glabrous. Stems 2 ft. high, at the top trigonous and smooth;
stolons numerous, slender, clothed by striate brown scales. Leaves
% the length of the stem, } in. broad. Umbel 6-12 in. in diam., com-
pound, open ; bracts much longer than the umbel, similar to the leaves.
Spikes loosely spicate, of 5-11 spikelets. Spikelets 3 by J, in., com-
pressed, hardly at all quadrangular, 10-16-flowered, dirty-white ; wings
of rhachilla elliptic-lanceolate, hyaline. Glumes approximate on the
rhachilla, ovate-oblong subobtuse, ultimately obliquely spreading but
imbricate. Nut 3% the length of the glume, oblong or narrowly
ellipsoid ; style 3-fid.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 564; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo i. 288. C. tenwi-
culmis, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 554, not Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.
286.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, ZLécard, 103! 129! Sierra Leone, <Afzelius!
Central Africa; Vogel! Niger, Baikie!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2016!
2029!
95. C. locuples, (. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 566. Glabrous. Rhizome creeping. Stem 1 ft. high, rather
stout, at the top trigonous and smooth. Leaves # the length of
the stem, 4-} in. broad. Umbel 6-8 in. in diam., very dense;
bracts overtopping the umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 40-60
together in dense spikes, dusky straw-coloured, 14 by 7s in., UP
to 60-flowered, slightly compressed ; wings of the rhachilla linear-
lanceolate, faleate. Glumes approximate on the rhachilla, scarcely
z= in. long, ovate, obtuse. Nut 4 the length of the glume, ovoid,
chestnut-black ; style as long as the nut; branches 8, linear, exserted.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe; Muye on the Niger, Barter, 187!
96. ©. natalensis, Hochst. ex Krauss in Flora, 1845, 790.
Glabrous. Rhizome long-creeping, ;J, in. in diam. Leaves 0 in Krauss
description, often 2-6 in. long, in Krauss’ type 26 in. Jong, up to } in.
broad. Umbel-rays 3-6, up to 1-4in. long, the secondary umbel at the end
of each congested into a compound head of 12-35 spikelets ; bracts
usually short, but overtopping the umbel when the leaves are long-
Spikelets 3 by ,'5 in., very slightly compressed, dirty straw-coloured,
12—24-flowered, wings of rhachilla linear, i.e. hardly any. Glumes
ovate, hardly acute, 9—-ll-nerved, in fruit obliquely spreading but
imbricate, hard in texture. Nut hardly 2 the length of the glume,
oblong, obtuse, chestnut-black. Style nearly as long as the nut;
branches 3, linear, exserted.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 343; C. B.
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). 363)
Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 570, and in Dyer,
Fl. Cap. vii. 181.
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta; Kongone River,
Kirk !
Frequent in South Africa.
The Zambesi example is the variety longibracteata, C. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 570; but I find (in this as in many other species
of Cyperacee) the development of the leaves and bracts so variable that not even 2
variety can be established on such a character.
97. ©. maculatus, Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 53%.
Glabrous. Stolons ;},—;4; in. in diam., long, not always present.
Stems 12-20 in. long, at the top trigonous and smooth, at the base
suberect and bulbous, sometimes (as in Baikie’s examples) with the
bulb + in. in diam., solid, woody. Leaves nearly as long as the stem,
$-} in. broad. Umbel compound, sometimes open, 4—6 in. broad, more
often 2-4 in. broad, not rarely contracted almost in a head; bracts 3-9,
similar to the leaves, the lowest overtopping the umbel. Spikes
loosely spicate, of 5—11 spikelets, in flower divaricate, but in dried
specimens usually clustered, erect. Spikelets $ by 3'5—-y'5 in., much
compressed, exactly linear with parallel sides, 20-flowered, straw-
coloured or frequently purple-spotted; wings of the rhachilla very
narrow. Glumes ovate, boat-shaped, obtuse, 1-3-nerved, approxi-
mate on the rhachilla, in dried specimens usually tightly imbricated ;
Margins shining, scarious. Style shorter than the nut; branches 3,
linear, exserted.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. vy. 567; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 120; Durand &
Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 289. C. longus, var. zmaculatus, Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvi. 282. C. naumannianus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879),
552, in Engl. Jahrb. v. 91, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise Bot. 1.
¢. stoloniferus, var. 8, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 490. C. galegensis,
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 285. C. Baikiei, C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 550. C. rotundus, Benth. in
Hook. Niger Fl. 550 partly.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Leprieur! Sierra Leone: between Bumban and
Port Lokko, Scott-Elliot, 5676! Cape Verd, Perrottet / Niger Territory : Nupe; in
sandy soil near the river, Barter, 1213! 1571! River Niger, Baikie /
, ile Land. Nubia: Mograd Island, in the Nile, near Abu-Hammed, Kotschy,
5
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, 1000 ft., Hens, 22! banks of
the Congo, Smith, 47! 75! ce
South Central. Congo Free State: banks of the Congo at Lukolela, 950 ft.,
Hens, (, 147! and at Lisha, 950 ft., Hens, C, 150! Mzona, Descamps |
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, Taylor! Karagwe ;
Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 3706! Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique, Peters / British
Central Africa : Nyasaland ; between Mpata and the commencement of the
Tanganyika Plateau, 2000-3000 ft., Whyte, near Nsessi River, Scott / near Umbaka
River, Scott ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1300! 1323! Boruma, on the
Zambesi, Menyharth, 104D!
Also in the Mascarene Islands.
364 CLYI. CYPERACEHE (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
_ This species is known from C. longus, Linn., and C. rotundus, Linn., by the
narrower spikelets with exactly parallel sides. The stem being suberect and bulbous
at the base distinguishes it further from C. longus. In the cases (C. Batkiei,
C. B. Clarke formerly) where the bulb is large and very woody, no stolons are seen:
when the solitary stems spring from a creeping root, the basal bulb is usually much
less marked.
98. C. congensis, C. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Stems erect, 8-12 in.
long, rather stout, at the base thickened into woody bulbs, at the top
round-trigonous. Leaves often longer than the stem, }-} in. broad.
Umbel simple, contracted ; rays 3-6, 0-2 in. long; bracts 4—6, often
6-14 in. long. Spikelets densely clustered, dusky-brown, 1 by 4'5-a'z
in., 30-flowered ; rhachilla scarcely winged. Glumes loosely spreading,
obtuse; margins scarious. Style hardly any; branches 3, long. Nut
% the length of the glume, oblong, pyramidal at each end, trigonous,
brown.
South Central. Congo Free State: Bussindi, 1000 ft., Hens, 391!
99. C. Heudelotii, (. 2B. Clarke. Glabrous. The stolons harden
into a rhizome } in, thick. Stems 8-12 in. long, slender, their bases
4 in. in diam., globose, woody. Leaves nearly as long as the stem,
hardly ;!, in. broad, the margins in the dried examples inrolled.
Umbel almost contracted into a head, 1 in. in diam., of 30 spikelets ;
bracts 3, the lowest suberect, 4 in. long. Spikelets nearly $ by 75 ™»
flattened, pallid, 12-18-flowered; rhachilla not winged. Style 3-fid;
immature nut acutely triquetrous.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Heudelot! (in herb. Delessert).
100. ©. rotundus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 67, not of Linn. herb.
Glabrous. Rhizome woody, creeping, with tuberous thickenings. Stems
8-24 in. long, at the top trigonous and smooth, at the base more or less
bulbous. Leaves } the length of the stem, 4—1in. broad. Umbel 1-5 in.
in diam., compound or simple; bracts 3-4, overtopping the umbel.
Spikelets loosely spicate, ferruginous-red or chestnut-red (but see var.
spadicea), 3-1 by 4';~!z in., 8-30-flowered (or in Tropical Africa a large
form occurs with spikelets up to 2 in. long, 50-60. flowered, very bright-
coloured), compressed; wings of rhachilla conspicuous, hyaline, coD-
tinued up the lower margins of the glumes, at length deciduous.
Glumes approximate, boat-shaped, ovate, pointed, 1-3 nerves forming
the yellow keel, not spreading in dried examples, not striated on
the sides. Stamens 3; connective of anthers very little produced.
Nut $ the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, dark-brown ; style
shorter than the nut; branches 3, linear, longish.—Kunth, Enum.
ii. 58 (excl. C. bulbosus, Vahl, and some other syn.) ; Boeck. in Linnea,
XxXvi. 283, and in Flora, 1879, 554; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. ‘Scient.
Algér. Glum. 247; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 550; Schweinf. Pi.
Nilot. 42, Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 215,and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Appen4.
ii. 49; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 165 ; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 614, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 574,
Cyperus. | CLVI., CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 365
and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 182; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot.
ii. 138; Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 27;
Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 208; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
142; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 292; K.Schum. in Engl.
Pal. Ost-Afr. 120; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soe. bot.
Belg. xxxvi. 89 ; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 34; Rendle, Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 116. C. hewastachyos, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 28, t. 14, fig. 2.
C. tetrastachyos, Desfont. Fl. Atlant. i. 45, t. 8. CC. esculentus, Desfont.
Fl. Atlant. i. 43; Zarb in Cat. Spéc. Bot. Pfund, 39, not of Linn.
C. stoloniferus, var. pallidus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 490, not of Retz.
C. proteinolepis, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 549, not of Steud. C. longus,
Boeck. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 104; Zarb in Cat. Spéc. Bot. Pfund,
39, not of Linn.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Islands, Bolle! Cardoso, 192! Lowe! Senegal,
Roger, 70! Lécard, 130! Senegambia, Heudelot, 523! 545! Galam, Heudelot, 315!
390! Sierra Leone, Vogel, 76! Niger Territory: River Niger, Vogel, 62! Nupe,
Barter, 853!
Nile Land. Red Sea, Lord! Nubia: near Abu-Gerad, Kotschy, 28 ! Wady
Laemeb, Schweinfurth, ser. iii, 188! Wady O-Mareg, Schweinfurth, 405! at the 6th
cataract of the Nile, Schweinfurth, 470! Wady Arab, Schweinfurth, 500! Egedeh,
Schweinfurth, 530! Ben Naga, Schweinfurth, 754! between Berber and Khartoom,
Schweinfurth, 525! 614! Khartoom, Petherick ! White Nile, at Wod Schellai,
Schweinfurth, 945! Sennar 3 banks of the Nile, Kotschy, 351! Ethiopia, Kotschy,
190! Kordofan : Debach, Pfund, 493! Obeid, Pfund, 30! 628! Abou Haraza,.
Lfund, 123! and without precise locality, Pfund, 615! 624! Gallabat: region of
Matamma, Schweinfurti, 2026! Eritrea: Marhabe Valley, 6500 ft., Schwein-
Surth, 1350! Keren, Steudner, 903! Abyssinia, Hildebrandt, 364 partly! British
East Africa : Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1822! Lake Losuguta, Gregory, 53!
Kamasia, Gregory, 63! Mwachi River, Gregory, 3! Sabaki River, Gregory, 11! Ribe,
near Mombasa, Wakefield !
_ Lower Guinea. Princes Island, Ifann, 3487! Island of St. Thomas, Moller
Fl. Afr. Exsice. Conimbric, 119! Lower Congo, 700 ft., Hens, 244! Demeuse,
121! Zambi, Dupuis! Angola: by the River Bengo, Welwitsch, 7023! Loanda;
Quicuxe, by the lake, Welwitsch, 7053! Golungo Alto, in fields, Welwitsch, 7102
partly ! Benguela, Anchieta, 1008 !
South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 5! 10!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! Kuntze, 213! 300! German East
Africa : Mafia Island, Frere! Usambara ; Tanga, Holst, 2699! Kilimanjaro, 5000
ft., Taylor ! Tanganyika region, near the River Malagarazi, Speke g& Grant!
Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi; Shupanga, Kirk! Zambesia, Stewart /
wer Shire, Kirk / British Central Africa: Boruma, on the Zambesi, Menyharth,
587! 1066!
A noxious rice-field weed, everywhere.
Var, laxata, C, B. Clarke in Journ, Linn. Soc. xxi. 172. A large plant, with a
€ open umbel. Glumes long, subremote, in fruit hardly imbricate. Nut only
the length of the glume.—C. Rudioi, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 12.
Upper Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller, 13! 16! N iger, Marshall /
Also near Rio Janeiro.
Whether this be esteemed a species, a variety, or a trifling form, the plant
of Moller matches very well the Rio Janeiro examples.
Var. platystachys, Bojer ex C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI,
. V. 575,
366 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
Spikelets large, clustered, suberect.—C. B, Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap, vii. 182,
C. tuberosus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 285 partly (nearly all the African examples).
C. fenzelianus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 120.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1070! German East Africa:
Usambara ; Tanga, Holst, 2032!
Also in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands,
Var. spadiceus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 284. Stem usually tall, often scabrous
at the top. Spikelets strongly compressed, shining, hard, chestnut-red or chestnut-
black,—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 575; Engl. Hochge-
birgsfl. Trop. Afr.142. C. rotundus, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 20; A. Rich. Tent.
Fl. Abyss. ii. 482; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot, ii. 353, forma an
C. adoensis ?
Nile Land. Kordofan, Pfund! Abyssinia: Wojerat Province, Petit! near
Adowa, Schimper, 370! Jemla, Steudner, 213! Begemeder Province, Schimper,
546! 1291! 1822! 1379! 1555! British East Africa: Ruwenzori 5300 ft., Scott-
Elliot, 7590! Kamasia, Gregory, 63! Taita; Ndi Mountain, 5300 ft., Scott-Elliot,
‘6259!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! German East Africa: Usambara; Kwa
Mshuza, Holst, 9024! Karagwe, Stuhlmann, 1751! British Central Africa
Nyasaland ; Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte /
101. C. longus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 67, not herd. Linn. Riizome
stout, creeping. Stem at the base oblique or decumbent, not much
thickened, with a contraction under the bulb into the rhizome (as usual
in C. rotundus). Umbel compound, straggling, otherwise nearly as
(. rotundus.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 60; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 279,
excl. var. 3, e, 3,7; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 614,
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 567, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1v.
Append. iii. 30, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii..182; K. Schum. in Engl.
Pal. Ost-Afr. C. 120.
Throughout Tropical Africa (ex K. Schumann, |.c.).
Also in Europe, North Africa, Central Asia.
Var. tenuiflorus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 281. Rays of the umbel less unequal.
Spikes denser. Spikelets neater, more deeply coloured, often brown or almost chest-
nut.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 567; Boeck. in Engl.
Gazelle Reise, Bot. 15; Rendle in Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 116. C. tenuiflorus,
Rottb. Desc. et Ic. 30, t. 14, fig. 1. C. badius, Desfont. Fl, Atlant. i. 45, t. 7, fig. 2.
C. Volkensii, K. Schum. in Volkens, Exsicc. 1675.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Ponta da Lenha (ex Boeckeler). Angola:
Mossamedes ; borders of sugar plantations, Welwitsch, 6886! Huilla; Humpata,
Newton, 23!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Maduhama, 3300 ft,
Volkens, 1675! British Central Africa: Boruma, on the Zambesi, Menyharth, 519°
1067 !
Plentiful in Europe, North Africa and Extra-tropical South Africa.
There is no example at Kew from Tropical Africa which is referred to Cop.
Jongus, Linn., or any variety of it; and I have only seen 3 examples from Tropica
Africa which I refer to the var. tenuiflora. As K. Schumann finds C. longus ™ a
great number of “areas” of Tropical Africa, I infer that he places in Cc.
many plants which I have placed elsewhere. The series of species from C. rotundus
down to C. tuberosus are too close together.
Cyperus. | CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 367
102. C. nuerensis, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 555. Glabrous. Stem
18 in. long, rather stout, at the top trigonous and smooth. Leaves 3
the length of the stem, 4 in. broad. Umbel compound, 6 in. in diam. ;
bracts 5-6, similar to the leaves, lowest 5 in. long. Spikes numerous,
of 5-8 spikelets, Spikelets 2 by ;1, in., compressed, highly coloured,
rigid, 30-flowered; wings of the rhachilla very narrow. Glumes
oblong, boat-shaped, obtuse, brown with a green keel, approximate on
the rhachilla. Nut 4~2 the length of the glume, broad-oblong, brown.
Style 3 the length of the nut; branches 3, as long as the undivided part
of the style. C. newerensis—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fi. Afr. v. 570,
Nile Land. British East Africa: Gazelle River, at the Nuer Villages, Schwein-
Surth, 1172!
Rhizome not seen.
103. C. rigidifolius, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 593. Glabrous.
Stolons hardening into rhizomes 8 in. long, } in. in diam. Stems 8-20
in, long, rather stout, at the base not or slightly bulbous, at the top
trigonous and smooth. Leaves 3-2 the length of the stem, }-} in.
broad. Umbel 6-8 in. in diam. or often less (sometimes reduced to a
head) ; primary rays 3~7, the secondary rays at the head of each corym-
se and contracted nearly into a head; bracts 3-5, similar to the
leaves, overtopping the umbel. Spikes of 3-5 chestnut-brown or nearly
black spikelets. Spikelets 2 by 51, in., compressed, rigid, 8—16-
flowered, suberect ; wings of rhachilla ovate-lanceolate, prominent.
Glumes obtuse, on the back 5-nerved, yellow-green, on the sides nearly
nerveless reddish-black ; otherwise nearly as C. rotundus.—Steud. Syn.
Pl. Glum. ii. 30; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 486; Boeck. in Linnea,
Xxxv. 528; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 573;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 118. (. adoensis, Hochst. in Flora,
1841, i, Intell. 20, name only; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 484.
C. longus, var. adoensis, Boeck. in Linnexa, xxxvi. 281; Engl. Hochge-
birgsfl, Trop. Afr. 142. C. atrosanguineus, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn.
Pl. Glum. ii. 30; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 527; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr, 140.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: near Adowa, Schimper, 186! near Enjedcap, Schimper,
991! near M agdala, Steudner, 901! Begemeder ; Jan Meda, Schimper, 1290! Gafat,
Schimper, 1247! and without precise locality, Schimper, 229! British East Africa :
marshes by Lake Nakuro, Scott-Elliot, 6842! Mpororo district, Scott-Elliot, 8042 !
Ndoro, on Mount Kenia, Gregory, 78!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000-6000 ft., Volkens,
662! 13971 1467! Taylor / Kanesse, west of Lake Victoria, Stuhlmann, 940!
104. GC. Taylori, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 578, Woody rhizome long, bearing tubers. Stem 2-2} ft.
long, covered } its length by sheaths. Leaves as long as the stem,
sin. broad. Umbel contracted into a dense compound head 1-2} in.
in diam. ; bracts up to 1 ft. long. Spikelets 1 by jy in., resembling
those of large examples of C. rotundus. Nut} the length of the glume,
368 CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
obovoid ; otherwise as C. rotundus.—K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.
Os b2:
Wile Land. British East Africa: Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor /
This is very near C. rotundus ; the broad nut differs, also the very long flaccid
leaves.
105. C. fenzelianus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 33. Tall. Stolons
long, thick. Leaves and bracts long. Umbel open. Spikelets white
or straw-coloured, becoming in age dusky straw-coloured, with very
little or no red about them; otherwise as C. rotwndus.—Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 297; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 615,
and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 562. C. pallescens,
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 376; Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 157,
not of Desfont. C. ochreoides, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 34. C. tenui-
Jlorus, Balf. f. in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxxi. 305, not of Rottb.
C. longus, var. pallidus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 280 excl. syn. C. mates,
not of Boiss. C’. longus, var. pallescens, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soe. xxi. 164. C. rotundus, Boeck. in Flora,,1879, 554. C. lamarek-
anus ?, Hochst. in Kotschy, Exsicc. 222, not of Schultz. C. olivaceus,
Fenzl ex Steudel, lc. ©. Volkensii, K. Schum. in Volkens, Exsicc.
1675.
Upper Guinea. Senegal: at Lake Guier, Roger! Richard Toll, Dollinger,
22! Cameroons: Bipindi, Zenker, 898 !
Mile Land. Nubia: Sedab, between Berber and Khartoom, Schweinfurth,
525! Sennar, Kotschy, 171! Kordofan: around ponds at Kohn Mountain, Kotschy,
222! and without precise locality, Pfund, 608! Somaliland, 700-2500 ft., Teleki /
British East Africa: Witu; Gregory /
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara, Holst, 2032! Karagwe 5
Kafuro, 4500 ft., Stuhlmann, 1839! 1889! Kagera River, Stuhlmann, 1949! River
Sanju, 3000-3500 ft., Volkens, 1675!
Also in North Africa, Arabia, Persia and India. :
This species is hardly distinguishable from C. rotundus but by its large size,
flaccid habit, and absence of red in the spikelets.
106. ©. fissus, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 593. Stems about 6 in.
long. Umbel contracted nearly into a head, of few spikelets. ee
nective of the anthers produced in a narrow triangle, so that the
anthers may be called crested ; otherwise as (. rotundus.—Steud. Syn.
Pl. Glum. ii. 30; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 487; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxv. 526; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
562; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 140.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; in mountain meadows at Gessgessa, gene po
992! and without precise locality, Quartin-Dillon & Petit / British East Africa:
Sabaki River, Gregory, 102!
This is another species separated on slight grounds (the cresting of the ager
tive) from C. rotundus. The 8 collections known all agree, however, in the sm
size, contracted umbel, and strongly-coloured spikelets.
107. C. tuberosus, Rotib. Descr. et Ic. 28, t. 7, 9: es ae
large plant, with large open umbel. Rays of umbel slender (i
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). 369
form tenuiflora, Roxb., very slender). Spikelets linear. Glumes in
fruit obliquely spreading; otherwise as C. rotwndus, Linn.—Kunth,
Enum. ii. 50 (only in small part); Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 285
partly; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 616, and in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 580; Durand & Schinz, Etudes
Fl. Congo, i. 294.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Adanson, 164A!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: in the Manioc fields at Stanley Pool, 950 ft.,
Hens, B, 21!
South Central. Congo Free State, Demeuse /
Also in the Mascarene Islands, India, Formosa and Australia. In the large
forms of C. rotundus the plant ‘is usually rigid, the primary rays of the umbel
stout,
108. C. ibeensis, XK. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 120.
Glabrous. Stems 7, densely tufted, 2 ft. high, very slender, thickened
at the base by long dusky withered leaf-sheaths; a thick mass of roots,
but no stolon present. Leaves 2 the length of the stem, 5}, in. broad.
Umbel simple ; rays 3-5, up to 1-14 in. long; bracts 3-4, similar to
the leaves, lowest up.to 8in. long. Spikes of 5-17 spikelets. Spikelets
3 by 1, in., compressed, a fine red, 20-40-flowered ; rhachilla quad-
rangular, wings narrow oblong. Glumes densely packed, ovate, obtuse,
S-nerved, 1-coloured, i.e. red, hardly greenish on the keel, regularly
deciduous from the lowest upwards. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong,
muticous. Style rather shorter'than the nut; branches 3, long. Nut
} the length of the glume, obovoid, trigonous, smooth, brown.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Uganda, Wilson, 751! Ukamba; Kitui,
Hildebrandt, 2657 ! Shimba Mountains, near Mombasa, Taylor /
This species is very unlike any other, nor can I guess its true affinity. I
formerly arranged it with the Section Tunicate ; but, if it should prove to have
evanescent stolons producing bulbils, the spikelets will be different from those in
any of the Tunicate.
109. C. radiatus, Vahl, Hnwm. ii. 369. Glabrous. Rhizome 0;
lateral shoots are sometimes formed at the base of the stem, flowering the
Second year. Stem, when fairly developed, 1-2 ft. long, but small
examples 6—8 in. are frequent, examples only 1 in. long have occurred.
Leaves 2 the length of the stem, up to 2 in. broad. Umbel in well-
‘developed examples 6-10 in, in diam., but in African examples often
contracted, sometimes into one dense head ; bracts similar to the leaves,
much overtopping the inflorescence. Spikes digitate, their pedicels
hardly exceeding } in. in length, dense, cylindric, with suberect or
Spreading spikelets, 1 by 4-% in. Spikelets 3-3 by 3/5 in., 10-36-
Owered, strongly compressed, pallid or finally brownish, not or rarely
highly coloured red or yellow; wings of the rhachilla oblong, per-
Sistent, hyaline. Glumes ovate, usually apiculate, very closely placed
on the rhachilla and (even in fruit) tightly imbricate. Stamens 3;
anthers small, muticous. Nut 2-} the length of the glume, ovoid or
Wide-ellipsoid, acutely trigonous, pyramidal at the base and = finally
VOL. VIII, 2
370 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Cyperus.
ashy-black. Style } the length of the nut; branches 3, linear, small.
—Kunth, Enum. ii. 71; Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 542,
in Linnea, xxxvi. 317, and in Flora, 1879, 555; Schweinf. Pl. Nilot.
41, and Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 215; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Brit.
Ind. vi. 617, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 5733
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 142; K. Schum. in Engl.
Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 121; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, i. 292;
Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 23, 35; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. u.
119. C. biceps, Vahl, Enum. ii. 368. C. semidives, Steud. Syn. PI.
Glum. ii. 36.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Sieber / Leliévre/ Senegambia, Heudelot, 522!
Galam, Heudelot, 211! Gambia, Mungo Park! Niger Territory: River Niger,
Baikie! Nupe, Barter, 1127! Lukuja, at the Confluence of the Niger and Benue
Rivers, Dalton! Bornu, Oudney, 6! Cameroons, Buchholz !
Wile Land. Nubia: Dongola, Zhrenberg/ Ethiopia, Kotschy, 416! Sennar,
Kotschy, 213! Hartmann! British East Africa: White Nile; Petherick ! Bongo;
Addai, Schweinfurth, 1428! Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1579! Wau River,
Schweinfurth, 1631!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: among the rocks of the rapids of Ntamo,
Stanley Pool, Hens, B, 11! La, 68! and without precise locality, Smith / Angola:
Icolo e Bengo; banks of a lake near Folo, Welwitsch, 7030! Barra do Dande; by
a lake near Bombo, Welwitsch, 7036!
South Central. Congo Free State: Lusambo, Duchesne, 19! Monbuttu ;
Kibali River, Schweinfurth, 3571!
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique, Peters, 8! Lower
Zambesi, Stewart, Expedition Island, Kirk / British Central Africa: Nyasaland;
Elephant marsh in the Shire Valley, below Mbewe, Scott/ Umbaku River, Scott /
Widely diffused in Madagascar, South-east Asia and Tropical America.
110. C. exaltatus, Retz. Obs. v.11. Stems often 3-4 ft. high.
Spikes (some of them) peduncled. Spikelets rather larger, 1n longer
spikes, less crowded (but see var. dives), more strongly coloured, often
yellowish or reddish ; otherwise as C’. radiatus, Vahl.—Kunth, Enum.
li. 70; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 551; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 319
C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl, Brit. Ind. vi. 617, and in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 560; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C.
121. ©. racemosus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 555, not of Boeck. m
Linnea, xxxvi. 310, CO. ornithopioides, Zarb in Cat. Spéc. Bot. Pfund,
-O9.
Wile Land. Kordofan: Sagattur, Pfund, 228! 611! British East gree:
Jur; Kurshook Ali’s Seriba, Schweinfurth, 1764! Ribe, near Mombasa, Wake-
Sield {
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Don /
Abundant. in South-east Asia and Australia. Also in the Mascarene Islands,
Mexico and Brazil. f
This species is hardly distinguishable from well-developed examples .
C. radiatus, The line is drawn here by defining C, radiatus as having alt the
spikes sessile. ae
Var. dives, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xxi, 187. Umbel rigid. SP rig
rigid, dense. Ripe spikelets divaricate or reflexed, hard, often shining and yellowish.
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 371
—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 617, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 561 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Welw. ii. 119. C. dives, Delile, Fl. Egypte,
5, t. 4, fig. 3; Kunth, Enum. ii. 71; Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 20; Steud. in
Flora, 1842, 595; A. Rich. Tent. FI. Abyss. ii. 480; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Lim.
Soe, xx, 293; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii, 142. C. alopecuroides,
Pres] in Oken, Isis, xxi. (1828) 271; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 322 (var. a only) ;
Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 166; Volk. Kilimand. 28 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsti.
Trop. Afr. 143; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii, 49, not of Rottb ;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 121.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd; Perrottet.
Nile Land. Eritrea: Goura, 6800 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 920! Abyssinia :
Tigre; streams near Adowa, Quartin-Dillon & Petit ! Schimper, 30! Modat; by
streams in Aguar Valley, Schimper, 1101! and without precise locality, Schimper,
186! 547! British East Africa: Niamniam; Nabambisso River, Schwein-
JSurth, 3727! Ruwenzori 3; Semliki Valley, Scott-Elliot, 8052! Buddu, Stwhlmann,
1187! Lake Baringo, Gregory, 57! Kangaga, Taylor, 32! Ukamba; Kiboko, in
marshy rivers, Scott-Elliot, 2333 !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; by streams near Sange, Welwitsch,
ja ! Pungo Andongo; in marshy places between Condo and Quisonde, Welwitsch,
39 !
South Central. Congo Free State ; Dewévre, 10,039!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; Little Lake Windermere,
Speke § Grant, 480! Kilimanjaro, Zaylor/ Usambara; Muanamata, 2000 ft.,
Volkens, 2377 ! Portuguese East Africa: Lower Valley of the River Shire, Weller /
British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Elephant Marsh, in the Shire Valley, Kirk !
Scott ! Lake Nyasa, Scott-Elliot, 8414! and without precise locality, Buchanan,
865! Zambesi Valley ; Boruma, Menyharth, 1058.
: Also in Egypt, Syria, Madagascar and India; but the variety cannot be dis-
tinctly separated from the species (exaltatus itself), therefore neither can its area
of distribution.
111. GC, Pethericki, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 571. Very talland stout (only the 2 upper feet of stem
present). Lowest bract very long, ? in. broad, very smooth, thick, and
tough. Umbel large, compound, with large many-flowered cylindric
spikes. Spikelets nearly 4 in. long, 36-flowered, pale yellowish- brown.
Glumes thin, not strongly keeled, their margins (in the dried state)
much incurved ; otherwise as (. exaltatus.
Nile Land. British East Africa: banks of the Nile in Denka Territory,
Petherick !
_ The softer less-keeled glumes, with incurved margins, cause this plant to
“mulate C. alopecuroides, but the styles are all 3-fid, the nuts all acutely trigonous,
and I think it may prove only another variety of C. exaltatus,
os 112. C. immensus, (. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 294.
Stem at the top 4-3 in. in diam., acutely trigonous. Lowest bract in
‘ome examples up to 1 in. wide. Umbel in the type (Pervillé, 483)
must have exceeded 2 ft. in diam., very dense. Spikelets } by ,'; in.,
40-flowered, much compressed, hard, shining, yellow-brown ; wings of
the rhachilla faleate, linear-lanceolate, yellow, early caducous. Glumes
Strongly keeled, strongly mucronate ; otherwise as C. exaltatus.—C. B.
372 CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 565, and in Dyer, Fl.
Cap. vii. 184. C. alopecuroides, var. a dives, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.
321.
South Central. Congo Free State: Katanga, Verdick /
Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 3000 ft., Taylor!
Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique, Zimmermann {
Also in Madagascar and South Africa.
The type of this species has the compressed tight-packed spikelets of the
C. exaltatus group, but the yellow deciduous rhachilla-wings of the C. digitatus
group (these wings running up the margins of the glumes). Apart from the style
being 3-fid, the structure appears to me remote from that of C. alopecuroides. The
African examples agree well with the Madagascar, but have shorter spikelets.
Var. Taylori, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl, Afr. v. 565.
Primary rays of umbel 12 in. long, secondary 4 in, long. Spikes 2-2} in. long;
dense, but not rigid. Spikelets obliquely erect, 12—18-flowered ; wings of rhachilla
very narrow. Nut 7 the length of the glume, obovoid.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor /
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor /
This variety should perhaps rather be appended to C. exaltatus.
113. C. digitatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 81. Glabrous. Stem
2-6 ft. long, at the toptriquetrous, smooth. Leaves 3 the length of the
stem, } in. broad. Umbel 8-24 in. in diam., compound; bracts similar
to the leaves, lowest exceeding the umbel. Spikes 2 by 1 in., with
very many spikelets spreading at right angles. Spikelets 4—-} by z¢ i2-,
20-flowered, not much compressed, yellowish-brown; wings of the
rhachilla lanceolate, yellow, very caducous. Glumes ovate, scarcely
mucronate, the back 3-5-nerved, greenish-brown, the sides yellow
without striations. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong, not crested.
Nut } the length of the glume, trigonous, oblong-ellipsoid, often some-
what curved, finally black. Style rather shorter than the nut ; branches
3, linear.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 618, and in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 558; Urban, Symb. Antill. 1.
36. C. venustus, Nees in Flora, 1828, 333; Kunth, Enum. ii. 68
partly ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 316 partly, not of R. Br. €. Weesu,
Kunth, Enum. ii. 101 (exel. syn. Linn.); Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvl. 315.
Papyrus venustus, Nees in Linnea, x. 138 partly.
Nile Land. Niamniam, Schweinfurth, 37174!
Also in Madagascar, South-eastern Asia, Australia, and throughout the warmer
parts of America.
114. C. grandis, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 564. Very large; stem at the top } in, in diam., cat
Lowest bract 1} in. broad, very thick, leathery. Primary rays of umbe
10 in. long, thick ; secondary up to 4 in. long. Spikes 2 by 1 “of
Spikelets very numerous, spreading or deflexed in fruit, like those :
C. digitatus, but rather longer, terete ; otherwise as C. digitatvs, Roxb.
—K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 121.
Cyperus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 373
Nile Land. British East Africa: Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk / Hildebrandt, 1073!
This may be an extreme form of C. digitatus, Roxb., but no example of this
widespread species comes near it in size; the rays of the umbel in C. grandis are
4-4 in, in diam.
115. C. auricomus, Sieber ex Spreng. Syst. i, 230. Stem at the top
triquetrous with concave faces, or almost 3-winged, otherwise as
C. digitatus, Roxb.—Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 373; Boeck. in Flora, 1879,
555; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 142; C. B. Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 188 partly, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 549; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 121; Durand &
Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 284; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 118;
not of F. Muell. ©. ornithopodioides, Delile, Fl. AXgypt. Il. ii. (1812) 50,
name only. C, awricomus, var. subalatus, Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl.
Egypte, 156. (. xanthocomus, Link, Hort. Berol. i. 316 (efr. ii. 320).
C. Wiestii, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 35. C. venustus, Presl in Oken,
Isis, xxi. (1828) 271 ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 68 partly ; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvi. 316 partly. C. subalatus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 291, not of
Steud. (©. rhaphiostachys, and C. racemosus, Boeck. in Peters, Reise
Mossamb. Bot. 541. C. aureorufus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvili. 369;
Eng]. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 143.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Sieber, 3! Roger, 67! Afzelius! Senegambia,
Heudelot, 322! 500! Dahomey, Newton, 8! 9! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter,
1565!
Nile Land. Kordofan, Pfund, 411! 463! 633 ! Abyssinia : Shireh Province,
Petit! Begemeder Province, Schimper, 709! 1403! British East Africa: Bongo ;
Addai, Schweinfurth, 1427! Kitch; banks of the Nile at Gaba Shambe, 1192 ft.,
Petherick !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; swamps by the Mupanda River, Welwitsch,
6870! Barra do Dande; banks of the River Dande, Welwitsch, 7042! Loanda ;
marshes and ponds near Boa Vista, Welwitsch, 7043! Barra do Bengo; marshy
places by Lake Quifandongo, Welwitsch, 7080!
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi, Peters, 8! British Central
Africa : Boruma, on the Zambesi, Menyharth, 1059!
Common in Egypt.
. This species is very near C. digitatus, Roxb., and is distinguished primarily by
its acutely triquetrous stem; the umbel smaller, slenderer, with usually very unequal
Tays. The colour varies from straw-colour (at low levels) through yellow to a golden-
brown (at high levels)—the C. awreorufus of Boeckeler ; but there is no red or
chestnut-red in the material referred above to this species. At least, this is the
view of the colouration here accepted ; the copious synonymy above cited shows that
competent cypero'ogists have estimated the colour as of specific value.
- Var. minor, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fil. Afr. v. 550.
Slender. Umbel small. Spikelets slender, chestnut-red.—C. rotundus, Aschers, &
Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 157 partly. a
Mile Land. Gulabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2025! British
East Africa: Kitch; banks of the Nile at Gaba Shimbe, Petherick, 25!
Schweinfurth, 2025, was the type of this variety, and should perhaps be referred
to C. longus, var. tenuiflora, of which it has the rhizome and chestnut-red spikelets ;
but the spikelets are too slender for C, longus or C. rotundus, and the wings of the
374 CLVI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Cyperus.
rhachilla are yellow and caducous, These wings in C. rotundus and C. longus are
sometimes rather early caducous and discoloured ; still not so much so as in Schwein-
furth, 2025, which may indicate a new species.
116. C. Papyrus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,70. Glabrous. Rhizome
woody. Stems subsolitary, 8-15 ft. high, at the base suberect, at the top
trigonous or acutely triquetrous or nearly terete. Leaves to the flowering
stem (,i.e. the basal sheaths are shortly produced, discoloured, with
hardly any green termination ; but green leaves up to 1 by } in. are
formed on the barren shoots. Primary rays of the umbel often 30, up.
to a foot long: bracts up to 34 by } in., lanceolate, discoloured with no
green termination. Spikes 1 by } in., with 20-30 spreading spikelets.
Spikelets } by ,; in., nearly terete, 6—15-flowered, passing from dusky
straw-colour into brown. Glumes broadly elliptic, hardly keeled,
obtuse, often emarginate with a very minute mucro, deciduous, rhachilla
slender ; wings lanceolate, yellow, early falling with the glumes. Stamens
3; anthers linear-oblong, the connective bearing a crest 4—} the length
of the anther. Nut 4-2 the length of the glume, ellipsoid, subequally
trigonous, ashy-black. Style 4 the length of the nut, slender ; branches
3, linear, small.— Benth. in Hook. N iger, Fl. 551; Parl. Mém. Papyrus,
32, t. 2, in Mém. Sav. Etrang. St. Pétersb. xii. (1854) 501 (cfr. Parl. in
Comptes-rendus Acad. Paris, xxxv. (1852) 211-217) ; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvi. 303; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 571,
and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 30; Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 141; Wydler in Flora, 1864, 609-616, 1865, 40;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 118. C. syriacus, Parl. FI. Ital. i. 43,
Mem. Papyrus, 31, and Mém. Sav. Etrang. St. Pétersb. xii. (1854) 501,
as to the Sicily plant. Papyrus Sicula, Parl. in Hook. Kew Journ. 1.
(1851) 189. P. Antiquorum, Link, Enum. i. 47; cfr. Haberlandt in
Flora, 1878, 175.—Zimmermann, de Papyro; cfr. Flora, 1867, 397.
Upper Guinea. Lagos, Don! Barter, 20153! Ogowe, Buchholz! Old
Calabar, Rodd !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 511!. Congo, Smith, 7!
Curror ! Gaboon: Loango; in a swamp at Ponta Negra, Soyauz, 106! Angola:
Loanda ; ponds of Maghellao near Boa Vista, Welwitsch, 7085! Golungo Alto;
banks of the River Delamboa, Welwitsch, 7104! i
South Central. Congo Free State, Dewévre, 414! Lunda: River Loman,
Pogge, 1574! River Lulua, Pogge, 1585! :
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Kondowe to Karonga,
2000-6000 ft., Whyte /
Also in Sicily. .
Var. ? Antiquorum, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 571.
Spikelets more or less deciduous above the two lowest (empty) glumes ; wings of Pe
rhachilla obtuse, falling very late. Anthers not crested (the connective gg
hardly produced at all).— C. Papyrus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,70 partly; A. Rich, Tent. .
Abyss. ii. 480; Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 555 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.374; Oliver in Tran.
Linn. Soc. xxix. 165. C. syriacus, Parl. F). Ital. ii. 48, Mém. Papyrus, 31, t. PY
Mém. Say. Etrang. St. Pétersb xii. (1854), 501 partly, i.e. as to the Palestine plant.
C. mossambicensis, Klotzsch in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 541. P. Antiquorum,
Willd. in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1812, 70; T. Thoms, in Speke, Nile, Append. 654.
Cyperus. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 375
Papyrus mossambicensis, Parl. ex Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. t. 59.— Papyrus, Bruce,
Tray. v. Append. 1-15, t. 1.
Nile Land. White Nile, Petherick! Brownell! Werne/ British East Africa:
Gazelle River, Schweinfurth, 1154! Niamniam; at the River Bodumoh, Schwein-
Surth, 3749 !
Mozamb, Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1193! German East Africa: Karagwe ;
Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 1618! Portuguese East Africa ; Mozambique, Peters / banks of
the River Shire at Shama, Scott /
Also in the northern part of the Nile and in Palestine. See Thiselton- Dyer in
Gard. Chron, iii. (1875), 78,
This variety forms a transition from Cyperus into Mariscus, the spikelets
showing a distinct tendency to fall off whote from above the two lowest empty glumes.
Imperfectly known species.
117. C. bulamensis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 19. Root fibrous.
Stem 14 ft. long, slender. Leaves $ the length of the stem, slender.
Umbel simple; rays 2 in. long. Spikes of 5-9 spikelets. Spikelets
searcely 4 in. long, linear, slender, somewhat compressed. Glumes
loosely imbricate, ovate, obtuse, 7—9-nerved, dusky straw-coloured.
Nut 4 the length of the glume, triquetrous, linear, slender.
Upper Guinea. Portuguese Guinea: Bissagos Islands ; Bulama Island.
118. C. Cadamosti, Bolle ex Krause in Engl. Jahrb. xiv. 400.
Cespitose. Stem 1 ft. high. Leaves rigid, flat, narrow-linear. Bracts
1-2, a little longer than the rays. Spikes sessile, numerous, about
6-flowered. Glumes acute, rufous with hyaline margins.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Isles: near Porto Grande ; Krause, Schmidt.
119. C. depauperatus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 34. Rhizome
bulbous-woody. Stem 3 ft. high, acutely triquetrous. Leaves up to a
foot long, flat, 3-nerved. Bracts 5-6, nearly all of them many times
longer than the simple umbel. Rays of umbel 6-18, hardly exceeding
in. long. Spikelets aggregated, very short, ovate, 3—-5-flowered.
Glumes membranous, ovate, obtuse, 7—9-nerved, pale ferruginous. Nut
triquetrous, rather obtuse, pale brown.
Nile Land. Abyssinia, Schimper (ex Steudel).
Steudel inquires, “Is this a variety of C. ochreoides, Steud. ?” a species reduced
above to C. JSenzelianus, Steud.
120. C. dilatatus, Schumach. 4° Thonning, Beskr. Guin. Pl. 38.
Root fibrous ; stem bearing stolons. Leaves lax. Umbel subcompound ;
rays elongate ; bracts about 5, similar to the leaves. Spikelets alter-
nate, somewhat remote, about 1 in. long with 18 flowers, linear, acute.
Glumes lanceolate, concave, obtuse.
Guinea. Thonning.
_ 121. CG. flexifolius, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 549. Root with purple
fibres. Stems often 2 together, erect, firm, slender, 10-5 in. high,
scarcely .. in. in diam., triangular, grooved, striate, several-leaved at
376 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE), [ Cyperus.
the base. Leaves close together, flexuose, much shorter than the stem,
rigid, narrow, long acuminate, acute, keeled, 6-3 in. long, at the base
about ;4; in. broad; margins reflexed and keel acutely toothed.
Bracts 4-3, very spreading, 4-1 in. long. Umbel hemispheric, com-
pact, many-rayed, 24-1 in. in diam., in small specimens reduced to a
single head ; rays covered with spikelets to the base. Spikelets densely
clustered, linear or linear-oblong, compressed, obtuse, 4-4 by +); in.,
18-40-flowered. Glumes caducous, very minute, densely imbricate,
close-pressed, boat-shaped, obovate-rounded, 7-nerved on the back,
evidently mucronate below the rounded tip, straw-coloured-rufous,
later ferruginous-red, shining. Nut most minute, } shorter than the
glume, half-glassy, oval, equilateral triangular, minutely punctate,
yellow. Style only a little exserted, very slender, 3-fid down to the
middle.
Lower Guinea. On an Island at the mouth of the Congo, near Ponta da
Lenha, Nawmann, 143, 150 (ex Boeckeler).
Allied to C. proteinolepis, Boeck. By C. proteinolepis, Boeckeler would mean
C. effusus, Rottb., above.
122. C. miquelianus, Zarb in Cat. Spéc. Bot. Pfund, 39, name
only.
Wile Land. Kordofan: Om Gaseh, Pfund, 613 (ex Zarb).
123. ©. Muelleri, Boeck. in Flora, 1859, 434 bis. Root fibrous,
very slender. Stem very slender, erect, somewhat compressed, striated,
almost angular (in the smaller example setaceous and subtrigonous),
at the base thickened and leaf-bearing. Leaves short, narrow, 2-1 by
scarcely ,1; in., little recurved, somewhat rigid, long setaceous-acuminate,
keel small, margins involute, at the top scabrous-toothed ; leaf-sheaths
short, dilated, hyaline, membranous, with strong nerves. Umbel
simple; rays 6, 3 subequal, 1 in. long, “the rest sessile,” each with 4
spikelets (or in the smaller example with 2-1 spikelets); bracts /,
similar to the leaves, the 3 longer as long as the rays. Spikelets
spreading, } by 51, in., linear, compressed, dusky, at the top a little
narrowed, yellow, 40-30-flowered. Glumes approximate, spreading,
ovate, keeled (especially upwards), tip emarginate with a short erect or
spreading mucro, 3-nerved, yellow, the sides fuscous, the keel lpbigrant
green. Nut very minute, scarcely } the length of the glume, roun é
obovate, triangular, very obtuse, minutely dotted, dusky, terminate
by a black point ; rhachilla rather thick, flexuose, wingless; style very
slender, 3-fid.
Mozamb. Dist. Mozambique, ex Boeckeler.
Boeckeler says this species belongs to the Sect. Avistati, and is near C. oligo-
stachyus, H. B.& K,
124, G. recurvus, Vahl, Enum, ii. 310. Stems several, A in OE
and upwards, setaceous, leafy at the base. Leaves as long as the - sy
setaceous. Head globose, but little larger than a pea; bracts »;
Cyperus. | CLYI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 377
long, setaceous. Spikelets 10-20, hardly as long as the little finger-
nail, linear, narrow, spreading, about 20-flowered. Glumes lax, linear’,
obtuse, purple, green on the back, aristate ; the arista as long as the
valve, recurved like a hook, green.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, from the herbarium of Thouin or of Lamarck
(ex Vahl). Probably collected by Afzelius or Smeathman,
Very distinct from C. aristatus.
5. MARISCUS, Gertn. Fruct. i. 11, t. 2 (excl. Bobartella).
Spikelet 1~20-flowered, deciduous in one piece by a disarticulation
above the two lowest empty glumes; the fertile glumes long-persistent,
retaining the nut by the aid of the two wings of the rhachilla. Other-
wise as Cyperus.—Cyperus, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1043
partly.
Species 180, in all warm and warm-temperate regions; in the New World
several species extend to cool-temperate regions.
As subsidiary aids to the rapid discrimination of Cyperus from Mariseus it
should be noted ( 1) All the leafless examples must be Cyperus; (2) All the examples
with less than 5 nuts to the spikelet must be Mariscus ; (3) All the examples with
the rhachilla of the spikelet wingless must be Cyperus. (Gertner’s first species of
Mariscus, is Subgenus Bobartella, is a Rynchospora.)
* BULBOCAULIS. Base of the stem thickened by the turgid membranous
coloured (often-torn) sheaths. :
Spikelets ripening generally more than 1 nut (usually
2-4, sometimes 6-10 nuts).
{Inflorescence congested.
Spikes usually condensed into 1 ovoid head (but
digitate in M. dregeanus, var., and in
M. coloratus, var.).
Nuts usually 2-4 to the spikelet.
Spikelets straw-coloured or yellow.
Stolons numerous, slender, with red-brown
scales . : 3 : “ . 3. UM, diurensis.
Stolons none seen.
Glumes with 9-17 strong ribs,
Spikelets 2-6-nutted.
Spikelets obtuse , : °
Spikelets acute . i ; :
Spikelets 2-l-nutted; glumes re-
mote < : :
Glumes with few obscure ribs. .
Spikelets chestnut-red_.. 2 : °
Nuts usually 6—8-10 to the spikelet.
Spikelets straw-coloured ; glumes obtuse
Spikelets chestnut-red ; glumes acuminate, :
acute : 8. M. somaliensis.
Spikes manifestly digitate. (Sce also M. dre-
geanus, var., M. coloratus, var.)
Glabrous.
Spikes green variegated with red ' , 9. M. Schimper.
Spikes blackish-green “ : : . 10. UU. inflatus.
1. M. dregeanus.
2. M. coloratus.
. M. remotus,
. MU. firmipes.
M. maritimus,
Se
. WM. macropus.
378 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Mariseus.
Hairy. Spikes cinnamon-straw-coloured . ll. W. pilosulus,
{ [Inflorescence umbellate.
Whole plant including the glumes minutely
pubescent . “ : : : . 13. WM. psilostachys.
Whole plant glabrous.
Leaves 4-1 in, broad . : : < . 12. M. Taylori.
Leaves ;\, in. broad or less,
Glumes mucronate . . : . 15. MM. vestitus.
Glumes muticous, hardly acute.
Spikelets compressed, leaves much wither-
ings =< Z . 14. MW. leptophyllus.
Spikelets exactly livear-cylindric ‘ . 16. M. concinnus.
}{Spikelets ripening only l nut. (Cfr. also MU. remotus.)
Inflorescence in 1 head.
Spikes 3-1, congested. Nut broadly obovoid.
' Spikelets and glumes scarcely acute. . 17. M. bulbocaulis.
Spikelets and glumes acute, rather larger . 18. M. plateilema.
Spike 1 (apparently). Nut linear-oblong.
Bracts suberect, much dilated at the base . 19. M. cirewmcelusus.
Bracts divaricate or deflexed, scarcely dilated
at the base.
Basal leaf-sheaths torn into much soft fibre 20. M. mollipes.
Basal leaf-sheaths hardly at all fimbriate . 21. UW. globifer.
Inflorescence a simple umbel. Leaves with scarious
margins in their lower half : : . 22. M. albomarginatus.
eee Ev-Mariscus.—Base of the stem not much thickened, but covered by sheaths
foliaceous in texture, neither scarious nor marcescent.
| Umbellati.—Spikelets green or reddish, ultimately pallid, maturing 1-2 (rarely 3)
nuts. Nut-bearing glumes approximate, suberect, wrapped round the nut (except in
M. deciduus). Lowest empty glume lanceolate or mucronate, hardly long-setaceous
(except in M. flavus). Nut often 3 (rarely only 4) the length of the glume.
Stem, with upper parts of the oe — and
shortly white hairy. 2 . 37. WM. albopilosus.
Stem, and whole plant, glabrous.
Glumes, even before the nut is ripe, aba hardly
imbricate s . 36. WM. deciduus.
Glumes suberect, adpressed, margins often enclosing
the rhachilla,
Spikes deep chestnut-red, in one head . 3 . B32. M. Kerstenii.
Spikes lurid or blackish-green, in one head. . 85. WM. Soyauxit.
Spikes from green or white to straw-colour or
yellowish or brown, mostly umbelled. (These
ten species might be treated as nine varieties
of M. sieberianus.)
Lowest empty glume reduced to a bristle froma
lanceolate base ; . 34. M. flavus.
Lowest empty glume lanceolate, or " mucronate,
not long-setaceous.
Spikelets “often with 1 (or 1-2) nuts (exeept
in M., sieberianus, var.).
Spikelets very slender, often all deflexed in
fruit . 24. M. umbellatus.
Spikelets thicker; rarely deflexed in fruit,
Spikelets-acute.
Muriscus. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 379
Spikelets spreading in fruit 5 . 23. WM. sieberianus.
Spikelets adpressed, erect in fruit . 25. M. sublimis.
Spikelets subobtuse © . - 31. M. macer.
Spikelets with 3-2 nuts (see also M. sieberi-
anus, var.).
Spikelets white : : 5 : . 80. UM. tomaiophyllus.
Spikelets greenish-white to yellowish or
brownish.
Spikelets usually with 2 nuts.
Spikes long-cylindric, often 14 in,
long . : : : . 26. M. nossibeensis,
Spikes usually nearly as broad as long 33. M. macrocarpus.
Spikelets usually with 3 nuts,
Glumes obtuse, submucronate.
Spikelets subtetragonous . . 27. M. tanyphyllus,
Spikelets terete . : : - 29. M. Myrmecias.
Glumes much acuminate . : . 28. M, Phillipsie.
Spikelets reddish ; spikes long cylindric ina simple
umbel.,
Spikelets } in, long, perfecting 1 nut : . 38. UM. Rohl fsii.
Spikelets } in. long, perfecting 2-3 nuts . . 39. M. procerus.
++ Subremoti.—Spikelets green, ultimately _ pallid ;
maturing 3-2 nuts. Nut-bearing glumes remote, the top
of one a little overlapping the base of the next R . 40. M. thomensis,
wT Ti urgiduli—Spikelets straw-coloured to brown, thicker than in + and ff,
nearly terete, 1-6-flowered. Robust plants with large compound umbels.
Glumes approximate, erect-adpressed even in fruit.
Spikelets densely packed . . . ‘ . 41, ML. rufus.
Spikelets many, but distinct . . . . . 43. M. albescens.
Glumes less close together, looser in fruit.
Leaves flat. ‘ : ; : ‘ ‘ . 42. WM. umbilensis.
Leaves much enrolled (at least as seen dry) ° . 44. MUM, durus.
THT Flabelliformes. Spikelets linear, not flattened, dull green, 4—10-flowered ;
glumes remote.
Bracts 3 in. broad, 3-nerved; umbel large compound . 48. WM. trinervis.
Bracts less than 2 in, broad. ;
No horizontal rhizome. : :
Spikelets 4-4 in, long, with 3-8 nuts ‘ . 45, HH. flabelliformis,
Spikelets 2 in. long, with 5-8 nuts . . . 50. M. luridus.
Rhizome horizontal.
Leaves 4-2 in. broad.
Spikelets 4 in. long, with 4 nuts . . . 46. eurystachys.
Spikelets 4 in. long, with 7 nuts . : . 47, M. aximensis.
Leaves 1-1in. broad. : . 49. M. foliosus.
Httt Pseudo-Cyperee. Spikelets 4-10-flowered, oblong or lanceolate, more or
a compressed (not linear terete). Glumes much imbricate, not (or hardly)
emote,
Rhachis of spikes hairy . s ‘ i i . 55. M. pseudopilosus.
Rhachis of spikes glabrous.
Fertile glumes with long recurved mucro . °
Fertile glumes with short (or no) mucro.
. 51. M. squarrosus,
380 CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Mariscus.
Spikelets white-straw-coloured.
Leaves 3 the length of the stem : , 52. MW. hemisphericus.
Leaves } the length of the stem ' . 54. M. Gregorii.
Spikelets yellowish-green. Leaves 4 in. broad . 53. MZ. alpestris.
1. M. dregeanus, Kunth, Enum. ii. 120. Glabrous. Stolons 0.
Stems approximate, at the base oblong-thickened by the scarious
coloured leaf-sheaths, 6-14 in. long, slender, at the top trigonous and
smooth. Leaves often as long as the stem, ;1,—} in. broad, weak, grass-
like. Inflorescence $—} by }~} in., appearing as 1 very dense head of
numerous spikelets, or as 2—3 densely congested spikes, straw-coloured
or reddish or yellowish ; bracts 3-4, similar to the leaves, spreading,
finally pendent, lowest 3-7 in. long. Spikelets } by ;, in., quad-
rangular-cylindric obtuse, not compressed, bearing 2—6 (usually 3-4)
nuts, disarticulating below: the lowest fertile flower in one piece; two
empty glumes small, without caudate green tips. Glumes ovate, obtuse,
not keeled, strongly 13-15-ribbed over their whole breadth, chaffy,
persistent, their margins running down into the elliptic wings of the
rhachilla. Stamens 3-2; anthers oblong, not crested. Nut } the
length of the glume, oblong-ellipsoid, trigonous, from dark-brown to
ashy-black, very smooth, the punctulation or reticulation very obscure.
Style shorter than the nut; branches 3, linear, longish.—C. B. Clarke
in Hook. f. Fl, Brit. Ind. vi. 620, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi.
Afr. y. 586, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 187; Durand & Schinz, Etudes
Fl. Congo, i. 295; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 120. M. Krauss,
Hochst. in Flora, 1845, 756. M. kyllingiwformis, Boeck. in Flora,
1859, 443, 496. I. viridis, Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 217, accord-
ing to the syn. cited. .Cyperus dubius, Rottler in Neue Schr. Ges. Nat.
Freunde Berlin, iv. (1803) 193; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 336, in small
part ; Ridley in Trans.- Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 133 partly ; Lc are
in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 209; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 143°;
K.Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 121; not of Rottb. C. kyllingiwoides,
Vahl, Enum. ii. 312; Kunth, Enum. ii. 94; Boeck. in Peters, Reise
Mossamb. Bot. 543. C. cruentus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 338, not of
Rottb. C. scirpoides, Spreng. Syst. i. 218 partly. Schenus coloratus,
var. 8, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 64. Sch. niveus, Murr. Syst. Veg. ed. x1
1.
Upper Guinea. (iold Coast: Accra, Vogel! Don! Old Calabar ; Robb!
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas: near Santa Anna and gag ree
Moller § Quintas in Fl, Afr, Exsice. Conimbric., 122! Lower Congo: Se
300 ft., Hens, 32! 218! Angola: Loanda; in sandy soil near Penedo, rare, Welentoon,
6807! Malange, Pogge, 462 !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Schmidt, 68! German East Africa: Usambars ;
Tanga, Volkens, 15! Usaramo; Dar es Salaam, Kuntze, 208! Rovama ise:
Meller ! Portuguese East Africa: Angorna Island, Peters, 37! 139! Beira, caret si
201! Luabo River, Kirk, 31! Lower Zambesi, at Shupanga, Kirk ! Inham aie
Scott ! British Central Africa : -Boruma, on the -Zambesi, Menyharth, 662! Nye
land ; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 61! Zomba, 2800-3500 ft., Whyte!
Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Islands, India and Borneo.
Mariscus.| CLVI. CYPERACE& (CLARKE). 381
No authentic specimen of M. kyllingieformis, Boeck., has been seen. But it
would appear that the earlier-made species of this author, which are passed by in his.
later systematic work, were meant to be abandoned.
Var. incrassatus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 587.
More robust. Leaves flat, 1 in. broad, tough, almost leathery ; sheaths large, not
torn. Inflorescence 4 in. in diam., of 4~7 spikes fused into a head.
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Isle of Angorna, Peters, 38!
2. M. coloratus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 286. Spikelets ovate or
lanceolate, acute. Glumes subacute. Nut ashy-black, puncticulate or
manifestly reticulated ; otherwise as M. dregeanus.—Kunth, Enum. ii.
126; C. B, Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 585;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 120. Cyperus coloratus, Vahl,
Enum. ii. 312; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 34; Benth. in Hook.
Niger Fl. 550; K.* Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 121. C. dubius,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 336 in great part ; Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 133 in great part; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
ii. Append. ii. 49. Schenus coloratus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 64 partly.
Isolepis Beeckeleri, Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 167.
Upper Guinea. (Gold Coast: Aquapim Mountains, Vogel ! Niger Territory =
Jeba, Barter !
Nile Land. Somaliland, Miss Edith Cole! British East Africa: Uganda;
Stuhlmann, 1950! Kamasia, Gregory, 63! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor /
Lower Guinea. Angola: Ambriz, Monteiro! Pungo Andongo; on rocks near
Quilanga, Welwitsch, 6802! on rocks of the Presidium, Welwitsch, 7162! Huilla;
wooded pastures at Monino, Welwitsch, 6804! and without precise locality, Curror /
Welwitsch, 7148!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk! German East Africa: Kilimanjaro ;
Marangu, 7400 ft., Volkens, 1496! and without precise locality, Speke § Grant!
Lake Tanganyika, Cameron !
_ Var. macrocephala, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 586.
Very large. Spikes 5-6, large, in one head —Cyperus dubius, forma macrocephala,
Boeck, in Flora, 1870, 556.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam ; at Makporru Hill, Schweinfurth,
8790! Uganda, Stuhlmann, 1884! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor /
3. M. diurensis, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi.
Afr. vy. 586. Glabrous. Stolons numerous, slender, 1-2 in. long,
clothed by red-brown striate scales, terminating in a shoot. Stems
4pproximate, 4~12-in. long, slender, at the top trigonous and smooth,
at the base ellipsoid-oblong, thickened by the leaf-sheaths torn into
fibres. Leaves often as long as the stem, } in. broad, weak. Head 1,
ovoid, } in. in diam., dense, dirty straw-coloured ; bracts 4, up to 3-6
in. long, similar to the leaves, at the base dilated and suberect, then
Spreading. Spikelets 1 in. long, very little compressed, 2—6-flowered,
caducous in one piece by an articulation above the two lowest empty
glumes. Glumes distant, in fruit not overlapping, ovate, obtuse, very
strongly 11-13-ribbed, with red round small glands. Nut 3-3 the
length of the glume, trigonous, oblong-ellipsoid, black. Style nearly as
382 CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Mariseus.
long as the nut; branches 3, linear.—Cyperus diwrensis, Boeck. in
Flora, 1879, 556 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 121 (djurensis).
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 198!
Mombasa, Taylor !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor!
Var. gondana, C, B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 586.
Stems 12-16 in, long, less thickened at the base. Bracts less dilated at the base—
Cyperus gondanus, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 3.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 967 !
Unyamwezi; Gonda (Igonda), Boehm, 674!
These examples are young, and may prove separable from M. diurensis when the
fruit is known,
4. M. firmipes, (. B. Clarke. Basal sheaths firm, red-brown,
with 20-40 strong ribs. Spikelets 2-3-flowered. Glumes when young
thin, with few obscure ribs and no glands; otherwise as M. diwrensis.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Zomba and Plains,
2500-3500 ft., Whyte!
The base of the stems not seen.
5. M. remotus, C. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr.
v. 591. Glabrous. Stems 8-16 in. long, slender, at the top trigonous
and smooth, at the base oblong-thickened by somewhat-torn leaf-
sheaths. Leaves 3 the length of the stem, =; in. broad. Head 1, } in.
in diam., globose, of 30-40 spikelets, golden-yellow ; bracts 3—2, some-
what dilated at the base, similar to the leaves, lower 1-2 in. long.
Spikelet 2-flowered, producing 2 (or 1) nuts. Glumes very remote on
the rhachilla, oblong-elliptic, very obtuse, thin, 9—13-striate. Stamens
3; anthers narrow, oblong, muticous, much exserted. Nut 3 the
length of the glume, oblong-ellipsoid, trigonous, at the top acuminate.
Style long; branches 3, long, much exserted.
South Central. Congo Free State: River Lavoi (Luvoi), Descamps !
The fruit is not ripe and I did not ascertain that the rhachilla disarticulates
above the two lowest glumes. The acuminate nut is not like Mariscus: the genus of
this plant is thus not certain.
6. M. maritimus, (0. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. 1896, 226.
Glabrous. Stem 16 in. long, slender, at the top trigonous and smooth,
at the base scarcely thickened but with long loose bright-brown striate
leaf-sheaths, torn into fibres. Leaves 12 by 3J5 in., weak. Inflores-
cence of 5-6 spikes almost completely fused into 1 ovoid head, 3 in. 1»
diam., chestnut-red ; bracts 4, similar to the leaves, lowest 35 in. long.
Spikelets by 4; in., 4-flowered, producing 3 nuts, caducous in 'ne
piece above the two lowest empty glumes. Glumes ovate, many
ribbed, neither acute nor keeled. Nut 2 the length of the pea
oblong, trigonous, red-brown. Style linear, shorter than the nut;
branches 3, linear. :
Wile Land. British East Africa: on the sands of the seashore at Mambrw
(Mombrui), Gregory !
Yariscus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 383
7. M. macropus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 590. Glabrous. Stems 10-20 in. long, slender, at the top
trigonous and smooth, at the base ovoid-oblong, very much thickened
by the sheaths of which the remains persist as coarse fibres; stems
approximated in dense tufts. Leaves }—? the length of the stem, very
narrow, long setaceous at the tips. Head 1, ovoid, 4 in. in diam., dirty
white ; bracts 3, similar to the leaves, lowest 1-2 in. long, somewhat
dilated at the base. Spikelets 1 in. long, narrow-lanceolate, very little
compressed, dirty straw-coloured, 8-10-flowered, producing 6-8 nuts;
caducous in one piece above the two lowest empty glumes. Glumes
ovate, obtuse, obscurely 7—1ll-ribbed. Nut 4-3? the length of the
glume, ellipsoid, trigonous, pyramidal at each end, dark-brown. Style
nearly as long as the nut; branches 3, linear.—Cyperus macropus,
Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 550.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Kurshook Ali’s Seriba, Schweinfurth,
1503! Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1917!
8. M. somaliensis, C. B. Clarke in Kew Bulletin, 1895, 229.
Glabrous. Stems 4-8 in. long, slender, at the top trigonous and
smooth, at the base oblong-ellipsoid, thickened by scarious (hardly
fimbriate) leaf-sheaths. Leaves 4—2 the length of the stem, setaceous,
very weak. Head 1, 3-1 in. in diam., of 5-11 digitate (or almost
Spicate) chestnut-red spikelets ; bracts 3, setaceous, weak, lowest 1-2 in
long. Spikelets } by 1,1, in., 12-16-flowered, hardly at all com-
pressed, caducous in one piece above the two lowest empty glumes.
Glumes closely packed, elliptic-acuminate acute, very strongly 13-
ribbed, not keeled, persistent. Nut hardly } the length of the glume,
trigonous, obovoid, dark brown. Style very slender, nearly black,
much longer than the nut ; branches 3, linear, rather short.
Nile Land. Somaliland, Mrs. Lort-Phillips !
9. M. Schimperi, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 20. Glabrous.
Stolons 0. Stems approximate, 3-14 in. long, slender, at the top
trigonous and smooth, at the base oblong-thickened by brown scarious
entire or ultimately fimbriate leaf-sheaths. Leaves often as long as
the stem, ,1,-1 in. broad, weak. Head of usually 3-4 distinct spikes,
the central subcylindric, the lateral often shorter ; bracts 3—5, similar to
the leaves, lowest up to 6 in. long. Spikelets numerous, green more or
less variegated with red, } in. long, oblong, compressed, producing 2-4
nuts, deciduous in one piece above the two lowest barren glumes.
Glumes ovate, subacute, 12—20-ribbed. Nut trigonous, oblong or
oblong-ellipsoid, 2-4 the length of the glumes, dark brown, dotted.
Style rather shorter than the nut; branches 3, longish.—Steud.
in Flora, 1842, 596, and Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 62; A. Rich. Tent.
Fi. Abyss. ii. 491; CU. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz. Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 592. M. plateilema, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 596.
Cyperus variegatus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 337, var. & excl. syn.
C. dubius, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 336 partly; not of Vahl.
384 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). { Mariseus.
C. viridis, Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 217 (cfr. Mariscus viridis,
Hochst. ex Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 336).
Nile Land. Eritrea: Habab, 8000 ft., Hildebrandt, 362! Abyssinia: Tigre;
on the top of Mount Sholoda, Sehimper, 173! Samen; Mountains of Shoata,
Schimper, 578! 1363! Agow; mountains near Mawerr, Schimper, 184; 2292! and
without precise locality, Schimper, 179! 363! Somaliland, Mis. Lort-Phillips!
Miss Edith Cole!
10. M. inflatus, C. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Roots fibrous. Stems
tufted, 2-4 in. long, rather stout, at the top trigonous and smooth, at
the base enlarged by much-inflated leaf-sheaths, scarious with numerous
chocolate veins and conspicuous withered scarious margins. Leaves
green, longer than the stem, ,4,in. broad. Spikes 4—5, cylindric, } by
jin., most dense with innumerable spikelets, blackish-green, sessile in
one head; bracts 4, similar to the leaves, lowest up to 4 in. long.
Spikelets when young, oblong-linear, 4 in. long, often 2-flowered.
Nut-bearing glumes ovate, obtuse, many-ribbed, not keeled. Style
3-branched.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa; Nyasaland; Day !
11. M. pilosulus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr.v.591. Shortly hairy all over. Stems approximate, 12-16 in.
long, slender, at the base oblong-thickened by coloured leaf-sheaths,
rather densely hairy their entire length. Leaves overtopping the stem,
4-4 in. broad. Spikes 5-7, sessile, 3 by }in., dense with cinnamon-
straw-coloured spikelets ; bracts 3-5, lowest up to 5 in. long, similar to
the leaves, hardly dilated at the base. Spikelets 4 by 1; in., slender,
producing 3-2 nuts; lower empty glume often with a setaceous arista.
Glumes ovate, obtuse, with numerous rather obscure ribs. Nut small,
narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous. Style small; branches 3, linear, short-
—Cyperus pilosulus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 122.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor!
12. M. Taylori, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl
Afr, v. 594, Robust, glabrous. Stems approximate, 12-20 in. long, at
the top trigonous and smooth, at the base oblong, thickened by red-
white basal not fimbriated sheaths. Leaves numerous, as long as the
stem, 4-4 in. broad, flaccid. Rays of umbel up to 2 in. long, carrying
3-1 sessile spikes each; bracts 5-8, similar to the leaves, lowest up to
8 in.long. Spikes up to 3 by } in., cylindric, dense, reddish. Spikelets
4 by; in., rigid, spreading, usually ripening 3-2 nuts. Glumes ovate,
hardly acute. Nut 4-3 the length of the glume, broadly ellipsoid, t"
gonous; style-branches 3.—C. clarkeanus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-
Afr. C, 123.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between the coast and Uyui, 7’ aylor !
13. M. psilostachys, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. 1896, 225. Very
minutely pubescent all over. Stem 16 in. long, at the base oblong
thickened by scarious: leaf-sheaths. Leaves } the length of the ~~
js} in. broad, weak. Umbel-rays 4, 0-1 in. long, each bearing !-
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FLORA
OF
TROPICAL AFRICA.
EDITED BY
SIR WILLIAM T. THISELTON-DYER,
K.C.M.G., CLE, LL.D., ERS,
HONORARY STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD ;
DIRECTOR, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE FIRST COMMISSIONER
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LONDON:
LOVELL REEVE & CO., LIMITED,
Bublishers to the Wome, Colonial and Endian Goberuments,
6 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN,
1902.
.,
Marisens.| CLYI, CYPERACER (CLARKE). 385
spikes ; bracts 3, similar to the leaves, lowest up to 3 in. long. Spikes
of 10-12 loosely arranged spikelets. Spikelets } by #7 in., ripening 5
nuts, red-brown; rhachilla winged, disarticulating above the two lowest
empty glumes ; even the wings hairy. Glumes remote, elliptic-oblong,
obtuse, many-striate, minutely pubescent, finally adpressed erect. Nut
3 the length of the glume, linear-oblong, red-brown.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Leikipia; at the springs of Njoro Larabwal,
Gregory, 65 !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between the coast and Uyui, Taylor !
14, M. leptophyllus, (. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 589. Glabrous. Stolons 0. Stems closely approximate,
8-16 in. long, slender, at the top trigonous and smooth, at the base
oblong-thickened by scarious withering leaf-sheaths. Leaves 2 the
length of the stem, jz in. broad, weak. Umbel-rays 2-3, up to 1-1} in.
long, each with 3-1 spikes; bracts 4, similar to the leaves, lowest up to
4-6 in. long. Spikes ovoid or ellipsoid in outline, reddish varying
from nearly white to a rich brown, of 6-16 spikelets. Spikelets
} by 34 in., moderately compressed, ripening 6-8 nuts ; rhachilla winged,
disarticulating above the two lowest empty glumes and leaving a little
cushion. Glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse, with 7 ribs ; rather distantly
placed on the rhachilla. Nut 3—2 the length of the glume, ellipsoid,
trigonous, brown. Style shorter than the nut; branches 3, linear,
exserted.—Cyperus leptophyllus, Hochst. in Flora, 1844, 101 ; Boeck.
In Linnea, xxxvi. 299 ; Engl. Hochgebirsfl. Trop. Afr. 143 ; Schweinf.
in Bull, Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 48, 103. C. amauropus, Steud. Syn.
Pl. Glum. ii. 33 ; O. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxi. 182 ; K.Schum.
i Engl. Pf, Ost-Afr. C. 120. C. budbosus, var., Steud. in Flora, 1842,
994; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 483; not of Vahl.
Nile Land. Nubia: Hor Tamanib, Lord! Eritrea: Keren, Beccari, 1601
Steudner, 906! Valley of Haddas, 3200 ft., Schweinfurth, 112! Abyssinia : Samen ;
Mountains at Shoata, Schimper, 13891! and without precise locality, Schimper, 183 !
“ing East Africa: Athi, Gregory, 30! Kikumbuliyu ; Ngomeni, Scott-Elliot,
_Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! German East Africa : Usmawo; Kageyi,
‘scher, 632! Karagwe; Bukoba, Stuhlmann, 1046!
Also in Egypt and Arabia.
15. M. vestitus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
4fr. v. 595. Leaves greener with less withered sheaths. Rays of
umbel more numerous, 2—7. Spikelets narrower, subterete. Glumes
Minutely mucronate ; otherwise as Jf. leptophyllus.—C. B. Clarke in
Dyer, F'. Cap. vii. 188. Cyperus vestitus, Hochst. ex Krauss in Flora,
1845, 755; K.Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.118. C. usitatus, Boeck.
Linnea, xxxv. 511; OC. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 176;
hot of Burchell.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Mau district, 7000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6857 !
-Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa: Karagwe; at Kavingo, on the River
Kagera, Stuhlmann, 1945! British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mandala, Scott-
VOL. VIII. 2c
386 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Mariseus.
Elliot, 8461! Mount Sochi, Scott-Elliot, 8574! Zomba, Whyte and McClounie!
Namasi, Cameren, 93! 95!
Also in Extratropical South Africa.
The plants collected by Cameron (93) have very narrow leaves, the spikelets and
glumes very obtuse, and may indicate a separable species.
16. M. concinnus, (. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. 1896, 224.
Glabrous. Stems 8-18 in. long, slender, at the top trigonous and
smooth, at the base oblong-thickened by membranous leaf-sheaths.
Leaves $ the length of the stem, 5}, in. broad, flaccid. Umbel-rays
2-5, 1-2 in. long; bracts 3, similar to the leaves, lowest 3 in. long.
Spikes of 2-8 spikelets, chocolate-red. Spikelets 3 by $ in., turgid,
slightly compressed, perfecting 6-10 nuts; rhachilla winged, disarticu-
lating above the two lowest empty glumes. Glumes obtuse, with 9
slender ribs, erect in fruit, not keeled. Nut 4 the length of the glume.
broadly oblong, trigonous, black-red, dotted. Style rather shorter than
the nut; branches 3, linear, exserted.
Nile Land. British East Africa: River Nagut, at Lake Elemeteita, 6500 ft.,
Gregory, 46! Giryama and Shimba (Tsimba) Mountains, Taylor !
17. M. bulbocaulis, Hochst. in Flora, 1844, 102. Glabrous.
Stems 4-6 in. long, slender, at the top trigonous and smooth, at the
base ovoid-thickened and enclosed by brown scarious leaf-sheaths. Leaves
3 the length of the stem, ;}, in. broad. Head of 3-2 ovoid spikes nearly
fused into 1 dense head }-} in. in diam., pale straw-coloured, more e
less purple-spotted ; bracts 3-4, similar to the leaves, dilated at the
base, spreading, the lowest up to 2-3 in. long. Spikelets $ in. long,
ovoid-oblong in fruit, ripening 1 nut only. Glumes ovate, ae
hardly acute, thin, with 5-7 obscure ribs. Nut } the length of t \e
glume, broadly ellipsoid, somewhat obovoid, trigonous, black. nae
shorter than the nut; branches 3, linear, long.— MV. bulbosus, pee)
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 62. Kyllinga bulbosa, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 597,
not of Beauv. Cyperus bulbocaulis, Boeck. in Linnea, XXXV1. 302 5
Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 144, not C. budbocaulis, Boeck. 10
Linnea, xxxviii. 408.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; on hills near Enderder, Schimper, 579! and
without precise locality, Schimper, 229! =
Var. atrosanguineus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect Fl. Afr. v- 585.
Spikelets chestnut-red or chestnut-black, elongated.— UU. atrosanguineus, erent
A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii, 490. M. Hochstetteri, Walp. Ann. oe i
M. plateilema, var. atrosanguinea, Steud. Syn. Pl, Glum. ii. 62. Cyperus 0 z
gatus, var. atrosanguineus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 337; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop:
Afr. 143 partly.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Enjedcap, Schimper, 575! Begemeder 5 neat
Selamuko, Schimper, 1308! near Gafat, Schimper ! di
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; on rocks at Nduran®,
Scott-Elliot, 8477 !
18. M. plateilema, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 596, and Syn. abies
ii. 62, character emended. TBracts more dilated at the base. Spike
Mariscus. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 387
rather larger, very acute. Glumes at the top lanceolate, acuminate,
acute ; otherwise as I. bulbocwulis.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 591, UV. éulbocaulis, forma, A. Rich. Tent. Fl.
Abyss. ii. 490. IL. Schimperi, var. compactior, Hochst. in Flora, 1844,
102. Cyperus variegatus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 337, excl. var. Bp
partly; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 143 partly.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; mountain sides near Shoata, Schimper,
588! Begemeder; Debra Tabor, 9000 ft., Schimper !
The larger acute spikelets do not match M. bulbocaulis, but the two species are
very close.
19. M. circumclusus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 585. Spike 1, surrounded by the dilated bracts, which in fruit
are suberect. Spikelets 4 in. long, narrow. Nut 5}, in. long,‘linear-
oblong ; otherwise as VM. bulbocaulis.—Cyperus cirewmelusus, Schweinf
in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 103.
a” Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; Senka Berr, 6800 ft., Schimper,
20. M. mollipes, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 590. Basal sheaths torn into many soft fibres, enveloping the
thickened base of the stems. Bracts spreading, divaricated, at the base
scarcely dilated. Nut linear-oblong; otherwise as M. bulbocaulis.—
Rhynchospora bulbocaulis, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 567. Cyperus amomo-
dorus and C’. mollipes, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. ©. 122.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Mayob, Schweinfurth, 1547!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; at Kavingo, on the River
Kagera, Stuhlmann, 1950!
The spikelets and nut are as those of UW. circumclusus; the bracts entirely
want the dilated striated base seen in those of that species. As to the soft fibres into
Which the leaf-sheaths break up, such may have been present in the examples of
- circwmcelusus, but were not secured by the collector.
21. M. globifer, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. 1896, 225, Glabrous.
Stem 13 in. long, somewhat robust, at the top trigonous and smooth,
at the base greatly ovoid-thickened by many brown leaf-sheaths with
Scarious margins. Leaves 6 by ;},; in., weak. Head 1, globose, dense,
3 in. in diam., greenish-yellow ; bracts 4, pendent, similar to the leaves,
lowest 4 in. long. Spikelets when young } in. long, linear-oblong,
very slender, 2-flowered ; upper flower male. Glumes oblong, rounded
on the back, very thin, without ribs. Stamens 3; anthers linear-
oblong, not crested. Style slender, moderately long; branches 3, very
long, slender, exserted.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Athi, Gregory, 30!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between the coast and Uyui, Taylor !
22. M. albomarginatus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 584. Glabrous. Stolons 0. Stems 6-16 in. long,
slender, at the top trigonous and smooth, at the base oblong-thickened
388 CLVI. CYPERACE® (CLARKE). | Mariscus.
by brown-striated fimbriated leaf-sheaths. Leaves 2 the length of the
stem, } in. wide, in the lower part white-margined. Umbel-rays few,
0-2 in. long, usually quite short, bearing 1 spike each; bracts 5-6,
similar to the leaves, lowest 4—6 in. long. Spikes 2 by } in., cylindric,
dense with spikelets spreading at right angles, pallid or pale red.
Spikelets } by ,1, in., bearing 1 nut only, caducous from above the 2
lowest empty glumes. _Glumes elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 10-16-striate.
Nut % the length of the glume, linear-oblong, trigonous, black. Style
hardly $ the length of the nut; branches 3, linear, of moderate length.
—C. B, Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 187. Cyperus albomarginatus,
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 122.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 1432!
Also in Extratropical South Africa.
23. M. sieberianus, ees in Linnea,ix.286. Glabrous. Stems 1-2}
ft. long, slender to medium-sized, at the top trigonous and striate, at the
base more or less ovoid-thickened, approximate, but hardly forming any
rhizome ; lower sheaths often a dull red but much less scarious wither-
ing than in the subgenus Bulbocaulis. Leaves often } the length of
the stem, 4! in. broad, much greener than in subgenus Bulbocaulis.
Umbel simple, 1-5 in. in diam.; rays 5-12, up to 1-4 in. long; bracts
5-10, similar to the leaves, lowest up to 4-8 in. long, scarcely dilated
at the base. Spikes solitary (see also var. y), often 1 by }-} in., exactly
cylindric ; bracts to the spikes 0 or minute and setaceous. Spikelets
very numerous, not compressed, in fruit spreading rectangularly on all
sides, or some towards the base of the spike deflexed, linear-lanceolate
or lanceolate, bearing 1 or sometimes 2 nuts, dusky straw-colour or
yellowish, never when ripe green or reddish. Two lowest glumes empty,
persistent, lower triangular very shortly aristate or barely mucronate,
upper obtuse about as long as the lower ; spikelet disarticulating in one
piece above these two glumes from a small cushion. Lowest flower-
glume twice as long as the upper empty glume, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
7-11-ribbed, not keeled, margins enclosed round the rhachilla in fruit
holding the nut; rhachilla above the nut-bearing glume (or above the
upper nut-bearing glume if 2 nuts be present) 3 the length of the nut-
bearing glume, 1-nerved with 2 hyaline wings (closely simulating on
upper male or sterile glume), surmounted by a small scarious rudimen
(the true uppermost glume). Stamens 3-2; anthers linear-oblong,
muticous. Style 4 the length of the nut; branches 3, linear, bh bar
the length of the undivided part of the style. Nut 3-} the lengt od
the glume, linear-oblong or scarcely oblong, trigonous, chestnut-coloure¢,
obpyramidal at the base, subobtuse at the top, dotted.—C. B. Clarke i
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 622, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. rane
v. 593, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 189; Durand & Schinz, ee ‘
Congo, i. 297; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. Bot. vant
xxxvi. 89; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii, 40. WU. umbellatus, ir ?
Enum. ii. 376 partly; Kunth, Enum. ii. 118 mainly. Scirpus abe
Linn. Mant. 181. Cyperus umbellatus, Miq. in Ann. Mus. ee ai
ii. 142. C. umbellatus, var. ¢ cylindrostachys,andvar.a partly, C. B. Cla
Mariscus. | | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 389
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 201. C. ovularis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.
376, var. a partly, not of Torrey. C. cylindrostachys, Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvi, 383 mainly; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss, ii. Append. ii. 49 2,
1042 C. steudelianus, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 91. C. sieberianus,
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 122. C. leptophyllus, Schweinf.
in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 48 (at least as to Schweinf. n.
2136 cited).
Upper Guinea. French Guinea: Farana and Dantilia, Scott-Elliot, 58614!
Togo, Kling, 73! Cameroons: Yaunde, Zenker, 1503!
Nile Land. Eritrea: Ginda, 3200 ft., Schweinfurth & Riva, 2136! British
roe Africa : Ruwenzori, 5000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7617! Undusuma, Stuhlmann,
901!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo; Stanley Pool, Hens, 377! above Stanley
Pool, Johnston ! Angola: Malange, Pogge, 459! 460! 461! Buchner, 12! San
Salvador, Buettner, 13!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; Kafuro, 4500 ft., Stwhl-
mann, 18818! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Kondowe to Karonga, Whyte!
Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 22! Blantyre, Scott! Mount Malosa, Whyte! Mount
Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Namasi, Cameron, 16! and without precise locality,
Buchanan, 1427! N gamiland; Kwebe Hills, 3300 ft., Mrs. Lugard, 142!
Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Islands, India, Malaya, Tropical Australia,
and Polynesia.
This abundant species may be esteemed the type of the genus Mariscus, and is
described here at length; the eleven following species (up to 34. MZ. flavus),
being, in the opinion of competent botanists, only forms of MZ. sieberianus are
described shortly as to the chief points wherein they differ from UW. sieberianus. ‘The
Synonymy is guess-work, except where the actual plants have been seen. I cannot
agree with Boeckeler that any of the African material is conspecific with the North
erican MW, ovularis, Vahl.
Var. evolutior, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 622. Spikelets linear,
maturing 2-4 nuts.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 593,
and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 189. C. sieberianus, var. polyphylla, C. B. Clarke ex
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 122 partly.
Upper Guinea. Upper Senegal, Lécard, 140!
Wile Land, Uganda, Stuhlmann, 1349!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, at Marangu, 5000 fe.
Volkens, 661! 1468!
Scattered over the area of typical C. sieberianus, and also not rare in Tropical
erica,
This is usually a stouter plant than typical C. sieberianus, with broader leaves.
le spikelets being much longer, the spikes often exceed 3 in. in breadth ; but it is
United with the type by a fine series of gradations.
Var. subcomposita, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 622. Umbel sub-
Compound, i.e. at the apex of each ray are 3 subdigitate spikes (the central often
much longer than the two lateral), supported at the base by somewhat conspicuous
bracts. —J7. biglumis, Gertn. Fruct. i. 12, t.2, fig.8. Cyperus biglumis, C. B. Clarke
™ Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 199 partly.
South Central. Congo Free State: Lunda; Kibango, Descamps, 95!
Also in India, Japan, Malaya, and Oceania.
This variety only differs very slightly from I. nossibeensis.
390 CLYI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Mariscus.
24. M. umbellatus, Vahl, Hnum. ii. 376 partly. Spikelets
smaller, denser and more rigid than in I. sieberianus ; spikes }$ by } in.
(or often short and nearly globose); in ripe fruit all the spikelets
strongly deflexed; rays of umbel often (some of them) many times
longer than the spikes; nut oblong or almost ellipsoid; otherwise as
M. sieberianus.—Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 552; C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 595; Durand & Schinz, Etudes
Fl. Congo, i. 298 ; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 41; Rendle in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii, 121. MW. alternifolius, Vahl, Enum. ii. 376; Schumach.
Beskr. Guin. Pl. 40; Kunth, Enum. ii. 126. MU. cylindristachyus,
Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 65. Kyllinga umbellata, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 18,
t. 4, fig. 2, excl. some syns.; Linn. f. Suppl. 105. Cyperus ovularis,
Boeck in Linnea, xxxvi. 376, var. a partly, not of Torrey. C. umbellatus,
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 296 (excl. the varieties), XXl.
200 var. a partly; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. u. 1343
Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 91; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 209;
Boeck. in Eng]. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 15. :
Upper Guinea. Senegal: Mbidjem, Thierry, 12! Upper Senegal, Lécard,
77! 91! 102! 215 partly! Gambia, Mungo Park ! Sierra Leone, Smeathmann, 85!
Vogel! Welwitsch, 7062! Cape Verde Isles, Bolle! Liberia: Monrovia, Naumann
(ex Boeckeler). Ashanti: Akraful, Cummins, 29! Dahomey, Newton, 2! ao
Territory: Nupe, Barter! Baikie! River Niger (Quorra), Vogel ! Mere
Guinea, Jardin (ex Steudel). Cross River, Johnston! Camercons: Bipinee,
Zenker, 897! d without precise locality, Preuss, 110! 753! Fernando Po,
Barter, 1584! 4,
Wile Land. Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Figari !
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller, 124! Princes Island,
Welwitsch, 7063 ! 7064! Annobon Island, Burton ! Lower Congo, Hens, 100 ! 108°
268! 317! 390! 398! Demeuse, 341! Stanley Pool, Luja, 16! Angola: Golungo
Alto; Quibanga Forest, Welwitsch, 7006! Pungo Andonga; on the Preesidinm,
Welwitsch, 7009 partly! Loanda, Welwitsch, 7102! and without precise locality,
Welwitsch, 7008! 70088! 7159! 7165! i ad
South Central. Congo Free State: Mukenge, Pogge, 1575! 1579! an
without precise locality, Dewévre, 273!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; Bukoba, Se
1447! Lake Tanganyika, Boehm, 81! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Zombi
Plains, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte !
Also in the Mascarene Islands and in Martinique.
25. M. sublimis, C. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, pit
Fl. Afr. v. 594. Umbel simple; rays 7-10, up to 2} in. long. es
up to ? by jin., very dense, pale grey ; spikelets in ripe fruit Agee
those at the base of the spikelet) adpressed obliquely erect. Nut or!
1 to a spikelet, ellipsoid, somewhat obovoid ; otherwise as I. agro
—Killingia umbellata, P. Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 91 t. 59. YP per!
steudelianus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 556, not Boeck. in Linnea, aaa
382. (. ovularis, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 557, not Boeck. in Lip
xxxvi. 376.
: 508 !
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1
1842 !
Mariscus.| CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 391
26. M. nossibeensis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 63. Robust.
Umbel simple or subcompound. Rays often 12, up to 44 in. long, each
terminated by a cylindric spike, or sometimes by 3, the two small
lateral spikes being sessile or short-peduncled up to 1} by nearly
4 in., very dense, in fruit green or whitish-green. Spikelets in fruit
(at least the lower) deflexed, oblong-lanceolate, maturing 2 nuts. Nut
$-3 the length of the glume, ellipsoid-obovoid; otherwise as J.
sieberianus.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 590, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 189; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fi.
Bee 1.297. Cyperus nossibeensis, K, Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.
. 122.
Upper Guinea. Upper Senegal, ZLécard, 126! French Guinea: Farana,
Dantilia, Scott-Elliot, 5361n! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1583! Lower
Guinea: Lower Congo, Hens, 396!
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: River Shire, at the foot of
Morambala Mountain, Kirk / British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Zomba Plains,
2500-3500 ft., W, hyte ! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte!
Also in the Mascarene Islands.
27. M. tanyphyllus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr, v. 594, Spikelets in fruit oblong, subtetragonous, } by qyoin.,
standing separately, spreading at right angles, dusky ferruginous,
maturing 3 nuts. Nut ellipsoid-obovoid ; otherwise as J/. sieberianus.
—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 120. Cyperus tanyphyllus, Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 143.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; woods of Quibanga, Welwitsch,
70068! wooded places near Banza de Quilombo, Welwitsch, 7010! woods of Sobato
Quilombo-Quiacatubia, Welwitsch, 7171!
The leaves are not longer than the leaves of M. sieberianus frequently are ; but
they are much more flaccid. The spikes are much less dense than commonly in
M, sieberianus ; they have about 25 spikelets. Thespecies resembles a good deal the
American Cyperus tetragonus, Elliot.
28. M. Phillipsiz, (. B. Clarke. Stems 8 in. long or more,
slender, trigonous and smooth at the top. Umbel simple 5 rays 6-8,
up to 1} in. long; bracts 5-6, flaccid, green, lowest up to 6-9 by 4 in.
Spikes on each ray 2 by 4-4 in., cylindric, very dense, green obscurely
variegated with dull ferruginous red. Spikelets } in. long, hardly at
all compressed, perfecting 3 nuts. Lowest empty glume smal], ovate,
with a linear mucro, upper empty glume rather shorter, quadrate,
truncate. Fertile glumes ovate, long acuminate with minute recurved
mucro, 7-11-ribbed. Nut} the length of the glume, obovoid, trigonous,
dark brown.
Wile Land. Somaliland, Mrs. Lort-Phillips !
This is close to M. tanyphyllus ; but has very dense spikes, and the fertile glumes
much acuminated,
29. M. Myrmecias, C. 2B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 590. Spikes ovoid-subcylindric, } by 4 in., of about 40
Spikelets, sometimes subcompound at the base, when ripe a dusky
392 CLVI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Mariseus.
green. Spikelets in fruit spreading, up to 4 by 5}, in., terete, maturing 3
auts, Nut } the length of the glume, broadly oblong.—Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 120. Cyperus Myrmecias, Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 144.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; between Lopollo and Monino, Welwitsch,
7059! woods of Monino, Welwitsch, 7060!
30. IM. tomaiophyllus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr.v. 594. Stem 1-3 ft. long, stouter, at the top 4-4 In. 1n
diam., trigonous and smooth. Leaves 3? the length of the stem, }-} in.
broad ; margins cutting the hand. Umbel simple; rays 7, up to $ in.
long; bracts 6, similar to the leaves, lowest up to 7 in. long. Spikes
1} by } in., exceedingly dense with very numerous spikelets. Spikelets
a greenish straw-colour, perfecting 3 nuts, almost comose from the
long-exserted cinnamon-coloured styles. Nut 3 the length of the
glume, oblong.— Cyperus tomaiophyllus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-
Bie 122.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000-9000 ft., Meyer
272! Volkens, 854! 1010!
Also in Madagascar.
This resembles M. hemisphericus; and, according to K. Schumann, differs
chiefly by the cutting edges of the leaves. The spikelets have fewer nuts than those
of MUM. hemisphericus,
31. M. macer, Kunth, Enum. ii. 121. Spikes 4-7, sessile or
shortly peduncled, cylindric-oblong. Spikelets 1-flowered, in fruit
spreading at right angles; lower empty glume mucronate or scarcely
avistate ; rhachilla of spikelet winged, simulating a glume, terminated
by the rudiment (hardly distinguishable) of the sterile uppermost
glume. Nut oblong, nearly as long as the glume; otherwise as M.
sieberianus.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 190. J/. pseudoflarus,
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 591. Cyperus
cylindrostachys, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 883 partly. C. wmbellatus,
Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 166 partly. C. sieberianus, K. Schum.
in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 122 partly. C. macer, K, Schum. in Engl. Pf.
Ost-Afr. C. 122. OC. pseudoflavus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pil. Ost-
mor. O. 525.
Upper Guinea. Dahomey, Newton, 11!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Unyoro, 2500 ft., Speke & Grant !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 5000 ft.
Folkens, 2289! Johnston !
Also in Natal.
32. M. Kerstenii, (. 2B. Clarke. Lower leaf-sheaths wie
coarsely striate. Spikes condensed into an ovoid compound head, ei ;
purple. Spikelets maturing 2-4 nuts. Glumes at the top lanceola i
otherwise as M. sieberianus.—Cyperus Kerstenii, Boeck. 10 moe :
xxxvi. 373, and in Decken, Reisen Ost-Afr. Bot. 72; C. B. Clarke
Mariscus. | CLVI. CYPERACEX (CLARKE). 393
Durand and Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 565; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 144; K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 122. C.
vaginatissimus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. v. 121.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 8000-10,000 ft., Kersten !
Volkens, 794! 8604! 1827! 1516! 1562!
33. M.. macrocarpus, Kunth, Enum. ii. 120. Spikes ovoid or
short-cylindric, usually 4 in. wide, all subsessile or very shortly
‘peduncled. Spikelets maturing 2-3 nuts; lowest empty glume
mucronate or scarcely aristate. Nut } the length of the glume,
broadly oblong; otherwise as M. sieberianus (large forms).—C. B.
Clarke in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 190; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.
120. M. polyphyllus, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 596, and Syn. Pl. Glum.
ii. 65; A. Rich. Tent. FI. Abyss. ii. 489. MZ. siebertanus, var.
polyphyllus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
Vv. 093, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 53. Md. wmbellatus,
Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 166 partly. Cyperus macrocarpus,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 380; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C.
122. C. steudelianus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 382. C. sieberianus,
var. polyphylla, C. B. Clarke ex K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 122
partly. C. paniceus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 557 ; Oliver in Trans. Linn.
Soe, Ser. 2, Bot. ii. 353 partly ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append.
u. £9 (at least as to his n. 1989), 104?; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr.
a. 129. C. flavus, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 144.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Enderder, Schimper, 1124! Amhara, Steudner,
908! British East Africa : Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1989! Uganda, Speke
§ Grant ! Stuhlmann, 1279!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, Welwitsch, 7009 partly!
Mozamb. Dist. Zauzibar, Taylor! German East Africa: Kilimanjaro,
5000 ft., Johnston ! Karagwe; Kafuro, Stuhlmann, 1785! 1884! Bukoba,
Stuhlmann, 3893! on hill tops, Speke § Grant, 412! Mwanza, on Lake Victoria,
Stuhlmann, 4548 !
Also in Natal.
This might be united with 1. flavus, Vahl; but the Indian I. paniceus differs
much by its slender stolons and rhizome.
_, 34. M. flavus, Vahl, var. humilis, (. 2B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 588. Spikes 3 by } in. Spikelets } by
ye 1., maturing 2-5 nuts; lowest empty glume reduced to a bristle
In. long, slightly widened and lanceolate at the base.
wet Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete, 2000 ft., Hens, 189! Kisantu, Gillet,
Both type and variety are common in Tropical America, and the typical form
4ls0 occurs in the Sandwich Islands.
35. M. Soyauxii, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
4fr.v. 593. Glabrous. Stems tufted, 10-14 in. long, slender, at the
394 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Mariscus.
top trigonous and smooth ; leaf-sheaths entire, not striate. Leaves ?
the length of the stems, hardly } in. broad, green, flaccid. Spikelets
16, condensed into a compound head, $ in. in diam., lurid or blackish
green ; bracts 6—8, similar to the leaves, lowest up to 8-10 in. long.
Spikelets + in. long, compressed, of 4 glumes, maturing 1 nut. Lowest
empty glume lanceolate, acute, not bristle-tipped ; nut-bearing glume
ovate, acuminate, with a small recurved mucro, slenderly 9-striate, red-
spotted. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong, muticous. Ovary lanceo-
late ; style short ; branches 3, long.— Cyperus Soyausxii, Boeck. in Engl.
Jahrb. v. 501.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Kwahu, 2000 ft., Johnson, 663 !
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Maveli, Soyaux, 3253!
36. M. deciduus, (. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 191.
Glabrous, slender. Stem 12-18 in. long, at the top trigonous and smooth ;
basal leaf-sheaths not scarious withering. Leaves } the length of the
stem, hardly } in. broad. Umbel-rays 3-5, slender, up to 1} in. long,
each terminated by 3—1 small subspicate spikelets ; bracts 3, similar to
the leaves, lowest shorter than the umbel. Spikelets 51, in. long, very
green, 2—4-flowered, early caducous in one piece above the two lowest
empty obtuse glumes. Glumes approximate, but spreading on the
wingless rhachilla, broadly oblong, neither ribbed nor keeled. Stamens
3; anthers linear-oblong, muticous. Style as long as the young ovary;
branches 3, long.—Cyperus deciduus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 5473
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 555.
South Central. Lunda: Kimbundu, on the River Lovo, Pogge, 466 !
Also in the Transvaal.
37. M. albopilosus, (. B. Clarke. Stems 14 in. long, slender, at
the top trigonous, densely and minutely white-hairy. Leaves 4 by
; in., with their sheaths nearly glabrous, scabrous hairy towards the
tip. Head }-1 in. in diam., dense, of numerous small white spikelets ;
bracts 3, spreading, the lowest up to 14 in. long, similar to the leaves,
often white-hairy towards the tip. Spikelet of 3 glumes, with a
rudimentary glume, deciduous, with the 1 nut above the two low a
empty (not setaceous) glumes. Nut-bearing glume ovate, scarious”
white, slenderly few-nerved; rbachilla broadly winged, reset
closely the nut-bearing glume, crowned by a triangular rudiment ot : 1.
uppermost glume. Nut as long as the glume broadly ellipsoid,
trigonous, black, white-reticulate. Style 3-branched.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Malosa, 4000-
6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte !
38. M. Rohlfsii, C. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Stems 2 ft. hig’
rather stout, at the top triquetrous and smooth. Leaves } the ee :
of the stem, 1 in. broad. Umbel simple; rays 8, up to 1j in. ree
bracts 6-8, similar to the leaves, lowest up to 12 in. long. Spikes ; 7
3 in., exactly cylindric, of very numerous spikelets spreading fos pies
angles, rose-red. Spikelets } in. long, oblong or ellipsoid, falling
Mariscus. | CLYI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). 395
above the two lowest empty glumes, maturing 1 nut; lowest empty
glume much exceeding the second, lanceolate, bristle-tipped. Nut-
bearing glume ovate, obtuse, 11-13-ribbed, not keeled. Nut ? the
length of the glume, linear-oblong, trigonous; style-branches 3, much
exserted.—Cyperus Rohifsii, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 13; Engl. Hoch-
gebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 144.
Nile Land. LKritrea: Mount Alam Kale, Schweinfurth Gf Riva, 1476!
Abyssinia, 8300 ft., Rokifs & Stecker (ex Boekeler). British East Africa: Taita;
Mount Ndi, Scott-Elliot, 6191!
39. M. procerus, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 489, not of
Schrader. Glabrous. Rhizome horizontal, stout. Stems 13-24 ft.
long, at the top triquetrous and smooth or nearly so. Leaves } the
length of the stem, 4} in. broad. Umbel simple; rays 8~10, up to
1-1} in. long; bracts 4—6, similar to the leaves, lowest up to 7 in. long.
Spikes 1} by $ in., exactly cylindric, with 20-40 distinct spikelets
Spreading at right angles, bright-red in flower, red-brown in fruit.
Spikelets }-1 in. long, oblong or lanceolate, hardly compressed, often
4-flowered, maturing 3—2 nuts, disarticulating in one piece above the
two lowest empty glumes. Nut-bearing glumes ovate, obtuse, strongly
9-13-ribbed, hardly keeled, hardly remote but (even before the nut is
ripe) obliquely and rigidly spreading. Nut 3} the length of the glume,
broadly oblong, trigonous, black-brown. Style } the length of the nut ;
branches 3, long, much exserted.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 591. M. Richardi, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 66.
M. cupreus, Hochst. ex Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 367; C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 586 (excl. the syn. of
Steudel). Cyperus quadriflorus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 367 ;
Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 104. C. impubes, Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 45.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; near Assai, Quartin-Dillon! British East
Africa: Lake Elmeteita, 6000~7000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6411!
40. M. thomensis, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. vy. 594. Glabrous. Stems 1 ft. long, slender, at the top
trigonous and smooth. Leaves } the length of the stems, } in. broad,
green. Umbel simple ; rays 6-8 up to 1 in. long ; bracts 6, similar to
the leaves, lowest up to 5 in. long. Spikes } in. long, ovoid or globose,
dense, from green-straw-colour to yellow-straw-colour. Spikelets
$+} in., maturing 3-2 nuts, falling off in one piece above the two
lowest (not aristate) glumes. Glumes remote (each nearly clear above
the one below it) ovate, subobtuse, 11-ribbed. Nut % the length of the
glume, ellipsoid. Style short; branches 3, long—Cyperus flavus,
Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 209; not of Boeck.
12 Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller in Fl. Afr. Exsicc. Conimbric.,
3 |
This plant does not remind me of the American Mariscus flavus. 1 think it
may prove only one more variety of M. sieberianus.
396 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Mariseus.
41. M. rufus, 17. Bb. dK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. i. 216, ¢.67. Glabrous,
robust. Rhizome hardly any. Stem 1-4 ft. long, at the top trigonous
and smooth. Leaves ? the length of the stem, }-} in. broad, very
tough, often marked by small transverse lines, serrate-scabrous on the
margins, and often on the keel beneath. Umbel 3-8 in. in diam.,
compound, with stout rays; bracts 4-7, similar to the leaves, lowest
12-18 in. long. Spikes numerous, congested, long-(or short-) cylindric,
very dense, }—} in. in diam., rufous (from pale cinnamon to a full red-
brown). Spikelets spreading at right angles or deflexed, inflated, terete,
normally 1 by ;1, in. with 3 nuts; not rarely (in the same spike) few
or many spikelets grow out to 2 in. in length, barren compressed ;
rhachilla deciduous in one piece above the two lowest empty glumes.
Nut-bearing glumes ovate, obtuse, even in fruit adpressedly imbricate,
¥1-15-ribbed, uniformly reddish-brown, or (ravely) the hardly-keeled
midrib green. Nut} the length of the glume, triquetrous, suddenly
narrowed at the top into a short acumination, chestnut-black. Style
less than } the length of the nut ; branches 3, linear.—Kunth, Enum.
ii. 123; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 592;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, i. 297; Urban, Symb. Antill. 1.
48; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 119. Cyperus ligularis, Linn.
Amen. Acad. v. 391, and Sp. Pl. ed. 2,70; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl.
40; Kunth, Enum. ii. 79; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 551; Boeck. in Engl.
Gazelle Reise, Bot. 15, and in Linnea, xxxvi. 332; Ridley in Trans.
Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 142, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvil. 67;
Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 208. (©. bidentatus, Vahl, Enum. U.
330; Kunth, Enum, ii. 62. C. rubescens, Schrader ex Steud. Syn. Pl.
Glum. ii. 27. C. glaucoviridis, Boeck. in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 1896,
19,
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 442! Cape Verd, Smith! Gambia :
Bathurst, Don! Sierra Leone, Afzelius, Vogel, 42! Liberia: Monrovia, Haeman®s
(ex Boeckeler), Gold Coast, Burton ! Dahomey, Newton! Lagos, Millen, 219!
Fernando Po, Barter!
Lower Guinea. Princes Island, Welwitsch, 7037! 70378! Island of St.
Thomas, Rattray! Moller & Quintas in Fl. Afr. Exsice, Conimbric., 121! Lower
Congo, Smith /
Also in Madeira, the Mascarene Islands and Tropical America.
Var. spicatocapitatus, C. B, Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 592. Spikelets longer, maturing 4—7 nuts, brighter, more variegated in rons
Cyperus spicatocapitatus, Jaydin, Herbor. 7 ; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glam. 2. :
C. thyrsiflorus, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 557, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 15; no
of Jungh,
Upper Guinea. Liberia: Monrovia, Nawmann (ex Boeckeler). West Tropical
Africa, Jardin !
Lower Guinea. Loango: Ponta Negra, Soyaux, 109!
42. M. umbilensis, (. B. Clarke ex W. Watson in Gard.Chron. 1891,
x. 190. Stem at the top triquetrous and often scabrous. Glumes su
remote on the rhachilla; spikelets less turgid ; otherwise as I. rujvs.—
Mariscus. | CLVI. CYPERACE& (CLARKE). 397
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 595, and in
Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 193. Cyperus umbilensis, Boeck. ms. in herb, Schinz.
C. natalensis, Hort. ex Gard. Chron. 1891, x. 90.
Lower Guinea. Damaraland; Walfish Bay, Schinz!
Frequent in South Africa.
43. M. albescens, Gaud. in Freycinet, Voy. 415. Spikelets not
congested in the cylindric spikes, often pale or nearly straw-coloured,
sometimes reddish or brown; otherwise as IZ. rufus.—C. B. Clarke in
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 623, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. v. 584. Cyperus stuppeus, Forst. Prodr. 89 (C. stipens, Forster, ms.),
C. pennatus, Lam. Ill. i. 144; Kunth, Enum. ii. 80; K. Schum, in.
Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 123. C. canescens, Vahl, Enum. ii. 355 (excl.
syn. of Rheede); Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxvi. 340. C. macreilema,
Jardin in Mém. Soc. Se. Nat. Cherbourg. iv. (1856) 36 and v. (1857)
298. C. pallidus, Willd. ex Link in Sprengel, Jahrb. i. iii. 86.
C. fucatus, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 13.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Taita; Ndara, Hildebrandt ! 2437!
Also in the Mascarene Islands, South-east Asia, Malaya, Australia and
Polynesia.
44. M. durus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. v.587. Glabrous, stoloniferous. Stems 14-21 ft. long, at the top
obtusely trigonous and smooth ; basal leaf-sheaths with many strong
ribs and scarious margins. Leaves } the length of the stem, 4 in. broad,
strongly transversely striate, in the dried state rolled up, hard. Umbel
nearly simple, the subcorymbose spikes nearly congested into compound
heads at the end of each ray, chestnut-red or ferruginous-brown ;
bracts 3-5 up to 6-10 in. long, similar to the leaves, very unequal.
Spikelets oblong, maturing 4 nuts. Glumes elliptic, obtuse. Nut
linear-oblong ; style 3-fid.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 196;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 119. Cyperus durus, Kunth, Enum
li. 76; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 326. C. letus, Ridley in Trans, Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 123, 138, not of Presl.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in damp wooded places near Eme,
Welwitsch, 6860!
Also in South Africa.
. This species might be esteemed only a variety of MW. tabularis,
In South Africa.
45, M. flabelliformis, H. B. ¢&. K. Nov. Gen. e¢ Sp. i. 21
Glabrous. Rhizome hardly any. Stems tufted, 12-20 in. long, slender,
at the top trigonous and smooth. Leaves often as long as the stem,
+ in. broad, green. Umbel simple; rays 2-8, short, rarely up to 1 in.
long; bracts 4—6, similar to the leaves, lowest up to 4—8 in. long.
Spikes % by 3-Zin., of numerous approximate (but distinct) spikelets
Spreading at right angles; bracts to the spikes often 2 scarcely 3 in.
long, bristle-like. Spikelets }-} in. long, maturing 3-8 nuts, linear,
not compressed but almost subquadrangular, a dull green-brown,
disarticulating in one piece above the two lowest empty glumes.
which is common
5.
398 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Mariscus.
Lowest empty glume lanceolate, hardly mucronate ; each joint of the
rhachilla about half the length of the glume; rhachilla appearing
slightly flexuose. Nut-bearing glumes remote, elliptic-oblong, erect-
adpressed even in ripe fruit, obtuse, with 7—9 nerves, green (hardly
keeled) on the back, a dusky red or yellow on the sides. Nut 3
the length of the glume, linear-oblong, chestnut-black ; style 3-fid.—
-C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 588: Durand
& Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 295; Urban, Symb. FI. Antill. ii. 50.
Cyperus caracasanus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 358. C. umbellatus,
Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 209 partly.
Upper Guinea. River Niger, Varshall! Old Calabar, Holland, 48! Cross
River, Johnston! Cameroons: Batanga, Bates, 97! and without precise locality,
Bucholz !
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller §& Quintas in Fl. Afr. Exsice.
Conimbric., 124! Gaboon: Corisco Bay, Strickland! Loango ; Soyaur, 109! 112!
Lower Congo: Kinchassa, Luja, 183!
South Central, Congo Free State: Lukolela, 1000 ft., Hens, C, 152!
Also in Malaya, Polynesia and Tropical America.
This plant collected in Upper Guinea, has been received from various herbaria—
always without a name. The material above cited appears to me most identically
one plant; nor can I distinguish that plant from the American typical J. flabelli-
formis.
46. ML. eurystachys, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 587. Glabrous. Rhizome obliquely descending, } in. in
diam., covered by scales. Stem 24 ft. long, at the top }in. in diam.,
triquetrous and smooth. Leaves } the length of the stem, 1 in, broad.
Umbel simple; rays 10, up to 14 in. long; bracts 8, similar to the
leaves, lowest up to 16 in. long. Spikes 4 in. long and broad, dense,
of 40 spikelets spreading at right angles, dull green. Spikelets $ by
=; in., linear, terete, maturing 4 nuts. Nut-bearing glumes elliptic,
obtuse, 13-ribbed, adpressed-erect in fruit. Nut $ the length of the
glume, trigonous, oblong, black ; style 3-fid.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 120. Cyperus ewrystachys, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 143.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in damp places in woods,
7061 !
This species is close to M. flabelliformis, H. B. & K., from which it differs in
the rhizome, also in the spikelets and nuts being a little broader.
Welwitsch,
47. M. aximensis, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 584. Glabrous. Rhizome obliquely descending. Stem | ft.
long, at the top trigonous and smooth. Leaves } the length of the
stem, } in. broad, green. Umbel simple; rays 11, up to 1 in. Jong ;
bracts 8, similar to the leaves, lowest up to 7 in. long. Spikes 5 by
} in., of 40 spikelets, dense, a dusky straw-colour. Spikelets 10 fruit
obliquely erect, 4 by 5}, in., almost terete, maturing 7 nuts. pera
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, finally spreading obliquely a little. Nut § the
Tength of the glume, broad oblong ; otherwise as M. Aabelliforms.
Mariscus. | CLVI. CYPERACE# (CLARKE). 399
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Axim, de Gurig, 37!
This differs mainly from M. flabelliformis by having more nuts (7) to the
spikelet, and therefore longer spikelets; the spikes are not broader owing to the
spikelets being obliquely erect. The rhizome and broader nut are additional
differences,
48. M. trinervis, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v.595. Glabrous. Neither stem nor leaves seen. Umbel-rays
7,up to 24 in. long, each carrying 3-6 closely subcorymbose spikes ;
bracts 6, lowest, 11 by }in., flat, rigid, scabrous on the margins, with
humerous striations and 2 stronger lateral nerves. Spikes + by 3 in., of
20 spikelets spreading at right angles, pale brown. Spikelets linear,
hardly at all compressed, maturing 8 nuts, falling off in one piece above
the two lowest empty glumes. Nut-bearing glumes subremote, ovate,
at the top obtusely triangular, obliquely suberect, almost nerveless on
the sides. Nut 4 the length of the glume, narrowly obovoid, brown,
truncate at the “top. Style hardly any; branches 3, linear, hardly
exserted.
South Central. Lunda: Mukenge, Pogge, 1582!
49. M. foliosus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
4fr. v. 588. Glabrous. Rhizome 1-1} in. long, horizontal. Stems
\-2 ft. long, at the top trigonous and smooth. Leaves longer than the
stem, 4-4 in. broad, scabrous at the tips. Umbel compound; rays
10-12, up to 4 in. long; bracts 6-9, similar to the leaves, lowest 8 in.
long. Spikes 3-1 together, as long as broad, rather loosely spicate, of
20 spikelets, spreading at right angles or deflexed, dull green. Spikelets
3 by 2, in, subterete, maturing 3—5 nuts, disarticulating in one piece
above the two lowest empty glumes. Glumes very remote, ovate-
lanceolate, somewhat keeled, erect-adpressed on the nut. Nut more
than } the length of the glumes, narrowly oblong, trigonous, black ; style
3-branched.— Cyperus foliosus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 122.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Kivata, in Ruwenzori district, 9000 ft.,
Scott-Elliot, 7674! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor /
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Zomba, 4000-
6000 ft., Whyte! Nyika Plateau, 6000-7000 ft., Whyte !
This is near Y. flabelliformis, but has broader leaves, and usually longer
spikelets. :
50. M. luridus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
4fr. v. 589. Leaves and bracts $-Lin. broad. Umbel-rays hardly up
to 1 in. long, Spikelets lurid-green, ? by ;\; in., maturing 5-8 nuts ;
thachilla wavy. N ut-bearing glumes very remote, oblong, obtuse ;
otherwise as M. foliosus or M. flabelliformis.—Durand & De Wild. in
Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 89; Durand & Schinz, Etudes
l. Congo, i. 296.
South Central.
Congo Free State: [by the River Congo at Lulonga, 900-
000 ft., Hens, C, 155!
400 CLVI, CYPERACEX (CLARKE). | Mariseus.
51. M. squarrosus, C. 2. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 623.
A slender glabroys annual. Stems tufted, 1-5 in. long, at the top
trigonous and smooth. Leaves as long as the stem, ;},—} in. broad.
Umbel subsimple; rays 1-5 in. long; bracts much longer than ‘the
umbel, similar to the leaves. Spikes of 6-20 spikelets, densely spicate.
Spikelets compressed, 6-20 flowered, greyish-green to brown, divaricate,
disarticulating in one piece above the two lowest empty glumes. Glumes
boat-shaped, the 3-5-nerved keel excurrent into a recurved bristle.
Stamen | ; anther linear-oblong, not crested. Nut 4 the length of the
glume (exclusive of the bristle), linear-oblong, trigonous, curved,
chestnut-red. Style $ the length of the nut, red; branches 3, linear,
short.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 594.
Cyperus squarrosus, Linn. Amon. Acad. iv. 303, and Sp. Pl. ed.
ii. 66 partly; Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 25, t. 6, fig. 3; Kunth, Enum. ii.
22; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 501; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe.
xx. 284 and xxi. 94 (excl. var. 8); K.Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr
C. 118. C. maderaspatanus, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 278, excl. syn. Plukenet ;
ef. Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 268 in note.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Mombasa, Taylor !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Buchanan, 624¢!
Also in the Mascarene Islands, India and Cochinchina.
52. M. hemispheericus, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 589. Glabrous. Rhizome short. Stems 1}-38
ft. long, robust or medium-sized, at the top trigonous and smooth or
somewhat rough. Leaves ? the length of the stem, up to $ in. broad,
often scabrous on the margins; the large examples have stout leaves
often marked with transverse lines, smaller examples have much greener
and narrower leaves. Umbel simple or compound ; rays attaming 2 in.
in length, or more frequently rays very short and the umbel condensed ;
bracts 9, similar to the leaves, the lowest attaining 8-12 in. in length.
Spikes densely spicate, of numerous rectangularly spreading spikelets,
very white or shining straw-coloured in the typical form, but some
examples (even young) are dusky-brown. Spikelets up to 1 by yo 2+
with 18 nuts, more usually shorter with 6-10 nuts, in fruit appearing
distinctly compressed, but in examples (not ripe) where the glumes are
adpressed erect the spikelets are subterete or very little compressed ;
rhachilla disarticulating in one piece above the 2 lowest empty glumes.
Lower empty glume sometimes lanceolate and muticous, eee
terminating in a long twisting bristle. Glume ovate, obtuse, boat-shape¢,
1-coloured, obscurely 9-nerved, in the typical form very minutely ciliate
on the upper margins. Nut } the length of the glume, narrowly eae
hardly curved, black. Style 4 the length of the nut; branches A
linear.— Mariscus sp. n. 2, T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. ee
Mariscus cf. dactyliformis, C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. *:
Bot. iv. 53. Cyperus hemisphaericus, Boeck. in Flora, 1859, 436 ee
(a typogr. error for 439 bis.), in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 541,.00
in Linnea, xxxvi. 345; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 166; *-
Man iscus. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 401
Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 122, (. Hildebrandtii, Boeck. in
Flora, 1880, 436.
Mile Land. British East Africa: Ukambi; Kitui, Hildebrandt 26541 River
Sabaki, Gregory! Mombasa, Wakefield ! Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor] Ribe,
Wakefield !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1074! Bojer ! German East Africa :
Usambara; Tanga, Holst, 2014! Usaramo; Dar es Salaam, Kuntze, 214! East of
the coast-range, Speke & Grant ! Rovuma River, Meller ! Portuguese East .Africa :
Lower Zambesi; Tete, Peters / British Ceutral Africa: Nyasaland; Kondowe to
Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Blantyre, Scott! Shire Highlands, Buchanan,
26! Mandala, Scott-Elliot, 8505! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Zomba
Plains, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte! Mount Mlanji, Whyte! Namasi, Cameron, 7! and
without precise locality, Buchanan, 1429! 1430!
The typical examples of this, with very white spikelets, appear easily recognisable,
but they can hardly be distinguished from MM. tomaiophylius but by the more
numerous nuts to the spikelet; they have the top of the stem #nd margins of the
leaves smooth or more or less rough. The examples of Meller from the Rovuma
River may represent another species; the spikelets are here browner, becoming a
dusky brown, and they appear narrower and nearly terete. J find that they have
the upper margins of the glumes very minutely ciliate as in typical 1. hemisphericus.
They have the glumes, in imperfectly ripe heads, adpressed-erect; whereas in the
typical M. hemisphericus the glumes are, in the perfectly ripe heads, obliquely
Spreading.
53. M. alpestris, C. B. Clarke. Wlabrous. Rhizome ‘short,
horizontal. Stems 2-24 ft. long, at the top triquetrous and scabrous pr
nearly smooth. Leaves ¥ the length of the stem, # in. broad, tough ;
margins smooth or scabrous. [Umbel compound, 8 in. in diam. ; rays
hardly 4+ in. long ; bracts 7-10, similar to the leayes, lowest ia foot long.
Spikes shortly cylindric, 4+ in. broad, dense, yellowish-green. ‘Spikelets
+ by .1, in., moderately compressed, maturing 4—6 nuts, flisarticulating
in pne piece above the two lowest glumes. Glumes oblong-elliptic,
obtuse, scarcely spreading. Nut 2 the length of the glume, linear-
oblong, trigonous, brown. ‘Style 3-branched.—(yperus alpestris, K.
Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. v. 122.
87 ‘Mozamb. Dist. German Fast Africa : ‘Kilimanjaro, 8250 ft., Volkens,
$72!
| 54. ML. Gregorii, (. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. 1896, 225.
Glabrous. Stem 1 ft. long, stout, nearly round, at the top obscurely
trigonous, at the base nodose thickened. ‘Leaves several,.4 by} in.,
tough, scarcely scabrous on the margins. Umbel sunple, ‘condensed,
? In. in diam.; rays 7-8, 0-} in. long ; bracts 4, similar tothe leaves,
the lowest 4 in. long. Spikes 3 in. long and broad, ‘of 16 spikelets,
straw-coloured. Spikelets nearly 4 by 4 Bie compressed, maturing
6 nuts. Glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse, -ribbed, uitimately-adpressed-
erect ; npper margins quite glabrous. Nut } the length of: the glume,
troad-oblong, black. Style 4 the length of the nut; branches 3, long.
Nile Land. British East Africa: River Tana, Gregory, 03!
This species is close to UW. hemisphericus, differing by the shorter leaves.
VOL. VIII, 2D
402 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Mariscus.
55. M. pseudopilosus, Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus
Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 89. Glabrous except the rhachis of the spikes.
Stem at the top } in. in diam., triquetrous, almost 3-winged. Umbel
compound or simple ; primary rays 5-7, up to 3 in. long; bracts 5-8,
lowest up to 12 by }in.; bracts at the top of the primary rays up to
14-2 in. long. Spikes subcorymbose-digitate, 1 in. long, of 10-30
spikelets; rhachis densely short-hairy. Spikelets } by 3’; in., deflexed
in fruit, 10—12-flowered, dirty straw-coloured, deciduous in one plece
above the two lowest empty glumes. Fertile glumes remote, elliptic,
obtuse, concave, Nut 2 the length of the glume, ellipsoid, trigonous,
black. Style $.the length of the nut; branches 3, linear.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis !
This species, not only in the hairy rhachis of the spikes but in inflorescence and
general aspect remarkably simulates Cyperus pilosus, Vahl.
Imperfectly known species.
56. M. microcephalus, Presi, Rel. Hank. i. 182. Large, with
long spongy leaves and bracts. Umbel compound; spikes 1n dense.
globose brown heads. Spikelets narrowly linear, terete, straight, pai
fecting 4-14 nuts. Glumes rather remote, obtuse. Style 3-fid. Nut
narrowly obovoid.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 624, and
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 590. Cyperus dilutus,.
Vahl, Enum. ii. 357; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 354; K. Schum. 1n_
Engl. Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 122.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, ex. Schumann,
Also in India, Malaya, South China, and Mauritius.
Not seén by me from Africa ; the two Mauritian examples may have been imported
with rice.. The Kilimanjaro examples of K, Schumann have not been seeD, and
do not feel at all sure that they were YZ. microcephalus.
57. M. foliosissimus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 65. pase
fibrous. Stems tufted, 1 ft. long, at the top triquetrous and es ;
Leaves longer than the steim, narrowly linear, many-nerved, @ pee
scabrous on the margins. Umbel simple; rays 5-7, very pexie |
divided at their tips into few-flowered densely-aggregated heads ; brac
numerous, very long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets ovate, comp? ten
2-4-flowered, Glumes ovate, obscurely nerved, very shortly mucrona .
green-brown, a oe
Upper Guinea. ‘Senegal ? “Lénormand (ex Steudel).
6. TORULINIUM, Desyv. in Hamilt, Prod, Ind. Occid. 1825, 16.
Spikelets with 4 or more nuts, the rhachilla breaking up into as aie
joints as there are nuts} each joint (by the aid of the wings and th
Torulinium. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 403
persistent glume) holding tight the nut; otherwise as JMariscus.—
Cyperus, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1043, partly.
Species 8, viz., 7 in Tropical America and the subjoined in the Tropics of both
hemispheres.
The 8 species of Torulinium form a very closely-allied group, separated by
an absolute character from all other Cypere@; and may be arranged as a distinct
genus, or as a subgenus of Mariscus,
1. T. confertum, Hamilt. Prod. Ind. Occid. 1825, 15. Glabrous,
medium-sized to very large. Stolons 0, Stem 1-4 ft. high, at the top
trigonous or triquetrous, smooth or somewhat rough. Leaves often ?
the length of the stem, } in. broad. Umbel compound, 4-6 in. in
diam. (but scmetimes very large, sometimes condensed into 1 head);
bracts long, similar to the leaves. Axis of a spike often 2 in. long,
with 20 rectangularly spreading spikelets. Spikelets 4 by 4}, in.,
yellowish to brown, terete, with 4—16 (usually 6-7) nuts; rhachilla
wavy. Glumes elliptic, obtuse, 7-ribbed, not keeled, ultimately
adpressed-erect or rigidly spreading. Nut } the length of the glume,
oblong or somewhat obovoid, trigonous, black. Style 4 the length of
the nut; branches 3, linear.—Urban, Symb. Antill. ii, 53. 7. Serox,
Kunth, Enum. ii. 90 in citation. Cyperus odoratus, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i.
46 as to the plate of Sloane cited only, not of ed. ii. 68, nor of Linn.
herb. propr.; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 67. C. ferazx, L. ©. Rich, in
Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i. (1792) 106; Kunth, Enum. ii. 89 ; Boeck.
In Linnea, xxxvi. 399 ; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 1. 142 ;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 123. C. rhaphiostachys, Kunth,
Enum. ii. 68; Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 541, and in
Linnea, xxxvi. 352. C. pseudostrigosus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. rhe: 46.
C. consocius, Steud. ex Jardin in Mém. Soc. Se. Nat. Cherb. iv. (1856)
H, and v. (1857) 299. Mariscus ferax, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl.
Brit. Ind. vi. 624, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 587 ;
Rendle in Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 120.
Upper Guinea. Lagos: Ebute Metta, Millen, 11!
Lower Guinea. Princes Island, Welwitsch, 7033! Newton, 7! Angola: Icolo
e Bengo ; margin of Lake Quilunda, Welwitsch, 7052! Huilia; near Monino,
Welwitsch, 6880!
Mozamb. Dist. Common on the Zambesi, ex Boeckeler.
Throughout the Tropics, abundant in Oceania and America.
I unite the names above cited under one widespread and variable species. This
being done, the present plant has 71 published names, besides a large number of
“MS.” names published in citations without descriptions.
7. COURTOISIA, Nees; Benth. et Hook, f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1046.
Spikelets compressed, 1—10-flowered, disarticulating in one piece above
the two lowest empty glumes. Fertile glumes a ee
narrowly winged on the keel. Style 3-fid, persistent. edema wck
oblong, trigonous.—Glabrous annuals. Stems naked, i.e. bearing all the
404 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Courtoisia.
leaves close to the base, the inflorescence at the top. Leaves as long as
the stem, 11 in. broad, green, weak. Umbel simple or compound;
bracts similar to the leaves, overtopping the umbel. Spikelets 4-12
together, clustered in subglobose heads, yellow to brown.
Species 2, one of which is eommon in India. This genus only differs from
Mariscus by the extension of the keel of the fertile glume into a narrow wing,
glistening by reason of the loose tissue; and should perhaps be merged in DMariscus.
Spikelets maturing 1-2 nuts ; fertile glume recurved-
mucronate é : : : . . . 1. C. cyperoides,
Spikelets maturing 8-2 nuts; fertile glume shortly
mucronate ° 3 z : : : . 2. C. assimilts.
1. C. cyperoides, Nees in Linnea, ix. 286. Stems 3-16 in.
long, tufted, rather slender, at the top trigonous and smooth. Umbel-
rays 3-10, up to 1-4 in. long. Spikes 1~4 in. in diam. Spikelets
maturing 1-2 nuts. Fertile glumes with a distinct slightly recurved
mucro. Nut brown, smooth, at the top lanceolate-acuminate. Style
hardly any; branches 3, linear, long—Kunth, Enum. ii. 127 ; Benth.
in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1341; Boeck. in Flora, 1861, 835, and in Linnea,
xxxv. 434; ©. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 625, in Durand
and Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 596 (var, africane incl.). and in Bull.
Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 31; Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 334.
Cyperus kleinianus, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 71.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Malewa (Morendat) River, near Lake
Naivasha, Gregory, 42 !
Lower Guinea. German South-west Africa: Hereroland, Schinz, 370!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! British Central Africa: Matabeleland ;
banks of the River Matengwe, Holub! Nyasaland; Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-
6000 ft., Whyte !
Also in Madagascar and India.
The Matabeleland plant, maturing usually 2 nuts to a spikelet, has been named
C. assimilis, and I hardly know how it differs from some C. assimilis plants
maturing 2-4 nuts. I doubt whether €. cyperoides and C, assimilis can be kept
specifically distinct.
2, C. assimilis, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 596. Spikelets maturing 8-2 nuts. Fertile glumes shortly
mucronate ; otherwise as C. cyperoides.—Cyperus assimilis, Steud. 1n
Flora, 1842, 584, and Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 13; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss.
ii. 486; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 579; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop.
Afr. 140.
Wile Land. Abyssinia ; near Gapdia, Schimper, 1252! near Adowa, Bohwayr)
1074! near Amogai, Schimper, 843! Shireh Province, Quartin-Dillon gf Petit!
The type form of this, with spikelets } in. long and upwards, maturing § nuts,
appears distinct enough from C. cyperoides, but connecting forms occur.
8. ELEOCHARIS, R. Br.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1047.
Spikelets of many or few perfect flowers, imperfect at the top, ner
or two lowest glumes empty. Glumes obtuse, in 3 or numerous Spit
Eleocharis. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 405
at least towards the top of the spike ; the lower glumes sometimes sub-
distichous. Hypogynous bristles 3-9 or 0, in many species only
sometimes present, in some species never seen, Stamons 3-1, anterior ;
anthers linear-oblong, muticous. Style 2-3-fid, constant for each of
our species except in the subgenus Limnochloa, glabrous; style-base
enlarged, persistent, distinct from the nut by a constriction or a hori-
zontal line. Nut trigonous or biconvex, according as the style-branches
are 3 or 2.—Glabrous, leafless. Stem with 1, apparently terminal,
spikelet (sometimes proliferous at the base with a second spikelet).
Spikelet bractless, ie. the lowest empty glume hardly different from the
fertile glumes.
Species 118, distributed nearly throughout the world, prevalent in America.
*“LIMNOCHLOA.— Flower-glumes hardly keeled, 4—j in. long. Robus’, stoloniferous
plants,
Stem transversely septate; nut not cancellate .
Stem not transversely septate ; nut cancellate.
Stem nearly terete at the top ; hypogynous bristles
depauperate ° . . - :
Stem acutely triquetrous; hypogynous bristles
fully developed 2 c : :
**ELEOGENUS.—Glumes 1-3-nerved on the keel. Style 2-fid.
Annuals ; plants rather slender.
Hypogynous bristles white, sometimes small or 0 4, Z. atropurpurea.
Hypogynous bristles ferruginous or brown . 5. £. capitata,
Stouter plant, with stolons : 6. E. palustris.
*Ep-ELEOCHARIS.—Glumes 1-3-nerved on the keel. Styles 3-fid.
Nut cancellate or strongly reticulate . 7. £. chataria.
Nut smooth, not cancellate.
Annuals ; slender plants.
Spikelets loosely few-flowered, compressed ;
lower glumes subdistichous : 4
Spikelets very densely flowered, subterete ;
glumes spirally many-ranked.
Hypogynous bristles 0.
Nut very much narrowed at the top; style-
1, E. plantaginea,
2. E. mitrata.
3. #. fistulosa.
8. EF. Trilophus.
base small.
Stems slender, subquadrangular . . 9. KB. Hildebrandt.
Stems stouter, subcompressed . . 10. #, complanata,
Nut slightly narrower at the top; style-
; . 11. &. anceps.
base large . : . meeps
Hypogynous bristles 7, longer than the nut . 12. E. Kirkii.
Hypogynous bristles 3-5, shorter than the
nut . . 13. H. microcarpo
Rhizome present; stouter plant cften 12-18
in, long . - ‘ : ‘ . 14. BE. marginulata.
1. E. plantaginea, 2. Br. Prodr. 224 in note. Glabrous. Stolons
long, it in. in diam. Stems 16-30 in. long, }-} in. in diam., terete,
when dry transversely septate. Spikelet 1, 1 by {-{ in., straw-
coloured. Glumes nearly } in. long, suberect, obovate, obtuse.
Hypogynous bristles 7, often as long as the nut, retrorsely scabrous,
406 CLVI, CYPERACEX (CLARKE). | Eleocharis.
yellow-brown. Style-branches 3 or 2. Nut 4-2 the length of the
glume, biconvex or unequally trigonous, smooth, brown, neither ribbed
nor transversely barred.—Kunth, Enum. li, 153; Benth. FI. Austral.
‘vil. 292 in obs. ;.C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 625, and in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 600; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii.121. Scirpus plantaginoides, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 45, t. 15, fig.
2. Heleocharis plantaginea, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 474, excl. the
description and the American plants; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 149 partly.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; ponds by the river Caco!ovar, near Lake
Ivantala, Welwitsch, 6968 !
In the Mascarene Isles, South and East Asia (common), Queensland and
Polynesia.
2. E. mitrata, var. africana, ('. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 599. Glabrous. Stolons long, hardly ;}; in. in
diam. Stems 12-18 in. long, ;/, in. in diam., nearly terete, not —_
versely septate. Spikelet 1,1 by } in., greyish-green. Glumes }—} in.
long, ovate, obtuse. Hypogynous bristles 7, about half the length of
the nut, white, nearly smooth. Style 2-fid. Nut 4 the length of the
glume, biconvex, almost urn-shaped, dirty straw-coloured ; superficial
cells transversely oblong, superposed in 24—30 vertical series (i.e. nut
cancellate) ; style-base almost mitre-shaped.—Urban, Symb. Antill.
i. 62.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1040!
Also in Tropical America ?
The typical FE. mitrata (i.e. Scirpus mitratus, Griseb.) has the spikelets more -
less variegated with red; and the hypogynous bristles yet more depauperate ;
Barter n. 1040 may be esteemed a geographical variety or a closely allied species.
3. E. fistulosa, Link in Sprengel, Jahrb. iii. 78. Glabrous. Stolons
long, 1-1 in. in diam. Stems 1-3 ft. long, }-} in. in diam., at the top
triquetrous, not transversely septate. Spikelet 1, 1-1} by b-5 in., from
straw-colour to brown. Glumes $—t in. long, obovate, obtuse. Hype
bristles 6, as long as the nut, retrorse-scabrid, rusty-red. Style-branc <i
3, or, according to authors, sometimes 2. Nut 4 the length of iri
glume, obovoid, unequally trigonous, straw-coloured ; superficial cc
transversely oblong, superposed in 24-30 vertical series (i.e. nut a
cellate) ; style-base ovoid-conic, chestnut-coloured.—Kunth, Lane ;
155; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 626, in phates
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 598, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vil. ee
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 121. Z. acutangula and E. if 7 ’
Schultes in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. Mant. 91. Scirpus fistulo il:
Poir. in Lam. Encyel. vi. 749. Heleocharis fistulosa, Boeck. in ae ray
xxxvi. 472, and in Flora, 1879, 563; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost- ve
v. 124. H. plantaginea, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 11.
partly.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 320! Senegal, Perr He
Cape Verd, Perrottet! Sierra Leone: Bagru River, Mann, 893! French G
Eleocharis. | CLYI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). 407
pond near Erimakuna, Scott-Elliot, 4453! Whydah, Isert! Lagos: Lagos Island,
Barter, 2234 !
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2326!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, on the River Inkissi, Gillet, 1373!
1375! Angola : Ambaca, Welwitsch, 6842!
Mozamb, Dist. German East Africa: Gonda (Igonda), Boehm, 106!
Also in Madagascar, South Africa, India, China, Malaya and Australia.
The corresponding species in Tropical America, #. mutata, R. Br, is exceedingly
near this, and is united with it, perhaps rightly, by Boeckeler.
4. E. atropurpurea, Kunth, Hnum. ii. 151. -A glabrous‘annual.
Stems tufted, 2-6 in. long, slender. Spikelet 1, 1-1 in. long, ovoid or
eylindric, very dense, with many flowers, dull greenish-red. Glumes
elliptic, obtuse, caducous. Hypogynous bristles 5-7, white, retrorse-
scabrid, in the African plant usually 4-3 the length of the nut, some-
times shorter, or wanting or represented by a minute white cup.
Stamens 3-1. Style-branches 2. Nut 4-2 the length of the :glume,
obovoid, biconvex, smooth, shining black. Style-base depressed conic,
glistening white.—J. Gay in Flora, 1842, 641; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 627, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 596; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fi. Congo, i. 298; Urban, Symb.
Antill. ii, 65. #. capitata, var., Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 553.
LE, monandra, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i. 75. Scirpus atro-
purpureus, Retz. Obs. v. 14. Jsolepis setifolia, A. Rich. Tent. Fi.
Abyss. ii. 498. J. dichroa, Steud. Syn. Pl..Glum. ii. 91. /solepis
sp., Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 168. Heleocharis atropur-
Ppurea, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. ii. 853; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 458,
excl. var. y. ae
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 113! Perrottet, 334! 8291
Wile Land. Kordofan: in muddy places on Arashkol Mountain, Kotschy,
129! Abyssinia, Quartin-Dillon Sf Petit !
Lower Guinea. ‘Lower Congo, Smith / ;
Also in North Italy and Switzerland, Mauritius, India, China, Malaya, Queens-
Jand, and throughout Tropical America. oa
Occasionally there are “radical” spikelets, i.e. some of the tufted peduncles
‘are shortened almost to suppression, as occurs in various species of Pycreus,
Fimbristylis, and Bulbostylis. 7a
5. E. capitata, R. Br. Prodr. 225. A glabrous annual. Stems
tufted, 2-8 in. long, in Vogel’s examples exceeding a foot. Spikeles 1,
void, lanceolate or cylindric, dense, dull greenish-red, usually ;4,—4} in.
long, in Vogel’s examples } by } in. Glumes elliptic, obtuse, caducous
from the lowest fertile glume upwards. Hypogynous bristles 7 or
fewer, as long as the nut, ferruginous or red-brown, retrorse scabrid, or
Sometimes much depauperated, occasionally to a 6-notched small cup.
Stamens 3-1. Style-branches 2. Nut % the length of the glume,
obovoid, biconvex, smooth, shining black ; style-base depressed conic,
408 CLVI. CYPERACE® (CLARKE). { Eleocharis.
pallid.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 150, excl. several syns.; Benth. in
Hook. Niger FI. 553; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 627;
and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 597, incl. var. £;
‘Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 299; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii.
66. EH. setacea, R. Br. Prodr. 225, not the homonymous sp. 224;
Kunth, Enum. ii. 156. Seirpus capitatus, Linn. berb. partly ; Vahl,
Enum. ii. 250. Heleocharis capitata, Boeck in Linnea, xxxvi. 461;
K.Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 124.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger! Heudelot, 549! Perrottet, 198! 828!
830! Sierra Leone : Bagru River, Mann, 891! Liberia: Cape Palmas, Vogel, 7!
Wile Zand. Sonfaliland, Revoil, 137!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Smith!
Also in Arabia, India, China, Malaya, Australia, Polynesia, and throughout
America. f
The hypogynous bristles, when reduced to a small 6-toothed cup, were called by
Nees a disc. Kunth supposed that by “disc” Nees understood the obpyramidal ae
(or several-) toothed gynophore of Scleria and of many species of Fimbristylis.
But the two discs are not homologous: the stamens are entirely within the “disc
of Eleocharis, entirely without the cise of Fimbristylis.
6. E. palustris, 2. Br. Prodr, 224, in note. Glabrous, Rhizome
creeping. Stems 4-20 in. long. Spikelet 4-2 by +4 in., subcylindric,
dense, chestnut to dusky straw-colour. Glumes elliptic, obtuse.
Hypogynous bristles 6, retrorse-scabrous, slightly longer than the nut,
ferruginous-brown, but variable in number, often 4, more or less
depauperated, occasionally 0. Stamens normally 3. Style- branches 2.
Nut } the length of the glume, obovoid, biconvex, yellowish to brown;
style-base ovoid or conic with a constriction (neck) above the nut, pallid
or dusky or red-spotted_—Kunth, Enum. ii. 147; C. B. Clarke in
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 628, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
‘v. 600, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 198; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
ii. 121. Scirpus palustris, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. 70 partly ; Desf. Fi.
Atlant.i. 47. Heleocharis palustris, Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl. 280; Webb&
Berth. Iles Canaries Phyt. iii. 365; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Scient.
Algér. Glum. 238 ; Boeck in Linnea, xxxvi. 466 excl. all with 3 style-
branches ; J. Ballin Journ, Linn. Soc. xvi. 702; Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 149 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 149 partly.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; damp sandy places by the river in the
Lopollo District, Welwitsch, 6969 !
Almost throughout the world, 2s abundant as widespread; I have seen nO
example from Australia or from Brazil.
7. E. cheetaria, Roem. d: Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 154, Mant. 90, 540.
Glabrous. Roots tibrous, rarely with a white filiform rhizome 1 in. aa
Stems 1-6 in. long, tufted. Spikelets 4-4 in. long, ovoid, pallid or red-
‘tinged, maturing 1-5 nuts, sometimes proliferous at the base, 1. stem
with 2 spikelets. Lower nut-bearing glumes in 2-3 spirals, or
shaped, hardly acute. Hypogynous bristles 6, as long as the nut,
Eleocharis. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 409
-retrorse-scabrous, pallid, or fewer or reduced or nearly wanting.
Stamens 3-2. Style-branches 3. Nut obovoid, with 3 angles, truncate at.
the top, white, conspicuously and coarsely cancellate by subquadrangular
reticulations on the faces; style-base nearly as broad as the nut,
pyramidal, dusky black.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 140; C. B. Clarke in
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 629, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. v. 597; Urban, Symb. Antil]l. ii. 68; Rendle in Cat, Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 121. #. setacea, R. Br. Prodr. 224 in note, not the
homonymous sp. 225. Cyperus setaceus, Retz. Obs. v. 10. Scirpus
chetarius, Spreng. Syst. i. 203. Heleocharis chetaria, Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 428, and in Flora, 1879, 562; Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 148; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 149.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2583 !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 1137! 1138! 1370! Angola:
Huilla ; on the lofty pastures of Morro de Monino, Welwitsch, 6964 !
Also in India, Malaya and Tropical America.
8. E. Trilophus, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr.v. 601. A glabrous annual. Stems 1-3 in. long, tufted, very
slender. Spikelet 1, ;1, in. long, ovoid or subcylindric, a 1ich brown,
loosely 4—7-flowered. Lower nut-bearing glumes in 2-3 spirals, ovate,
obtuse. Hypogynous bristles 3-5, } the length of the nut, pallid,
retrorse-scabrid. Style-branches 3. Nut} the length of the glume,
oblong-obovoid, smooth, with 3 strong ribs at the angles, white, very
truncate, the 3 angles subexcurrent in points on the shoulders; style-
base depressed pyramidal.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 113! Perrottet!
9. E. Hildebrandtii, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 598. A glabrous annual. Stems 2-4 in. long,
tufted, slender. Spikelet 4 in. long, cylindric, green marked with dull
red. Nut-bearing glumes in many spirals, ovate, obtuse. Hypogynous
bristles 0. Style-branches 3. Nut 4 the length of the glume, obovoid,
much narrowed at the top, trigonous, smooth, white ; style-base small,
bulbous, not 4 the width of the nut.—Heleocharis Hildebrandtii, Boeck.
in Flora, 1878, 34; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 124.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk! Hildebrandt, 1063!
10. E. complanata, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 598. Stems 6-9 in. long, rather stouter than in Z.
Hildebrandtii, flattened rather than quadrangular; heads rather
larger ; otherwise as EL. Hildebrandtii.—Heleocharis complanata, Boeck.
In Flora, 1879, 562.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe, in rice fields, Barter, 1574 !
Mile Land. Bongo: Gir, Schweinfurth, 2576!
The nut is identical with that of EZ. Hildebrandtii, and the plant may be only a
» large state of that species.
410 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Eleocharis.
1l. E. anceps, (. B. Clurke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 596. A glabrousannual. Stems tufted, 4—6 in. long, obscurely
flattened. Spikelet + in. long, subeylindric or narrow-ellipsoid, many-
flowered, yellow-green with dull red marks. Nut-bearing glumes in
many spirals, obtuse. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style-branches 3. Nut
hardly } the length of the glume, obovoid, only slightly narrowed
towards the truncate top, acutely 3-ribbed, smooth, white ; style-base
bulbous, rather large, 3? the width of the nut.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 121. Heleocharis anceps, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 148.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; damp sandy places on the banks
of the River Cuanza near Conda, Welwitsch, 6817! and in damp woods between
Mopopa and Sansamanda, Welwitsch, 7170!
12. E. Kirkii, (. B. Clarke. A glabrous annual. Stems tufted,
3—5 in. long. Spikelet 4 in. long, ellipsoid, pale obscure reddish, many-
flowered. Nut-bearing glumes in many spirals, obtuse. Hypogynous
bristles 7, longer than the nut, retrorse-scabrid, rusty brown. Style-
branches 3. Nut 3} the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, slightly
narrowed at the truncate top, pallid, smooth ; style-base subglobose,
Straw-coloured, of loose tissue. :
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : on an island in the River Zambes!
at Victoria Falls, Kirk !
13. E. microcarpa, Torrey in Ann. Lyceum New York, iii. (1836),
312, A glabrous annual. Stems tufted, 4—8 in. long, slender. Spikelet
$-4 in. long, 10-20-flowered, pale brown-green. N ut-bearing glumes
in many spirals, ovate, obtuse. Hypogynous bristles 3-5, 3-3 the
length of the nut, retrorsely hispid, white. Style-branches 3. Nut
scarcely } the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, narrowed at the
top to half its width, smooth, straw-coloured or brown; style-base
ovoid, $ the width of the nut, concolorous with it.—C. B. Clarke <
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 599; Urban, Symb. Antill ii. 71.
Heleocharis microcarpa, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 439. H. schweinfur-
thiana, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 562.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinf wrth, 1949!
Also in America, scattered from New York to Pernambuco.
14. E. marginulata, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 78. wane
Rhizome woody. Stems 1-2 ft. long, subterete. Spikelet } i. Nee
dense, pale reddish-green, sometimes proliferous at the base. ea
bearing glumes in many spirals, ovate, obtuse. Hypogynous py re
% the length of the nut, retrorse-scabrous, pale rusty-brown. | sa
branches 3. Nut less than 3 the length of the glume, piacere
obovoid, much narrowed at the top, yellow, or greenish ; sty! Fl
small, conic, pallid—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. °
Afr.v. 598. £. striata, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 78. sess
A. Rich. Tent.Fl. Abyss. ii. 496, not of Schultes. Heleocharis seas Ve 1 49.
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 457; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. AlT-
Lleocharis. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 411
H. palustris, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvl. 466 partly, i.e. the African
examples with 3-fid style; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 149 partly ;
Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append ii. 104.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; marshes near Adowa, Schimper, 915! Shireh
Province, Quartin-Dillon! Samen; Enjedcap, Schimper, 1331! Begemeder ;
Begai Meda, Schimper, 1213! and without precise locality, Schimper, 828! British
East Africa: marshes in Mau district, 8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6931! foot of Mount
Kenia at Ndoro, Gregory 78! River Harrington, Gregory, 53!
Imperfectly known species.
15. E. naumanniana, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 92. A very
slender flaccid olive-coloured water-plant, proliferously branched, 1} ft.
long. Stems copious and numerous, branches nearly capillary, clustered,
terete or somewhat compressed, with septate nodes, often sterile ;
Sheaths of the branches slender, membranous, narrow, yellow, perfectly
glabrous in the mouth. Spikelet often proliferous from the base,
very slender in flower, narrowly acuminate, linear, about } in. long,
1-flowered. Glumes 2, erect, scarcely unequal, thin membranous,
Sheathing, acuminate linear, 1-nerved, white ferruginous lineolate.
Hypogynous bristles 0. Nut small, hardly’ more than 4 the length
of the glume, broadly oval, narrowed at the base, triangular, angles
Somewhat obtuse sticking out, faces convex tessellated, brown, crowned
by the persistent conical style-base constricted above the nut.—Boeck.
in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 16.
Upper Guinea. Liberia : Monrovia, Naumann (ex Boeckeler).
In spite of the absence of hypogynous bristles and the style-base constricted
above the nut, this plant would appear from the obvious characters nearly allied to
Seipus submersus, Sauv. cf. C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 653.
9. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii, 1048,
excluding sect. Oncostylis.
Spikelets of many perfect flowers, imperfect at the top, two lowest
glumes empty. Fertile glumes in 3 or more spirals; or (Sect. Abild-
gaardia) the lower distichous. Hypogynous bristles). Stamens 3-1,
anterior ; anthers linear-oblong, muticous. Style 2-fid or 3-fid, some-
times villous, sometimes glabrous ; style-base enlarged, distinct from
the nut by a constriction or a line, continuous with and caducous with
the style, not discoloured. Nut trigonous or biconvex, according as the
style-branches are 3 or 2.—Glabrous or hairy. Rhizome 0, or not } in.
ong. Leaves generally present, sometimes 0. Inflorescence a terminal
umbel, simple, compound or congested, or a single terminal spikelet.
Species 125, in nearly all hot and war.n-tempe rate areas, especially plentiful in
uth-east Asia and North-east Australia.
*ELEOCHAROIDES,—Stem with 1 spikelet only, or with
% bya rare accident ; lower fertile glumes in many spirals,
Not subdistichous. Style2fid . + -°- + « LF polytrichoides,
412 CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). | Pimbristylis.
**DICHELOSTYLIS.—Stem with several (usually very many) spikelets ; style 2-fid ;
lower fertile glumes in many spirals.
Nut linear-oblong ; glumes aristate .. c . 3. F. dipsacea.
Nut obovoid.
Style-base with a ring of pendent hairs nearly a¢é
long as the nut = 5 : . 3&3. F. squarrosa.
Style-base without long pendent hairs.
Nut conspicuously 8-ribbed lengthwise.
Glumes boat-shaped ; spikelet slightly
polygonal : ° : : A eh dk
Glumes concave; spikelets terete 7. 0
Nut smooth, sometimes obscurely reticulate,
scarcely ribbed.
Stem hairy at the top; spikelets euboid . 6. F. pilosa.
Stem glabrous at the top; spikelets ovoid
to cylindric.
Glumes at the upper half of the back grey ;
by reason of minute depressed hairs, 7. F. ferrugined.
Glumes on the upper half of the back
labrous. :
Spikelets 15-20 ; glumes obtuse . 8. F. longiculmis.
Spikelets 60-80 ; glumes acuminate . 9. F. nigritana.
eT RICHELOSTYLIS.—Stem with several or many spikelets ; style 3-fid; lower
fertile glumes in many spirals.
Spikelets not clustered.
Spikelets usually less than 12 to the umbel,
except in F. cioniana.
Plants with fine long white hairs.
Nut with transverse wavy lines.
Nut large, whitish ; spikelets 3-14 S102 r: exilis.
Nut smaller, yellowish ; spikelets 10-25 12. F. eioniana.
Nut not wavy, smaller than in F. evilis . 11. F. Hensti.
Plants without long white hairs, very nearly
glabrous.
Glumes much acuminate; spikelets sub-
acute ‘ : P yi f . 18. F. tenera. ‘
Glumes obtuse ; spikelets obtuse, ellipsoid . 14. F. schweinf' urthiana-
Spikelets nearly always more than 12 to the
umbel.
Nut longitudinally striated, with transverse
bars between the striations.
Spikelets broadly ellipsoid, obtuse . . 15. F. miliacea. ;
Spikelets ellipsoid-lanceolate . . «16, ¥. quinquangularis-
Nut not longitudinally striate
Stem at the top subequally 4-angled or 5-
angled.
Leaves very short, rarely 1-2 in. long . 17. F. subaphylla.
Leaves half the length of the stem . 18. F. seabrida.
Stem at the top very much flattened . 19. ¥. complanata.
Spikelets, at least many of them, clustered.
Spikelets very numerous in a compound umbel
tchotoma.
or head . 4 - ; : : 2 20: 8: obtusifolia.
Spikelets 1-4 to each stem, subeapitate . . 21. F. otc deen de stile
*% A BILDGAARDIA.—Lower fertile glumes distichous or nearly so; upper
glumes spirally placed; spikelets not clustered.
Fimbristylis. | CLVI. CYPERACE& (CLARKE). 413
Heads and whole plant nearly glabrous.
Nut pallid; spikelet 1 (rarely 2-3) to each
stem : c : : : : . 22. F. monostachya.
Nut black-brown; spikelets 2-6 (rarely 1) to
each stem : . . ° “ . 23. F. tristachya.
Heads (as nearly the whole plant) hairy : . 24. F. africana.
1. F. polytrichoides, 2. Br. Prodr. 226. Glabrous. Stem
tufted, 4-8 in. long, slender. Leaves 4-3 the length of the stem,
searcely s'; in. broad. Spikelet 1, 4 by } in., ellipsoid-oblong. Glumes
ovate, obtuse, dusky ferruginous; the lowest like the others, or bract-
like, }} in. long, as though continuing the stem. Style 2-branched,
alittle shorter than the nut, nearly glabrous. Nut } the length of the
glume, obovoid, biconyex, smooth or obscurely scabrous on the shoulders,
dark brown.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 632; K.
Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 124. Scirpus polytrichoides, Retz.
Obs. iv. 11.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Boivin! German East Africa: Usambara ; Tanga,
Holst, 2123!
Also in India, Malaya, Chasan and Australia.
2. F. dipsacea, Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1049.
Annual, almost glabrous. Stems 2-5 in. long. Leaves often as long
as the stems, capillary. Umbel compound or simple, with 12-13
(occasionally with 2-1) June: bracts capillary, often longer than
the umbel. Spikelets 14 in. long, ovoid, dense. Glumes elliptic, long
aristate, finally squarrose, pallid or greenish. Style 2-branched, short,
glabrous ; style-base small, conic, deciduous with the style. Nut a
little shorter than the glume (exclusive of its arista), linear-oblong,
slightly curved, pale brown, obscurely transversely wavy-lineolate,
oceasionally with a row of 4~6 large stalked loosely cellular glands on
either margin.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. vi. 635, and in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 604; Durand & Schinz, Etudes
Fi. Congo, 1 Set, Scirpus dipsaceus, Rottb. Descr. et Ie. 56, t. 12,
fig. 1; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 736, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot.
16, Echinolytrum dipsaceum, Desv. Journ. Bot, i. 21, t. 1. Isolepis
dipsacea, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 119; Kunth, Enum. ii, 205.
I. elachista, Schultes in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. Mant. 61 ;
Kunth, Enum. ii, 217.
Lower Guinea, Lower Congo: mouth of the River Kwa, 1000 ft., Hens, C,
Nig! Kinchassa, on Stanley Pool, Luja, 174 partly !
Also in India, Malaya, and China, extending to Amur.
4. BP. squarrosa, Vahl, Enum. ii. 289. Annual, pubescent or
glabrous, Stems 2~7 in. long, tufted. Leaves }-} the length of the
Stem, setaceous or narrowly linear. Umbel usually compound (but
®pauperated examples occur with few or only 2 spikelets to a stem);
bragts 3-4, similar to the leaves, often nearly as long as the utabel.
414 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Fimbristylis.
Spikelets all solitary, up to } by ;4, in., densely flowered, dusky straw-
coloured. Glumes elliptic; nerves 2-5 on the back, uniting into a
strong recurved bristle. Stamens usually 2. Style small, with 2
branches, hairy below the bifurcation; style-base with a ring of
10-18 large pendent sub-1-cellular hairs, white-hyaline, often reach-
ing nearly to the base of the nut, deciduous with the nut. Nut
4 the length of the glume exclusive of its bristle, obovoid, biconvex.—
Kunth, Enum. ii. 224; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 10; Schweinf. Pl.
Nilot. 42; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum. 233; Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 149; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fi.
Brit. Ind. vi. 635, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 609, and
in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 200; Durand & Schinz, Etudes F1. Congo, i. 303;
Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 76; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 122.
F. estivalis, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 564, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise,
Bot. 17. Scirpus squarrosus, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. v. 100, not of Linn.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Lepriewr! Gambia, Heudelot, 561! Sierra
Leone, Scott-Elliot, 5324! Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1580!
_ Mile Land. British Fast Africa: Jur; Majob, Schweinfurth, 1549! by the
River Wau, 1638 partly! White Nile, St. Auge !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 1404! 1428! Kinchassa, on
Stanley Pool, Luja, 174 partly! Lukungu, 700 ft., Hens, 16! and without precire
locality, Smith! Angola: Dande; banks of a lake near Bombo, Welwitsch, 6997!
Foe ay Dist. British Central Africa: near the River Zambesi, Menyharth,
Scattered nearly throughout the world, exclusive of North America.
4. F. dichotoma, Vahl, Enum. iir287. A pubescent or puberu-
lous annual. Stems tufted, 2-10 in. long. Leaves as long as the stem,
setaceous or linear. Umbel compound, usually with very many
spikelets; bracts 3-4, similar to the leaves, as long as the umbel.
Spikelets solitary, $ in. long, cylindric, oblong or hardly ellipsoid,
many-flowered, ferruginous, obscurely polygonal by reason of the keeled
glumes. Fertile glumes in many spirals, ovate, acute, glabrous, keel
green or yellowish. Style flattened, dilated at the base, pubescent oP
its margins nearly to the base; branches 2, linear. Nut obovoid, } the
length of the glume, biconvex (the anticous angle being flattened),
white (in a few examples discoloured, perhaps in drying); superficial
cells oblong, superposed in vertical series, so that the nut appears to
have 5-9 longitudinal ribs on each face—Kunth, Enum. li, 229;
Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 544, in Flora 1879, 564, and 12
Linnea, xxxvii. 12 partly; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 504; Schweinf.
Pi. Nilot. 42, and Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 216 ; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Scient.
Algér. Glum. 233; Daveau in Bolet. Soc. Brot. ix. 77; C. B. Clarke ™
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 635, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 602, and in Dyer, Fi. Cap. vii. 200; Zarb, Cat. Spéc. Bot. Pfund,
39; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 124; Durand & Schinz, Etudes
Fl. Congo, i. 300. F. squarrosa, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 508 (cf.
Fimbristylis.] CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 415
Boeck. in Flora, 1860, 35), not of Vahl. Scirpus dichotomus, Linn. Sp.
Pi. ed. ii. 74; Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 57, t. 13, fig. 1.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 834! Lécard, 23! Niger Territory :
Nupe ; banks of the River Niger, Barter, 1209! Bornu, Oudney, 6!
Nile Land. Nubia, Zetourneux, 309A! Senvar, Hartmann! Dongola,
Pfund, 617! Tuti Island, near Khartoom, Schweinfurth, 848! Kotschy, 328!
Galabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2042! Abyssinia: Sabra, Schimper,
583! River Tacazze, Schimper, 691! 1577! and without precise locality, Schimper,
267 in Herb. Paris! British East Africa: White Nile, Schweinfurth, |917!
Ukamba; banks of the River Adi, Hildebrandt, 2624!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo; Stanley Pool, Demeuse ! Kimuenza, Gillet,
1906 !
Mozamb, Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique, Peters, 8! Lower
Zambesi; Shigogo, Kirk / Expedition Island, Kirk! British Central Africa:
Zambesi Valley, near Boruma, Menyharth, 1065! Nyasaland; near Nsessi River,
Scott ! near Karonga, Scott /
Throughout the hot and warm temperate regions of the Old World and
Australia,
5. F. diphylla, Vahl, Enum. ii. 289. A pubescent, puberulous or
glabrous annual. Stems tufted, 4-28 in. long. Leaves 4-2 the length
of the stem, linear or rarely 3-1 in. broad. Umbel compound, of many
(sometimes of few) spikelets; bracts 3-4, similar to the leaves, shorter
or longer than the umbel. Spikelets solitary, 1-3 in. long, ellipsoid-
lanceolate, many-flowered, straw-coloured, ferruginous, brown or much
variegated with chestnut, terete. Fertile glumes concave, hardly keeled,
acute, often minutely ciliate on the margins. Style longish, dilated at
the base, flattened, villous on the margins; branches 2, linear. Nut
obovoid, } the length of the glume, biconvex, white or somewhat
yellowish, with 5-13 longitudinal ribs on each face —C. B. Clarke in
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 636, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
V. 603, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 200; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-
Afr. C. 124; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 301; Urban,
Symb, Antill. ii. 77; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 122.
F. laxa, Vahl, Enum. ii. 292; Kunth, Enum. ii. 232. F. communis,
Kunth, Enum. ii. 234 mainly; Benth. in Hook. Niger FI. 554; Ridley
mM Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 150 partly. /. fuscata, Steud. Syn.
Pl. Glum. ii, 112. F. debilis, Steud. lc. 109. F. tertia, Steud. ex
Jardin in Mém. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherb. v. (1857) 299. F. polymorpha,
k. in Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob. 1869, 141, 158, in Linnea, xxxvii.
14 (excl. some synonyms), in Flora, 1879, 564, and in Engl. Gazelle
Ise, Bot. 17; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 149. /'. squamulosa,
Hochst. ex Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 15. Scirpus diphyllus, Retz.
Obs. v. 15. J. annuus, Allioni, Fl. Pedem. ii. 277, t. 88, fig. 5;
Desfont. Fl. Atlant. i. 51.
U i eudelot! Leprieur/ Sierra Leone, Afzelius /
ee vas os, Bae ee 3917 ! 5157! Welwitsch, 6991!
French Guinea: Farana ; Scott-Elliot, 5855! Upper Volta, at Salaga, Krause /
Niger Territory: Abob, aries, 131! Nupe, Barter, 1581! River Nun, Mann,
1888! Old Calabar ; Robb! Ogurude, Holland, 275 ! Cameroons: Sanega, Zenker,
438! Fernando Po, Vogel, 12!
416 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Fimbristyls.
Nile Land. Upper Sennar; Fazokl, Kotschy, 575! Abysssinia: Begemeder *
Schimper, 1250! British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1454! ser.
iii. 196! Jur Ewet (Awet), Schweinfurth, 1765! Bongo; Addai, Schweinfurth,
1446! Ruwenzori; Kasamaga, 5000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7539! Losuguta, Gregory,
51! Ukamba, 4000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 2344! 6476 !
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Gaboon River, Mann! Munda, Soyaua, 335 !
354! Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 416! 524! 625! 1317! Leopoldville, Luja,
67! Kinchasss, Luja, 177! and without precise locality, Smith! Loango, Jardin
Angola: Pungo Andongo district, Welwitsch, 68238 ! 6827 partly ! 6830, ¢ anil p!
6832! 6834! 6835 B! 7169! Ambriz, Welwitsch, 7002! Golungo Alto district,
Welwitsch, 7017! 7019! Awbaca district, Welwitsch, 7018!
South Central. Congo Free State, Dupuis, 52! Demeuse, 154!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Boivin / Hildebrandt, 1060! German East
Africa: Zanguebar, Kirk, 94! Usambara; Derema (Nderema), Holst, 2231! Kili-
manjaro, 6000 ft., Johnston! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Fort Hill, on
the Tanganyika Plateau, Whyte! Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte
Zomba Plains, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte! Zomba Rock, Whyte! Shire Highlands,
Scott-Elliot, 8573 B! Buchanan, 11!
Very common and widely spread throughout the hot and warm-temperate regions
of the world.
Some closely allied plants, esteemed mere forms of F. diphylla by Kunth and
Boeckeler, are here regarded as distinct ; even thus narrowed down, our F. diphylia,
has 140 names. It should, moreover, be understood that F. diphylla is so close
to the preceding F. dichotoma that different cyp2rologists sort the material, as
between these two, differently. The examples from Tropical Africa, above referred
to F. diphylla, do not match, so that the species might be further subdivided.
6. FE. pilosa, Vahl, Enum. ii. 290. Stem hairy at the top. Umbel
of 6-20 spikelets, nearly simple. Spikelets 1 in. wide, cuboid. Glumes
quadrate, often pubescent on the back. Style 2-fid. Nut obovoid,
biconvex, shining white, smooth, somewhat reticulate but not ribbed ;
otherwise as F’. diphylla.—Schumach. Beskr, Guin. Pl. 32; Kunth,
Enum. ii. 235 in note (i.e. his plant “spicis robustioribus ellipticis
obtusis”); Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 122. F. castanea, var.
thonningiana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 19. F. communis, Ridley 0
Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 150 partly ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pal.
“lee C.124. Scirpus pilosus, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. v. 101, not of
etz.
Upper Guinea. Without precise locality, Thonning / Isert! Hofmanbarg !
Nile Land. British East Africa: Mombasa, Taylor.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch,
6827 partly !
In this genus, no name has been so misapplied and confused both in the text-
books and in the herbaria as F. pilosa. The hairy forms (or varieties) of
F. diphylla are numerous and abundant, especially in Malaya; and _ these =
often named in herbaria, probably. by guess from the name, F. pilosa, Vahl
(which they are not); and this is the plant reduced correctly by Kunth,
Boeckeler, &c. to F. diphylla, Vahl. The true F. pilssa, Vahl has not ep
much collected, and differs much, essentially in the non-trabeculate nut. The
name £, pilosa, K. Schumann, is merely a book synonym for the earlier F. africana,
Durand & Schinz, below, a species of another section.
Fimbristylis. | CLVI. CYPERACER (CLARKE). 417
7. FB. ferruginea, Vahl, Hnum. ii. 291. Flowering the first year,
asin most other species of Fimbristylis, but frequently biennial, and
perhaps perennial. Stems densely tufted, 8-28 in. long; roots wiry,
fibrous. Leaves usually short or hardly any, sometimes 4 the length
of the stem, hairy or glabrous. Umbel of 5-10 (rarely of 20) spikelets,
simple or slightly compound ; bracts shorter, usually much shorter,
than the umbel. Spikelets solitary, 2 by } in., ovoid-oblong, densely
flowered, ferruginous, more or less variegated by chestnut-brown or
green. Glumes ovate, in the upper half of their back grey puberulous.
Style longer than the nut, flattened, villous on the margins, base
dilated ; branches 2, linear-lanceolate. Nut nearly } the length of the
glume, obovoid, biconvex, smooth, pale yellow becoming brown ; super-
ficial cells subquadrate.—Delile, Fl. Egypte, 10, t. 6, fig. 3; Kunth,
Enum. ii. 236; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 554; Boeck. in Peters,
Reise Mozamb. Bot. 544, in Linnea, xxxvii. 16, in Flora, 1879, 564,
and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 17; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.216 ;
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 149; C. B. Clarke in Hook.
f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 638, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 606,
in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 31, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 201;
Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 51; K. Schum. in Engl.
PA. Ost-Afr. C. 124; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 302.
Urban, Symb. Antill. ii, 78; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 122,
Incl. var. graminea. F. lomentocarpa, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. FI.
Abyss. ii. 504. Scirpus ferrugineus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. 74.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Brunner, 90! 150! Senegal, Perrottet,
835! Leprieur! Heudelot, 449! 452! Gambia, Don! Cape Verd Isles,
Perrottet! Lowe! St. Hilaire ! Bolle’ Wiberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 55!
Niger Territory : Oware, Beauvois ! Nun River, Vogel, 36! Mann, 531!
Nile Land. Soudan, Ouduney, 4! Gallahat, Schweinfurth, 2035! 2037 !
Abyssinia, Schimper, 532! 1317! British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas,
Schweinfurth, 2121!
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Rattray! Lower Congo, Kisantu,
Gillet, 1585! 1598! and withoat precise locality, Smith / Angola: St James Island,
Beeiteh, 7105 ! Mossamedes ; in dried up lakes by the River Caroca, Welwitsch,
s]
South Central. Congo Free State : Dupuis!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Boivin! Taylor! German East Africa:
Sambara ; Tanga, Holst, 2122! Muoa, Holst, 3050! Portuguese East Africa:
Mozambique, Peters, 8! Kuntze, 203! British Central Africa: Boruma, on the
Zambesi, Menyherth, 1056 !
In tropical and warm temperate countries nearly throughout the world ;
Specially abundant near the sea.
8. F. longiculmis, Steud Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 110. | Stems 3—4 ft.
long, robust. Umbel compound, of 15-20 spikelets. Spikelets solitary,
5 by % in., cylindric, rigid, much variegated with chestnut-colour.
Glumes glabrous on the back, sometimes very minutely hairy on the
Margin ; otherwise as /. ferruginea.—C. B, Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 607; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 124.
: 8ansibarensis, Boeck. in Flora, 1880, 437.
Mile Land. British East Africa: Momba-a, Tay/or! :
VOL, virr. 2E
418 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Fimbristylis.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk / Hildebrandt, 10583!
This species is as though a very large form of F. ferruginea. It differs in
the glumes being glabrous on the back, and in the larger, harder, darker-coloured
spikelets. .
9. F. nigritana, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi.
Afr. v. 608. Glabrous. Stems exceeding 2 ft. in length. Umbel
compound, large, with 74 spikelets; bracts 1-14 in. long. Spikelets
solitary, up to } by } in., dull chestnut-coloured. Glumes ovate,
acuminate, acute mucronate; otherwise as F. longiculmis (or large
F. ferruginea).
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 623!
This species is very near F. spadicea, Vahl, a native of Tropical America, from
which it mainly differs in the glumes being conspicuously acuminate.
10. F. exilis, Roem. d: Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 98. Annual, hairy ,
Stems tufted, 4-16 in. long, rather slender, usually with patent hairs
scattered through their whole length, but sometimes nearly glabrous.
Leaves 4—} the length of the stem, up to 1, in. broad, hairy or glabrate,
sheaths always hairy. Umbel of 3-14 pedicelled spikelets; bracts 4-3,
about as long as the umbel. Spikelets }-} by } in., 10—12-flowered,
pale ferruginous usually much tinged with chestnut. Glumes ovate,
acute, pubescent ; keel green, excurrent into a mucro. Stamens 3-2.
Style rather shorter than the nut, nearly glabrous; branches 3; base
dilated, subpyramidal, horizontally truncate, with a constriction above
the nut. Nut rather large, often } the length of the glume, trigonous
or triquetrous, obovoid or narrowed much at the base so as to be pytl
form, transversely wrinkled, smooth or obscurely tubercled, passing from
white to pale brown.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi.
Afr. v. 604 partly, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 31, and in Dyer,
Fl. Cap. vii. 201; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 301; Durand
& De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 89; Urban,
Symb. Antill. ii. 80; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 123. /. his-
pidula, Kunth, Enum. ii. 227; Benth. in Hook. Niger FI. 554; Boeck.
in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 545, in Linnea, xxxvii. 27, in Flora, 1879,
564, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 17; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.
216; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 168; Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 152; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 124.
F, rivularis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 109. F. vestita, Steud. Syn. Pl.
Glum. ii. 112. F. Hildebrandtii, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. 11.155; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125. Scirpus hispr
dulus, Vahl, Enum. ii, 276; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 31. _S. Hilde
brandtii, Boeck. in Flora, 1875, 263. S. granulato-hirtellus, Boeck. 1»
Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb, xxxi. 179. Jsolepis Perrottetit and J. con-
socialis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 318. J. pubiculmis, Hochst. ex
C. B, Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 605. Trichelostylis
sp., T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 654. 7’. pilosula, Nees ex Boe -
in Linnea, xxxvii. 28. 7’. schimperiana, Hochst. ex Boeck. in Linnea,
XXXVil. 28,
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Sieber, 4! 102! Roger, 114! Perrottet, 311!
Fimbristylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 418
831! 832! 836! Upper Senegal, ZLécard, 92! 105! Senegambia: Galam,
Heudelot, 330! 388! Cape Verd, St. Hilaire! Sierra Leone, Afzelius! Scott-
Elliot, 5181! Liberia; Grand Bassa, Ansell! Pandiaki, Ansell! _ Dahomey ;
Newton, 6! 33! Bornu, Vogel, 22! Lagos, Millen, 105! Niger Territory :
Nupe, Baikie! Barter, 1576! Lokaja district, Richardson, 5! Lower Niger;
Aboh, Barter, 356! Attah, Vogel, 91! Cameroons: Cameroon River, Wann,
778! Batanga, Bates, 105! Yaunde, Zenker & Staudt, 554! Zenker, 1504!
Wile Land. Kordofan, Pfund, 28! 638! Kotschy, 15! Darfur, Pfund,
605! 639! Galabat, Schweinfurth, 2030! 2031! 2032! Abyssinia, Schimper,
232! 363! 846 partly! 1318! 1590! 2165! Hildebrandt, 356! Quartin-
Dillon, 125! Somaliland, Mrs. Lort-Phillips! Nile Sources, Sabatier! British
East Africa: Kitch; Ador, Petherick! Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2122!
Ruwenzori, Scott-Elliot, 7624! Uganda, Scott-Elliot, 7388! Mount Kenia,
Gregory, 87! Ukamba, Hildebrandt, 2655 partly’! Machakos, Scott-Elliot,
6383! Ongalea Mountains, Gregory, 14! Tani, Gregory, 97! Mombasa,
Boivin! Hildebrandt, 2023!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Smith! Hens, 13! Kisantu, Gillet, 588!
Angola; Welwitsch, 6826! 6984! 70128! 7152! 7161! Loanda, Welwitsch, 6983 !
6985! 6986! 6996! 6998B! and 6998c! Pungo Andongo, Welwitsch, 6822!
6823! 6831! 6833! 6998! Huilla, Welwitsch, 6946! 6953! 6954! 6956!
6957! Ambriz, Welwitsch, 7001! Amboland; Schinz, 372!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1059! 1200! 7059! German
East Africa : Usambara; Tanga, Holst, 2006! 2080! Ambeni, Holst, 2743!
Unyamwezi ; Mininga, Speke & Grant, 166! Portuguese East Africa: Mozam-
bique, Peters! Kirkson ! Kongoni River, Kirk / Lower Zambesi, between
Lupata and Tete, Kirk / Shupanga, Kirk / British Central Africa: Boruma,
Menyharth, 5554 partly! 55583! 660! 664! Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Scott-Elliot, 8573! Buchanan, 43! and without precise locality, Buchinan,
462! 1194! Ngamiland; between Koobie (Kobis) and North Shaw Valley,
Baines ! Kwebe, Lugard, 164!
Also common in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Rare in Tropical
America,
_ This is one of the commonest Cyperaceae of Tropical Africa; and varies greatly
%™ size, development, hairiness, and colour of glumes. The ordinary hairy form
4s also frequently put with various species of Bultostylis. The present (and 2
following) species, while approaching Bulbostylis in habit, show no approaci to the
Style-base of Bulbostylis.
Var. oligostachya, C. B. Clarke. Small and weak, hairy or glabrate. Stems 1-4 in.
Ing, bearing 1 or 2 spikelets only. Nut obovoid, subsessile, hardly 4 the size of the
nut of typical F. exilis ; style deciduous, carrying the style-base with it, so that no
discoloured button is left behind on the nut, :
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Adowa, Schimper, 299 partly! Somaliland;
Abdallah, Keller, 83! 89! Thuja Steppe, Keller, 86! Ogaden Steppe, Keller, 91!
Warandab, Keller, 96!
ll. F. Hansii, C. B. Clarke. Nut rather small, pallid, smooth,
hot transversely wavy ; otherwise as /. exilis.—F. ewilis, var. levinux,
€. B. Clarke in Darand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 605; Durand
«& Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, i. 302.
Lower Guinea. Loango; Soyzux, 151! Lower Congo: Stanley Pool and
Lutete, Hens, 62! 67! 74! 75! 239! Demeuse !
South Central. Cungo Free State: Bolongo Cataracts, Luja, 134!
420 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Fimbristylis.
As throughout the Order Cyperaceae, the apparently transverse wrinkles or
wavy lines on the nut of F. evilis, ure due to the longitudinally oblong superficial
cells, the ends of which (by a thickening at their junction) give the appearance of
transverse wrinkles. #, Hensii shows none such ; because the superficial cells are
nearly quadrate.
12. F. cioniana, ?. Savi in Memor. Valdarn. iii. (1842) 98, with a
Jigure. Umbel rather dense, of 10-25 spikelets, Spikelets }—} in. long,
pale ferruginous. Points of the glumes rather long, suberect. Nut small,
yellowish, with transverse wavy lines; otherwise as J. eailis.—Parl. FI.
Ital. ii. 74; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 602;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 299. F. lioniana, Steud. Syn.
Pl. Glum. ii. 112. F. hispidula, var. cioniana, Boeck. in Linnea,
XXXVIi. 28.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Aboh, Barter, 132! Nupe, Barter, 127!
1211!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2122:
partly !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete and Lukungu, Hens, 36! 185! 303!
Stanley Pool, Demeuse, 155! Luja, 70!
South Central. Congo Free State: Lusambo, on the River Sankuru,
Duchesne.
Also in rice-fields in Italy.
13. F. tenera, Roem. d: Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. Mant. 57. Annual,
glabrous, except the glumes. Stem slender, 8 in. long. Leaves § the
length of the stem, zo- 7s in. broad. Umbel loose, subcompound, of
7-10 solitary spikelets; bracts 2-3, setaceous, shorter than the umbel.
Spikelets ellipsoid-lanceolate, nearly } in. long, 51, in. broad, 10-flowered.
Glumes ovate, acuminate, submucronate, boat-shaped, adpressed,
glandular-puberulous, chestnut-red, keel yellow, margins conspicuously
searious. Style 3-fid, longer than the nut, deciduous together with its
pyramidal base, glabrous. Nut hardly } the length of the glume,
obovoid, round-trigonous, white or pallid, coarsely reticulate, smooth or
sometimes subtubercled.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 245; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvii. 26; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 642, and in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 610. F. muriculata, Benth. in
Hook. Niger Fl. 554. F. muricata, Walp. Ann. iii. 688. 7. murt-
catula, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 113.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Leprieur! Edge of the Sahara, Heudelot,
324! Gold Coast: Accra, Don /
The typical F. tenera has only been seen from West Tropical Africa. The
varieties 8 oxylepis (F. orylepis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum, ii. 110) and y obfwne
C, B. Clarke (in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind, vi. 642), are not rare in India am
Malaya.
14. F. schweinfurthiana, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 565. Annual,
glabrous, Stems tufted, 8-12 in. long, slender ; basal sheaths fimbriat’,
fuscous, Leaf on the uppermost sheath 4 the length of the stem, go1=
Fimbristylis. | CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 421
in. broad. Umbel loose, subcompound, of 2-9 spikelets; bracts 2-3,
3 in. long. Spikelets } by 4 in., rather dense, dull brown. Glumes
ovate, obtuse, sometimes minutely apiculate. Style shorter than the
nut, nearly glabrous, deciduous together with the small pyramidal base;
branches 3, long. Nut less than } the length of the glume, obovoid,
smooth or nearly so, brown.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 609.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1824!
Var. angustior, C. B. Clarke. Slender. Stems and leaves conspicuously dotted.
Umbel simple, depauperated. Nut somewhat tubercled.
Upper Guinea. Soudan, Lécard, 111!
15, F. miliacea, Vahl, Enum. ii. 287. A glabrous annual. Stems
8-24 in. long, tufted, often flattened at the base with apparently
distichous leaves, at the top with 4-5 equal angles. Leaves usually
4 the length of the stem, sometimes overtopping the stem, sometimes 0,
aarrowly linear. Umbel compound, often 6 in. in diam., with 60-100
solitary spikelets; bracts about 1 in. long. Spikelets ;4; in. in diam.,
globose or short-cylindric, obtuse. Style 3-fid. Nut less than $ the
length of the glume, obovoid, with delicate transverse bars in vertical
Series, straw-coloured or pale brown, smooth or more or less tubercled.
—Kunth, Enum. ii. 230; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 43; C. B. Clarke in
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 644, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. v. 607; K. Schum, in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 124; Urban, Symb.
Antill. ii, 81. Scirpus miliaceus, Thunb. Fl. Japon. 37, not of
Linn, Scirpus sp. n. 77, Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 57, t. 5, tig. 2.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 212! 327! 389!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Boivin /
Common in the Mascarene Islands and throughout all tropical and subtropical
areas, except Africa, whence only the above collections have been seen.
16. F. quinquangularis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 229, Spikelets 4-5 by
To in., ellipsoid-lanceolate, and 6—15-flowered ; otherwise as /’. miliacea.
—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 42; CO. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. vi. 644, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 609. Scirpus
quinquangularis, Vahl, Enum. ii. 279.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Falaba, Scott-Elliot, 5166!
Lower Guinea. Congo Free State: Lower Congo ; Kisantu, Gillet !
Also in Mauritius, India, South-East Asia, Queensland, Guiana. A rice-tield
le indigenous perhaps in India, occasionally collected in nearly all parts of the
world,
__ 17. F. subaphylla, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 565. Glabrous. Stems
12-16 in. long, approximate on a very short woody rhizome, at the top
4-angular and more or less flattened. Leaves usually $ in., sometimes
Up to 2 in., long. Umbel 2-4 in. in diam., with 30-60 spikelets ; bracts
2-3, less than 1 in. long. Spikelets } by zis in., 5-1 4-flowered, cinna-
Mon-brown. Style longer than the nut, glabrous, deciduous together
422 CLYI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Fimbristylis.
with its small style-base; branches 3. Nut hardly } the length of the
glume, obovoid, white or yellowish, smooth or verrucose, but hardly
transversely trabeculate—K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 124;
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 610.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Gazelle River, Schweinfurth, 1144! 1155!
1236!
Examples of F. miliacea and F. quinqguangularis occur with very short leaves;
the present plant differs from both by the outer cells of the nut being very shortly
elliptic (almost round) so that the nut does not appear marked by series of
bars.
18. F. scabrida, Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 32. Glabrous or
very nearly so. Stems 12-16 in. long, tufted, thickened at the base by
the black torn leaf-sheaths, at the top obscurely compressed, sometimes
scabrous, sometimes quite smooth. Leaves }$ the length of the stem,
up to }-} in. broad. Umbel simple, 2-6 in. in diam., with 12-40
spikelets ; bracts 3-4, short, sometimes up to 1-1} in. long. Spikelets
+ by 4 in,, ellipsoid, 4-12-flowered, pale chestnut-marked. Glumes
ovate, acute, mucronate. Style nearly as long as the nut, glabrous,
deciduous with the narrow-pyramidal base ; branches 3 (or 2 occasionally
seen in the upper part of the spikelet). Nut less than } the length of
the glume, obovoid, straw-yellow, verrucose, not (or obscurely) traps-
versely barred.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 609; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 303. /. Barteri and
F. mucronata, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 33, 41.
Upper Guinea. Upper Senegal, Lécard, 120! Guinea, Thonning! Lagos:
bara Road, Lagos Government 50! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1578!
South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; at the River Welle, Sehwein-
furth, 3517!
19. F. complanata, Link, Hort. Berol. i. 292. Glabrous. Stems
8—24 in. long, at the top quadrangular and much flattened, i.e. usually
with 2 sharp edges and a rib on each of the flat faces. Leaves usually
3—8 in. long, {—+ in. broad, suddenly narrowed at the tip. Umbel up
to 4-5 in. in diam., with 180 spikelets, commonly with 30-70 spikelets,
also small examples with 12—30 spikelets are not rare; bracts 2, —
erect, usually 1—2 in. long, similar to the leaves and similarly suddenly
narrowed at the top. Spikelets } by ,1, in., brown or chestnut-coloured.
Glumes ovate, obtuse or acute. Style as long as the nut, glabrous,
deciduous together with the pyramidal style-base ; branches 3. Nut
very small, hardly } the length of the glume, obovoid, straw-coloured ;
outermost cells short-elliptic and transverse, but the nut hardly striate
or transversely barred.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 228; A. Rich. Tent.
Abyss. ii. 505; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii, 150; ©. *
Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 646, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect-
Fl. Afr. v. 602, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 202; K. Schum. in Engl-
Pfl. Ost-Afr. v. 124; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, }. SOv
Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 81; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 12%
Fimbristylis. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 423
F. autumnalis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 38. Scirpus complanatus,
Retz. Obs. v. 14.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: by the stream Mai Fra, near Adowa, Schimper, 148 !
858! around Assai, Quartin-Dillon !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, Demeuse, 145! Angola: Purgo
Andongo; banks of streams near Luxillo, Welwitsch, 6835! Huilla; near Eme,
Welwitsch, 6971!
The typical form of this species is common in nearly all tropical and subtropical
areas; but the varieties, subspecies, and allied species of this are numerous, aud
variously arranged by authors.
20. F. obtusifolia, Kunth, Enum. ii. 240. Glabrous. Stems
4-16 in. long. Leaves 2-8 by 11 in., very rigid, in the dried state
concayo-convex, suddenly narrowed at the top. Umbel compound, the
spikelets generally in capitate clusters (2-5 together) on the ultimate rays,
but the umbel is not rarely very close or appearing as one dense head ;
bracts 3-2, lowest 3-21 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets 4 in.
long, ellipsoid, dense. Glumes ovate, obtuse. Style nearly as long as
the nut, glabrous, deciduous together with the pyramidal style-base ;
branches 3, at least in the lower flowers. Nut hardly 2 the length of
the glume, obovoid, trigonous, dark-coloured, not longitudinally ribbed.
—Benth. in Hook. Niger FI. 554; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 608, in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 203; Durand & Schinz,
Etudes FI. Congo, i. 303; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii, 82; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 123. F. glomerata, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii.
47 partly ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 51 ; K. Schum.
in Engl. Pl. Ost-Afr. C. 124 (not Scirpus glomeratus, Retz.). F. rigidula,
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 150, not of Nees. Sewrpus
obtusifolivs, Lam. Ill. i. 141 ; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 30. Isolepis
obtusifolia, Beauv. Fl. Owar. ii. 38, t. 81, fig. 1. Trichelostylis obtusi-
olia, Nees in Linnea, ix. 290.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger! Heudelot, 450! Senegambia, Lepeseyy 7
Guinea, Thonning, 376! Sierra Leone, Afzelius/ Liberia: Grand Bas-a, Vogel, 70!
Niger Territory: Oware, Beauvois / Nun River, Vogel, 34! Mann, 532! :
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Smith! Angola: Loanda ; seashore of
Baia da Zamba Grande, Welwitsch, 6993 !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk! Baron! German East Africa: Usaramo ;
Dar-es-Salaam, Kuntze, 209! Usambara; Muoa, Holst, 3036! Rovuma Buy, Kirk:
Portuguese East Africa : Zambesi Delta; Kongoni River, Kirk /
Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Isles and T ropical America.
21. F. oligostachys, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 505.
Glabrous or very nearly so. Stems annual, slender, tufted , 2-5 in. long.
Leaves 3 the length of the stem, slender, weak. Spikelets 1—4 on each
Stem, in one head or nearly so, chestnut or purple-black, } in. bah ae”
Owered ; bracts 2, lower 4-1} in. long, as though a cortinuation o
the stem. Glumes spiral or obscurely distichous, nearly glabrous,
apiculate, Style longer than the nnt nearly glabreus, deciduous
424 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Fimbristylis.
together with the pyramidal style-base; branches 3. Nut 2 the length
of the glume, obovoid, trigonous, transversely wavy, yellow-brown.—
F. purpureo-ctra, Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 149; Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 609. #. extlis, Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 604 partly. Scirpus purpureo-ater, Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvili. 879.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: near Jomara, Schimper, 1268! Begemeder, Schimper
1251!
Also in Socotra.
This may be acepauperated state of F.ewilis, as see J. B. Balfour in Trans. Roy.
Soc. Edin. xxxi. 307. It differs mainly by the absence of the needle-like white hairs,
abundant in F. exilis.
22. F. monostachya, Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 61. Glabrous. Stems
tufted, 2-16 in. long, slender. Leaves } the length of the stem, psi
in. broad. Spikelet on each stem 1 (rarely 2~3), } by 4 in. and few-
flowered, or larger (in fruit up to 1 in. long) and many-flowered,
yreenish-white or yellowish. Glumes ovate, mucronate, much keeled,
lower distichous, upper spiral. Style longer than the nut, hairy,
deciduous together with the pyramidal style-base; branches 3. Nut
rather large, less than $ the length of the glume, trigonous, pyriform-
ebovoid, straw-coloured or pale brown, more or less tubercled.—Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 149; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl.
Brit. Ind. vi. 649, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 607, and
in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 203; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 124;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 302; Urban, Symb. Antill. 1.
83; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 122. Cyperus monostachyos,
Linn. Mant. 180; Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 18, t. 13, fig. 3. Abildgaardia
monostachya, Vahl, Enum. ii. 296; Kunth, Enum. ii. 247; Benth. in
Hook. Niger Fl. 554; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 53; T. Thoms. 10
Speke, Nile, Append. 654; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 169, t.
an fig. A (which does not show well the much-contracted base of the
nut).
Nile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam; Nganye, Schweinfurth, 3962!
Unyoro, Speke §& Grant! Ruwenzori, 6000 ft., Scott-Eliiot, 6808! Mvunt Kenia,
Gregory, 87! Ukamba, 4000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 2355! Mombusa, Taylor !
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Don! Angola: Huilla; between
Monino and Eme, Welwitsch, 6839!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Boivin!
In nearly all tropical and warm-temperate areas.
23. F. tristachya, Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 434, not of F. wile
nor of Nees. Stems 16—28 in. long, with 2-5 (rarely 1) distinct spikelets
usually nearly 1 in. long. Nut large, finally black; otherwise a8
F. monostachya.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 649, and
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 610. F. triflora, K. Schum. 1p
Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 124. Cyperus triflorus, Linn. Mant. 180.
Abildgaardiu tristachya, Vahl, Enum. ii. 297; Kunth, Enum. u. 248;
Fimbristylis. | CLVI, CYPERACE& (CLARKE). 425
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 54. A. lanceolata, Schumach. Beskr. Guin,
Pl. 33.
Upper Guinea. Guinea, Thonning, 348!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Boivin! Kuntze, 207! German East A‘rica:
Mafia Island, Frere ! Zanguebar, Kirk! Usambara; Doda, Holst, 2934! Rovuma
Bay, Kirk!) Rovuma River, Kirk’ Portuguese East Africa: Zambesi Delta;
Kongoni River, Kirk /
Also in South India and Ceylon.
IY monostachya, Hassk., is usually much sleuderer (and with smaller spikelets)
than the present plant; but large examples of F. monostachya 1 cau only dis-
tinguish by the pale nut.
24. F. africana, Durand d: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 601.
Thinly hairy, nearly all over. Stems 12-20 in. long. Leaves }-4 the
length of the stem, }-4 in. broad. Spikelets 3-10 on each stem, capitate,
¢ in. long, brown; bracts 2-3, short (up to 24 in. long occasionally),
setaceous, at the-base often ciliate-woolly. Glumes ovate, boat-shaped,
submucronate, lower subdistichous, upper spiral. Style long, woolly, not
separating from the subcuboid style-base; branches 3, linear. Nut 4
the length of the glume, obovoid, much narrowed at the base, obtusely
trigonous, transversely wavy or wrinkled, straw-coloured or brownish.
—f. pilosa, K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 124, not of Vahl.
Schenus ptlosus, Willd. Phyt. i. 3, t. 1, fig. 3; Vahl, Enum. ii. 208 ;
Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 29. 4 bildgaardia pilosa, Nees in Linnea,
1x, 289; Kunth, Enum. ii. 248 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger FI. 554; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvii. 52; T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 654 ; Oliver
in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxix. 169, t. 109, fig. B, and ser. 2, Bot. il. 353.
Upper Guinea. Guinea, Thonning! Hart! Gold Coast: Afrem Plains,
Johnson, 726! Accra, Don! Dahomey, Newton, 5! 31! 32! Lagos: Lagos
Government, 37! Niger Territory: Niger River, Vogel! Nupe, Barter, 491!
Onitsa, Barter, 1762!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Kilimanjaro Expedition, 40-60 miles from
the coa-t, Johnston! Mombasa, Boivin / Taylor!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor / German East Africa : Usambara; Muoa,
Holst, 3051! Unyamwezi; near Kaseh (Tabora), Speke & Grant! Gonda, Boehm,
170! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Manganja Hills, Meller! Waller!
ischsond ! Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 57! Scott-Elliot, 8458! Mount Malosa,
4900-6000 ft., Whyte ! Zomba Plains, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte /
Imperfectly known species.
25. F. falcifolia, Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxvii. 25. Pale green,
glabrous. Roots fibrous, very slender. Stems several, tufted, setaceous,
“4 in. long, obsoletely 5-angular, slightly compressed, furrowed,
Smooth. Leaves few, 3-2 in. long, falcate (dry and flexuose), somewhat
"gid, linear, half a line wide, narrowed towards the top, acute, flattish,
minutely punctate, margins slenderly serrulate ; sheaths short, margined
«, % hyaline membrane, obliquely truncate at the mouth. Umbel
half-eompound,” 5~7-rayed ; bracts 3-4, lower narrow-linear, scarcely
426 CLVI, CYPERACEA (CLARKE). | Fimbristyhis.
3 shorter than the umbel; rays spreading, capillary, angular, scabrous
on the angles, the longer about 1 in., with 2 or 3 branches. Spikelets
oblong-lanceolate, acute, ‘terete subangular,” 18—10-flowered, 3-2}
lin. long. Glumes in several ranks, rigid, rather close together,
adpressed, broad-ovate, boat-shaped, obtuse or very shortly mucronate,
keel green, 1-nerved, sides smooth, rusty straw-coloured, margins white,
hyaline. Nut small, by more than one-half shorter than the glume,
obovate, trigonous, the angles marked by a prominent line, with a
small boss, cancellate, pale straw-coloured. Style but little exserted,.
shortly 3-fid.
Wile Land. (ialabat : region of Matamma, Schweinfurth (ex Boeckeler).
The cover of this species in the Berlin Herbarium was found empty so that the
plant has probably been removed to some known species,
26. F. oligostachya, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125.
Tufted ; roots fibrous, very slender. Stems erect, 2—1 in. long, capillary,
4-angled. Leaves shorter than the stem, capillary. Spikelets 5-1,
capitate, oblong-ovoid, obtuse, 12—8-flowered, 2-14 lin. long. Bracts 2;
the lower overtopping the spikelets. Glumes membranous, 3-ranked,
at length spreading, ovate, acute, boat-shaped, hairy, pale rust-coloured,.
sometimes chestnut-wavy-marbled near the prominent obsoletely
3-nerved keel ; margins subciliate. Nut very small, half the length of
the glume, obovate, attenuate close to the base, triangular, transversely
coarsely wrinkled, longitudinally striate, chestnut-coloured, shining >
the tubercle minute, depressed, concolorous. Style very slender, shortly
exserted, 3-fid.— 7’. minima, Hochst. ex Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 744.
Scirpus oligostachyus, Boeck. 1.c. 743.
Nile Land. Abyssinia, ex Boeckeler § K. Schumann.
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, ex K. Schumann.
F. oligostachys, Hochst. (nu. 21 above) was founded on Schimper ». 1268 >
K. Schumann says expressly that the present plant is not that, and places it in his.
section Bulbostylis, to which, from Boeckeler’s description, it may belong.
27. FP. setifolia, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 507. Perennial,
stoutly tufted. Stem erect, slender, 1 ft. long, striate, very seabrous..
Leaves linear, convolute, setaceous, scabrid, ciliate, shorter than the
stem. Spikes 5—6, subsessile, agglomerate, terminal ; bracts 0. Glumes
imbricate on all sides, oval, obtuse, subfimbriate on the edges, purple,
on the back 1-nerved and subscabrid. Stigmas 3. Immature nut
triquetrous.
Mile Land. Abyssinia: Wojerat district; in the mountains, Petit (ex
A, Richard).
A. Richard adds that the species is very close to F. oligestachys, but 1s —_
larger than it and with more numerons leaves. I refrain from hazarding any gv
from the description, whica (with all its detai') contains nothing to show oe
genus the plant belongs.
28. F. thonningiana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 399. aig
tufted. Root fibrous, slender. Stem filiform, furrowed, ang¥ me
Fimbristylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 427
puberulous and scabrid, 14 in. high, with many leaves at the base.
Leaves close together, rigid, falcate, spreading, linear, flat, obtuse, sheaths
very short, edges subciliate at the base scabrous above, 5-4 in. bv
1-1} line. Umbel decompound, 12-rayed ; bracts 2, scarcely 1 in. long ;
rays spreading, very unequal, setaceous, compressed subangular, sub-
puberulous scabrous, the outer 2-1 in. long, with 8 secondary rays, the
iner 3-4 lin. long with 1 spikelet ; secondary rays capillary, unequal,
exterior with 3 spikelets, the rest with 1 spikelet ; bracts to secondary
umbels 2, setaceous, short. Spikelets in fruit ovate-lanceolate, acute,
terete, 8—6-flowered, 2 lin. long. Glumes rigid, sub-4-ranked, spreading
at the tip, round-ovate, obtuse, strongly and obtusely keeled, nerveless,
longish mucronate, on the disc rust-coloured or fuscous, towards the
edge paler, shining, the 2 lowest empty, smaller, round, long-mucronate.
Nut small, 4 the length of the glume, round-obovate, but little narrowed
at the base, at the top obtuse, bare, trigonous, densely sprinkled over
by granules carrying pores, snow-white, pearly-glistening. Style short
and slender, conically thickened at the base; etigmas 3 or 2, exserted.
Stamens 1-3. :
Upper Guinea. Guinea, Thonning (ex Boeckeler).
Boeckeler adds that he formerly referred this species to F. seaberrima, but that
he now regards it as near F. muricatula. 1t is doubtless some remarkable plant both
from the nut being thickly clothed by poriferous granules and from the style-branches.
being 3 or 2.
10. BULBOSTYLIS, Kunth, Enum. it. 205.
Spikelet of many spirally imbricate glumes, lowest 1 or 2 empty, many
or several succeeding glumes 2-sexual and perfecting nuts, uppermost
male or sterile. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stamens 3-2, anterior. Style
glabrous, linear, deciduous leaving its enlarged base as a dark-coloured
button on the nut ; branches 3 (2 in B. striatella), linear. Nut obovoid
(sometimes narrowly so), very obtuse or truncate, pallid till quite ripe.—
Stolons 0; rhizome 0 or very short. Stems slender. Leaves all near the
base of the stem, very narrow (nearly always setaceous or capillary) often
hairy ; leaf-sheaths generally with needle-like white hairs in the throat.
nflorescence a terminal umbel, simple or compound, or reduced to a
head or 1 spikelet. Flower-glumes nearly always pubescent on the
oak Fimbristylis, Sect. Oncostylis, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii.
Species 74, in the tropics or warmer regions of the world, especially in Africa
and America where one species extends north to Canada.
*Style 2-fid. Stem slender, with 1 spikelet
**Style 3-fid. Stem slender, with 1 spikelet.
Nut transversely wavy.
Spikelet 3 in. long, with numerous nuts .
Spikelet 2 in. long, with nuts only in the basal
Half: f : ; ; 5
Nut smooth; spikelet 34 in., oblong-ellipsoid,
obtuse : . : - :
1. B. striatella,
2. B. festucoides,
4. B. spherocarpus.
3. B. zambesica.
428 CLVI, CYPERACE# (CLARKE).
***Style 3-fid.
in South African examples of B. cinnamomea).
Stem glabrous at the top; sometimes scabrous or
obscurely hairy in B. collinaand B. laniceps.
Nut without longitudinal ribs or transversely
wavy lines.
Spikelets usually 51
ina head.
Spikelets acute, minutely pubescent.
, in. broad or more, 3-20
Nut broadly obovoid . 5. B. barbata.
Nut narrowly obovoid. : . ll. B. cardiocarpa.
Spikelets obtuse, with some ee “white :
hairs : . 8. B. collina.
Spikelets scarcely ;4, in. ne oad, numerous,
very closely packed : . 10. B. laniceps.
Nut with transverse (often very minute) wavy
lines; outermost cells longitudinally
oblong.
Stem 2-4 in. long with 2-1 spikelets 6. B. rarissima.
Stem 18-24 in. Jong; spikelets 3 in. Jong 7. B. cinnamomea.
Stem 24-32 in. long; spikelets # in. long 16: 26. aphyllanthoides.
Nut longitudinally striate, horizontally tra-
beculate; outermost cells transversely :
oblong . . 15. B. schimpervana.
Stem minutely hairy at the top (see also Bet ee
and B. laniceps above).
Bracts hardly longer than the head, suberect ;
plants sparsely hairy.
Spikelets +3 Me long, numerous 9. B. filamentosa.
Spikelets 4-3 in. long, usually 3-6 in a | head.
Leaves setaceous.
Spikelets acute 12. B. erratica,
Spikelets obtuse . 13. B. atrosanguinea.
Leaves very narrowly linear 14. B. scleropus.
Bracts conspicuous, spreading, green; whole :
plant hairy _ 17. B. Buchanan.
****Style 3-fid. Heads of spikelets umbelled (cf. also 7. B. cinnamomea)-
tiough stems with one head only are not rare,
Rhizome woody; ut transy eel wavy, not
striate lengthwise s _ 18. B. Zeyher.
Annual, slender ; nut striate ‘Netigthwind; sid
transversely barred . 19. B. trabeculata.
“*****Style 3-fid.
Spikelets more than 4
Spikelet 1, rarely ae
the throat
Spikelets 3-5;
throat :
Spikelets less than Li in, loug (ofly a few attaining
even 4 in. long).
Nut trabeculate, slenderly and obscurely striate
lengthwise
Nut smooth, more or less transversely wavy, or
obscurely reticulate or dotted.
in. long.
leaf-sheaths bearded in
. 34. B.
leaf-sheaths glabrous in the
ropa hn dry.
| Bulbostylis,
Stem with 1 head of spikelets only (heads occasionally umbelled
Spikelets Apia all (or most) pedicelled, not clustered.
macra.
E8302 B: megastachys-
Johnstont.
Bulbostylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE).
Stems hairy, at least at the top close under
the umnbel.
Stem with longish scattered needle-like
hairs often over its whole length.
Stem filiform, 1-4 in. long, with 1-2
spikelets : : ° 626;
Stem 4~12 in. long, with 3-6 spikelets 31.
Stem nearly glabrous except for minute
hispid hairs under the umbel,
Spikelets ellipsoid or oblong; umbel
congested. : : : 5 Alle
Spikelets ovoid, less than twice as long
as broad.
Leaves 3 as long as the stem ; umbel
of many spikelets . : 5 Pash
Leaves none or very short; umbel
of 1-4 spikelets : : 5 Ore
Stems glabrous even at the very top under
the umbel.
Spikelets ellipsoid, about twice as long as
broad.
Spikelets 1-2 in. long.
Nut pallid, smooth or with faint
transverse wavy lines.
Spikelets none clustered.
Leaves setaceous, straight 220:
Leaves filiform, flexuose . DUE
Spikelets some clustered : . 30.
Nut black, strongly wavy trans-
versely . : : :
Spikelets 4 in. long; nut pyriform,
bo
or
almost stalked .. : ~ 24,
Spikelets + in. long.
Rhizome hardly any; or annuals.
Spikelets numerous, pale-brown . 23.
Spikelets 3-6, chestnut-brown . 31.
Rhizome horizontal, short.
Leaves 4 the length of the stem . 36.
Leaves short, often hardly any. 37,
Spikelets ovoid, less than twive as long
as broad, chestaut-red.
Spikelets several ; nut pyriform . 5 ERE
Spikelets 1 (or 2); nut unknown . oo.
Spikelets cylindric, thrice as long as broad 33.
B. filiformis.
B. andongensis.
B. puberula.
B. coleotricha.
B. transiens.
B. capillaris.
B. abortiva.
B. parva.
. B. pusilla.
B. argenteobrunea.
B. Burchellii.
B. andongensis,
var. B.
B. oritrephes.
B. trichobasis.
P. Taylori.
B. melanocephala,
B. cylindrica.
1. B. striatella, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
Vv. 616. A tufted annual. Stem 2-7 in. long, glabrous, with 1 or 2
Spikelets. Leaves about as long as the stem, setaceous, minutely hairy.
Bract longer or shorter than the spikelet. Spikelets } by 4 in., subsquar-
Tose ; sessile spikelets at the base of the stem are not rarely added. Glumes
elliptic-acuminate, mucronate, glabrous ; keel 1~3-nerved, green, sides
rruginous. Style 2-fid. Nut 4 the length of the glume, obovoid,
430 CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Bulbostylis.
flattened on the anterior face, biconvex, pale brown, minutely striate
lengthwise.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 205. Jsolepis humillima,
Hochst. ex C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect, Fl. Afr. v. 616.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Memsa (Memsach ?), Quartin-Dillon ; and without
precise locality, Schimper, 355!
Also in South Africa,
2. B. festucoides, Awnth, Enum. ii. 207, cf. 205. A tufted
annual. Stem 2-8 in. long, striate, glabrous or minutely hairy, with
one spikelet. Leaves } the length of the stem, setaceous, glabrous or
minutely hairy; sheaths hairy, with long white hairs in the mouth.
Spikelet } by 3, in., brown; bract suberect, shorter or longer than the
spikelet. Glumes in many spirals, ovate, acuminate, submucronate,
nearly glabrous ; keel green, sub-3-nerved. Style rather shorter than
the nut; branches 3, long. Nut 4-} the length of the glume;
obovoid, trigonous, pallid, transversely wavy; style-base persistent as
a button on the nut, red-brown.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 613. Scirpus festucoides, Poir. in Lam, Encycl.
vi. 752; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 743. Jsolepis festucoides, Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 100.
Upper Guinea. French Guinea: Sulimania; Erimakuna, Scott-Ellist,
5244!
Frequent in the Mascarene Islands,
Scott-Elliot’s plant has a smaller spikelet, but larger more wavy nut than the
Mascarene material,
3. B. zambesica, (. B. Clarke in Durand d&: Schinz, Conspect. Fil.
Afr. v.616. Tufts very dense, hard with wiry roots. Stem 4—6 in. long,
setaceous, minutely scabrous hairy, with one spikelet. Leaves $ the length
of the stem, capillary, scabrous hairy ; sheaths with white hairs n the
mouth. Spikelet } by 2 in., oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse, dusky brown. Lowest
glume mucronate, but little longer than the fertile glumes; glumes
ovate, at the tip triangular and subobtuse, hairy ; keel green, 3-nerved.
Style as long as the nut; branches 3, long. Nut less than } the
length of the glume, obovoid, trigonous, pallid, smooth ; persistent style-
base dark-red.—Fimbristylis sambesica, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-
Afr. ©, 125.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Sochi, 3000 ft.»
Kirk ! Kampala, Scott-Elliot, 8464! between Blantyre aud Matope, Scott!
4. B. spherocarpus, “. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect.
rl. Afr. v. 616. A tufted annual. Stem 2-5 in. long, glabrous, wit
one spikelet. Leaves 3 the length of the stem, capillary, most minutely
hairy ; sheaths obscurely bearded in the mouth. Spikelet } by re ert
bearing a few nuts at the base, lanceolate and male above ; bract 4 2
long, setaceous; basal (i.e. stemless) spikelets are often added. Fertile
glumes ovate, acuminate, rust-coloured, scabrous-hairy. Style nearly
as long as nut; branches 3. Nut less than } the length of the glume,
obovoid, trigonous, smooth, straw-coloured, transversely wavy ; style
Bulbostylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 431
base left on the nut, dusky-black.—Scirpus spherocarpus, Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 741. 8. nindensis, Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii, 27. Fimbristylis spherocarpa, K. Schum. in
Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125.
Nile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2046! 2047!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Amboella; at Ninda, Serpa Pinto (ex Ficalho &
Hiern).
o. B. barbata, Awnth, Enum. ii. 208, cf. 205. A densely tufted
annual. Stems 1-10 in. long, very slender, at the top trigonous and
glabrous. Leaves 4 the length of the stems, setaceous, nearly glabrous;
sheaths more or less hairy, with long white hairs in their throats.
Spikelets 3-12, sessile in one head, }-} in. in diam., from ferruginous
to dark brown, 4-+ in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3—15-flowered ;
bracts 3, setaceous, short or much longer than the head. Glumes rather
distant on the rhachilla, boat-shaped, ovate-lanceolate, with a small
subrecurved mucro, more or less pubescent. Stamens 2-1; anthers
oblong, muticous, Style as long as the nut; branches 3; style-base
left as a red or black button on the pallid nut. Nut 4 the length of
the glume, trigonous, obovoid, almost truncate, smooth, without longi-
tudinal ribs or transverse wavy lines.—O. B. Clarke in Hook. f. FI.
Brit. Ind. vi. 651, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 611;
Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 304. B. Willdenowii, Kunth,
Enum. ii. 210, cf. 205. Scirpus barbatus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 52, t. 17,
fig. 4; Boeck, in Linnea, xxxvi. 751, excl. var. 3. S. antarcticus, Thunb.
Fl. Cap. ed. Schult. 96 partly ; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 29; not of
Linn. Isolepis barbata, R. Br. Prodr. 222; Benth. in Hook. Niger
553, 7. Willdenowii, Steud. Syn. Pi. Glum. ii. 102; Benth. in
Hook. Niger Fl. 553. J. subtristachya, Hochst. ex Schweinf. Beitr.
Fi. Aethiop. 216; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 752. Fimbristylis barbata,
ponth. Fl. Austral. vii. 321; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.
2).
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 441! Leprieur! Senegal, Sieber,
6! Perrottet, 833! Cape Verd, St. Hilzire! Dahomey, Newton, 3! 4! 25!
Togo, Baumann, 588! Gold Coa-t: Accra, Vogel! Brown, 309! 429! Lagos:
Sobakin, Lagos Government, 29! Abeokuta, Crowther! Niger Territory: Nupe,
Barter, 159! 840! Baikie! Lower Niger; Stirling, Vogel, 161!
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Agow Territory, near Mawerr, 3000-4000 ft.,
Schimper, 2166! and without precise locality, Schimper, 1193 !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete, 1800—2000 ft., Hens, 52 6r 242!
380! Zambi, Dupuis! Kisantu, Gillet, 660! and without prec’‘se locality, Smith !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1200 partly! Boivin !
Also in the Mascarene Islands, India, China, Japan, Malaya, and Tropical
Australia,
6. B. rarissima, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi,
4fr.v. 615. Stem 2-3 in. long, setaceous, with 1 spikelet or 2 sessile
together, glabrous. Leaves nearly glabrous; sheaths hardly ciliate in
the throat. Spikelets 4 by ;}; in., 8-12-flowered, pale brown. Glumes
432 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Bulbostylis.
pubescent, in fruit spreading horizontally. Style 3-fid. Nut 4 the
length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, almest truncate, transversely
wavy-lineate (owing to the outermost cells being longitudinally oblong) ;
crowned by the persistent depressed-bulbous style-base ; otherwise
resembling small examples of B. barbata.—Cyperus rarissimus, Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 16.
Wile Land. Abyssinia, Schimper !
7. B. cinnamomea, (. 2. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect-
Fl. Afr. v. 612. Rhizome hardly any. Stems tufted, 18-24 in. long,
slender, at the top trigonous and obscurely scabrous on the angles.
Leaves } the length of the stems, setaceous ; sheaths pale ferruginous,,
sparingly hairy. Head 1, of 1-8 rather large spikelets (a second
peduncled head very rarely present); bracts 2, lower setaceous shorter
or much longer than the spikelets. Spikelets } by } in., narrowly ellip-
soid, cinnamon-coloured or chestnut-brown, 8—20-flowered. Glumes:
densely placed, ovate, acute, slightly keeled, obscurely pubescent.
Style 3-fid. Nut } the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid,
truncate, pallid, transversely wavy lineate, crowned by the persistent
depressed-bulbous red or black style-base.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl.
Cap. vii. 209. Scirpus cinnamomeus, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 505-
Fimbristylis cinnamomea, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan, 29! 1452!
Also in South Africa and the Masearene Islands.
8. B. collina, Kunth, Enum. ii. 208, ef. 205. Stems densely
approximated on a short woody rhizome, 4—16 in. long, at the top tri-
gonous and glabrous or obscurely hairy. Leaves 4 the length of
the stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Head
1, 3-3 in. in diam., of 12 spikelets; lowest bract usually overtopping
the head. Spikelets 4} in. long, ellipsoid, of 5-12 flowers. Glumes
ovate, brown or chesnut-coloured, the green keel excurrent in a mucro,
pubescent, some long white ciliate hairs often added on the margins.
Style with 3 branches ; style-base left on the nut as a small brown-re
cone. Nut = the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, pallid, smooth,
without transverse wavy lines.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. FJ. Afr. v. 613 partly, and in Dyer, F). Cap. vii. 208. Iso-
lepis collina, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 101. Seirpus collinus, Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 746. S. beckelerianus, Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
ii, Append, ii. 50. S. collinus, var. beckeleriana, Schweinf. |.c. 104.
Wile Land. Eritrea: Kcohaito Plateau, 8500-8800 ft., Schweinfurth, 10m?
Addi Quareh, 7500 ft., Sehweinfurth, 106! Lulamba, near Keren, 5900 ft.»
Schweinfurth, 837!
“1 Seeaas Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; on dry hills, Scott-Elliot,
8119
Frequent in South Afriea.
Bulbostylis. | CLYI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). £38
9. B. filamentosa, Kunth, Enum. ii. 21 of. 205. Rhizome
hardly any. Stems densely tufted, 8-20 in. long, slender, at the top
trigonous, hairy. Leaves # the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths
hairy, with long white hairs in the throat, often torn. Head 1, 4-2 in.
in diam., of 6-14 spikelets, chestnut-brown; bracts 3-2, setaceou:,
lowest often overtopping the head. Spikelets 4 by ;4,in., 6-10-flowere«.
Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, minutely apiculate, pubescent but with no
long white hair. Stamens 3; anthers linear, with a minute terminal
bristle. Style 3-fid. Nut 2 the length of the glume, acutely trigonous,
obovoid, truncate, pallid, with obscure transverse lines; style-basc
persistent, ovoid, larger than usual, hardly darker than the nut.—
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 613, and in
Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 206; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo i. 306;
Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxvi. 89 ;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 124. Scirpus filamentosus, Vahi!,
Enum. ii. 262; Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 30; Boeck. in Linnea,
Xxxvi. 747 (excl. the American plants and synon.), and in Flora, 1879,
963. Isolepis filamentosa, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 113 ; Benth.in
Hook. Niger Fl. 553. Fimbristylis filamentosa, K. Schum. in Engl. Pi..
Ost-Afr. O. 125. F collina, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2.
Bot. ii, 154.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone? Kabnsa, Scoft-Eiliot, 5467! and witho.t
Precise locality, Afzelius ! Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1577 !
Nile Land. Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Figari! British East Africa: Jur; Jur
Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1995!
Lower Guinea, Lower Congo: Lutete, 1500-2000 ft., Hens, A, 238!
Stanley Pool, Demeuse ! Kimuenza, Gillet, 1644! 1703! 1770! and without pre-
cise locality, Smith, 308! Angola: Pungo Andongo; higher pastures of the
Presidium, Welwitsch, 7151! mountainous places east of Quilombo Quiacatubia,
2200 ft., Welwitsch, 7004! Queta Mountains, Welwitsch, 7004s !
South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; by the River Welle,
Schweinfurth, 3516 ! Nlempu, Butaye !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Plains of Zomba, 2500-
3000 ft., Whyte !
Also in the Transvaal.
Var. ? barbata, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 614.
Stem minutely hairy at the top. Head of about 4 spikelets, larger than those
of typical C. filamentosa, Kunth. Glumes with some long white hairs on the
margins. Nut with transverse wavy lines.—Abildgaardia barbata, Beauv. FI.
Owar. ii. 47, t. 86, fig. 1; Kunth, Enum. ii. 250. Cyperus barbatus, Poir. Encycl.
Suppl. v. 186.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius, 583! Niger Territory: Oware,
Beauvois
This is very doubtfully placed with B. fi/amentosa ; in everything, except the
nut (which has its outermost cells longitudinally oblong), it much more resembles
Bz, collina,
10. B. laniceps, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F1.
-lfr.v. 614. Rhizome hardly any. Stems densely tufted, 8-16 in. long,
VOL. VIII. 2F
434 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Bulbostylis.
slender, at the top glabrous or nearly so. Leaves } the length of the
stem, setaceous; sheaths nearly glabrous, scarcely ciliate in the throat.
Head 1, tin. in diam., globose, dense, of 20 spikelets, with some long
white hairs arising both from the margins of the glumes and from the
receptacle ; bracts setaceous, hardly exceeding 1 in. inlength. Spikelets
4-4 in. long, lanceolate, compressed, 6—10-flowered, chestnut-brown.
Glumes ovate, acuminate, mucronate, puberulous. Style 3-fid. Nut
4 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, smooth, dusky
brown ; style-base persistent, small, conic.—Durand & Schinz, Etudes
Fl. Congo, i. 306; De Wild. & Durand, Ill. Fl. Congo, i. 21, t. cf
Fimbristylis laniceps, K. Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr, C. 12
in obs.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, dfzelius! Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel,
92!
Lower Guinea. Corisco Island, Mann, 1885! Lower Congo: Stanley Pool,
950 ft., Hens, B, 347! Kisantu, Gillet, 1591! 1651!
South Central. Congo Free State: Lukolela, 950 ft., Hens, C, 163!
11. B. cardiocarpa, (. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 612. Rhizome 0. Stems 12-20 in. long, tufted, stouter
than in the preceding species, at the top trigonous and | cme
Leaves 3-9 in. long, setaceous, inrolled; sheaths woolly-ciliate, wit
straight white hairs in the throat. Head 1, }—} in. in diam., chestnut-
brown, of 10-20 spikelets ; bracts 2, shorter than the head. Spikelets
% in, long, oblong-lanceolate, 5-12-flowered. Glumes densely aaah
cate, ovate, acuminate, mucronate, puberulous towards the top. oh
3-fid. Nut 4 the length of the glume, trigonous, rather prehtee’
obovoid, pallid, truncate (almost depressed at the insertion of q e
button), not longitudinally ribbed nor transversely wavy-lineate ; style-
base persistent, small, conic, dark-red ; outermost cells subquadrangulat,
prominent, sometimes inflated.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. he
Fimbristylis cardiocarpa, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 154;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 125, not of F. Mueller.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Morson !
= ‘let
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, Callewaert ! Kisantu, sheet
622! Kimuenza, Gillet, 791! Angola: Pungo Andongo; in lofty places on ie
de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6816! Huilla; lofty pastures and slopes of Morr
Monino, Welwitsch, 6948! 6960! vere
Var. 8 Holubii, C. B. Clarke. Nut much larger, 3-3 the length of ms cae
lead-coloured when fully ripe; style-base large, short-cylindric.—B. cardv0 r
C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 208.
Mozamb. Dist. Rhodesia: Leshumo Valley, Holub !
Also in South Africa.
Some of the heads are overtopped by the lowest bract.
e
12. B. erratica, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous, pe
minutely heiry glumes and top of the stem. Rhizome ee o> ois
but very short, Stems approximate, 4-14 in. long, at the top %g
Bulbostylis. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 435
and minutely hairy or glabrate. Leaves.nearly as long as the stem,
setaceous, inrolled; sheaths pale brown, not bearded in the throat.
Head 1, of 3-5 spikelets, bright chestnut-brown ; lowest bract ovate at
the base, the linear green or yellow termination longer or shorter than
the head. Spikelets 4 by 4-4 in., cylindric-lanceolate. Glumes closely
imbricate, often 15-20 to the spikelet, the nutbearing glumes up to
5 in. long, elliptic-oblong, scarcely acute; keel green or yellow. Style
shorter than the nut, branches 3. Nut 1-} the length of the glume,
oblong, somewhat obovoid, truncate, trigonous with 3 shining angles,
and chestnut-brown in colour, marked inconspicuously by transverse
wavy lines ; outermost cells longitudinally oblong ; style-base persistent
on the nut, small, conic.—B. schenoides, C.. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 616, partly; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI.
Welw. ii. 124. Schanus ? erraticus, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi.
22. Isolepis schenoides, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 225.
Chictospora nigricans, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 290, partly, ie. G.
Mann’s plant. Fimbristylis kunthiana, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser. 2, Bot. ii. 151. F. schenoides, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl, Ost-Afr.
* 125 partly. Scirpus kamerunensis, K. Schum. in Preuss, Exsice.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 7000-11000 ft., Mann,
1346! 2105! Johnston, 41! and without precise locality, Preuss, 925! Fernando
Po: Clarence Peak, 9000 ft., Mann, 655! 1472!
G. Mann’s examples are excellent and ripe; the plant is certainly a Bulbostylis.
The ripe nut is remarkable, and separates it from all other species of Bulbostylis
Where the nut is known, but unfortunately the nut in B. schenoides is not known.
13. B. atrosanguinea, C’. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 611. Rhizome hardly any. Stems densely tufted,
! foot long, slender, at the top triquetrous and minutely hairy. Leave~
hearly as long as the stem, setaceous, minutely hairy ; sheaths hairy,
‘Scarcely bearded in the throat. Head 1, $—3 in. in diam., of 4-12
Spikelets, chestnut-coloured ; lowest bract setaceous, usually much
overtopping the head. Spikelets } in. long, oblong or narrow-ellipsoid,
6-12-flowered. Glumes closely imbricate, ovate, obtuse or scarcely
acute, keeled. Stamens 3. Style long, glabrous; branches 3, linear.
Nut (seen only young) trigonous-obovoid.—Seirpus atrosanguineus,
ck, in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 276; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 353. 8. scheenoides, Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 148.
Fimbristylis atrosanguinea, Volkens, Kilimand. 311; K. Schum, in
Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 125. F. schenoides, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl.
Ost-Afr. C. 125 partly.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Nandi, 7000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6971!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near Nene, Welwitsch, 6949!
_ Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 8500-11000 a
Volkens, 892! 1300! Johnston, 157! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount
Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte !
436 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Bulbostylis.
14. B. scleropus, C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 207.
Nearly glabrous, except the flower-glumes, Stems densely tufted,
10-16 in. long; basal sheaths broad, hard, chestnut-black striated.
Leaves 4-2 the length of the stem, narrow-linear, channelled, harsh,
flexuose. Spikelets 6-10, } by } in., in one head, subspicate, the lowest
spikelet being sometimes 4-1 in. distant, chestnut-black ; bracts 2,
lower 1-3 in., erect. Glumes elliptic-oblong, hardly acute. Nut 4 the
length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, finally brown,
minutely transversely wavy. Style longer than the nut; branches
3, linear; base persistent on the nut, small, ovoid, dark-coloured.—
B. schenoides, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
616 partly, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Mlanji, 6000 it;
Whyte, 75!
Also in South Africa.
15. B. schimperiana, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspett.
Fl. Afr.v. 616, Rhizome hardly any. Stems densely tufted, 4—9 in. long,
slender, at the top glabrous and 9-13-ribbed. Leaves } the length of
the stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat.
Head 1, of 2-10 spikelets, dark red or brown, }—} in. in diam. ; bracts
2-1, setaceous, about as long as the head. Spikelets } by ps-to
ellipsoid, or subcylindric, obtuse, many-flowered. Glumes ovate, obtuse,
minutely hairy, the green keel hardly excurrent. Style as long as the
nut; branches 3. Nut 2 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid,
truncate, pallid, with about 18 longitudinal striations and transversely
barred between them (i.e. the external cells of the nut transversely
oblong, superimposed in vertical series); style-base persistent on the
nut, conic.—B. subumbellata, K. Schum. in Stuhlmann, Exsice. 3966 a.
Isolepsis schimperiana, Hochst. in Flora 1841, i. Intell. 21; A. Rich.
Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 501. Fimbristylis schimperiana, Boeck. in Flora, 1858,
600. F. subumbellatu, K.Schum. in Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 125. Se
schimperianus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 750; Engl. Hochgebirgs§.
sa Afr. 148. _S. fimbristyloides, K. Schum. in Stuhlmann, Exsice.
505
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder? Addi Bachdanit, 6800 ft., Schimper
846! Gerra, 8200 ft., Schimper, 1253 ! Tigre ; near Adoa, Schimper, 299 ! British
East Africa; Athi, Gregory, 102!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Karagwe; Bukoba,
1164! 1505! 39664!
The plant Stuhlmann 1505 is regarded by K. Schumann as the sam
3966a; but it is young, and has some long white hairs at the base of the hea
possibly may not belong.
Stuhlmann,
e species 48
d, and
16. B. aphyllanthoides, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Com
spect. Fl. Afr.v. 611. Rhizome short, descending. Stems tufted, ae te
long, rather robust, at the top trigonous and glabrous. Leaves
long, flat, up to Lin. broad, many-striate, at the top suddenly a ,
glabrous ; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Head 1, larg®
Bulbostylis. | CLYI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). 437
of 6-7 spikelets ; bracts 2-3, lower up to 1} in. long by j}, in. broad in
the lower part, glabrous, conspicuously scarious on the edges, Spikelets
}in. long and upwards, elongate-lanceolate, many-flowered. Glumes } in.
long, ovate, obtuse, minutely puberulous, rusty-brown. Style (the
unbranched part) nearly } in. long, slender, glabrous ; branches 3, linear,
much shorter. Nut 1-4 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid,
obtuse, pallid, obscurely transversely wavy lineate ; style-base remaining
behind on the nut, conic, dark-brown.— Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.
124. Fimbristylis aphyllanthoides, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 151.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: plains near Accra, Brown, 406!
_ Gower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; low hills near Condo, on the
right of the River Cuanza, and at Quisonde, Welwitsch, 6837 !
A larger plant, with much larger spikelets than any other African Bu/dostylis.
17. B. Buchanani, ©. B. Clarke. Hairy nearly all over.
Rhizome 0. Stems tufted, 4-10 in. long, slender. Leaves $ the length
of the stem, setaceous or almost capillary ; sheaths with long white
hairs in the throat. Head 1, 1-2 in. in diam., dense, of about 10
Spikelets, a dusky green; bracts 3-5, lowest up to 1-14 in. long,
Setaceous, flexuose. Spikelets } in. long, oblong, 3—5-flowered. Glumes
ovate, acute. Style with 3 branches. Nut nearly $ the length of
the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, with conspicuous trans-
verse wavy lines ; style-base remaining behind on the nut, small, black-
purple.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 1329!
18. B. Zeyheri, C. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
4fr. v.616. Rhizome woody, short, rather stout. Stems tufted,
8-20 in. long, rather slender, at the top glabrous. Leaves } as long
*s the stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat.
Heads 1-4, of 2-7 spikelets each, the umbel narrow and sometimes
Congested into 1 head; bracts short. Spikelets } in. long, ellipsoid,
bright. brown, with little (or no) long white hair. Glumes ovate, acute,
pubescent. Style 3-fid. Nut 4-4 the length of the glume, trigonous,
oblong-obovoid somewhat narrowed at the top, yellow-brown, transversely
lineolate ; style-base persistent on the nut, short-cylindric.—C. B.
Clarke in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 209. Scirpus Zeyheri, Boeck. in Linnea,
XXXv1. 752,
Wile Land. British East Africa:
6424! 6426!
Frequent in South Africa.
Ukamba, 5000-€000 ft., Scott-klliot,
19. B. trabeculata, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect-
fl. Afr. v. 616. Annual. Stems 2-6 in. long, slender, at the top
glabrous. Leaves 1-2 in. long, setaceous ; sheaths with Ivong white
hairs in the throat. Spikes of 3-8 spikelets, simply umbelled, chestnut-
coloured ; bracts small. Spikelets hardly } in. long, narrow-elliptic.
438 CLYI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). { Bulbostylis.
Glumes ovate, acuminate, with a small mucro, pubescent. Style 3-fid.
Nut 4-2 the length of the glume, round-trigonous, narrowly obovoid,
somewhat narrowed at the top, pale brown, with about 15 slender
longitudinal striations, and trabeculate horizontally between the striz ;
style-base left on the nut as a small depressed button.—Rendle in Cat.
Atr. Pl. Welw. ii. 126. Fimbristylis barbata, Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 152.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda; on the Island of Casanga, Welwitsch,
6982! sandy shore of Praia de Zamba Grande and Maianga d’E) Rei, Welwitsch,
7000! Mossamedes; Cabo Negro, on the banks of the River Caroca, Welwitsch,
6962 !
The separate heads of spikelets (here usually umbelled) resemble greatly the
head of B. barbata (always solitary); the marking of the nut differs.
20. B. capillaris, Kunth, var. trifida, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 652. A densely tufted annual. Stems 2-12 in. long,
setaceous, at the top glabrous. Leaves } as long as the stems, seta-
ceous ; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Spikelets in a
simple or compound lax umbel, all solitary, or in weak examples,
only 3-1 to a stem; bracts setaceous, short. Spikelets usually } by
zg in., about 12-flowered, but vary from ,), to } in., from dark-brown
to pale brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, hardly acute, nerveless,
pubescent; keel pallid. Stamens usually 2; anthers narrow-oblong,
muticous. Style as long as the nut, filiform, glabrous; branches 3,
long. Nut 2 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate,
pallid or pale brown, smooth, without vertical or transverse undulate
lines, or the transverse undulations faintly indicated ; outermost cells
short oblong longitudinally ; style-base persistent on the nut as a small
depressed ovoid button.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fi. Afr. v. 612; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, 1. 305; Durand &
De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soe. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 89; Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125. B. trifida, Kunth, Enum. ii. 213, ef. 205.
Scirpus capillaris, Linn. Mant. 321 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
148. Lsolepis trifida, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 108 ; Hook. f. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. vii. 224; cf. Boeck. in Flora, 1860, 178. Fimbristylis
capillacea, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 61; Ridley in Trans.
Linn. Svc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 153. F. capillaris, K. Schum. in Engl. Pa.
Ost-Afr. C.125. Isolepis capillaris, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 7.
Upper Guinea. Togo, Baumann! Dahomey, Newton, 25! Niger Territory :
Nupe, Barter, 1579! Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 6000-1000 ft., Mann, atte
2093! Fernando Po: Clarence Peak, 8500 ft. to the summit, Mann, 660! 1471!
Milne !
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; near Gafat, Schimper, 1251, bis! Amba
Sea? 6000 ft., Schimper, 847! Memsa (Memsach), Quartin-Dillon ! British East
Africa: Athi, Gregory, 23!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyauz, 352! Lower
Congo: Gombi to Lutete, Hens, A, 298! Kisantu, Gillet, 417! 1564! Angola:
Pungo Andongo; Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6819! Huilla; between Empelanca
and Humpata, Welwitsch, 6958! around Empelaca, Welwitsch, 69588 !
Bulbostylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 439
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000-10,000 ft.,
Volkens, 665! 666! 832! 14684! 1910! Usambara; Mtai, Holst, 2473! British
Central Africa: Nyasaland; near Blantyre, Last !
Common throughout the Old World, in tropical and warm regions. B. capillaris,
Kunth, abounds in the New World; it has the nut definitely transverse wavy, and
sometimes has radical (i.e. stemless) spikelets, So, in some Abyssinian specimens,
there are added cleistogamous radical almost subterranean 1-nutted spikelets.
21. B. puberula, Kunth, Enum. ii. 213, cf. 205, A densely
tufted annual. Stems 2-12 in. long, setaceous, at the top hairy.
Leaves 4 as long as the stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs
in the throat. Spikelets in a simple or compound umbel very nearly
contracted into a head ; the pedicels of the solitary spikelets often only
70-15 in. long ; bracts long or short, setaceous. Spikelets 3 in. long,
10-flowered, oblong, dark-brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, hardly
acute, pubescent. Style 3-branched. Nut 4 the length of the glume,
trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, transversely marked by wavy lines ;
style-base persistent on the nut, small, ovoid, depressed, dark red.—C.
B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 652, and in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 615, incl. var. 8; Durand & Schinz, Etudes
Fl, Congo, i. 307. Scirpus puberulus, Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vi. 767 ;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 767, in small part. S. barbatus, Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 751 partly. Jsolepis Sieberi, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 23
m note; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 104. Cyperus pubescens, Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum, ii. 50.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain; 6000-10,000 ft., Mann,
1360 partly ! 2093 partly !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo, Smith !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Zomba Rock, Whyte /
Also in the Mascarene Islands, South India, Malaya.
The South American plants referred hither by Boeckeler are B, langsdorffiana,
Kunth, which is a very closely allied species. Boeckeler’s Senegal Scirpus puberulus
Is for me Fimbristylis exilis, Roem. & Sch. The present plant has the umbel
80 much contracted that it is never referred to B. capillaris, but (as by Boeckeler
generally) to B. barbata. It might be treated asa variety of B. barbata, witha
“hm loosened inflorescence, but that it further differs by the stem being hairy at
e top,
22. B. Taylori, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
4fr.v. 616. Umbel simple, of 1-5 spikelets; rays up to } in. long.
Spikelets ovoid, chestnut-red. Glumes minutely hairy. Style 3-fid;
Style-base persistent on the nut as a discoloured button. Nut acutely
triquetrous with concave faces, much contracted at the base, pear-
Shaped ; otherwise as B. capillaris.—Fimbristylis Taylori, K. Schum. in
Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. C. 125.
Mozamb, Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor!
This is separated from B. capillaris. vy me
Species recorded here as being admitted by Kunth or other judicious authors.
Must be understocd that the genus Bulbostylis is very homogeneous, and that
we have here a number of plants which will not match, thongh the points separati g
them are of very small botanic significance.
It is more strongly marked than several
It
440 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Bulbostylis.
23. B. Burchellii, C. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 612. Rhizome hardly any. Stems 4—20 in. long, very slender,
glabrous at the top, firmly tufted and almost fused at the base. Leaves
4 the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths woolly, with long white
hairs at the throat. Umbel simple or compound, 2-4 in. in diam., often
of 30 spikelets ; many of the spikelets solitary on pedicels } in. long or
upwards, sometimes reduced to a head of 1-4 spikelets ; bracts short,
setaceous. Spikelets }-} by 44,-;’p in., oblong or narrow-cylindric, pale
brown. Glumes ovate, hardly acute, minutely pubescent. Style 3-fid.
Nut } the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pale-
brown, smooth with obscure transverse wavy lines ; style-base persistent
on the nut, small, conic, dark brown.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fi. Cap.
vii. 210; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125. Fimbristylis Bur-
chellii, Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 1. 28, t. 6, B,
fig. 7-15; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125. F. hispidula,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 27 partly. /’. huillensis, Ridley in Trans.
Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 154. Scirpus capillifolius, Boeck. in
Rehmann, Exsicc. 4330, not of Parlatore.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; pastures of Empelaca, Welwitsch, 6950!
pastures at Catumba, Welwitsch, 6951! ;
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Lower Shire, on a stony hill-
side at Morambala, Scott! British Central Africa : Boruma, on the Zambesi, Meny-
harth, 1055! Nyasaland ; near Blantyre, Last !
Also in South Africa.
This is closely allied to B. capillaris ; the pale brown spikelets are larger, the
stems longer, and at the base stouter, the leaf-sheaths much mcre hairy.
24. B. argenteobrunea, (. 2B. Clarke. Stems densely tufted,
1 ft. long, at the top glabrous with the stomata very conspicuous a
rows of dots between the ribs. Leaves half the length of the stem,
setaceous; sheaths brown, with long white hairs on the throat.
Umbel 13 in. in diam., subcompound, of 6-14 spikelets ; bracts as pei
as the umbel, setaceous. Spikelets solitary, } by } in., narrow’y
ellipsoid, subacute, a silver-brown colour. Glumes boat-shaped, one
apiculate, pubescent, a few very long white hairs added on the bac :
keel green. Style rather short; branches 3, long. Nut 2 the lengt
of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, contracted at the base
almost pear-shaped, pale brown, with transverse wavy lines ; style-base
persistent on the nut, small, dark-red, very short cylindric (button
shaped).
coon Zand. British East Africa: Ngomeni, in Kikumbuliu, Scott-
3270!
25. B. pusilla, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. pin
Afr. v. 615. Stems 1-5 in. long, with 1-9 spikelets. . Nut very sa
obovoid (broader than long), trigonous, truncate, black with are
horizontal glistening-white wavy lines (i.e. the more persistent _ ]-
the longitudinal cells which have withered off) ; otherwise as a Zarb
laris.—Fimbristylis pusilla, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. soe ? ok
in Cat. Spée. Bot. Pfund, 39. Scirpus Hochstetterz, Boeck. in Linney
Elliot,
Bulbostylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 441
xxxvi. 739; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 148. S. gracillimus,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 7 61, cf. xxxviil. 408. Tsolepsis gracillima,
Hochst. in Schimper, Exsice. 2066.
Nile Land. Kordofan: El Abiad, Pfund, 618. Abyssinia: near Gafta,
Schimper, 796! near Amba Sea, 6000 ft., Schimper, 2066! and without precise
locality, Schimper, 458!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Urungu; Fwambo, 5250 ft., Nutt /
This plant is altogether like weak examples of B. capillaris, var. trifida, except
that the nut is very conspicuously transverse undulate. It is difficult to say how it
differs from the American B, capillaris,
26. B. filiformis, 0. 2B. Clarke. A very slender annual. Stems
tufted, 1-3} in. long, setaceous, with spreading needle-like white hairs
from top to bottom. Leaves 4 the length of the stem, filiform, hairy.
Spikelets 1-2 to each stem, 4-4 in. apart, j4,— 7/5 in. in diam., ovoid-
globose, chestnut-brown; bracts setaceous, hardly overtopping the
inflorescence. Glumes boat-shaped, ovoid, with a short point, pubescent.
Style 3-branched. Nut 4-2 the length of the glume, trigonous,
obovoid, pale brown, transversely wavy-marked ; style-base persistent
on the nut, small, ovoid, dark-brown.
‘ Nile Land. British East Africa: Kikumbuliu; Ngomeni, Scott-Elliot,
31!
If hairs are to be depended on for specific distinction, the needle-like hairs on the
stem of this plant, never seen on B. capillaris, distinguish it; but beyond these hairs
there is little to distinguish it from small B. capillaris.
27. B. abortiva, C. B. Clarke in Durand d Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
‘fr, v. 610. Rhizome 0. Stems 6—24 in. long, very slender, densely
tufted at the base, glabrous at the top. Leaves half the length of the
stem, capillary ; sheaths with a few long white hairs in the throat.
mbel up 4—6 in. in diam., compound, with very numerous pedicelled
spikelets ; bracts setaceous, much shorter than the umbel, usually
‘conspicuous. Spikelets, glumes, style and nut, as of B. capillaris.—
Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 304; Rendle in Cat. Afr Pi.
elw. ii. 124. B. Camporum, K. Schum. in Buettner, Exsice. 123.
Fimbristylis abortiva, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 111; K. Schum. in
Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. O. 125. F. flexuosa, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc.
Ser. 2, Bot. ii. 155. Scirpus schweinfurthianus, Boeck. in Linnea,
Xxxvi. 758, and in Flora, 1879, 563. Jsolepis schweinfurthiana,
Uliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 167.
Upper Guinea. Togo, Buettner, 123! Niger Territory; Nupe, Barter, 413!
Baikie! Old Calabar, Robb !
Mile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2039! Britist East
Africa: Sur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2100! 2292! oo
i wer Congo; Stanley Pool, 900 ft., Hens, B, 9! Angola :
Neen Andou: acer eee Soba de Umbilla, Welwitsch, 6828 partly ! between
Candumba and Mangue, Welwitsch, 6829! ;
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi; Mininga, Speke &
Grant, 468! Kilimanjaro, Johnston! Portuguese East Africa: near Morambala,
442 CLYI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). { Bulbostylis.
Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Karo ga to Kondowe, 2000-6000 ft.,
Whyte ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 66!
Also in Madagascar.
This species differs little except in habit from B. capillaris, Kunth, to whieh,
however, no author has hitherto referred it.
28. B. coleotricha, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Hl. Afr. v. 618. Rhizome 0. Stems 4-16 in. long, densely tufted, very
slender, at the top minutely hairy. Leaves } the length of the stem,
setaceous ; sheaths hairy, and with long white hairs in the throat.
Umbel 2 in. diam., compound or simple, with numerous solitary spike-
lets; but in the depauperated specimens of Schimper (the “ type”) the
stems have only 1-3 spikelets each; bracts setaceous, often over-
topping the umbels, prominent in the younger examples. Spikelets
4 by 4+4 in, ovoid, brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse,
pubescent; keel green, 1-3-nerved. Style as long as the nut ; branches
3. Nut } the length of the glume, triquetrous, obovoid, truncate, pale
brown, smooth, appearing dotted, not transversely wavy (i.e. the outer-
most cells subquadrangular) ; style-base persistent on the nut us a
small dark button.—/imbristylis coleotricha, Hochst.. ex A. Rich.
Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 506. Scirpus coleotrichus, Boeck. in Linnea, XXXV)-
763, and in Flora, 1879, 563.
Upper Guinea. Upper Senegal, Lécard, 109! Niger Territory: Nupe,
Barter, 339! 357! 531! 550! Old Calabar, Mann, 2331!
Nile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2029! 2038!
Abyssinia: Gafta, Schimper, 1226! British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas,
Schweinfurth, 2083! 2305!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Lake Moero, Changois!
Var. B lanifera, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 613 partly.
Lowest sheaths with much ferruginous hair at the base; bracts much shorter than the
umbels ; spikelets with fewer more loosely packed glumes.— Scirpus laniferus, Ba ck.
a xxxvi. 768. Fimbristylis lanifera, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C,
oe
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1030! Lagos, Millen, 109.
Lower Guinea. Corisco Island, Wann, 1887!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, ex K. Schumann.
29. B. Johnstoni, (. B. Clarke. Annual. Stems tufted, 4-10
in. long, setaceous, at the top glabrous. Leaves 4—} the length of wend
stem, almost capillary ; sheaths hairy, and with long white hairs in t :
throat. Umbel simple, of 5-1 solitary spikelets; bracts setaceous,
about as long as the umbel. Spikelets } by j~:-7o 12» oblong-
ellipsoid, rusty-brown, often with a few long white hairs. sept
boat-shaped, ovate, pubescent; keel yellowish, minutely peers
Nut scarcely } the length of the glume, trigonous, oblong-ellipsoi¢,
pale yellow, obscurely striated lengthwise and horizontally barred, 1.¢-
the outermost cells transversely elliptic-oblong, arranged nearly 1"
vertical series. Style longer than the nut; branches 3, rather short ;
Bulbostylis. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 4433
base persistent on the nut, ovoid, depressed, black-brown.—B. coleo-
tricha, var. lanifera, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. v. 613 partly. B. oritrephes, C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soe.
ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54, not C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
air. v. 615,
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., Volkens, 663!
ey ee ! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau, 4000 It.,
yte !
30. B. parva, C. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 615. Annual. Stems 2-5 in. long, setaceous, at the top glabrous.
Leaves 3 the length of the stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white
hairs in the throat. Umbel less than 1 in. in diam., of about 10
spikelets, some solitary, some almost clustered ; bracts setaceous, shorter
than the umbel. Spikelets }—} in. long, oblong or ellipsoid, chestnut-
brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, pubescent. Nut } the
length of the glume, trigonous, oblong-ellipsoid, pale brown, obscurely
transversely wavy. Style nearly as long as the nut; branches 3;
base persistent on the nut as a small dark button.—Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125. Fimbristylis parva, Ridley in ‘Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 153.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshy places near Luxillo, and
round the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6823 partly! marshes near Quilonga, Welwitsch,
‘6831 partly !
31. B. andongensis, (. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr.v.611. Annual. Stems tufted, 4-12 in. long, very slender hairy
(but see var, 3). Leaves $ as long as the stem, setaceous, with scattered
hairs. Umbel simple, 1} in. in diam., of 3-6 solitary spikelets; bracts
setaceous, much shorter than the umbel, or longer than it. Spikelets
t by $ in., ellipsoid, brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse,
pubescent. Nut less than 3 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid,
brown, smooth or obscurely transversely wavy. Style nearly as long as
the nut; branches 3, linear ; style-base persistent on the nut, small,
°void-conic, dusky brown.—Fimbristylis andongensis, Ridley in Trans.
nn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 153.
Lower Guinea. French Congo: Loango; near Chinchocho, Soyaux, 151!
Lower Congo : Stanley Pool, 900 ft., Hens, B, 75! Angola: Pungo Andongo;
at the foot of Pedra Songue, near the stream of Casengue, Welwitsch, 6823 partly!
ihn stream of Caghuy, Welwitsch, 6824! Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6827, B,
partly ! :
This plant resembles altogether Fimbristylis exilis, Roem. & Sch. 3; Nor can
I distinguish the two without looking at the nut. In F. evilis, the pyramidal style-
ase tapers into the persistent style; the nut is much larger, more pyriform, strongly
horizontally waved.
Var. 8 glabra, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 611.
Stems glabrous at the top.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125. Fimbristylis
andongensis, var. glabra, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 153. F, quater-
nella, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 152.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; between Condo and Quisonde,
444 CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Bulbostylis.
Welwitsch, 6820! Pedra Cambondo and Muta Lucala, Welwitsch, 6821! in the
Presidium, Welwitsch, 6825! 6830! Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 68273!
6830B !
32. B. transiens, (. B. Clarke. Stems 1 ft. long, slender, at the
top minutely hairy. Leaves hardly any; the topmost sheath produced
on one side 4-1} in., lax, pale rusty-brown, with scattered Leo white
hairs. Spikelets 3-4, solitary, on pedicels 0—} in. long, 4 by $ in. ;
bracts shorter than the umbel. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, eit
acute, pale brown, pubescent ; keel green. Nut large, exceeding 4 -
length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, strongly bey
horizontally; style 3-branched ; base persistent on the nut, large for
Bulbostylis, ovoid-cuboid, dusky.—Fimbristylis transiens, K. Schum. 1p
Holst, Exsice. 2199.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara ; Bombuera, Holst, 2199!
33, B, melanocephala, (. 8. Clarke in Durand & Schins
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 615. Stem 1-2 in. long, with 1-2 solitary ovoid
globuse chestnut-red spikelets 4-1 in. long ; otherwise as B. capillaris.—
Rendle in Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 124. Fimbristylis melanocephala,
Ridley in Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 151; Engl. Hochgebirgsf.
Trop. Afr. 149.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; between Morro de Lopollo and Humpata,
Welwitsch, 6947 ! E
1 cannot find any nut on the young examples of Welwitsch on which this species
is fuunded ; and therefore do not attempt to reduce it to any known species.
34. B. macra, (. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect-
fl. Afr. vy. 614. Rhizome short, horizontal, woody. Stem 8 a
long, slender, glabrous at the top. Leaves }$ the length of oe
stem, setaceous; sheaths with long white hairs in the throat. Spike e
1 on each stem (a second long-pedicelled sometimes added), 3 by yo ae
rusty-brown; bract longer than the spikelet. Glumes boat-shapee
vvate, minutely pubescent, keel 3-nerved, tip triangular. Nut Shes
long as the glume, large for Bulbostylis, trigonous, obovoid, trunca i
pallid, smooth, obscurely wavy transversely. Style nearly as long "
the nut; branches 3, linear; base persistent on the nut, sma r
ovoid, depressed, black-brown.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. il. 124.
Fimbristylis macra, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 11. 150.
: ‘ ]
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in thicket-grown pastures in the Lopollo
district, Welwitsch, 6955 !
35. B. megastachys, (. B. Clarke in Durand «& Schinz, i,
fl. Afr. v.614. Stems densely tufted, 12 in. long, rigid, stouter : oe
in any other Bulbostylis of this section, at the top glabrous. mere
hardly 4 the length of the stem, setaceous, glabrous or minu He
scabrous on the margins; sheaths without any white hairs 1n ae
throat. Umbel simple of 3-5 solitary spikelets ; bracts 2-3, lowest 473
Buli stylis.| CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 445
in. long, rusty brown not green, narrow-lanceolate. Spikelets } by }in.
and upwards, subcylindric, rusty brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate,
hardly acute, minutely pubescent ; keel paler, hardly excurrent. Nut
} the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pallid, smooth,
obscurely waved transversely. Style longer than the nut; branches 3,
long ; base persistent on the nut, smull, conic, black-brown.—Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 125.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; on low hills at the edges of wo ds
near Catumba, Welwitsch, 6952!
36. B. oritrephes, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 615. Rhizome short, horizontal, woody. Stems densely
tufted, 16 in. long, slender, at the top glabrous. Leaves 1 the length
of the stem, setaceous; sheaths hairy, with long white hairs in the
throat. Umbel simple, with 2-4 long-pedicelled spikelets; bracts
setaceous, less than } in. long. Spikelets } by 4/5 in., ellipsoid, chestnut-
brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, pubescent. Nut less than
} the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, truncate, pale brown,
smooth. Style as long as the nut ; branches 3, linear; base persistent
on the nut, small, ovoid, depressed, black-brown.—Rendle in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 125. Fimbristylis oritrephes, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc.
ae Bot. ii. 155. F. orytrephes, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.
dD.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; in mountainous places east ot
Banza de Quilombo, Sobato Quilombo, 2200 ft., Welwitsch, 7016! slopes of the
Queta Mountains, Welwitsch, 7020!
37. B. trichobasis, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. vy. 616. Rhizome short, horizontal, hardly any except the thickened
bases of the stems almost confluent in a row (or 2 rows). Stems
8-12 in, long, setaceous, at the top glabrous. Leaves occasionally up to
1-2 in. long, setaceous, usually very short or hardly any but the pale
brown lateral continuation of the sheath, much long white hair
about the sheaths. Umbel about 1 in. in diam., with 3-10 spikelets,
Some of which are solitary and very short pedicelled ; bracts setaceous,
much shorter than the umbel. Spikelets } by } in., oblong or ellipsoid,
6-10-flowered, dark chestnut-coloured. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate,
pubescent, tip triangular, keel paler. Nut less than } the length of the
glume, trigonous, obovoid, pale brown, wavy transversely. Style nearly
as long as the nut; branches 3, long; base persistent on the nut, small,
ovoid depressed, black-brown.—B. oritrephes, C. B. Clarke in Trans.
Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54 partly. Scirpus trichobasis, Baker in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 298. Fimbristylis cinerea, Ridley in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xx. 335.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Ankole; east side of Lake Albert Edward,
Scott-Elliot, 8047! 8077!
Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 333!
Lower Guinea.
British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Kondowe to Karonga,
Mozamb. Dist.
446 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Bulbostylis.
2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mowt Zomba,
4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Mount Mlanji, Whyte /
Plentiful in Madagascar, and also received from the Transvaal.
38. B. cylindrica, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 613. A slender annual. Stems tufted, 4-6 in. long,
setaceous, at the top glabrous, with 1 sessile and two long-pedicelled
spikelets. Leaves hardly 1 in. long, setaceous ; sheaths nearly glabrous,
but with a few long very slender white hairs in the throat. Bracts to
the umbel hardly + in. long. Spikelets 4 by ,/; in., narrow-cylindric,
rusty-brown. Glumes obscurely keeled, ovate-oblong, obtuse, pubescent.
on the back, long ciliate on the margin; keel 3-nerved, not excurrent.
Nut less than } the length of the glume, trigonous, broadly obovoid,
truncate, yellow-brown, smooth, obscurely reticulated. Style as long as
the nut ; branches 3, long; base persistent on the nut, small, button-
like, brown.
Lower Guinea. Ang la: Huilla; Humpuata, Newton, 28!
Imperfectly known species.
39. Scirpus (Oncostylis) buettnerianus, Boeck. Cyp. Nove,
i. 20. Pale green, tufted ; roots fibrous, capillary. Stems 4-6 in. long,
setaceous, gently curved, obsoletely 4-angled, smooth, at the base many-
leaved. Leaves much shorter than the stem, setaceous, channelled,
acute, near the top spinulose; sheaths pale brown, bearded in the
throat. Head 4-3 in. in diam., subhemispheric, of 4—8 spikelets ; bracts
3, setaceous, dilated towards the base, rusty-brown ciliate, the lowest
twice longer than the head. Spikelets j% in. long, ovoid, terete, 7-
flowered. Glumes spirally imbricate, keeled, ovate, obtuse, glabrous
on the back, chestnut-coloured, not ciliate on the margin. Nut less
than 3 the length of the glume, minute, round obovoid, truncate, 3-angled
with convex faces, pale brown, pearly white with many small dots ;
style-base very minute, depressed, brown.—Boeck. in Verhandl. Dom
Ver. Brandenb. xxxi. 71.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Underhill (Tundua), Bittner, 4, 5 (ex
Boeckeler),
11. SCIRPUS, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1049 (incl.
HEMICARPHA, Nees; Benth. et Hook. f. l.c. 1053).
Spikelets of many perfect flowers, with imperfect ones at the top;
0-2 lowest glumes empty. Fertile glumes in 3 or more spirals.
Hypogynous bristles usually retrorse-scabrid or 0, plumose in S. littoralts ;
perhaps represented by hyaline scales occasionally present in . Tsoleprs
and S. micranthus. Stamens 3-1, anterior; anthers muticous OF
scarcely crested. Ovary sessile (if stalked cf. Ficinia); style on
linear or hardly any; branches 3 or 2, long or short; style-base =
enlarged, not distinct by a constriction or difference in structure, but
Scirpus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 447
passing insensibly into the top of the ovary. Nut obovoid or oblong
trigonous or biconvex, without a beak; style deciduous, or if persistent
the base undistinguishable from the top of the nut.—Glabrous except
that the glumes are minutely hairy or ciliate in a few species. Stems
without nodes or leaves between the basal leaves and the inflorescence.
Spikelets in a head (or 1 only), or in a corymb depressed into an
apparent umbel.
Species 136, spread throughout the world, The section Sylvatice, with nodes
i leaves between the stem-base and inflorescence, is conspicuously absent from
rica.
: *“NEMUM.—Glumes persistent after the nut has fallen. Style linear with 2
linear branches. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stem with 1-3 separate spikelets of a rich.
red-brown.
Spikelet 1; glumes glabrous 5 e : . 1, 8. spadiceus.
Spikelets 3-1; glumes ciliate on the upper margin 2. S. angolensis.
**TSOLEPIS.—Glumes deciduous. Style linear. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stem
with 1 head of sessile spikes (except in S. cubensis), or branched with solitary spikes.
See several species of subgenus Euscirpus in which the hypogynous bristles are 0.
Also genus 12, Ficinia, . .
Stem with nodes, leaves and branches weak . 3. S. fluitans.
Stems with no nodes or leaves between the base and
the inflorescence.
Stem bearing 1 spikelet ; style 2-fid.
Leaves 3-% the length of the stem - - 4 S, nervosus.
Leaves O : - : . 5 SY, verrucosulus,
Stem bearing 3-1 spikelets or 1 head of spike-
lets ; style 3-fid.
Stem slender, bearing 3-1 spikelets, and leaves.
Nut smooth or dotted, without ribs . . 6. S. cernuus.
Nut ribbed and transversely bavred .. . 7. S. setaceus.
Stem stouter, leafless, with 1 head of many
spikelets.
Nut ribbed and transversely barred - . 8. S. costatus.
Nut smooth without ribs ; dicecious . 9. S. diwcus.
Heads of spikelets umbelled ; style 2-fid . . 10. 8. cubensis.
*#**Euscrrpus.—Stems stouter than in subgenus Zsolepis (excepting S. cubensis),
without nodes above the base. Style linear. Hypogynous bristles present in the
majority of the species.
Inflorescence in 1 head (except in S. supinus,
var. 8). Leaves O, or in S. supinus short.
Hypogynous bristles 0. Stem terete or nearly
so.
Nut strongly transversely wrinkled. Green
leaves short : : : 5 . 11. 8S, supinus.
Nut obscurely wrinkled or smooth. Leaves 0.
Glumes in fruit incurved ° : . 12. S. articulatus.
Glumes in fruit spreading : ; . 13. 8. quinquefarius.
Hypogynous bristles 5-6. Leaves 0. Stem
triquetrous . ° : : . . 14. S. mucronatus.
Inflorescence corymbose subumbellate ; sometimes
in S. maritimus reduced to 1 head.
Hypogynous bristles 0; leavesO -
Hypogynous bristles minutely retrorse-scabrid.
. 16. S. corymbosus.
448 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Scirpus.
Stem terete, leaves usually 0 z . . 15. S. lacustris,
Stem trigonous; very leafy species.
Umbel of 3-40 dark or dusky spikelets . 17. S. maritimus,
Umbel of 200 pale bright brown spikelets 18. S. leteflorens.
Hypogynous bristles plumose; leaves hardly
avy - : c C - : . 19. S. littoralis,
#***MICHELIANI.—Small, leafy plants. Stem without nodes between the base
and small head. Spikelets small, numerous, densely and minutely stellate. Hypo-
gynous bristles 0. Style linear; branches long. (In characters, this group differs
little from subgenus Isolepis ; but, from their habit, they are mixed with Kyllinga,
Mariscus, and Lipocarpha, by Cyperologists as well as by collectors).
Spikelets minute, fused into 1 head; points of
glumes straight . : : . 20. S. kyllingioides,
Spikelets rather larger, capitate ; points of glumes
subrecurved 4 4 < Z : . 21. S. Steudnert.
##***MTOROSTYLI.—Small or slender annuals. Stem without nodes between the
base and the small head of few spikelets. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style hardly
any, caducous ; stigmas very small, recurved.
Style 3-fid. Spikelets squarrose, from the recurved
points of the glumes.
Nut linear-oblong . ; . > . . 22. S. Lugardi.
Nut obovoid.
Awns about as long as the glumes; nut
obscure reticulate a : : . 23. S. squarrosus.
Awns longer than the glumes; nut prominently
reticulate “ - E A : . 24. 8. Hystrix.
Style 2-fid, Spikelets terete, not or obscurely
squarrose.
Spikelet 1 to the stem; glumes not acumi-
nate . : : : . 25. S. Isolepis.
Spikelets 3-1 to the stem; glumes shortly
acuminate. “ “ - c . 26. S. micrant hus.
1. S. spadiceus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 493, not of Linn.
Glabrous. Roots fibrous, or rhizome hardly any. Stems tufted,
8-12 in. long, slender, bearing 1 spikelet. Leaves few, } as long as the
stem, setaceous. Spikelet 4-} by 1-1 in. cylindric, dense, obtuse at the
top and bottom, a full rich dark red-brown; bract 1, setaceous, $4 in.
long. Glumes round-ovate, concave, scarious, rich-brown, har ly
keeled or striate, very persistent after the nut has fallen. Hypogynou®
bristles 0. Style 2-fid. Nut scarcely } the length of the glume, obovoid,
compressed, smooth, chestnut-black.—Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pi. iil.
1050; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 630 ;
Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 90. Hriocaulon spadicewm, Lam. Il. 1. 214.
Nemum spadiceum, Desveaux ex W. Hamilt. Prod. Ind. Oce. 13;
Kunth, Enum. ii. 220.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Regent, Scott-Elliot, 4034! and without pre-
cise locality, Afzelius ! Smeathmann (ex Lamarck), Morson !
Also in Hayti.
2. S. angolensis, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi.
Afr. v. 617. Glabrous, except the glumes. Stem 8-12 1. long;
slender, with 1 sessile and often 2 peduncled spikelets. Leaves :
length of the stem, setaceous. Spikelets } in. long, ovoid, brig
Scirpus. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 449
chestnut-red ; peduncles 1-} in. long; bracts setaceous, 4-4 in. long.
Glumes obovate-elliptic, obtuse, with a few cilia on the upper margins,
very persistent after the nut has fallen. Hypogynous bristles 0. Style-
branches 2, long. Nut scarcely 4 the length of the glume, orbicular,
compressed, smooth, chestnut-black.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.
126. S. spadiceus, var. ciliatus, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 156.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshy places on the heights of
Pedra Songue, Wel witsch, 6836! in the Presidium, near Catete, Welwitsch, 7166!
3. S, fluitans, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed.2,71. Glabrous. Root fibrous. Stem
often floating in water, elongate, branching, leafy, weak, 2-15 in. long.
Leaves 3-21 in. long, very narrow or almost capillary. Peduncles
axillary, 4-3 in. long, each carrying one quasi-terminal spikelet.
Spikelet 4-} in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, dull greenish or purplish, usually
4-10-flowered. Glumes ovate, obtuse, the lowest often containing a nut,
deciduous, Hypogynous bristles 0. Style linear; branches 2, linear.
Nut } as long as the glume, obovoid, compressed, pallid, smooth.—
Sowerby, Engl. Bot. t. 216; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 485; Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot., ii. 156 ; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. vi. 653, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 621, and in
Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 213; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 147;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 125; Volk. Kilimand. 319; Rendle
In Cat. Afr, Pl. Welw. ii. 126. S. ramosus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii.
377, Isolepis fluitans, R. Br. Prod. 221; Kunth, Enum. ii. 188;
Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 498. Eleocharis fluitans, Hook. Brit. F).
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; in stagnant water in the valley of the River
Mareb, Quartin-Dillon & Petit! Begemeder; near Debra Tabor, Schimper, 1216 !
Jan Meda, 9000 ft., Schimper, 1108! 1254! 1294! and without precise locality,
Schimper, 208! 803!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; inthe River Quipumpunhime, Welwitsc/,
6965! in streams on the Humpata Plain, Welwitsch, 6966! stream-swamps near
Mumpulla, Welwitsch, 6967!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 8800 ft.; Marangu,
Volkens, 1310! and Schira, Volkens, 1950!
In cool places throughout the Old World, from Europe and the Cape to New
mea; in the Tropics on mountains.
4. S. nervosus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 484. Glabrous. Rhizome
up to lin. long, thread-like. Stem 2-5 in. long, slender, with 1 quasi-
terminal head, no node between the head and the base. Leaves 3 the
length of the stem, setaceous. Spikelet } in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, 4—10-
Owered, lowest glume not bract-like. Glumes ovate, obtuse, blackeh
With green back. Hypogynous bristles 0, Style linear ; branches 2,
linear. Nut 4 the length of the glume, narrowly obovoid, plano-convex.
—Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 147; ©. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 628. Zsolepis nervosa, Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Tent. FI, Abyss. ii. 499. J. fuscescens, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ni. 92.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Enjedcap, Schimper, 551!
VOL, virr, é 2a
450 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE), [ Scirpus.
5. S. verrucosulus, Steud. in Flora, 1829, 145. Glabrous, annual.
Stems tufted, 2-4 in. long, each carrying 1 nearly terminal spikelet.
Leaves 0, or the sheath ending in a green point scarcely { in. long.
Spikelet ,,-} in. long, ovoid; lowest glume sometimes bract-like and
nearly as long as the spikelet, sometimes containing a nut and deciduous.
Glumes ovate, obtuse, yellowish or purplish with green back. Hypo-
gynous bristles 0. Style linear; branches 2, linear. Nut } as long as
the glume, obovoid-truncate, plano-convex, smooth, dark-chestnut-
coloured.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 216. S. verruculosus,
Nees in Linnea, vii. 496 in citation; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 634. Isolepis ptycholeptos, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 93.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Leprieur!
Frequent in South Africa.
6. S. cernuus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 245. Glabrous, annual. Stems tufted,
1-5 in. long, setaceous, with 1 head of 3-1 spikelets. Leaves usually
much shorter than the stem, setaceous. Spikelets 1~1 in. long, ovoid,
few- or many-flowered. Glumes ovate, hardly acute. Hypogynous
bristles 0. Style linear; branches 3, linear. Nut 3} as long as the
glume, obovoid, trigonous, brown or black, smooth or appearing dotted,
neither longitudinally ribbed nor transversely barred.—C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 619, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vi.
219. S. Savii, Sebast. & Mauri, Prod. Fl. Rom. 22; Sowerby, Engl. Bot.
Suppl. t. 2782; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Se. Algér. Glum. 234. S. setaceus,
Linn. Mant. 321; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 501 partly ; Schweinf. in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 492 not of Linn. Sp. Pl. Jsoleps
riparia, R. Br. Prod. 222. J. numidiana, Roem. & Schultes, Syst.
Veg. ii. 110. J. saviana, Schultes in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1.
Mant. 63; Kunth, Enum. ii. 193.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Isles; Wichura, 425!
Common in most warm and temperate regions.
This species is plentiful in Algeria and in extratropical South Africa ; it is also
communicated from St. Helena and the Mascarene Isles, but has not been
received from Tropical Africa. As to the doubtful citation of Schweinfurth, the
only example of his S. sefaceus seen looks like S. cernuus, but it has no ripe nuts.
7. S. setaceus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 73 partly. Nut longitudinally
ribbed, and with transverse bars between the ribs, the outermost trans
verse cells being arranged in exactly vertical series; otherwise 4°
S. cernuus.—Sowerby, Engl. Bot. t. 1693; Boeck. in Linnea, Xxxv)
500 partly; ©. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 654, 1
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 630, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2".
Append. iii. 33,and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 217; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf.
Ost-Afr. C. 125; Volk. Kilimand. 319. Jsolepis setacea, R. Br. Prod.
222; Kunth, Enum. ii. 193.
Nile Land. Abyssinia; 10,000 ft., Schimper, 325! 384! British East Africa :
Ruwenzori; in the bed of Butagu River, 7000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7916!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Johann Ravine,
ft., Volkens, 1214! Kifinika Volcano, 9000 ft., Volkens, 1214!
Frequent from Europe and Africa to Australia,
11,100
Scirpus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 451
8. S. costatus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi, 511. Glabrous.
Rhizome 0, or hardly any. Stems tufted, 8-20 in. long, terete, not
setaceous. Leaves 0), or represented by a tooth scarcely ;4, in. long. Head
of 4-16 spikelets; bracts very short, but the head is frequently sub-
proliferous. Spikelets } in. long, ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid, of 5-15
flowers, chestnut- or dark-coloured. Glumes ovate, obtuse. Hypogynous
bristles 0. Style linear, branches 3. Nut as of S. setaceus.—C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 620, in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. iv. 54, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap, vii. 218; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 147; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126. Jsolepis
costata, A. Rich. Tent. FI. Abyss. ii. 499. J. setacea, var. abyssinica,
Boeck. in Flora, 1858, 419.
Nile Land, Abyssinia: Samen; on Mount Bachit above Demerki, 11,800 ft.,
Schimper, 103! Begemeder; in a swamp at Guna, 11,400 ft., Schimper, 1464!
Shoa; Ankober, Roth! and without precise locality, Schimper, 1058! 1153!
British East Africa : Mount Kenia, Gregory, 85!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 8800 ft.,
Volkens, 1128! British Central Africa : Nyasaland; Mount Mlanji, Whyte !
Also in South Africa, Madagascar, and Tasmania,
9. S. dicecus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 719. Glabrous, dicecious.
Rhizome horizontal, woody. Stem 20-30 in. long, terete, hard.
Leaves 0. Head 1, apparently lateral, } in. in diam., globose, often
with 40-50 spikelets ; lowest bract, as though continuing the stem, | in.
long, rigid, pointed. Spikelets 4—} in. long, cylindric, pallid, many-
owered. Glumes ovate or elliptic, closely packed, margins scarious.
Hypogynous bristles 0. Style linear; branches 3. Nut small, less than
2 the length of the glume, obovoid, trigonous, smooth, brown, not ribbed
longitudinally.— ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
621, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 32, incl. var. macrocephala,
and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 226. WS. Schinzii, Boeck. ex Schinz in
Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxix. 47, xxx. 139 in note. Jsolepis diwca,
Kunth, Enum. ii. 199.
Lower Guinea. Hereroland, Fleck, 1254! Damaraland, Zen /
Frequent in South Africa.
10. S. cubensis, Poeppig & Kunth ex Kunth, Enum. ii. 172.
Glabrous, except the glumes. Stolons often present; or stem at the
e decumbent and rooting. Stem 1-2 ft. long, stout, trigonous at the
top, without nodes from the base to the umbel. Leaves often as long
48 the stem, } in. broad, nearly smooth or edges rough. Umbel
Simple; heads 4~12 (sometimes 3-1) stellate-globose, 3 in, in diam.,
Town, of numerous spikelets on peduncles $-2} in. long ; bracts
often 5-10, lower up to a foot long, similar to the leaves. Spikelets
=} in. long, many-flowered. Glumes ovate, acute, rigid, their
Points spreading on all sides; margins ciliate. Hypogynous
bristles 0, Style linear, passing gradually into the top of the ovary ;
Tanches 2, linear. Nut nearly } the length of the glume, plano-
452 CLYI. CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Scirpus.
convex, narrowly obovoid, smooth; in the lower portion thickened by
corky cells; the apex hardened into a conic beak not separated bya
constriction from the nut.—Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii.
1051; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 157; C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 620, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
iv. Append. iii. 32; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126. Urban,
Symb. Antill. ii. 92; Rendlein Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 127. Cyperus
blepharoleptos, Steud. Syn. Pi. Glum. ii. 28. Courtoisia olivacea, Boeck.
in Flora, 1861, 331. Anosporum cubense, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxVl.
413, and in Flora, 1879, 561, 1881, 77. A. Schinzii, Boeck. in
Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxix. 46. Isolepis echinocephala,
Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 167 t. 107. Crepidocarpus cubensis,
Klotzsch ex Boeckeler in Linnea, xxxvi. 414.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Lepriewr! Perrottet! Niger Territory: Nupe,
Barter, 1068 !
Wile Land. Banks of the Nile at Khartoom, Speke & Grant! White Nile,
Brownell ! Schweinfurth, 1109! Gazelle River, Schweinfurth, 1150! Banks of the
Nile in Unyoro, Speke & Grant !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in marshes near Umbilla, on the
River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6848! Barra do Dande; bank of the River Dande, near
Bombo, Welwitsch, 6994! German South-west Africa : Amboland, Schinz, 378!
Also common in America, from Mexico to Paraguay.
11. S. supinus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,73. A glabrous annual. Stems
tufted, 2-12 in. long, terete, with no ncde between the base and the
single head (but see var. 3). Leaves very short, usually less than 1in.
long. Spikelets 1-7 in the head, 1} in. long, ellipsoid or oblong,
dusky greenish, obscurely angular by reason of the strongly keeled
glumes; lowest bract as though a continuation of the stem, 1-6 std
long. Glumes ovate, acute, entire at the tip. Hypogynous bristles 0.
Style linear ; branches 3, rarely 2. Nut obovoid-truncate, triquetrous,
black, with strong transverse wavy lines.—-Boeck. in Linnwa, XXXV)-
699 excl. var. 3, y; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 659, 1m
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 632 and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1V-
Append. iii. 33; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126. Tsoleps
supina, R, Br. Prod. 221; Kunth, Enum. ii. 196; Benth. in Hook.
Niger FI. 553; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 500. J. polycolea, Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 95. Z prowima and J. simillima, Steud. Syn.
Glum. ii. 95. JZ. pentasticha, Boeck. in Flora, 1859, 446, and in Peters,
Reise Mossamb. Bot. 544. Scirpus polycoleus, Notaris, Ind, Sem.
Hort. Genuen. 1847.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Delievre !
Nile Land. Darfur, Purdy, 44! Abyssinia, Quartin-Dillon § Petit !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Cunene River, Johnston! banks of the River
Caculo, Newton !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Peters!
Including varieties, this species extends from Europe to the Cape and
being abundant in the Mediterranean region and in South-east Asia.
Halli is frequent in North America.
Australias
The var-
Scirpus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 453
~ Var. 8 uninodis, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 656. Inflorescence
of 1-4 heads in a contracted umbel, the rays sometimes nearly 1 in. long.—C. B.
Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 632; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop.
Afr. 147. S. lateralis, Forsk. Fl. Egypt.-Arab. 15; Kunth, Enum. ii. 176.
S. mucronatus, Roxb, Fl. Ind. i. 219 partly ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr, C.
126 partly. Isolepis uninodis, Delile, Fl. Egypte, 8, t. 6, fig. 1.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Leprieur !
[° and. Abyssinia: Begemeder; near Amogai, 7200 ft., Schimper
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1061! German East Africa: Kili-
manjaro, 3300 ft., Volkens, 1624!
This variety extends to the Mascarene Islands, India, the Malay archipelago,
and Australia.
12. S. articulatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 70. A glabrous annual.
Stems tufted, 2-12 in. long, terete, when dry showing transverse false
septa {~2 in. apart, varying in thickness from -}, to nearly } in. in diam.,
bearing 1 dense apparently lateral globose head; lowest bract terete,
“appearing as a continuation of the stem, usually longer than it, some-
times 2 ft. long. Leaves 0. Spikelets } to ? in. long, cylindric, acute
or obtuse, green or variegated with purple and brown. Glumes ovate,
incurved even in fruit; tip entire, triangular or rounded. Hypogynous
bristles 0, Style linear; branches 3. Nut nearly 4 the length of the
glume, obovoid almost pyriform, triquetrous, brown, pyramidal at the
apex, transversely undulate or smooth.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 702,
and in Flora, 1879, 563; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
157; ©. B. Ciarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 656, in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 618, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii.
32, and in Dyer, Fi. Cap. vii. 228; Engl. Hochgebirgsfi. Trop. Afr.
148; K. Schum, in Engl. Pf. Ost-Atr. C. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI.
Welw. ii. 126. 8. jfistulosus, Forsk. Fl. Aigypt.-Arab. 14. Isolepis
artculata, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 108; Kunth, Enum. ii, 198;
Boeck, in Flora, 1860, 83. J. prelongata, Kunth, Enum. ii. 199;
Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 553; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 500. J. sene-
galensis, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 96 ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl.
Aethiop. 216 ; ef. Boeck. in Flora, 1860, 180.
_ Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 116! 823!
Seneyambia; Galam, Heudelot, 319! Richard Toll, Dollinger, 13!
Wile Land. Kordofan, Kotschy, 56! 377! Abyssinia : neur Gafta, Schimper,
1194! Begemeder ; near Seuka Berr, 8500 ft., Schimper, 1113! British East Africa :
Jur ; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ser. iii. 195! Kurshook Alis Seriba, Schweinfurth,
1714! Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 2194! Matwoli, Schweinfurth, 4001! near
Mombasa, Taylor !
Lower Guinea, Angola: Congo; edges of Lagoa de Quizemba, Welwitsch,
6978! Ivolo e Bengo; margin of Lagoa de Funda, Welwitsch, 6851 ! 6979! Pungo
Andongo ; around ponds on Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6850!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Blackburn, Hildebrandt, 1062 | Zanquebar, Kirk,
8! P ortuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi; N’Kweza, Kirk! British Central
Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 555!
Scattered throughout Africa, also in the Mascarene Islands and India.
Upper Senegal, Lécard, 165!
454 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Scirpus.
The African material divides easily into two groups:
(a) Stems slender 4, in. thick. Spikelets }—} in. long, very obtuse, greenish-
‘yellow. Glumes very obtuse, concave, somewhat inflated, scarious, Nut small,
pallid, with wavy horizontal lines.—This is called Isolepis senegalensis by Hoch-
stetter, I, prelongata by Nees.
(2) Stems 3-1 in. thick. Spikelets } in. long and upwards, acute, marked red
and brown. Glumes at the tip triangular, subacute. Nut large, dark-brown, with-
out wavy horizontal lines.
These two forms appear separate in Africa; but the great quantity of Indian
material has not been divided satisfactorily between the two. All modern authorities,
from Boeckeler to Schumann, unite the two African forms as one species.
13. S. quinquefarius, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.701, Spikelets in
fruit 4 by 1-1 in., the glumes Jaxly spreading ; otherwise as S. articulatus,
Linn., form a.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 657, m
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 629, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vi.
228. Isolepis lupulina, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 107 ; Kunth, Knum.
Hm. 298.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Athi, Gregory, 102!
Frequent in India, also once collected in the Transvaal.
The stems are with or without false transverse septa.
This species might be reduced to S. articulatus ; owing to the yellow-brown
wuch-inflated spreading glumes, the specific name “ lupulina”’ (like hop-heads) was
ay plied by Nees.
14. S. mucronatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 73 mainly. Glabrous.
Rots fibrous, or rarely a horizontal rhizome 4—6 in. long. —_
tvfied, 4-24 ft. long, stout, triquetrous, bearing 1 apparently lateral
head ; lowest bract trigonous, appearing as a continuation of the stem,
4-3} in. long. Leaves0. Spikelets few or numerous, }—} in. long,
ellipsoid, subacute. Glumes ovate, subacute, nearly entire at the tip.
Hypogynous bristles usually 5 (or 6), unequal, some nearly as long as
the nut, brown, retrorse-scabrid (but the bristles are sometimes 54
and occasionally 0). Style linear ; branches 3. Nut less than 3 the
length of the glume, obovoid, trigonous, shining black-chestnut, smooth
or obscurely transversely wavy.—Delile, F). Egypt, 14, +. 1, Be 33
Kunth, Enum. ii. 161; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi, 703; C. B. Clarke Ip
Hook. f. Fl. Brit, Ind. vi. 657, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 628; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 126 partly.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Yaunde, Zenker, 677 ! :
Also in Europe, Western Asia to Japan, Australia, and Polynesia.—This speci®
abundant in Europe and India, appears to avoid Africa, as it is not recorded even e
Algeria by Cosson and Durieu, nor have I ever seen any example from Africa a
Zenker’s. It is, however, a weed that might appear anywhere in a rice-field, 2»
may have been carried to the Cameroons,
15. S. lacustris, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,72. Glabrous, except the
glumes. Rhizome horizontal. Stem 2-6 ft. long, stout, cere or
somewhat trigonous at the top. Leaves usually 0; occasionally eee gr
long. Umbel simple or compound, rarely contracted into a head 0
Scirpus. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 455
clustered or solitary spikelets ; lowest bract as though a continuation
of the stem, 1-3 in. long, Spikelets 4 by 4-1 in., brown. Glumes
ovate, concave ; tip scarious, notched, minutely hairy, with often a
small point in the notch. Hypogynous bristles 6-5, as long as the nut,
retrorsely scabrous (but often reduced or irregular). Style linear,
branches 8 or 2. Nut more than 3 the length of the glume, obovoid,
unequally trigonous, smooth, finally brown.—Sowerby, Engl. Bot.
t. 666; Kunth, Enum. ii. 164; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 712; C. B.
Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 658, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr, v. 624, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 231; Urban, Symb. Antill.
li. 98.
Upper Guinea. Sierre Leone, Afzelius, 498.
Abundant in Europe, common throughout Asia (except the North), and scattered
nearly over the globe, except South America. Only known in Africa by the above
Plant of Afzelius, and a few specimens from South Africa.
16. S. corymbosus, Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 28. Glabrous. Rhizome
2-4 in. long, horizontal. Stems 3 ft. long, stout, terete. Leaves 0.
Umbel apparently lateral, simple or compound, 3-6 in. in diam. ; lower
bract as though a continuation of the stem, 1-4 in. long. Spikelets
clustered, }-1 in. long, ellipsoid, dusky brown. Glumes ovate, glab-
tous; tip subentire, mucronate. Hypogynous bristles 0. tyle
linear ; branches 3. Nut 2 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid,
black, smooth, slightly transversely wavy.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.
706; Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte, 157; Ridley in Trans.
Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 158; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
vi. 657, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 620, and in Dyer,
Fl. Cap. vii. 229 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 148 ; Schweinf. in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 49, 104; K.Schum. in Engl. PA.
Ost-Afr. C. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 126. 8. brachyceras,
Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 21; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. il, 496,
Isolepis corymbosa, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 110 and Mant. 65 ;
Kunth, Enum. ii.216. J. inclinata, Delile, Fl. Aigypt. Ill. 50; Barbey,
Levant, t. 8, fig. 9. 7
Wile Land. Abyssinia: near Adowa, Schimper, 288! and without ioe
locality, Schimper, 84! 253! 687! British East Africa: Tana River, Gregory, 78!
along the River Kedong, 6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6511.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; near Sange, Welwilsch, 70158 !
Cazengo ; streams near Palmira, Welwitsch, 7015! Ambaca; banks of the River
Lucala, Welwitsch, 6846! Pungo Andongo ; marshes between Condo and Quisonde,
Welwitsch, 6849! Huilla; Lake Ivantala, Welwitsch, 6976! by the River
Catumba, Welwitsch, 6977 !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor ! German East Africa : Us.mbara, Holst,
2552! British Central Africa : Nyasaiand; Namasi, Cameron, 12! Shire Highlands,
Scott-Elliot, 8581 ! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte! Ngamiland; Lake River,
Lugard, 11!
Also in Egypt, South Africa, Madagascar, and India.
17. S. maritimus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 74. Glabrous. Stolons
hardening into rhizomes. Stems 1-3 ft. long, stout, tmgonous.
456 CLYI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Scirpus.
Leaves several, often as long as the stem, }-} in. broad. Umbel com-
pound or simple or reduced to a head of 3-1 spikelets; rarely exceeding
4-6 in. in diam. ; bracts several, similar to the leaves, the lowest often
4-8 in. long. Spikelets 3-40 to the umbel, }—1 by 1 in., dark brown,
often clustered. Glumes ovate, at the tip emarginate and hairy, keel
excurrent in a mucro. Hypogynous bristles 6-3, usually shorter than
the nut, stiff, retrorsely scabrid, sometimes hardly any. Style long;
branches 3 or 2, long. Nut varying much in size, unequally trigonous
or flattened, obovoid, black, smvoth or minutely reticulate.—Sowerby,
Engl. Bot. t. 542; Kunth, Enum. ii. 167; Benth. in Hook, Niger
Fl. 553; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 722; Coss. et Durieu, Expl. Se.
Algér. Glum. 237; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii, 198,
incl. vars.; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 658, in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 626, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append.
iii, 32, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 232; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-
Afr, C. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 127, incl. var. nobilis.
S. corymbosus, Forsk. Fl. Aagypt.-Arab. 14, not of Roth. S. sguarro-
sulus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 88. Jsolepis grandispica, Steud. Syn.
Pl. Glum. ii. 318.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger! Perrottet, 318! Senegambia, Leprieur!
Mile Land. Somaliland, Keller, 92 bis! 93! 94! 98!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Congo; near Quizembo, Welwitsch, 6992!
7003! Ivolo e Bengo; near Funda, Welwitsch, 6980! 7011! Mossamedes ; in cotton-
fields, Welwitsch, 6972! near Giraul, Welwitsch, 6974! banks of the River
Maiombo, Welwitsch, 6975!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; ex K. Schumann ! Portu-
guese East Africa: Mozambique, Forbes! Chiloane, Scott! British Central Africa :
Nyasaland ; Shire Valley, near Mankokone, Kirk ! Meller ! Boruma, on the Zambesi,
Menyharth, 534!
_ Including the forms esteemed varieties by Boeckeler and Bentham, this species
is abundant over all warm temperate and cool regions.
18. S. leteflorens, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 625, Stem very stout, at the top triquetrous, scabrid on
the angles. Leaves very scabrid on the margins. Umbel 3-4 times
divided, 10 in. in diam., with 200 spikelets. Spikelets a pale bright
cinnamon-brown, the glumes glistening all over with golden hairs :
otherwise as very large S. maritimus.—C. B. Clarke in Bull. Herb.
Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 32.
Lower Guinea. South-west Africa, Chapman & Baines ! Hereroland, Fleck,
1124!
19. S. littoralis, Schrad. Fl. Germ. i. 142, t. 5, fig. 7- s ospigeat
except the glumes. Rhizome short, or sometimes elongate, slender 10
the plant. Stems 14-3 ft. long, approximate, at the base 4-4 ae
diam., terete, at the top triquetrous, trigonous or nearly round. ae
usually 3-2 in. long, membranous, sometimes green, up to ree :,
Umbel compound, with numerous, mostly pedicelled, spikelets 5 nine
bract 3-3 in. long, as though a continuation of the stem. Spike by
4-2 by } in., subcylindric. Glumes ovate, obtuse, emarginate, TUS y
Scirpus. ] CLVI. CYPERACEX (CLARKE). 457
brown; keel green, excurrent into a short mucro. Hypogynous bristles
7-2, plumose with moniliform several-celled hairs. Style linear ;
branches 2. Nut $ the length of the glume, obovoid, plano-convex,
black-chestnut, smooth or minutely reticulate-—Kunth, Enum. ii. 166 ;
Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Sc. Algér. Glum. 235; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 383 ;
0. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 659, in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect, Fl. Afr. v. 625 incl. var. 8, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 231 ;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Atr. C. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. P]. Welw.
01.127. S. subulatus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 268; Kunth, Enum. ii. 165;
Boeck. in Linnzea, xxxvi. 715; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
158. S. fimbrisetus, Delile, Fl. Egypte, 11, t. 7, fig. 1. S. egyptiacus,
Decaisne in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, iv. 196. S. triqueter, Gren. & Godr.
Fi. Frang. iii. 373; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 716, not of Linn.
S. pterolepis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 166. Malacochete littoralis, Nees in
Linnea, ix. 292. IM. pterolepis, Nees in Linnea, ix. 292, x. 184.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 533!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Mossamedes; ponds near Aguadas, Welwitsch,
6973! Pungo Andongo; marshy places by the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6847 !
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa : Zambesi Delta; banks of the River
Luabo, Kirk ! British Central Aftica: Nyasaland; shore of Lake Nyasa, Meller !
Lake Pamolombe, Kirk ! Boruwa, on the Zambesi, Menyharth, 1064!
Abundant throughout the Mediterranean Region, common in South Africa,
South-east Asia, Malaya and North Australia. Not in America, where it is replaced
by the very closely allied S. riparius, Presl.
20. S. kylingioides, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 733. Glabrous,
perennial; slender stolons sometimes present. Stems 1-6 (rarely 16) in.
long, slender. Leaves 4 as long as the stem, ‘5 in. broad, grass-like.
Head 1, subglobose, 4-4 (rarely }) in. in diam., quasi-terminal, green
or pale brown, the innumerable glume-points sticking out straight on
all sides; bracts 3-4, spreading or pendent, leaf-like, longer than the
head, sometimes 2-3 in. long. Glumes ovate, contracted rather suddenly
into a linear obtuse termination. Hypogynous bristles 0, Style linear,
shorter than the nut ; branches 3 (or fide Boeckeler 2) long. Nut 4
the length of the glume, oblong-obovoid, unequally trigonous, smooth,
black-brown.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 662, and in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 624; K.Schum. in Engl. Pf.
Ost-Afr. ©. 126. Kyllinga microcephala, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 597,
and Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 70 excl. the Obs. Jsolepis kyllingioides, A. Rich.
Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 502; Schweinf. Pl. Nilot. 42.
eer Guinea. Upper Senegal, Lécard, 80! 110 bis! Soudan, Lécard,
: 106!
Wile Land. Sennar, Hartmann! Gallabat: banks of the River Gendua,
Schweinfurth, 2053! Abyssinia: near Gon Ambra, Schimper, 650! Shireh
Province, Quartin-Dillon & Petit, 650! and without precise locality, Schimper,
122! 848! British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1916!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! British Central Africa: Nyasaland ;
Zomba Plains, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte ! Namasi, Cameron, 91!
Also scattered throughout Western India.
458 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE), [ Scirpus.
21. S. Steudneri, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 733. Stems much
thickened at the base, woody, covered by torn leaf-sheaths. Spikelets
distinct, sessile, in a head more than } in. broad, squarrose from the
subrecurved points of the glumes; otherwise as S. kyllingioides.—
Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append. ii. 50; C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 631. Tsolepis polyphylla, A. Rich. Tent.
Fl. Abyss. ii. 508. Ayllinga ambigua, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 70.
Nile Land. Eritrea: Ginda, 2900 ft., Schweinfurth, 149! Abyssinia: Bege-
meler, Schimper, 849! and without precise locality, Hildebrandt, 357! 359!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor !
22. S. Lugardi, C. B. Clarke. Annual, glabrous. Stems tufted,
2 in. long, rather stout. Leaves as long as the stem, ;'; in. broad. In-
florescence a dense compound head } in. in diam., or more rarely an
umbel. The 1 or 2 rays up to }-} in. long; bracts 2 in. long, spreading,
similar to the leaves. Spikes } to } in. long, very dense, compound, purple
and green, 1-4 in the head. Spikelets less than } in. long, 5-8-flowered.
Glumes elliptic, 5-7-nerved, the green keel excurrent into a recurved
mucro less than } the length of the glume. Seta 0. Stamens 1 (or 2)
with a very small square anther. Nut narrow-oblong, trigonous,
smooth, brown. Style linear 2 the length of the nut, branches 3.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Ngami-land; Okavango Valley, 3000
ft., growing in sand, Lugard, 290!
This greatly resembles Scirpus Hystrix, Thunb. ; but the point of the glume is
much shorter and the nut altogether anlike.
23. S. squarrosus, Linn. Mant. 181. A small glabrous tufted
annual. Stems 2-8 in. (rarely 16 in.) long. Leaves 4 the length of
the stem, 3,—}in. broad. Head of 1-6 (rarely 10) squarrose spike-
lets ; bracts 3-5, leaf-like, spreading or pendent, 1-2 (sometimes 4) in.
long. Spikelets 4-4 in. long, with very many flowers, greenish or
brownish. Glumes narrowly obovate, suddenly narrowed into a linear
subobtuse mucro not longer than the glume, very caducous in fruit
beginning from the lowest nut-bearing glume. Hypogynous pristles 0.
Stamen 1 or rarely 2; anther very small, oblong. Style scarcely any;
branches 3, short, much recurved. Nut 3 the length of the glume
(exclusive of the mucro), obovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, yellow-brown OF
ultimately black, smooth, the outermost cells minute quadrangular, 5°
that the nut only appears reticulated under a strong magnification.—
Boeck, in Linnea, xxxvi. 734, and in Flora, 1879, 563; C. B. Clarke
in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 663, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 631. Isolepis squarrosa, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1. 111
and Mant. 65; Kunth, Enum. ii. 202. Ascolepis tenwior, Steud. Sy-
Pl. Glum. ii. 105; cf. Boeck. in Flora, 1859, 100.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 761 partly!
Wile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 3003! British
East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2572 !
Scirpus. | CLVI. CYPERACE® (CLARKE). 459
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Vyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga,.
2000-6000 ft., Whyte !
Also in Madagascar, India, and the Philippines.
This species both by authors and by collectors (in Barter, 761) is mixed with.
Lipocarpha microcephala, R. Br.
24. S. Hystrix, Thunb. Prodr. 17. Mucro longer than the-
glume. Nut obviously reticulated, the outermost cells being much:
larger than in S. squarrosus ; otherwise as S. squarrosus.— Boeck. in.
Linnea, xxxvi. 735; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 623, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 233; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw, ii. 127. 8. Rehmanni, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
A Isolepis Hystrix, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 23; Kunth, Enum. ii.
04,
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in damp fields around Lopollo, Welwitsch,
6771! Huilla to Humpata, Johnston! banks of the River Palanca, Newton !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Tanganyika Plateau, at
Fort Hill, Whyte !
Frequent in South Africa.
25. S. Isolepis, Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxvi. 498. A glabrous:
tufted annual. Stems 1~10 in. long, setaceous. Leaves 1-1} in. long,
Setaceous. Spikelet 1 to a stem, 1-4 in. long, ovoid-ellipsoid, obtuse,
dense, not squarrose, chestnut-coloured, sticking out at right angles.
apparently from the stem which is continued by the bract {—1 in. long.
Glumes obovate with a triangular top, caducous in fruit from the
lowest nut-bearing glume upwards; a small oblong, very thin hyaline:
lateral scale is sometimes present within the glume. Hypogynous.
bristles 0; unless represented by the hyaline scale. Stamen 1, occa-
Sionally 2; anther small, oblong. Style hardly any ; branches 2, short,
recurved. Nut # the length of the glume, biconvex, obovoid or
ellipsoid, smooth, black, minutely reticulated.—C. B. Clarke in Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 663, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 624,
in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 82, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vil. 233 5
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 128. Hemicarpha Isolepis, Nees in
Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xvii. 263; Kunth, Enum. ii. 268; Benth. et
Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1053; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
Cl ee? 2 Schraderi, Kunth, Enum. ii. 268; A. Rich. Tent. Fi. Abyss.
li. 507. H. senegalensis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 130. _ Lipocarpha
Rautanenii, Boeck. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxxi. 179.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, Leprieur, 9!
Nile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2047.
la: Pungo Andongo; Sansamanda, Welwitsch, 6814!
in cies heen Tent cake. Week 6815! hoes Condo and Quisonde, Sg
witsch, 6818! Huilla; in the lofty meadows of Empalanca, “elwitsch, 6963 !.
German South-west Africa : Amboland, Rautanen, 219!
Also in South Africa and India.
26. S. micranthus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 254. Spikelets 35-1 to each
stem, in an apparently lateral cluster, somewhat squarrose. Glumes-
460 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). [ Scirpus.
ovate, shortly acuminate ; otherwise as S. solepis.—Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvi. 499; Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 67; C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 627, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
iv. Append. iii. 33; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 94; Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 128. Isolepis micrantha, Roem. & Schultes, Syst.
Veg. ii. 110; Kunth, Enum. ii, 203. Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, Nees
in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. i. 61, t. 4, fig. 1; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ui.
1053; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 162. Hypolytrum
capillare, Schrader ex Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. i. 61.
Lower Guinea, Angola: Loando; margins of ponds near Conceicao, Wel-
witsch, 6981! 6996! Damaraland: Upingtonia, Schinz !
Throughout America, very common.
This, like the preceding species, has sometimes 1 (rarely 2) hyaline scale inside
‘the glume.
Imperfectly known species.
27. Schcenoplectus senegalensis, Palla in Engl. Jahrb. x. 299.
Central Africa; ex Palla.
There is no description, The plant if not a Scirpus, is probably one of the
Scirpee.
12. FICINIA, Schrad.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Pl. iii, 1052.
Gynophore minute, obpyramidal, often trigonous or toothed o
the upper margin, carrying the ovary or nut, inserted within the
stamens ; otherwise as Scirpus, Sect. [solepis.
Species 58 ; whereof 55, i.e. all except the 3 below enumerated, are confined to
Extratropical South Africa.
The genus, in habit as in character, is as Scirpus, Sect. Isolepis. The subjoined
species are glabrous, the stem without nodes between the basal leaves and the head
of spikelets, the hypogynous bristles absolutely 0.
Stems tufted, elongate, slender; glumes scarcely 7}
in, long.
Heads of 3-1 spikelets ; stems setaceous ‘ , i. FF. Siliformis.
Heads of 6-20 spikelets; stems slender . ‘ . 2. F. gracilis.
Stems solitary, }-1 in. long; glumes } in. long. . 3. F. clandestina.
1. FP. filiformis, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 46. Glabrous. Stems
2-8 in. long, setaceous, densely tufted on a wooded base; no stolons
seen, but most of the wiry-rooted species throw stolons ee
times. Leaves } the length of the stem, setaceous; ca
pale brown with scarious edges that early wither up, the a a8
most leafless, Head of 3-1 spikelets }-} in. long; bracts o
lowest }-} in. long, setaceous, suberect. Glumes ovate, eh
strongly marked by chestnut-red striations. Style linear ; br anches 5
Nut less than } the length of the glume, ovoid, trigonous, 8™ eee
black, top pyramidal; gynophore about } the length of the nut, pallid,
narrowly obpyramidal, the upper margin with 3 depressed roun
Ficinia, | CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE), 467
lobes.— Kunth, Enum. ii, 253 partly; Boeck, in Linnea, xxxvii. 59;
C, B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 638, and in
Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 242. Scirpus leucocoleus, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf.
Ost-Afr. v. 125.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Volcano of Kifinika,
9800 ft., Volkens, 1858 !
Also in South Africa.
Volkens’ collections have ripe nuts, and the plant is certainly a Ficinia, and
either F. filiformis, Schrader, or a subspecies thereof,
2. F. gracilis, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 44. Glabrous. Stems
6-16 in. long, rather slender, tufted on a woody rhizome; stolons
Sometimes present. Leaves } the length of the stem, scarcely ;}, in.
broad, channelled; sheaths with scarious edges that wither up, the
uppermost often with a long leaf. Head 2 in. in diam., of 6-20 spike-
lets ; bracts 3, lowest leaf-like, spreading, 1-14 in. long. Spikelets F in.
long ; green variegated with chestnut or ultimately brown. Glumes
ovate, obtuse or with a short point, chestnut-red, striate. Style linear ;
branches 3. Nut less than 4 the length of the glume, obovoid,
trigonous, smooth or obscurely transversely-lineolate, dull black ;
Synophore small, obpyramidal, upper margin shallowly 3-lobed.—
Kunth, Enum. ii, 256; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 68; C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 638, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii.
251; Volk. Kilimand. 311
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 8800 ft.,
Volkens, 1300! :
Also in South Africa.
The example of Volkens’ examined has no nuts, but is F. gracilis or a very
closely allied species.
3. F. clandestina, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 82. Glabrous.
Rhizome creeping, 4~6 in. long, woody, clothed with nearly black
lanceolate scales. Stems solitary, scarcely 1 in. long in examples seen.
Leaves several up to 24 by }-} in. Head of 1-3 few-flowered spikelets ;
bracts 4} in. long, elliptic-oblong, enclosing the head. Spikelets } in.
long ; glumes oblong-lanceolate, + in. long, striate. Style long ; branches.
3, long. Gynophore obconic. Nut not seen.—C. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 637. Cyperus clandestinus, Hochst. ex
Krauss in Flora, 1842, 594. Chamexiphium clandestinum, Hochst. in
Flora, 1844, 102.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Mountains of Samen Province; Schimper, 980!
: ; ili. 1053
13. FUIRENA, Rottb.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ii
(including Pentasticha, Turez.; Benth. et Hook. f. l.c. 1049).
Spikelets of many flowers, mostly 2-sexual and perfecting nuts, the
uppermost imperfect or sterile. Glumes imbricated on all sides, or
sometimes appearing twisted and 5-ranked, hairy on the back (except
462 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Fuirena.
in F. abnormalis), nearly always with a long terminal bristle. Hypo-
gynous bristles (in typical Muirena) 6, viz. 3 (sepals) linear, small or
obsolete opposite the angles of the nut, 3 (petals) prominent, opposite
the faces of the nut, ovate, obovate, or clawed petal-shaped ; but in
many species (Sect. Hemiscirpus) the hypogynous bristles are setulose
or 0, exactly as in Scirpus (with /solepis). Style linear, often short, with
3 long branches ; style-base usually persistent on the nut, pyramidal,
triquetrous, or ovoid, or linear-cylindric or very minute. Nut sessile,
trigonous, obovoid or narrowly obovoid, falling off (# u-Fuirena) enclosed
by the 3 inner hypogynous bristles (petals).—Stem triquetrous, nodose,
with leaves throughout its length; sheaths cylindric; the lowest bract
like the topmost sheath. Inflorescence paniculate-corym bose (not
umbelled) ; panicle (when fully developed) elongate, thin, with remote
lower branches; but often reduced nearly to a subterminal head, not
rarely to few (or 3) spikelets.
Species 26, in all warm countries.
Fuirena is here separated from Scirpus by its nodose stem, and inflorescence
not umbellate; this separates it from all the Tropical African species of Scirpus.
The glumes being hairy on the back afford an additional distinction between
Fuirena and Scirpus, except in our Fuirena abnormalis.—lt may be noticed,
from the synonymy cited, that authors well entitled to their opinion place in Scirpus
various species of our Fuirena, Sect. Hemiscirpus.
*HEMISCIRPUS.—Hypogynous bristles either 0 or linear and retrorse-scabrid.
Hypogynous bristles 0, or quite rudimentary and
obscure.
Glumes glabrous . i : : : z . 1. F. abaormalis.
Glumes hairy ; nut white, Ae
Leaves very narrow; glumes 5-ranked ss. . 3. F Welwitschit.
Leaves up to } in. broad; glumes imbricated on
all sides,
Spikelets }-3 by tin. .
Spikelets up to 3 by 2 in.
Spikelets by scarcely j}, in. A : :
Hypogynous bristles 6-4-3, longer than the nut,
linear, rigid, brown, retrorsely scabrous.
Spikelets brown; glumes 5-ranked; nut brown . 6, F. stricta.
Spikelets black-green; glumes not 5-ranked; nut
. EF. pubescens.
on: pachyrrhiza.
ed Oe Ppygmea
Ov bo
green . : E : : e . W. F. chlorocarpa.
** WHu-FUIRENA.—Three interior hypogynous bristles with a broad lamina.
Annuals.
Spikelets 1-4 by 4-4 in... i 3 x . 8. FP. glomerata.
Spikelets {3 by tev in. . : : 3 . 9. F. leptostachya.
Perennials with a stout, creeping rhizome.
Inner hypogynous bristles obovate, sessile. . 10. F. umbellata.
Inner hypogynous bristles with a ciliate claw - 11. F. cinerascens.
1. FP. abnormalis, (. B. Clarke. A glabrous annual, the panicle
branches minutely scabrous. Stems tufted, 18 in. long, with sa
throughout their length. Leaves 4 by lin. Panicle 7 by 2 in., wit
distant axillary peduncles, several from each bract ; lowest bract similar
Fuirena. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 463
to the topmost leaf. Spikelets } by 4 in., mostly short-pedicelled. Glumes
boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, retuse, pale brown, glabrous, the green stout
keel excurrent in a recurved mucro } the length of the glume. Hypo-
gynous bristles 0, Nut % the length of the glume, triquetrous, broadly
obovoid truncate almost retuse, black, with obscure transverse wavy
lines; beak or style-base minute ; style short, branches 3, long.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Boruma, on the Zambesi, Meny-
harth, 1060!
This is put in Fuirena because of the nodose stem and elongate panicle. Neither
the glabrous glumes, nor the nut, nor the defect of hypogynous bristles suit
Fuirena well.
2. F. pubescens, Kunth, Enum. ii. 182. Hairy, especially the
inflorescence. Rhizome long-creeping, 745-4 in. thick. Stems often
solitary, 4-16 in. long, triquetrous, with nodes throughout their length.
Leaves 6 in. by 4-4 in., ultimately often pendent; base broad with a
prominent ligule; lowest bracts similar to the topmost leaf. Panicle
10 by 2 in., with remote peduncles, but often reduced to 1 or 2 few-
flowered subterminal always corymbose not umbelled clusters. Spikelets
ovoid or broad-ellipsoid, }—} in. long, usually } in. broad, not 5-ranked.
Glumes broad-elliptic, obtuse, hairy without, 3—5-ribbed, blackish-green
on the sides; bristle 4} the length of the glume. Hypogynous bristles 0,
or quite rudimentary. Nut less than } the length of the glume,
triquetrous, narrowly obovoid, crowned by a scabrid triquetrous narrowly
pyramidal style-base; outermost cells forming ultimately a marble
white minutely reticulated loose coat ; style 3-fid.—A. Rich. Tent. FI].
Abyss. ii. 497; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 104, and in Flora, 1879, 566;
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 160; C. B. Clarke in Hook.
f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 665, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 648,
in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 261; Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. 28 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 146; K. Schum. in Engl.
PA. Ost-Afr. C. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.128. Scirpus
pubescens, Lam. Ill. i. 139; Cosson & Durieu, Expl. Scient. Algér.
Glum. 237; J. Ball in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvi. 703.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; near Selaneko, 8800 ft., Schimper,
1296! and without precise locality, Roth! British East Africa: Gazelle River,
Schweinfurth, 1164! Ukamba, 5000-6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6523 !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto; in marshy meadows by the River
Cassaballa, Welwitsch, 7116! German South-west A‘rica: Hereroland ; Dinter,
425!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Tanga, Volkens, 23! British Central
Africa: Nyasiland ; Nyika Plateau, 6000-7000 ft., Whyte, 203! Namasi, Cameron,
il! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1453!
Extends from Portugal and Corsica to South Africa and India.
3. F. Welwitschii, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 161.
Stems rather slender, closer together on the rhizome. Leaves narrower,
upper scarcely } in. broad, very erect. Inflorescence usually reduced
to 1 or 2 subterminal heads. Spikelets oblong-ellipsoid, about } in.
464 CLVI, CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Futrena.
broad, brownish. Glumes appearing more or less distinctly 5-ranked ;
otherwise as F’. pubescens.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 649, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 128. F. Buchanani, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 20;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126. F. pubescens, var. Buchanani,
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 648.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshes near Quibanga, Wel-
witsch, 7108! Huilla; damp slopes of Morro de Monino, Welwitsch, 7109! near
Lopollo, Welwitsch, 7114! dry hills near Eme, Welwitsch, 7115!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, 5250 ft.,
Nutt! Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan! and without precise locality,
Puchanan, 1435! 1442!
The development of the panicle varies so much in Fuirena, that I do not think
species can be maintained on the character of a single compound head.
4. F. pachyrrhiza, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 161.
Rhizome stout, about } in. thick. Panicle and glumes minutely hairy.
Spikes and glumes rather larger than in 7. pubescens ; nut smaller, with
narrower style-base; outermost cells granular, subelliptic in obscurely
vertical series ; otherwise as /’. pubescens.—C, B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr v. 647 and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 262;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. ©. 126; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
11.129. F. macrostachya, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 507. Yuirena aff.
F.. pubescenti, Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 168.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Ukamba, 6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6728!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andonga, 2500-4000 ft., Welwitsch, T117*
7118! 7119!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Urundi, Scott-Elliot, 8301! Uyanzi;
in the Mgunda Mkhali, at Jiwa la Mkoa, Speke & Grant! Lake Tanganyika,
Cameron! Unyamwezi; Gonda, Boehm, 73. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ;
Shire Highlands, Scott-Elliot, 8481!
Also in South Africa.
5. F. pygmea, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 160.
Hairy, at least the panicle and glumes, annual. Stems tufted, 5-20 m-
long, slender, with nodes (bearing either leaves or bracts) in the uppe
part. Leaves 2-6 by 34-4 in. Inflorescence (in Ridley’s type) about
1 in. long and broad, of a terminal cluster of 7 spikelets, and an axillary
branched peduncle carrying in all 8 spikelets; but, in Menyharths
examples there are distant axillary heads forming a long panicle.
Spikelets { by 4), in. Glumes with a bristle } their length.
Hypogynous bristles 0 or rudimentary. Style with three branches-
Nut hardly 4 the length of the glume, trigonous, obovoid, smooth,
brown finally black; beak (or style-base) cylindric, very narrow +
outermost cells elliptic, transverse, obscure.—C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 648 including var. 3 Menyharthi ; Rendle
in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii, 128.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in sandy marshes near Sansa-
manda, and between Mopopo and Sansamanda, Welwitsch, 7111! 7171! Huilla; in
damp places at Monino, Welwitsch, 7112!
Fuirena.| CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 465
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Boruma, on the Zambesi, Weayharth,
1062 !
6. F. stricta, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 128. Hairy, at least
the backs of the glumes. Rhizome 0, or sometimes } in. long, very
slender. Stems tufted, about 12 in. long, slender, with nodes and
leaves throughout their length. Leaves 1-2 by {-1 in. Clusters of
spikelets usually 3-1, not more than 3 in. from the top of the stem,
subsessile of 6-3-1 spikelets. Spikelets } by } in. Glumes more
or less 5-ranked apparently, elliptic-lanceolate, brown; keel green,
excurrent in a minute mucro. Hypogynous bristles 6, 5 or 3, longpr
than the nut* stiff, brown, linear, strongly retrorse-scabrid. Style
3-fid. Nut more than }$ the length of the glume, narrowly obovoid,
stalked, trigonous, smooth, brown; beak cylindric, very narrow.—Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvii. 99; C. B. Clarke in Durand «& Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 648 ; K.Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. ©. 126. Pentasticha
madagascariensis, Turcz. in Bul]. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxv. ii. 330; Benth.
in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1049.
head Guinea. Senegambia, Perrottet! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter,
o02:
Nile Land. British East Africa: Kavirondo, Scott-Elliot, 6475!
,Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Namasi, Cameroii,
25
Also in Madagascar and the Comoro Isles.
‘. FP. chlorocarpa, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 159.
Spikelets black-green. Glumes ovate, acute, not at all 5-ranked, the
keel distinctly exeurrent. Nut a greenish yellow; otherwise as
P. stricta. —C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 645,
and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 262; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo,
1 507.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; Reb Valley, near Senka Berr, 6800 ft.,
Schimper, 1293!
Lower Guinea. Congo: Lower Congo; Stanley Poo!', 1000 ft., Hens, 373!
Angola: Huilla ; marshy places at Lopollo, Welwitsch, 7113 !
Also in Madagascar and South Africa.
eo .3.F. glomerata, Zam. Jil. i. 150. Annual, hairy. Stems 4-16
in. long, rather slender. Leaves 4-6 by } in. Panicle oblong, thin, of
afew often approximated clusters. Spikelets }-} by }-} in. Glumes
ark green to dull brown, 3-nerved, keel excurrent in a long bristle.
Ypogynous bristles 3 or 6 ; outer (sepals) linear or 0 ; 3 inner (petals) as
ong as the nut, quadrate, toothed, brown, on a long linear claw, falling
With the nut, 3-nerved. Nut } tke length of the glume, ovoid,
triquetrous, acuminate at the top and base, smooth, pallid; beak
cylindric, very narrow. Style 3-branched.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 184;
Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 553; Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mozamb.
ot. 545, in Linnea, xxxvii. 107; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2.
Bot. ii, 160 ; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 666, and in
VOL. Vir. 2u
Ves; :
466 CLVI, CYPERACEX (CLARKE). | Fuirena.
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 646; Rendle in Cat. Afr. ty
Welw. ii. 128. F. canescens, Vahl, Enum. ii. 385. FF. ciliaris, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 180; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C.126. 7 ochreata,
Nees in Linnea, ix. 288; Kunth, Enum. ii. 184. F. ciliata, Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 126. #. Hildebrandtii, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 15.
Scirpus ciliaris, Linn. Mant. 182.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia: near Richard Toll, Roger / and without uae
cise locality, Leprieur ! Heudelot, 556! Sierra Leone: Mahela, Scott-Elliot, 3982!
Gold Coast: Accra, Don / Brown, 365! Lagos Island, Barter, 2224!
Wile Land. British East Africa: Sabaki River, Gregory! Mombasa,
Taylor !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Loanda; at Represa de Maghelaos, rare, Welwitsch,
7107!
Mozamb, Dist. Zanzibar, Bojer! German East Africa: Usambara, oe
2040! 2737! Portuguese East Africa: Mozambique, Peters! Quilimane, Kirk!
Lower Zambesi; Shupanga, Kirk! Stewart !
Also in Madagascar, India, East Asia, and Australia.
Var. angolensis, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v- 647.
Three interior hypogynous bristles with a much smaller hardly quadrate lamma.—
F. ciliaris, var. angolensis, Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iil. 31.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Athi, Gregory, 102!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Gambos, Newfon ! Huilla to Humpata, Johnston :
Amboland ; Rautanen /
In this variety, the hypogynous bristles are as, or very nearly as, in F. leptostachy4;
but the spikelets are fully as large as in typical F. glomerata.
9. F. leptostachya, Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 168, 108.
jig. B. Leaves often 4-8 in. long. Spikelets 4-3 by Te —10 ne
Hypogynous bristles (3 interior or petals) as long as the nut, linear,
with a very small lamina which is oval, or with 2 recurved teeth.—
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 647, incl. var.
B nudiflora; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl, Ost-Afr. C. 126. F. pages
Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 566, not of Lam. F. schweinfurthiana, Boeck.
in Flora, 1880, 438. Fuirena sp. n. 3, T. Thoms. in Speke, Journ.
Append. 654. e
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, set.
190! Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 2504! Madi, Speke and Grant sf e
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau,
Fort Hill, 3500 ft., Whyte ! es
In Schweinfurth’s 2504 I have found no hypogynous bristles, and formerly oS
tinguished it as var. audiflora. The plant is young, and the bristles may tig 3 a
yet be developped; but if there should prove to be no bristles im this pialls
{ should hardly esteem it as more than an accidental state of F. leptostachy¢.
10. F. umbellata, Zotth. Descr. et Ic. 70, t. 19, fig. 3. ee ’ a
least the glumes. Rhizome stout, horizontal, woody. Stems 13-5 ft. L is
robust, with nodes throughout their length. Leaves up to 6 pile fs:
less often } in. broad. Panicle long oblong, often with many aXv""-
1 in,
compound corymbs and 200-600 spikelets. Spikelets 4-1 by 4;
- Fuirena.| CLVI. CYPERACEX (CLARKE). 467
green or dull chestnut-coloured. Glumes elliptic ; keel excurrent in a
curved bristle. Hypogynous bristles: outer 3 (sepals) linear, small
or 0; inner 3 as long as the nut, obovate truncate, sessile or
hardly clawed. Style linear; branches 3, linear. Nut about 4 the
length of the glume, triquetrous, ovoid, acuminate at the top
and at the base, smooth, pallid, ultimately brown; beak small,
cylindric, very narrow.—Kunth, Enum. il. 185; Benth. in Hook.
Niger Fl. 553; Boeck. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 545, in
Linnea, xxxvii. 110, and in Flora, 1879, 566; Oliver in Trans, Linn.
Soc, xxix. 168; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 666, and in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 648 ; Henriques in Bolet. Soc.
Brot. v. 209; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 308; K. Schum.
in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126; Durand & De Wild. Comptes-rendus Soc.
bot. Belg. xxxvi. 90; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 97; Rendle in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 129. F. paniculata, Linn. f. Suppl. 105. F. pentagona,
Schumach. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 42. 7. canescens, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii.
128, not of Vahl.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 814! Sierra Leone; by the Kabele
River, Scott-Elliot, 4929! and without precise locality, Afzelins ! Guinea, Isert !
Jardin! Liberia: Bassa Cove, Ansell / Lagos: Abeokuta, Irving ! Niger Territory :
Nupe, Barter, 418! 1016! Niger Delta; Nun River, Vogel, 43! 61! Cameroons :
Cameroon River, Mann, 777! Yauude, Zenker & Staudt, 632! Zenker, 1512!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2192!
2407 ! Niamniam ; Yubbo River, Schweinfurth, 3724! Madi, Speke § Grant, 721!
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Don! Loango: neur Chinchoco,
Soyaue, 201! Lower Congo, Lutete, 1800 ft., Hens, 198! Kisantu, Gillet, 368!
and without precise locality, Smith, 324! Angola: Golungo Alto; by streams near
olungo Alto and Sange, Welwitsch, 7121! Pungo Andongo; near the River
Cuanza, Welwitsch, 7120!
South Central. Congo Free State: Kassai River, Luja, 218!
_ Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kuntze, 285! German East Africa: Zanguebar,
Kirk 1 Tanga, Holst, 2028! British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Tanganyika
Plateau, at Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte / Mbame Hiil, 3000 ft., Kirk! Shire
pighlands, Buchanan, 9! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1133! Whyte,
Very common in all tropical and subtropical regions.
2). ¥. Cinerascens, Fidley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. li.
161, name only. Hairy, at least the glumes. Rhizome creeping.
Stems 12-16 in. long, with nodes throughout their length. Leaves
*~4 by t+-lin. Panicle oblong, with distant peduncles bearing 15-60
Spikelets, Spikelets 3-6 together, }-} by }-{ in., subey lindric, black-
green. Glume elliptic, with a long recurved bristle. Inner 3 hypo-
8ynous bristles as long as the nut, obovate, strongly 3-nerved, with a
‘erminal crest, lateral wings and a ciliate claw. Nut } the length of
the glume, triquetrous, ovoid, acuminate at the top and at the base,
‘Mooth, pallid; beak small, cylindric, very narrow.— U. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 645; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 129; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 126. F. calolepis,
468 CLVI, CYPERACE (CLARKE). | Fuirena.
K. Schum. in Engl. Jahrb. xxiv. 339, t. 5, fig. H-M; in Engl. Pd.
Ost-Afr. C. 126.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; damp meadows at Catumba, Weltwitseh.
7110!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Bojer! Hildebrandt, 1057! Stuhlmann, ii. 52!
Zanguebar, Kirk, 62! Usambara ; Kibafula swamp, Holsf, 2133! Usaramo ; Dar e+
Salaam, Kuntze, 283!
Also in Madagascar.
Imperfectly known species.
12. F. nana, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 497. Annual, small.
Stem 1-3 in. long, almost capillary, smooth, glabrous. Leaves shorter
than the stem, linear, subobtuse, scabrous on the margins. Spikes
usually 2, small, terminal, sessile, close together ; bracts 1-2, unequal,
overtopping the spikes. Glumes numerous, closely imbricated, oboval,
obtuse, long acuminate. Nut ellipsoid-oblong, obtuse, terete, very
slenderly grooved, glabrous. Scales and hypogynous bristles 0.—Engl.
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 147.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Shireh; near Kouaieta (Kuayata), Quartin-Dillon
(ex A. Richard.)
14. LIPOCARPHA, R. Br.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii, 1054.
Glumes densely packed in the spikelet, very numerous, imbricated on
all sides; 2 lowest empty, succeeded by many bearing 2-sexual nut-
bearing flowers deciduous in fruit, uppermost imperfect. Within the
glume, parallel with it, 2 elliptic or obovate hyaline scales, rather
shorter than the glume, are invariably present and wrapped round the
nut. Style small linear or 0, branches 3 (rarely 2) minute or short. Nut
sessile, obovoid or linear-oblong, unequally trigonous, smooth, dark
brown ; style deciduous, style-base 0. Glabrous. Stem without any
nodes between the basal leaves, and the 1 head of 8—15 spikelets.
Species 14; in the warmer portions of both hemispheres.
There is no genus of Cyperacee concerning which more diverse views have beet
held or more diverse explanations given of the very uniform structure. gle
anticous and posticous hyaline scales cannot very well be prophylla (bracteoles) se
which no trace occurs in the whole Order (unless in Ascolepis ?).
Three explanations are in the field, viz. :
(2) that Lipocarpha is allied to (the older botanists thought equal to) Hyp rc
lytrum ; the 2 hyaline scales being supposed homologous with the 2 male glumes i
Hypolytrum. Goebel, however, has shown that the female flower in Hypolytrum ™
terminal; and the difference in habit between Lipocarpha and Hypolytrum *
extreme.
(4) that Lipocarpha is allied to Scirpus ; that the 2 hyaline scales represent ie
hypogynous bristles which have become connate in two fused bundles. a t
Bentham’s view; and Lipocarpha is in the highest degree like Scirpus, at
Microstyli, of which it has the nut and style, and with which it is frequen”.
confused.
(c) that the 2 hyaline scales represent 2 sterile lower flowers, so that
here a flower is really a spikelet of 3 flowers, whereof the 2 lower are barren.
what is called
This
Lipocarpha. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 469
view was started by Kunth, and Theo. Holm writes to me that after a prolonged
investigation he is decisively of the same opinion, If this is so, Lipocarpha must be
remote from every other genus.
Spikelets terete, smooth; glumes with obtuse triangular
tips incurved in fruit.
Nut about 3 the length of the glume; style 3 the
length of the nut : : - . -
Nut { the length of the glume ; style 0, the 3 branches
just united.
Nut oblong ; lower hyaline scale narrow-elliptic.
Stem very slender, with 3-1 spikelets .
Stem medium-sized, with 3-18 spikelets
Nut obovoid; lower hyaline scale suborbicular
Spikelets hispid ; glumes acuminate with linear tips sub-
erect in fruit.
Medium-sized plants with stolons.
Stolons very slender; spikelets pallid or cinnamon-
1. L. argentea.
. L. filiformis.
. L. triceps.
. L. prieuriana.
He oo bo
5. L. albiceps.
coloured 5
6. L. purpureolutea.
Stolons rather stout ; spikelets purple-yellow
Small plants ; stolons 0.
Stems 4-8 in. long, slender, with 5~1 spikelets . 7. L. atra.
Stems less than 1 in. long, with 1 spikelet 8. L. multibracteata.
Spikelets squarrose ; glumes with a long linear tip re-
curved in fruit,
Stems 12-20 in. long, rather robust; spikelets
obscurely squarrose . .
4 ; : 9. L. Barteri.
Stems 4-14 in. long, slender; spikelets strongly
. 10. L. pulcherrima.
squarrose ¢
kh. Br. in Tuckey, Congo, Append. 459.
1. L. argentea,
Stems
Glabrous. Rhizome usually 0, sometimes up to 1} in. long.
tufted, 4-24 in. long, round-trigonous, smooth, with no nodes between
the basal leaves and single head. Leaves sometimes as long as the stem,
often only } its length, 4-4 in. broad, rather fleshy at the base.
Spikelets 3-10, 4-5 by ¢ in., ovoid or cylindric, obtuse, terete, not
Tough from excurrent points of glumes, white ; bracts 3-2, horizontal,
lowest 1—4 in. long and similar to the leaves. Glumes very dense in
numerous spirals, obovate, with obtuse triangular tips, erect or incurved
In fruit, thick in texture. Hyaline scales shorter than the glume;
lower anticous narrow-elliptic and 5-veined, upper posticous oblong and
3-Veined. Stamens usually 2; anthers narrowly oblong, muticous.
Style linear, } the length of the nut; branches 3-2, very short, scarcely
®xserted. Nut about 4 the length of the hyaline scale, trigonous-com-
pressed, oblong-obovoid, brown-black, smooth.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 266 ;
Benth. in Hook. N iger Fl. 555; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 114 partly
(ie, excl, the American examples), in Flora, 1879, 567, and in Engl.
Gazelle Reise, Bot. 14; T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile, Append. 654; Oliver
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix, 169; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot.
2. 163; Goeb. in Ann. Jard. Buit. vii. 131, t. 14, fig. 18, t. 15, fig.
19-20 ; ©. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 667, in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 649, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 265;
Durand and Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 308; Durand and De Wild. in
470 CLVI., CYPERACEA (CLARKE). [ Lipocarpha.
Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 90; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PH.
Welw. ii. 129. Scirpus senegalensis, Lam. Ill. i. 140. Hypelyptum
argenteum, Vahl, Enum. ii. 283. H. senegalense, K. Schum. in Engl.
Pf, Ost-Afr. C. 127. Hypolytrum senegalense, Pers. Syn. i. 70.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Dupuis / Sierra Leone: near Franziga, Scolt-Elliot,
5044! and without precise locality, Don! Vogel! Barter! Vagos: Shaki, Lagos
Government, 2!
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder, Schimper, 1801! British East Africa:
Gazelle River, at Meshra, Schweinfurth, 1333! Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth,
1461! Madi; below Madi rocky heights, Speke g- Grant, 684!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis! Lutete, 1750 ft., Hens,
71! 254! Kisantu, Gillet, 521! 547! and without precise locality, Smith ! Angola:
Pungo Andonga; in the rocky valleys of the Presidium at the stream of Calunda,
Welwitsch, 6778! Huilla: ponds near Monino, Welwitsch, 6777! Humpata, Newton,
12! 13!
Mozamb Dist. (ierman East Africa: Karagwe, Scott-Elliot, 7474! British
Central Africa: Nyasaland; North Nyasa, Scott! Whyte! Namasi, Cameron, 23!
and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1180!
Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Islands, Asia and Australia.
2. L. filiformis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 267. Glabrous. Stems
annual, tufted, 2-8 in. long, very slender. Leaves few, } the length
of the stem, linear or setaceous. Head of 3-1 spikelets; bracts 2,
the lower 1 in. long, horizontal, linear. Spikelets } by } in., cylindric,
obtuse, dense, white or more or less purple spotted, smooth. Glumes
broadly ovate, obtuse, their tips erect or incurved in fruit. Hyaline
scales a little shorter than the glume. Stamen 1. Nut almost as long
as the hyaline scales, oblong or narrowly obovoid, plano-convex, black-
brown, smooth. Style 0, or hardly any; branches 3, minute, linear,
hardly exserted.— Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 117; C. B. Clarke
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650. Hypalyptum filiformé,
Vahl, Enum. ii. 284; Schumach, Beskr. Guin. Pl. 31. Scupus
filiformis, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. v. 102, not of Lam. Fimbristyls
Jiliformis, Thonning ex Kunth, Enum. 267.
Upper Guinea. Thonning! Senegal, Heudelot !
3. L. triceps, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 92. Glabrous. Stems
annual, tufted, 4-16 in. long, trigonous, striated, smooth. Leaves t to
+ the length of the stem, linear. Spikelets 3-18 in the head, 4 by
4 in., cylindric, very dense, obtuse, smooth, usually purple or dar:
reddish, sometimes paler ; bracts 3-7, spreading, up to 1-4 in. long.
Glumes obovate, with a triangular tip erect or incurved in fruit.
Hyaline scales a little shorter than the glumes, lower narrowly elliptic,
upper oblong. Nut broadly-oblong, round-trigonous, nearly as long as
the hyaline scale, black-brown, smooth. Style 0 or hardly any ; branche :
3, linear, shortly exserted.—Z. sphacelata, Kunth, Enum. sie
Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 555; Boeck. in Flora, 1860, 37, in Lin cae
xxxvii. 116; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 162; ees
Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 667, and in Durand & Schin7,
Lipocarpha. | CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). 471
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650, incl. var. Barteri: Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 129. Hypelyptum sphacelatum, Vahl, Enum. ii. 283.
Tunga triceps, Roxb. Fl, Ind. i. 183. Ayllinga triceps, Lam. Ill. i. 148,
t. 38, fig. 2,
Upper Guinea, Senegal, Schotte! Liberia: Cape Palmas, Ansell! Niger
Territory : Nupe, Barter, 344! 786!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, Luja, 65! Angola: Pungo
Andongo ; near Mopopo, on the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6776 !
Also in India and Tropical America.
South Central. Congo Free State: Kasai River, Luja, 225!
This species was sorted from L. argentea (the white-headed) by its deep purple-
spotted (sphacelate) heads; but the character is not a safe one any more than the
number of spikelets (¢viceps). The length of the style draws a strong line between the
two; L. triceps differs little from L. filiformis except in being more robust.
4. L. prieuriana, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 130. Glumes broadly
obovate, very obtuse. Lower hyaline scale ovate, almost orbicular, 5-
nerved. Nut obovoid-globose ; otherwise as LZ. triceps.—C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650. ZL. schweinfurthiana,
Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 567.
Upper Guinea. Senegal, Leprieur! Perrottet! 199!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ser, iii.
!
5. i. albiceps, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Bot. ii. 163.
Glabrous. Stolons slender, clothed by small ovate-lanceolate scales.
Stems 8~16 in. long, slender. Leaves 2-8 in. long, linear. Head of
‘1 spikelets ; bracts 3-2, spreading, lowest 2 in. long, linear. Spike-
lets } by 4 in., ovoid, white or cinnamon-coloured, dense, appearing
hispid from the suberect points of the glumes. Glumes oblong-obovate
suddenly acuminated into a linear tip 3 the length of the glume.
Hyaline scales nearly as long as the glume (without its tip); the lower
quadrate-elliptic, 7-nerved ; the upper elliptic, 3-nerved. Stamens Py
Nut 3 the length of the hyaline scale, oblong-obovoid, unequally trigon-
ous, brown-black, smooth. Style more than } the length of the nut,
linear ; branches 3, linear, exserted.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fi. Afr. v. 649; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 11. 129.
Hypelyptum albiceps, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; by the River Cuanza, at Muta
Lucala, Welwitsch, 6782! spongy slopes of the Presidium, Welwitsch, 6785 partly
near Catete and Sansamanda, Welwitsch, 6786 !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mandala, Sco/f-Eilior,
8462! Shire Highlands, Buchanan, C! Namasi, Cameron, 10!
6. L. purpureolutea, Ridley in Trans. Linn, Soc. ser, 2, Bot. it.
163. Stolons rather stout, hardening into a rhizome } in. in diam., on
which stand culms ?# in. apart. Glumes black-red, the backs and tips
472 CLVI, CYPERACE® (CLARKE). | Lipocarpha.
yellow ; otherwise as L. albiceps.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650; Rendie in Cat. Afr. Pfl. Welw. ii. 129.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in pastures near Humpata, Welwitsch,
6784!
This must be very close to L. albiceps, Ridley, and is possibly a mere form
thereof. The examples of Welwitsch’s 6784 are too young to form a decided
opinion upon.
7. L. atra, Ridley .in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 162.
Glabrous. Rhizome hardly any. Stems tufted, 4-8 in. long, slender.
Leaves }—} the length of the stem, linear. Head of 5-1 spikelets;
bracts 2, lower 1} in. long, linear. Spikelets 1-1 by } in., cylindric,
obtuse, black, appearing minutely hispid from the very short glume-
tips. Glumes very small, obovate, suddenly acuminated into a lanceo-
late-linear tip } the length of the glume, nearly black, the tip a brown-
black. Hyaline scales nearly as long as the glume (without its tip) ;
lower narrowly elliptic; upper oblong. Nut minute, $ the length of
the hyaline scale, oblong-ellipsoid, trigonous, smooth, brown-black.
Style less than 4 the length of the nut, linear; branches 3, short.—
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 650; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 129.
Lower Guinea, Ango!a: Huilla; banks of the River Cacolovar, near Lake
Ivantala, Welwitsch, 6961!
8. L. multibracteata, (. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspett.
Fl. Afr. v. 650. Glabrous. Stems annual, tufted, }—3 in. long, bear-
ing 1 spikelet. Leaves up to 1} in. long, linear. Bracts 9, 3-5
long, suberect, linear from a narrow lanceolate base. Spikelets '~é
in. long, ellipsoid, subacute, densely flowered. Glumes about 3'5 1.
long, oblong, tip triangular or lanceolate, scarious, spotted with dark
red. Hyaline scales as long as the glume (without its tip) ; lower
broadly obovate, truncate, 7-nerved; upper elliptic, 3-nerved. eee
nearly as long as the scales, very narrowly-oblong or almost linear,
round-trigonous, smooth, brown-biack. Style 0 or hardly any;
branches 3, minute, linear, hardly exserted.—Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 130.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in Sorghum fields, Welwitsch, 6773!
9. L. Barteri, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. I. Afr
v. 650. Glabrous. Rhizome short. Stems approximate, 12-20 pail
long, robust for the genus. Leaves } the length of the stem, linear,
terete, leaf-sheaths brown-red, split down on one side, truncate ab TOE
Head of 5-1 spikelets ; bracts 3-2, lowest up to 2 in. long, spreading,
linear. Spikelets 1-1 by 1 in. dense, cylindric, obtuse, somewhat
squarrose, dusky brown-red. Glumes broadly obovate, striate,
suddenly narrowed into a lanceolate-linear tip } the length of the glume.
Hyaline scales nearly as long as the glume (without its tip); aah
broadly-elliptic; upper narrowly-elliptic. Nut nearly as long as ses
scales, oblong or narrow-ellipsoid, unequally trigonous, smooth, black:
Lipocarpha. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 473
brown. Style 0, or hardly any; branches 3, most minute, not ex-
serted.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1585!
10. L. pulcherrima, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
162, Glabrous. Stems annual, tufted, 4-14 in. long, slender. Leaves
as long as the stem and setaceous, or }~2 the length of the stem and
linear, Head of 5-1 spikelets; bracts 3-2, similar to the leaves,
spreading, lowest up to 24 in. long. Spikelets 1 by 5}, in., dense, con-
spicuously squarrose from the recurved glume-tips. Glumes obovate,
truncate, with a linear tip as long as the glume, the sides blackish-red,
the back with the tip yellow-green. Hyaline scales about as long as
the glume (without its tip); lower broad-elliptic ; upper narrow-elliptic.
Nut } the length of the scales, narrowly-ellipsoid, trigonous, smooth,
black-brown. Style 0, or hardly any; branches 3, minute, hardly
exserted.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
650, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 266; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw
n. 129, L. tenera, and L. atropurpurea, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 21.
Hypelyptum pulcherrimum, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Mount Kenia, Gregory, 87! River Tana,
Gregory, 97 !
Lower Guinea, Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshes in the Presidium and
hear Quilanga, Welwitsch, 6774! marshes at Catete, Welwitsch, 6785 partly!
Huilla; in Sorghum fields, Welwitsch, 6775! Huilla to Humpata, Johnston / River
Nene, Newton /
South Central. Congo Free State: River Kasai, Luja, 220!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan, 63169!
Also in South Africa,
15. ASCOLEPIS, Nees; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1054.
_Glumes densely packed in the spikelet, numerous, imbricated on all
sides, minute, narrow-oblong, obtuse, hidden among the squamelliw
Which are larger and longer, containing perfect flowers. Squamella
between the nut and the glume, parallel to the glume, with an elongate
flattened conic beak, holding the nut in a hollow or pocket near its
base. Style small, linear; branches 3 or 2, linear, minute. Nut very
small, narrowly obovoid, trigonous or biconvex, smooth, brown-black.-
Glabrous. Stem without any nodes between the basal leaves and the
1 head of 1-6 spikelets.
Species, the 9 here described; eademie in Tropical Africa, except that i
Species is also in South Africa, 1 also in Madagascar and South America.
The large squamella appears made up of 2 lateral organs coalescent completely
on the anticous side, imperfectly or not at all on the posticons side. They would be
2 lateral bracteoles (prophylla), not known in any other genus of Cyperacee.
*EUASCOLEPIS.—Lower part of squemella narrow, thin, hollowed slightly to hold
the nut ; upper part elongate-conic. Style 3-fid.—The species of this group differ
little but in the size and colour of the heads.
474 CLVI. CYPERACEE# (CLARKE). | Ascolepis.
Heads from snow-white to a dirty straw-colour.
Heads 3-1 in. in diam. . : : : : . 1. A. eriocauloides.
Heads 3-1 in. in diam.
Heads uct radiate.
Stems 6-10 in. long - : : . 2. A. protea.
Stems 16-20 in. long. : . : . 6. A. elata.
Heads rayed : 2. A. protea, var. bellidi-
flora.
Heads 2-33 in. in diam. : E : . 3. A. pinguis.
Heads golden-yellow.
Head 1-3} in. in diam. . : 5 5 - . 2. A. protea, var. santo-
linotdes.
Head in. in diam.; leaves very slender : . 4, A. anthemiflora.
Head 1-1 in. in diam.; leaves thicker, almost
fleshy . . . . : : : . & A. speciosa.
**PsEUDO-LIPOCARPHA.—Squamella very broadly obovate, wrapped round the
nut, the margins free (or united just at the base ?). Style 3-fid.
Small plants ; heads {—1 in. diam., of 1-8 distinct
spikelets : ; : P : : . 7. A. pusilla.
*** PLATYLEPIS.—Squamella obovate, strongly flattened, with acute scarious wigs,
the nut in a small pocket on the posticous face. Style 2-fid.
Spikelets 1-3 to the head, much fused together ;
nut sessile. : : ‘ : é . 8. A, capensis.
Spikelets usually 3-6 to the head, more distinet ; nut :
minutely stalked. ‘ 5 : : ), A. brasiliensis.
1. A. eriocauloides, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glin. ii. 109 partly.
Glabrous. Stems 2-8 in. long, slender, thickened sub-bulbous at the
base. Leaves } the length of the stem, linear. Head 1, hemispheric,
dense, ;,—} in. in diam., straw-coloured ; bracts 4-3, pendent, 1g
long, linear, dilated just at the base. Glumes linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
1 the length of thesquamella. Squamella ;1, in. long, lanceolate linear,
thick, hollowed out at the base to hold the nut. Stamen 1. Style
} the length of the nut, linear; branches 2 or 3. Nut ;'y 10. long,
narrowly obovoid, smooth, dark-brown.—Boeck. in Linnea, Xxxv1- 1;
Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 75 in note; C. B. Clarke in Duran
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 652; Engl. Hochgebirgsf. Trop. Afr.
144. Kyllinga eriocauloides, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 597. Lsolep's
Ascolepis, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 501.
Wile Land. Abyssin'a: Gaddema, 7000 ft., Schimper, 106! Gafta, Schimper
1195! Jelajeranne, Schimper, 1644! Shireh province, Quartin-Dillon & Petit.
_ 2. A. protea, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxvii. 79. Stems nA
in. long, slender, in strong tufts, but hardly bulbous at the base. Hea :
} to 3 in. in diam., hemispheric or subglobose. Squamella $ in. long;
otherwise as A. eriocauloides.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 652; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. at
K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 127; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
1. 130. A. eriocauloides partly and A. kyllingioides partly, Steud. Syn-
Pl. Glum. ii, 105,
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Shireh province, Quartin-Dillon § Petit!
Ascolepis. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 475
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; marshy places in the Pra-
sidium, Welwitsch, 1667 ! Huilla ; at Empelanca, Welwitsch, 1671! Newton, 2!
I can discover no difference between Welwitsch n. 1667 and the Abyssinian
A. eriocauloides except that the former is half as iarge again in every part.
Var. B bellidifiora, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 76. Stems 4-15 in. long,
often less slender than in typical 4. profea. Squamelle on the outer part of the
head growing out, attaining !-} in. in length or even more; so that the rayed heads
bear a remarkable resemblance to those of many Composite with numerous rows of
ray-florets.—Oliver in Trans, Linn. Soc. xxix. 168, t. 110, A, fig. 1-3; C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 652; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
144; K. Schum. in Engl, Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii.
130. A. ertocauloides, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 564. Antrolepis leucocephala, Welw.
Apont. 578. A. leucantha, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 77. Antrolepis sp.,
T. Thoms, in Speke, Nile, Append. 654.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1919!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; spongy slopes and heights of the
Presidium, anong huge rocks, Welwitsch, 16678! 1668! Huilla; between Lopollo
and Nene, Welwitsch, 1672!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi; near the River Wala,
Speke § Grant! Urambo, Hannington! between Lake Tanganyika and Lake
Rukwa, 600 ft., Nutt! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau,
3500-4000 ft., Whyte! Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Zomba and
plains, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte! Shire Highlands, Buchanan ! Scott-Elliot, 8594 bis !
at the foot of Mpembe Hill, 3000 ft., Kirk / Mandala, Scott-Elliot, 8463! Namasi,
Cameron, 11! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 499!
Var. y santolinoides, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 77. Head golden,
globose or hemispheric, not or very slightly radiate. ©. Bb. Clarke im Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 652; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 145; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 130. Antrolepis sulphurea, and A. santolina, Welw. Apont.
578.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; spongy slopes of the Presidium,
Welwitsch, 1664! 1666! damp places by the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 1665!
Huilla; at Morro de Lopollo, 5300 {t., and near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 1673!
3. A. pinguis, C. B. Clarke. Stem 8-12 in. long, thick. Leaves
much thicker than those of A. protea. Head globose, attaining 34 in.
m diam. ; outer squamelle up to 14 in. long; otherwise as A. protea,
var. bellidiflora.
South Central. Congo Free State:
escamps t
Kitope, Descamps ! Albertville,
4. A. anthemiflora, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 77,4 24,
fig. 9-13. Stems 12-16 in. long, slender. Head # in. in diam., golden,
hemispheric ; outer squamelle 4 in. long, otherwise as A. protea.—
K. Schum.
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 651 7
in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 127 (anthemidiflora) ; Rendle in Cat, Afr. PI.
Welw. ii. 131. Antrolepis anthemiflora, Welw. Apont. 578.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; banks of the River Cuije, Wel -
witsch, 1669!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Urungu; Fwambo, 5250 ft., Nutt :
Carson, 83 ! Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau, at Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte :
A476 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Ascolepis.
This differs from 4. protea, var. bellidiflora in its golden head, from A. protea,
var. santolinoides in its strongly radiate head; it might be arranged as another
variety of A. protea. As to which forms of A. protea should be esteemed as
“* species’ the latest views of Welwitsch are here followed.
5. A. speciosa, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 78, t. 24, fig.
1-8. Rhizome } by 4 in., premorse. Stems 6-18 in. long, rather
stout, densely tufted ; leaf-sheaths stout, black, finally ia to fibres.
Leaves about } the length of the stem, rather stout. Head 3-1 in. in
diam., globose or hemispheric, very dense, golden, not radiate ; otherwise
as A. protea.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. iM
(52, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. ill. 31 ; Engl. Hochgebirgs :
Trop. Afr. 145; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. OC. 127 ; Rendle in
Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 131. A. vatkeana, Boeck. in Allgem. Bot.
Zeitschr, 1896, 55.
Lower Guinea. Angola: in lofty pastures near Lopolla, 500 ft., Welwitsch,
1674! Ovamboland, Hépfner, 82!
Mozamb. Dist. British East Africa: Urungy; Fwambo, 5250 ft. Nutt !
Carson, 66!
All the Fwambo examples differ a little from Welwitsch’s Angolan type by
having the stems sub-bulbous at the base.
6. A. elata, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 79. Stems ite
in. long, densely tufted, rather slender, the sheaths black, ultimately
torn into fibres. Leaves rather numerous, $ the length of the stem,
linear. Head 3 in. in diam., hemispheric, snow-white, otherwise ee
A. speciosa.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. a
including var. 8. gracilior ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 101-
Antrolepis elata, Welw. Apont. 578.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in marshy places, betw a
Condo and Quisonde, not far from the River Cuanza, 3500-3800 ft., Welwitser,
1670! Malange, Mechow, 332!
The stamens are usually 2; when 3, they are anticous as usual, not as depicted
by Welwitsch,
7. A. pusilla, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 164, ee
Jig. 10-14. Glabrous. Stems 2-6 in. long, annual, tufted, a 7
Leaves 3 the length of the stem, setaceous. Head 4—} in. ar rade
straw-coloured, of 3 (rarely 2-1) distinct densely-flowered sp! a Si
bracts 2-3, up to 1-3 in. long, spreading or pendent. Spikelets 1
in. long when young; in fruit elongating, with the lower glumes a
nuts caducous seriatim from the base, as in Lipocarpha. semis ng
narrow-oblong, shorter than the squamelle. Squamella 7!:—y'5 '- rg
of thick loose tissue, broadly obovate, truncate ; rostrum marae
minute, margins enrolled round the nut, overlapping, free to the id
in Barter n. 761. Nut 4 the length of the squamella, oblong-ellipso
subtrigonous, smooth, dark chestnut-coloured. Style } the feng the
the nut; branches 3, linear, short, hardly exserted above the rim 0
Ascolepis. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE), 477
squamella.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 652 ;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 131.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, in rice fields, Barter, 761!
Gower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in damp pastures around Lopollo and
Monino, Welwitsch, 1678!
This plant is exceedingly like the small species of Zipocarpha as L. microcephata.
The distinct 3 spikelets in the head separate it completely from the preceding
species with globose or hemispheric heads, Ridley has figured the squamella as
of sect. Platylepis, ic. completely utricular, which is certainly not the case
in Barter, 761, where the margins of the squamella are free to the base.
Welwitsch 1678 (whence Ridley took his figures) must, I think, be the same species.
as Barter 761; but the flowers are still more minnte and the margin of the
squamella more difficult to see.
8. A. capensis, Lidley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 164.
Glabrous. Rhizome seen up to 2 in. long, slender, black, usually 0.
Stems 8-20 in. long, densely tufted, slender. Leaves $—} the length
of the stem, ;,—1 in. broad. Head of 3-1 (fused or nearly distinct)
spikelets, white or straw-coloured ; bracts 3, spreading, similar to the
leaves, from a short broad base, lowest 1-4 in. long. Spikelets 4-4 in. long,
ovoid, dense. Glume oblong, shorter than the squamella. Squamella
flattened from front to back, shaped as a watch-pocket, the margins
connate on the posticous side nearly to the top, the beak from the
anticous side .),—} in. or more long, very variable, also the beaks of the.
marginal flowers often elongate, so that the heads are more or less
rayed. Style much shorter than the nut; branches 2, scarcely exserted
from the mouth of the pocket. Nut sessile, }-2 the length of the
pocket, oblong-ellipsoid, compressed, smooth, black.—C. B. Clarke in
Durand and Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 651 incl. var. 8 lacera, in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 31, in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 266, and
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop.
Afr. 144; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127; Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 131. Platylepis capensis, Kunth, Enum. ti. 269 ;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 119, and in Flora, 1879, 567.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Upper Nile, Petherick / Jur; Jur Ghattas,
Schweinfurth, 1467! 1505! Jur Awet, Schweinfurth, 1565 !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in spongy places near Lopollo and on the
higher parts of Morro de Lopollo, Welwitsch, 1676! 1677! near Ferrao de Sola,
Welwitsch, 16768! Serra @ Uiahoia, Welwitsch, 16778! Humpata and Huilla,
Johnston ! Newton ! Ovamboland; Hépfaner, 81!
Mozamb. Dist. (ierman East Africa : Lower Plateau, north of Lake Nyasa,
Thomson! Portuguese Kast Africa: Namuli Mountains, Last! British Central
Africa : Urungu ; Fwambo, Carson, 83! Nutt! Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan, 27! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft.,
Whyte! Mount Mlanji, Wiyte / between Lake Shirwa and Lake Chiuta, Cumning-
ham, 4! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 994! 1457! Mashonaland and
Matabeleland, Bryce!
Also in South Afries.
478 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Ascolepis.
9. A. brasiliensis, (. 2. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 651. Stems attaining 2-24 ft. in length. Spikelets often 3-6
in the head, less fused together than in 4. capensis, somewhat cinnamon-
coloured. Ovary and nut stalked ; otherwise as A. capensis.—Platylepis
brasiliensis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 269; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 119.
Upper Guinea. French Guinea: Sulimania; Erimakuna, Scott-Elliot, 5243!
Niger Territory : Nupe, Bartev, 1587!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Mechow, 346!
Also in Madagascar, and throughout South America.
This species is very close to 4. capensis. It is separated solely by the minute
stalk to the nut.
16. RYNCHOSPORA, Vahl; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. ii.
1058 (Rhynchospora).
Spikelets of 1 or more perfect flowers. Uppermost glumes male or
sterile, the 3 lowest usually empty and smaller. Hypogynous bristles as
long as the nut, or shorter, or often 0. Style long, limear, either
minutely bifid at the tip (Series, aplostylee), or with two linear
branches longer than the style (Series, Diplostylew) ; style base dilated,
large or small, persistent. Nut obovoid to narrowly oblong, flattened.
Species 184, i.e. including Psilocarya, but excluung Pleurostachys (Sect., Benth.
et Hook. f.), throughout the World, especially abundant in America.
This genus, from its 2-fid style, and persistent enlarged style-base, should not be
mistaken for anything but Fimdristylis. From this, either the inflorescence or 1)
the 1-headed species the hypogynous bristles separate it, except in the case of
R. erinacea (which has nodes on the stem).
*HAPLOSTYLER.—Style very long, minutely 2-fid at the top or subentire.
Spikelets in one dense head; stem with no nodes
between the head and the basal leaves.
Head }-} in. in diam., rusty brown : . 1. BR. wallichiana,
Head 1 in, in diam., white . : : : . 2. BR. erinacea.
Globose heads several, rarely 1; stem with nodes
throughont its length : :
Panicle large, long-oblong, compound ; corymbs com-
pound with many spikelets =. 5 : . 4, R.aurea.
¥ eee ‘ + < } . er
**DIPLOSTYLES. Style linear, about as long as the nut; branches 2, linear, long
than the style.
+Psilocarya. Hypogynous bristles 0.
Spikelets ovoid, 4 in, long, producing several nuts,
—
3. R. cyperoides.
white: <7, ; : : : A : . B, R. candida.
Spikelets 34-\; in. long, perfecting 1 nut ; panicle
compound with capillary branches. 6. R. micrantha.
Spikelets 1 in. long, 3-5 in each small distant :
corymb . : : - : P : . 7. BR. Bartert.
++Eu-Rynchospora. Hypogynous bristles 6. cs . 8. R. glauca.
1. R. wallichiana, ( B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. set
Nearly glabrous. Rhizome 0, or very short, arising from lateral o i
Stems tufted, 6-20 in. long, slender, with no nodes between the bas
Rynchospora. | CLVI. CYPERACE® (CLARK). 479
leaves and the 1 head (rarely a leaf-bearing node 3-4 in. above the
base is present). Leaves often overtopping the stem, almost setaceous
or up to ;'5 In. broad. Head 4-4 in. in diam., of many lanceolate
spikelets, rusty-brown ; bracts 3-8, ascending, usually overtopping the
head, linear, often villous or ciliate on the margins. Spikelets 4-1 in.
long, of 6-7 glumes; 4 lowest glumes empty, 5th rather larger, con-
taining a bisexual fertile flower, 6th male or empty. Hypogynous
sete usually 6, as long as the nut, stiff, scabrid, with upward-pointing
barbs, sometimes 6-4, weaker hardly 4 the length of the nut. Stamens
3,anticous; anthers crested. Style long, linear, red, at the top minutely
2-fid. Nut 3 the length of the glime, biconvex, compressed laterally,
smooth or sometimes minutely scabrous on the shoulders, dark brown ;
beak 4 the length of the nut, much narrower than it, short conic, dusky
straw-coloured or green.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 655. Rhynchospora Henkei, Presl, Rel. Henk. i. 199.
h. wallichiana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 289; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 555;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 542, excl. the American examples; K. Schum.
in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127 (Wallichii). Spheroschenus Wallichii,
Arn. & Nees in Nova Acta Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. 97.
Upper Guinea. Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 105!
Lower Guinea. Corisco Island, Mann, 1897!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1275!
Also in Mauritius, India, and extending to Japan, New Guinea and Queensland.
2. R. erinacea, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F1.
Afr. v.654. Minutely puberulous-scabrous. Stems 2-2} ft. long, with
strong lateral offsets at the base, and no nodes between the basal leaves
(which sheath the stem 8 in. up) and the 1 head. Leaves 8-16 by
5in. Head 1 in. in diam., with numerous lanceolate white spikelets ;
bracts 3, spreading, lowest up to 8 by } in., minutely pubescent or
glabrate. Spikelets very young; no sete found, possibly not yet
developed. Style long, at the tip very shortly 2-fid—Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 132. Schenus erinaceus, Ridley in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 165, t. 28, fig. 5-9.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near the stream of Monino and Mupanda,
Welwitsch, 6788 !
The style is shown erroneously by Ridley’s artist with 3 linear branches. The
plant in young flower appears very near a Brasilian Rynchospora (Burchell’s 7023
in herb, Kew.), but has much longer bracts.
3. R. cyperoides, Britton in Trans. New York Acad. xi. 84.
Nearly glabrous. Rhizome short, arising from basal offsets (short
stolons). Stem usually 1-2 ft. long, carrying 1-25 heads in a loose
irregular corymb. Leaves long, often overtopping the stem, }—5 in.
broad. Heads about 1 in. in diam., globose, white or pallid, of about
8-24 spikelets; bracts similar to the leaves. Spikelets }—} in. long,
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, perfecting 1 or 2 nuts ; lowest 4 glumes
empty. Hypogynous bristles 6, as long as the nut, scabrid, with
upward-pointing barbs. Nut obovoid truncate, compressed, smooth,
480 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARK). [ Rynchospora.
pale brown; beak narrow-conic almost linear ; style very long, at tip
minutely 2-tid.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 653, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 267; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 109.
Rhynchospora cyperoides, Mart. in Denkschr. Acad, Wiss. Muench. vi.
149; Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. Append. iii. 33. 2. sparganioides,
Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 386. R. polycephala, Kunth, Enum. ii. 291;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 552. R. Arechavalate and R. spherocephala,
Boeck. Cyp. Novae, i. 24. Schenus cyperoides, Swartz, Prod. 19.
Mariscus pilluliferus, G. Bert. in Rendicosti Istit. Bologna, 1853-4, 35,
and in Mem. Accad. Scienz. Istit. Bologna, v. 466, t. 24, cf. Boeck. in
Flora, 1861, 336.
Upper Guinea. (Guinea, Zser¢/ Gold Coast : Axim, ex Guerich,
Lower Guinea. German South-West Africa: Amboland; at Olukonda,
Schinz, 373!
Mozamb. Dist. Mozambique, ex Bertoloni,
Frequent in Natal and the Mascarene Islands. Very common in America from
Mexico to Montevideo.
4, R. aurea, Vahl, Enum. ii. 229. Robust, nearly glabrous ;
stolons 0. Stem 3-6 ft. long with nodes throughout its length. Leaves
1-2 ft. by } in. Panicle often 12-16 in. long, with lower axillary distant
corymbs 2—5 in, in diam. bearing frequently 100-200 spikelets ; lowest
bract similar to the highest leaf. Spikelets mostly in clusters of 3-10,
brown, } in. long, lanceolate, perfecting 1 nut. Hypogynous sete 6, as
long as the nut, scabrid, with upward-pointing barbs. Nut } the length
of the glume, } in. long without the beak, obovoid, flattened, brown,
smooth or obscurely transversely wavy, sometimes with a notch or
hollow on each side; beak as long at least as the nut, narrow-conl¢,
grooved on one side; style very long, at the tip subentire or obscurely
2-fid.— Beauv. Fl. Oware, ii. 39, t. 81, fig. 2; C. B, Clarke in Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 670, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 653;
and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 268; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, !-
309; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii.110; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 1.
131. Rhynchospora aurea, R. Br. Prod. 230; Kunth, Enum. ii. 293 ;
Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 555; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 626,
Flora, 1879, 569, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 17; Ridley in Trans.
Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 165. R. surinamensis, Nees in Linnea, 1%-
297; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 127. Scirpus corymboss,
Linn. Ameen, Acad. iv. 303.
Upper Guinea. Senega’, Michelin! Senegambia, Heudelot, 348! natok
587! Rio Nunez, Heudelot, 687! Sierra Leone: Regent, Scott-Elliot, aes
Vogel, 129! Liberia: Monrovia, Naumann! Lagos : Abbeokuta ; Irving:
tale Beauvois! Old Calatar ; Robb! Cameroons: banks of the river, Mann,
776 !
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth 1360 !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, 900 tt., Hens, B, 44! Kisantv,
Gillet, 504! 356! Smith! Angola: Pungo Ardongo ; ard without precise greet
marshes at Quisonde on the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6844! marshes of Lagoa ¢e
Quibinda, Welwitsch, 6845 !
Rynchospora. | CLYI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 481
South Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; Minzi, Schweinfurth, 3495!
and without precise locality, Demeuse, 134!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1232!
Throughout the warmer regions of both hemispheres,
5. R. candida, (. B. Clarke in Durund & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 653. Nearly glabrous. Stolons slender, clothed by ovate-lanceolate
striate dusky-straw-coloured scales, hardening into creeping rhizomes
Stems 8-20 in. long, rather slender with distant nodes throughout their
length. Leaves often nearly as long as the stem, ;1,—4 in. broad. Corymb
terminal, lax, of 1-16 spikelets, somewhat level-topped, with a smaller
remote axillary corymb sometimes added; pedicels rather rigid, with
one spikelet. Spikelets } in. long, ovoid, very white, with many (or 3
at least) nut-bearing flowers. Glumes numerous, ovate, obtuse, densely
imbricate in many spirals, deciduous seriatim from the lowest (empty
included), outer concave nerveless, inner somewhat keeled. Hypogynous
bristles 0. Style linear, longer than the nut ; branches 2, linear, longer
than the style. Nut very small, about + the length of the glume,
biconvex, round, sessile, yellow-brown, trausversely wavy ; style-base
large, saddle-shaped, as broad as the nut, persistent.—Rendle in Cat.
Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 132. R. adscendens, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 652. Psilocarya candida, Nees in Mart. F).
Bras. ii. i, 117. Rhynchospora candida, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 605 ;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127. Dichromena candida, Ridley
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 149. Pachymitra candida, Nees ex
Boeck. 1. c. 606.
Upper Guinea. Lagos, Barter, 20178! Old Calabar, Rodd !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisuntu Gillet, 522! Kimuenza, Giélle?,
1772! Angola: Huille ; damp places near Monino, Welwitsch, 6840!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between Lake Tanganyika and Lake
Rukwa, 6900 {t.. Nutt! Briti-h Central Atrica : Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
uchanan, 5!
Also in Madagascar, Guiana and Brazil.
6. R. micrantha, Vahl, Enum. ii. 231 partly. Glabrous, slender.
Roots fibrous. Stems tufted, 4-16 in. long, with distant nodes through-
out their length. Leaves 4-8 by ;4,-4 in. Panicle oblong, usually
Compound, with divaricate capillary branches and pedicels. Spikelets
¥o-zs in. long, ovoid, each perfecting 1 nut. Hypogynous bristles 0.
Style as long as the nut; branches 2, linear, longer than the style.
Nut 51, in. long, sessile, obovoid, flattened, yellow-brown, with 4—5 strong
transverse wrinkles; style-base saddle-shaped, as broad as the nut,
much depressed.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
V. 654; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 117. Rhynchospora micrantha, Roem.
&Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 84 partly, not of Mant. 45; Boeck. in Linnea,
Xxxvil. 608. Zosterospermum gracile, Desv. in Hamilt. Prod. Ind.
Occid. 14; Kunth, Enum. ii. 536. Psilocarya Teneriffe, Torrey in Ann.
Lyceum New York, iii. 362 in note. Dichromena micrantha, Kunth,
VOL. VIII. 21
482 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Rynchospora.
Enum. ii. 278. Scleria pygmwa, Nees in Flora, 1828, 332, not of
Spreng.
Upper Guinea. Jsert!
Also in Teneriffe and Tropical America.
7. R. Barteri, ©. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 653. Glabrous. Roots fibrous. Stems 8 in. long, very slender,
with nodes and leaves (or bracts) throughout their length. Leaves
4-6 by ;, in. Corymbs about 3, distant, of 3-5 small pallid spikelets,
1_Lin.in diam. Spikelets 1 in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, each perfecting
1-2 nuts. Glumes ovate, the 3 lowest empty and minutely mucronate.
Style longer than the nut; branches 2, slender, longer than the style.
Nut broadly ovoid, biconvex, hardly $ the length of the glume, nearly
sessile, smooth, brown; style-base depressed conic, much narrower
than the nut.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1010!
This species differs little from R. divergens, Britton, which, with several closely
allicd species, is plentiful in the South United States and West Indies ; but I have
not been able to match R. Barteri with any American plant.
8. R. glauca, Vahl, Enum. ii. 233. Glabrous. Rhizome very
short, horizontal, Stems 1-2} ft. long, rather slender, with nodes an
leaves (or bracts) throughout its length. Leaves 8-12 by 3 ™
Panicle compound, oblong (sometimes reduced tu a quasi-terminal con-
tracted corymb), often 8 by 2 in., with distant lower peduncles carrying
. 20-40 spikelets each ; peduncles and pedicels suberect. Spikelets 3-5
in. long, ovoid, subacute, chestnut-brown, each perfecting 1 or 2 nuts.
Hypogynous bristles 6, about as long as the nut, brown, with upward-
pointing teeth. Style about as long as the nut ; branches 2, longer
than the style. Nut 3-3 the length of the glume, proadly-ellipsoid,
biconvex, chestnut-brown, obscurely transversely wrinkled by wavy
lines ; style-base } the length of the nut, depressed conic.—\-. ©
Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 671,in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 654, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 268 ; Urban, Symb. Antill.
ii, 128. Rhynchospora glauca, Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 895
Kunth, Enum. ii. 297 excl. several synonyms; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvii. 585. BR. lava, R. Br. Prod. 230; Kunth, Enum. ii. 2985 Coss.
& Durieu, Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum. 239.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Mount Zomba, 4000-
6000 ft., Whyte !
Common in nearly all tropical and warm temperate regions, except Tro
Africa.
pical
Imperfectly known species.
9. R. senegalensis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii.
spord. Stem above 1 ft. long, triquetrous, smooth, b
Leaves shorter than the internode, narrowly lanceolate, 1—
smooth. Corymb terminal, 1 or 2 axillary corymbs sometimes
149 sub Rhyncho-
earing reat
eS, by ry 1n.,
: added.
Rynchospora. | CLVI. CYPERACE& (CLARKE). 483
Spikes clustered, many-flowered. Involucre of one leaf, as long as the
corymb. Glumes ovate, acuminate, adpressedly puberulous. . Hypo-
gynous bristles 3-6, as long as the nut. Nut (immature) acutely
triquetrous, smooth, whitish.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Leprieur (ex Steudel).
If the nut is really triquetrous, the plant is not a Ryachospora.
17. CARPHA, R. Br.; Benth. et Hook.f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1061
(incl. ASTHROCH ETE, Nees, Benth. et Hook. f., 1. c. 1062).
Spikelets with 5-7 glumes, each perfecting 1-3 nuts. Glumes sub-
distichous ; 3 lowest empty, fourth containing a bisexual nut-bearing
flower, fifth inserted close above the fourth, uppermost sterile. Hypo-
gynous bristles 6 or 3, long. Style linear, long, with 3 linear branches,
at the base continuous with the nut, persistent. Nut oblong or oblong-
ellipsoid, trigonous, at the top pyramidal.—Leaves evolute. Inflor-
escence paniculate, not umbelled.
Species 12, in the Southern Hemisphere, America, Africa and Australia.
This genus differs from Schwnus only by the lowest nut-bearing glume having
the next glume close over it, not separated by an elongate curved joint of the rhachilla
as is the case in Schenus.
1. ©. Emini, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Rhizome short, rather
slender. Stems 1-2 ft. Jong. Leaves up to 3 the length of the stem,
jz in. broad. Panicle 6-12 in. long; lower peduncles axillary carry-
ing oblong panicles of many brown spikelets close together. Spikelets
sin. long, of 5 glumes. Glumes oblong, hardly acute, the 3 lowest
empty, the fourth containing a bisexual perfect flower, the fifth smaller
and sterile. Hypogynous bristles 6, scabrid with upward-pointing
barbs, the 3 inner (petals) as long as the nut, the 3 outer (sepals) twice
aslong. Stamens 3, anticous. Nut small, } the length of the glume,
hardly at all scabrid, obscurely reticulated.—Oreograstis Hmini, K.
Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 127.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Ruwenzori, 10,000 ft., Stuhlmann, 2439!
This, as above interpreted, differs little from C. Aubertii, Nees, a Bourbon
Plant ; but the description (of the same material) by Dr. K. Schumann differs con-
siderably.
18. SCHGENUS, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1062.
Spikelets perfecting 1 or few nuts. Glumes subdistichous; 5
lowest empty, fourth containing a bisexual nut-bearing flower, the
thachilla elongated and curved before the insertion of the fifth glume ;
Uppermost glumes reduced. Hypogynous bristles various or 0. Style
near, long, with 3 linear branches. Nut small, obovoid, trigonous, at
the top truncate or pyramidal.—Inflorescence panicled, corymbose or
Subcapitate, not umbellate.
Species, besides the one here described, 58, whereof 1 is European, 1 North
484 CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Schoenus.
American; the remaining 56 being an Australian group whereof a very few extend
to South-east Asia or South America.
1. S. nigricans, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. 64. Glabrous. Stolons 0.
Stems 6-20 in. long, stoutly tufted, with no nodes between the basal
leaves and the 1 head. Leaves about 4 the length of the stem, 4-4 in.
broad. Head } in. in diam., of 1-15 spikelets ; bracts 2, suberect, lower
1-4 in. long. linear, but dilated at the base. Spikelet 4 in. long,
matuiing 1-3 nuts. Glumes ovate, obtuse, minutely scabrid on the
keel. Stamens 3, anticous. Hypogynous bristles 3-5, less than } the
length of the nut, yellow-brown, scabrid with upward-pointing barbs.
Nut in the hollow of the curved joint of the rhachilla, } the length of
the glume, ellipsoid, trigonous, smooth, pallid, without beak; style
deciduous.—Sowerby, Engl. Bot. t. 1121; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fi.
Brit. Ind. vi. 673, in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 657, and
in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 272; Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum.
241; J. Ball in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvi. 702. Chetospora nigricans,
Kunth, Enum. ii. 323; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 290.
Wile Land. Abyssinia, Schimper,173! Somaliland, Miss Edith Cole !
Extending from Western Europe to North-west India, a'so in North and South
Africa, the United States, and Surinam,
19. CLADIUM, P. Browne; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen.
Pl. iii, 1065.
Spikelets perfecting 1-3 (rarely more) nuts. Glumes imbricated en
all sides, 3-4 lowest empty, next containing a bisexual flower perfecting
a nut, uppermost reduced ; rhachilla not elongated above the lowest
fertile glume. Hypogynous bristles 0 (or rarely small). Style linear ;
branches 3, long; base thickened. Nut small, trigonous, crowned by
the enlarged style-base and continuous with it, not distinguishable by
a transverse constriction or line.-—Mostly robust plants, of varied habit-
Inflorescence usually a long panicle, sometimes shortly corymbose, never
umbellate.
Species, besides the one Cosmopolitan here described, 44 ; mostly insular or pel
the sea, scattered throughout the warmer parts of the globe.
1. C. jamaicense, Crantz, Inst. i. 362. Glabrous. Stolons long,
stout, clothed with striate pale brown ovate-lanceolate scales 1 ir. long.
Stem 3-8 ft. high, roundish, with nodes and leaves (or bracts) through-
out its length. Leaves 2-3 ft. by 1-} in., scabrous on the margiDs:
Panicle oblong, often 1-2 ft. by 3-6 in.; lowest bract similar to -
topmost leaf; lowest peduncle bearing a compound corymb often =
100-200 spikelets. Spikelets ;4,—4 in. long, when mature ellipsoid or
ovoid, obtuse, pale brown, in clusters of 3-10 or solitary, with 2-
flowers, the lower bisexual producing a nut. Glumes ovate, Hee
concave, Hypogynous bristles 0. Stamens 2. Style-base larg ’
obovoid-subpyramidal, confluent with the top of the ovary. Nut ys
Cladium. | CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 485
long, obovoid, the cavity continued up the style-base.—C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 665; Urban, Symb. Auntill. ii. 134.
C. germanicum, Schrad. Fl. Germ. i. 75, t. 5, fig. 7. C. Mariscus, R.
Br. Prod. 236 ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 303; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 232;
Coss. & Durieu, Expl. Scient. Algér. Glum. 240; Balfour in Trans. Roy.
Soc. Edin, xxxi. 308; Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 291. Schenus Mariscus,
Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. 62; Sowerby, Engl. Bot. t. 950.
Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Isles, Vogel, 26! Bolle.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Mechow, 321! Buchner, 152!
Scattered through nearly all warm and warm-temperate regions.
20. TETRARIA, Beauv. in Mém. Inst. Frang. 1812 (1816) ii.
09-00.
_ Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower male or with an imperfect
pistil not maturing a nut, the upper perfect fertile. Glumes sub-
distichous, 5-12; the lowest 3-6 empty, the uppermost reduced.
Hypogynous bristles various, or 0. Style linear, branches 3 (or 4) or
6 (or 8), long ; base dilated, continuous, Nut small, obovoid, 3- (or 4-)
gonous, crowned or almost beaked by the style.—Plants of varied habit.
Inflorescence usually a narrow panicle, sometimes reduced nearly toa
head, never umbellate.—Zlynanthus, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iit.
1063, not of Beauv.
Species 32, endemic in South Africa, one species also in Usambara,
1. T. circinalis, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
4fr.v. 659. Glabrous. Rhizome slender, horizontal. Stems tufted
3-10 in. long, with nodes (bearing leaves or bracts) throughout their
length. Leaves often as long as the stem, j4,-} in. broad; basal-
sheaths brown or reddish, often fimbriate. Panicle 2-6 by $-1} in.,
With 15-60 spikelets, often rather dense. Spikelets } by } in., cylindric,
brown. Lower empty glumes 6, hardly acute. Hypogynous bristles
3-4, shorter than the nut, scabrous. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong,
crested. Style 3-branched. Nut (not seen ripe) small, obovoid,
trigonous ; style-base depressed-hemispheric, confluent with the top of
the ovary, minutely scabrous.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vil. 283.
?. usambarensis, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. v. 128. Schenus
Cireinalis, Schrad. in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii, Mant. 43.
Chetospora circinalis, Schrad. Anal. Fl. Cap. 31, t. 3, fig. 2; Kunth,
Num. ii, 324,
Mozamb. Dist.
Also in South Africa.
German East Africa : Usambara, Holst, 131!
21. REMIREA, Aubl.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1058.
Spikelets 1-flowered, densely spicate on digitate spikes. Glumes
4 to the spikelet, imbricated on all sides, the perfect flower pseudo-
486 CLV1. CYPERACE® (CLARKE). [Remirea.
terminal in the top glume. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stamens 3,
unilateral; anthers crested. Style linear; branches 3, long 2 base
gradually continuous into the top of the ovary. Nut ellipsoid or linear-
oblong, trigonous, sessile, smooth, often curved.
Species 1, widely distributed.
The position of the stamens, the curvature of the nut, as well as the fine drawings
prepared for Sir William Hooker, show that the flower is here really lateral; the
inflorescence may be compared with that of Gahnia.
1. R. maritima, Awbl. Pl. Guian. i. 45, t. 16. Glabrous. Rhizome
js} in. in diam., creeping, seen 20 in. long. Stems distant, or tufted
near the tip of the rhizome, }—4 in. long, without nodes between the
basal leaves and the inflorescence, but usually clothed with leaf-sheaths
nearly theix whole length, or the inflorescence in the short-stemmed
examples seems sunk among the leaves. Leaves 1-3} in. long, dense,
rigid, tapering from a base often + in. wide or more. Bracts 2-6, up
to 1-2 in. long, similar to the leaves. Spikes 3-7 to the head, sessile,
$—3 in. long, with about 30 spikelets, ovoid, dense, straw-coloured or
dusky. Spikelets {1 in. long, ellipsoid. Glumes ovate, triangular at
the tip, the 3 lower empty and much inrolled. Nut % the length ot
the glume, chestnut-coloured.— Beauv. FI. Owar. ii. 23, t. 73 ; Schumach.
Beskr. Guin. Pl. 43; Kunth, Enum. ii. 139; Benth. in Hook. Niger
Fl..552; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 435; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser. 2, Bot. ii. 165; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 677, and
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 665 ; Urban, Symb. Antill. i.
136; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 132. R. pedunculata, R. Br.
Prod. 236; Kunth. Enum. ii. 139. :
Upper Guinea. Guinea, Thonning, 377! Smeathmann! Jardin! Sierra
Leone, Don! Niger Delta: River Nun, Mann, 534!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Congo ; on the sea-shore not far from the mouth of
the River Onco or Onzo, Welwitsch, 6990!
Widely distributed in the tropics.
22. HYPOLYTRUM, L. C. Rich. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pi. i.
1054.
Spikelets numerous, in dense oblong or globose spikes, small, of 2 or
3 glumes and 3 flowers. Two lowest glumes opposite (or nearly 80),
not rarely more or less connate at the base, boat-shaped or keeled,
usually hairy on the keel, oblong or elliptic, each containing one stamen
and regarded here as a male flower; third glume lateral or a
smaller, empty. or in the African species usually 0; female flower 5
minal on the axis of the spikelet without any glume. Style wey
enlarged at the base; branches 2, long. Nut small, obovoid, flattene ;
the large style-base usually neatly fused with it.—Spikes corymbose.
Species 39, in the Tropical regions of both hemispheres. ie
*FoLlcEer®. Stem with 1 or 2 nodes far above the base that bear long leaves
Lowest bract overtopping the inflorescence.
Leaves linear, caudate; stems 15-30 in, long, with
50-150 spikes. 1. H. nemoruime
Hypolytrum. | CLVI. CYPERACER (CLARKE). 487
Leaves triangular at the tip; stems 4-10 in. long,
with 15-25 spikes. c - a
Leaves lanceolate, caudate; stems 3-5 ft. long, with
35 spikes . : 2 S : 5 - . 3. H. lancifolium,
2. H. congense,
**Scapos®. Basal leaves long, Stem scapose, with no node or rarely 1 near the
top: stem-leaf (if present) and bracts very short.
Spikes 3 in. long, oblong or oblong-ellipsoid =. 4. H. africanum.
Spikes 4-2 in. long, globose in fruit.
Scape 8-12 in. long, slender, with 8-16
spikes . : 5 : : é . 5. H. senegalense.
Scape 20-28 in. long, stout, with 40-100
spikes . 4 : - 6. H. longiscaposum.
1. H. nemorum, Spreng. Syst. i. 233, excl. synonyms and some of
the habitats. Nearly glabrous. Stolons stout, clothed by broad-ovate
striate brown scales $ in. long, hardening into rhizomes ,}; in. in diam.
Stem 15-30 in. high, tough, with nodes carrying long leaves, often
scabrous at the top. Stem leaves 1-2 ft. by 3-1 in., 3-nerved, very
scabrid on the margin, tip acuminate-caudate. Panicle often 4—6 in.
long and broad, with often 50-150 spikes ; peduncles rigid, divaricate ;
lowest. bract leaf-iike, usually much exceeding the panicle. Spikes
solitary or almost clustered, of 10-20 spikelets, in flower } in. long and
harrow-cylindric, in fruit + in. long and globose. Bract to the spikelet
ty in. long, broadly orbicular. Glumes to the two lowest male flowers
oblong, keeled, nearly as long as the bract. Sterile flower (between the
male flowers and nut) 0. Style 2-fid. Nut scarcely longer than the
male glumes, obovoid, flattened, smooth, dusky-brown, apparently
hbeakless, i.e. the style-base entirely fused into the nut.—C, B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 666; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf.
Ost-Afr. C. 127. H. latifolium, Benth. in Hook, Niger FI. 555 ; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvii. 129; vix L. C. Rich. A. heterophyllum, and H.
buchholzianum, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 22. Hypelyptum nemorum,
Beauy. Fl. Owar. ii. 13, t. 67, not Schenusnemorum, Vahl. Hypelytrum
nemorum, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 364 partly.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 64! Sierra Leone, Smeathmann /
Afzelius ! Scott-Elliot, 4575! Lagos, Millen, 193! Lower Niger: Abo, Buchholz !
Cameroons : Rio del Rey, Johnston! Mungo ; Buchholz / by the Lobe River, near
Batanga, Bates, 149! Fernando Po, Vogel, 206! Mann, 120!
Lower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon: Mount John, Kongue River, Mann, 18947
Lower Congo : Stanley Pool, Laja, 31! Duchesne, 27! Kisuntu, Gillet, 1792!
South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 288!
Mozamb. Dist. (ierman East Africa: Usambara ; at Nquelo, Holst, 2288!
2. H. congense, (’. B. Clarke. Stolons densely covered by ovate
Seales. Stems 4-10 in. long, carrying 2 leaves far above the base,
smooth, in Dewevre 746 glabrous, in Dewevre 1061 bis hairy. Basal
leaves overtopping the stem, } in. broad, the tip narrow-triangular ;
stem-leaves similar but smaller, overtopping the inflorescence, not cau-
date and scarcely acuminate at the tip. Corymb 3-} in. in diam.,
488 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Hypolytrum.
with 15-25 spikes; rhachis hairy or scabrid ; bracts 2 by } in., narrowly
lanceolate, not caudate. Spikes in flower } in. long, ellipsoid, brown.
South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 746! 1061 bis !
3. H. lancifolium, (. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stolons
clothed with elliptic brown scales, hardening into rhizomes. Stem 3-9
ft. long, rather slender, with nodes (bearing long leaves) throughout its
length. Stem-leaves 10 by 1} in., caudate-acuminate, 3-nerved, at the
base as though petioled. Corymb 3 in. in diam., of 35 spikes ; lowest
bract 8 in. long, like the leaves. Spikes in fruit } by } in., ovoid-lan-
ceolate, brown, of 20 spikelets. Bract to spikelet z/o—} in. long, hardly
acute. Glumes to the two lowest male flowers oblong, keeled, nearly
as long as the bract. Sterile flower 0. Style 2-fid. Nut ellipsoid-lan-
ceolate, flattened, brown, much longer than the bract, 7 -nerved in the
lower half, the upper half being the style-base confluent with the nut.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 308!
4. H. africanum, Nees in Linnea, ix. 288 name only. Nearly
glabrous. Stolons 0. Stem-base woody, obliquely descending, densely
clothed with smooth roots ;4, in. in diam., apparently standing in water.
Basal leaves numerous, 16-30 by 4 in., 3-nerved. Stems (scapes) from
the axils of the crowded leaves, 1-2 ft. long, leafless, rarely with a node
(carrying a small leaf) near the top. Panicle corymbose, vary1ng from
1 in. in diam. with 8 spikes to 45 in. in diam. with 80 spikes, some-
times proliferous ; lowest bract “rarely so long as the inflorescence,
linear with a dilated base (not like the leaves). Spikes 3 in. long,
flower narrow-cylindric, in fruit ellipsoid, brown. Bract to the spikelet
zz in. long, elliptic, obtuse. Glumes to the two lowest male flowers hardly
shorter than the bract, boat-shaped, distinct. Sterile flower-glume 0.
Nut obovoid, flattened, longitudinally ribbed, crowned by @ smooth
ovoid beak (style-base) shorter than the nut; but there are many small
infertile nuts in which the beak is much larger than the nut (as 1s seen
in several of the Indian polygamo-dicecious species).—Steud. Syn. Pl.
Glum. ii. 132; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 125; C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. iii, 666; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fi.
Congo, i, 309. H. nemorum, Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 209, not
of Spreng. Hypolytri sp. africana, Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. m.
1055.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Sangasanga, Scott-Elliot, 4415! Makonde,
Scott-Elliot, 5686! and without precise locality, Smeathmann / Afzelius ! ie ;
French Guinea: Sulimania ; near Erimakuna, Scott-Elliot, 5396! Niger to
Onitsa, Barter, 1575! Cameioons: Bipinde, Zenker, 2052! by the River Lobe @
Batanga, Bates, 148 ! :
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Quintas, 12! and Fi. Afr. peri
iota 127! Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 1075! and without precise locality»
mith !
South Central. Congo Free State, Demeuse, 412!
5. H. senegalense, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Rhizome horizonte
woody, 4, in. in diam. Leaves all radical, 8-16 by 4 in., 5-nerver’
Hypolytrum. | CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 489
Stem (i.e. scape) .axillary, 8-12 in. long, slender, without any nodes,
minutely scabrid at the top. Corymb 1-2 in. in diam., of 8-16 spikes;
lowest bract hardly } in. long, linear. Spikes } in. long, ovoid or sub-
globose. Bract to the spikelet obovate, obtuse, scarious-white. Glumes
tothe 2 male flowers as long as the bract, keeled, subconnate at the
base on the anticous side of the spike, free and standing apart on the
posticous side ; glumes to the sterile flower smaller on the posticous side
of the nut. Style 2-fid. Nut obovoid, flattened, with 8-9 longitudinal
aid crowned by the ovoid smooth beak (style-base) overtopping the
ract.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia: Rio Nunez, Heudelot, 747!
_ 6. HL. longiscaposum, (. B. Clarke. Rhizome horizontal, } in. in
diam. Leaves all basal, up to 20-30 by 3 in. 3-nerved. Stem (ie.
scape) lateral, 20-28 in. long, stout, trigonous, without nodes. Corymb
4—6 in. in diam., depressed, subumbellate from the numerous approxi-
mate branches springing horizontally, of 40-100 spikes; lowest bract
1-2 in. long, not leaf-like, lanceolate-linear, somewhat coloured. Spikes
$~¢ in. long, in flower ellipsoid, in fruit globose, bright brown. Bract
to the spikelet 51, in. long, ovate, obtuse. Glumes to the 2 lowest male
flowers ;1, in. long, keeled, distinct. Nut obovoid, flattened, smooth ;
the beak spongy, straw-coloured, obovoid, broader than the nut,
exserted above the bract.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Regent, Scott-Elliot, 4014! by streams
in Talla Hill Plateau, north of Kundita, 3500 ft., Scott-Elliot, 5050!
23. MAPANTA, Aubl.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen, Pl. ili. 1055.
Spikelets with several empty glumes between the 2 lowest male flowers
and the terminal nut. Style 3-fid or 2-fid.—Spikes sessile in 1 head
on the scapes; otherwise as Hypolytrum.
Species 28, throughout the Tropics.
In this genus, the presence of several empty glumes between the 2 low. st
male flowers and the terminal female flower (a pistil only) renders it impossible to
explain the spikelet as a single axillary flower. The interpretation of the spikelet of
Hypolytrum must be the same as that of Mapania. Cf. Goebel in Ann, Jard, Bot.
Buitenz. vii. 128
Bracts small, shorter or hardly longer than the head.
Peduncle long; spikes 40-60 in the head; style 2-fid 1. UM. scaberrima.
Peduncle short; spikes 3-8 in the head; style 3-fid. 2. UW. africana.
Bracts 3, whereof one ut least is leaf-like, much longer
than the head,
Leaves tapering at the base into a quasi-petiole at
least } in. broad.
Head simple.
Head 3-1 in. in diam., of 25 spikes . : . 3 MM. ferruginea.
Head 2 in. in diam., of 100 spikes. : . 5. M. superba.
Head made up of 6 heads half-fused together . 4. UM, subcomposita.
Va
490 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Mapania.
Leaves suddenly narrowed at the base into a long
quasi-petiole less than 2 in. broad.
Lowest bract 6-10 in. long, on a quasi-petiole 5-2
in. long . ; : : : ; : . 6. M. Manni.
Lowest bract 1-3 in. long, on a quasi-petiole hardly
3 in. long : : : : : : . 7. M. oblonga.
1. M. scaberrima, (. 2B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 667. Glabrous. Rhizome thick, short, oblique. Basal
leaves numerous, 3 ft. by 3 in., 3-nerved, margins scabrid. Scapes
axillary, 12-15 in. long, with scales only near the base, at the top
scabrid. Head #? in. in diam., of 40-60 spikes; bracts hardly any.
Spikes 1—} in. long, ellipsoid or oblong, dusky brown. Bracts to the
numerous spikelets scarcely } in. long, ovate, obtuse. Glumes to the
2 lowest male flowers opposite, boat-shaped, oblong, ciliate on the keel ;
empty glumes about 4, shorter than the male glumes. Style with 2
long branches.—Hypolytrum scaberrimum, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 26.
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 1538!
2. M. africana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 137. Glabrous. Roots
very thick, tough. Basal leaves numerous, 3 ft. by 14 in., 3-nerved,
quasi-petioled. Scapes numerous, axillary, 2-34 in. long, slender.
Head 4-1} in. in diam., of 3-8 spikes, brown; bracts ovate, hardly as
long as the head. Bracts to the spikelets 4 in. long, ovate, obtuse.
Glumes to the 2 male flowers nearly as long as the bract, boat-shaped,
ciliate on the keel. Sterile glumes, between the male glumes and the
pistil, about 3, shorter than the male glumes. Style-branches 3, long.
Nut very small, obovoid, obscurely 3-gonous, wrinkled, black.—C. B.
Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 667.
Saviadany Guinea. Spanish Gaboon: Mount John on the River Kongui, Mann,
1873!
3. M. ferruginea, Ridley in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 209, t. Py Ag ie
Glabrous, robust. Basal leaves 2-3 ft. by $1} in., 3-nerved, tapering
at the base into a short quasi-petiole more than } in. broad. Scapes
8-16 in. long, triquetrous at the top. Head 3-1 in. in diam., of 29
spikes, a rich brown; bracts 3, the lowest up to 12 by 1 in., leaf-like,
narrowed at the base into a short broad quasi-petiole. Spikes 4-4 in.
long, ellipsoid or broad-oblong. Bracts to the spikelets 4 in. Jong,
elliptic, obtuse. Two lowest male glumes boat-shaped, % the length of
the bract, ciliate on the keel. Empty glumes 4, nearly as long as the
male glumes. Style-branches 2. Nut very small, obovoid, margined,
shining black-chestnut, more or less wrinkled or almost tubercled.—
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 667. Hypoly-
trum Soyausii and H. aschersonianum, Boeck. in Flora, 1882, 29, 26.
Upper Guinea, Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 450!
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Mann ! Gaboon : Munda ; Sibange
Farm, Soyaux, 158c! Sierra del Crystal, Mann!
4. M. subcomposita, (. B. Clarke. Head 14 by 1j in, made
up of 6 heads imperfectly fused together, a fine brown. Bracts to the
Mapania. | CLVI, CYPERACE (CLARKE). 491
spikelets { in. or rather more long, in fruit a fine brown colour, nearly
glabrous. Nuts nearly globose, ze in. in diam., black, smooth; the
long style with 2 short branches still persistent—otherwise nearly as
M. ferruginea.—M. ferruginea, var. subcomposita, C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 667.
Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller, 9! and #1, Afr. Exsice.
Conimbric., 128!
Var. (?) purpuriceps, C. B. Clarke. Leaf broader up to 23 in. wide. Head
rather looser, a purplish tinge in the dried example; bracts tu the spikelets $ in.
long, rather broader; the two glumes to the 1-staminate flowers very pubescent on
the keel. Style with 2 very long branches.
Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Mfoa, Bates, 526!
The specimen is in young flower and without the lower stem and leaves, It is
probably specifically separable from MZ. subcomposita, as the very long style-branches
here present could hardly become short in fruit.
+. M. superba, (. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr, v. 667. Glabrous. Stolons } in. in diam., clothed by ovate
obtuse scales }~1 in. long, Basal leaves 3-5 ft. by 2 in., 3-nerved,
narrowed at the base into a quasi-petiole } in. broad. Scape 1 ft. long,
very stout, trigonous. Head up to 2-in. in diam., globose, of 100
spikes, not at all compound ; bracts 3, the lowest 18 by 2 in., similar
to the leaves, quasi-petioled (in G. Mann 1639 sessile, not narrowed at
the base). Spikes }—2 by } in., a fine brown. Bracts to the spikelets
¢ in. long, oblong, obtuse. Glumes (male and empty) nut and style
as in UM. ferruginea.—Hypolytrum macranthum, Boeck. in Engler
Jahrb, v. 507.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Efulen, Bates, 312!
Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaue / Sierra del
Crystal, Mann, 1639!
_ One of G. Mann’s examples has the bracts sessile and truncate at the base, the
other has the bracts long attenuate and quasi-petioled. These may represent two
distinct species ; but G. Mann has numbered both 1639.
6. M. Mannii, (. B. Clarke in Durand d: Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 667. Glabrous. Stolons hardening into rhizomes $ in. in
diam. Basal leaves (lamina) 12-15 by 1} in., 3-nerved, on quasi-
petioles 8-12 by 1 in. Head 1-1} in. in diam., of 24 spikes, pale
brown ; bracts 3, lowest similar to the leaves and up to 15 in. long,
but the quasi-petiole only 1-2 in. long. Spikes % by }—} in., sub-
cylindric. Bracts to the spikelets }—1 in. long, lanceolate, hardly
acute. Glumes to the 2 male flowers boat-shaped, about % the length
of the bract, ciliate at the top of the keel. Barren glumes about 5,
nearly as long as the male glumes. Style 2-branched. Nut as of
M. ferruginea, but not perfectly ripe.
Lower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon: Mount Jolin, on the River Kongui, Manz,
1892! Gaboon : Mfoa, Bates, 529! Sierra del Crystal, Manv, 1642!
7. M. oblonga, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. F1.
Afr.y.667. Glabrous. Rhizome descending, strong. Basal leaves
492 CLVI. CYPERACE& (CLARKE). [ Mapania.
(lamina) 5-7 by 1-2 in., 3-nerved, obtuse, or very rapidly narrowed
at the tip, suddenly narrowed at the base into quasi-petioles 1-4 by }
in. Head 2-1} in. in diam., of 10-20 spikes, pale brown; bracts 3,
dilated at the base, the lowest 3 in. long, lanceolate, much narrowed
just over the ovate base. Spikes 2 in. long, ellipsoid or oblong. Bracts
to the spikelets } in. long, oblong or lanceolate. Glumes of the 2
lower male flowers boat-shaped, 2 the length of the bract, ciliate at the
top of the keel. Barren glumes about 3, nearly as long as the male
glumes. Style 2-branched. Nut very small, obovoid, or orbicular,
dusky brown, smooth or obscurely wrinkled.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Rio del Rey, Johnston ! Efulen, Bates, 292!
Var. elliptica, C. B. Clarke in Durand and Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 667.
Basal leaves (lamina) up to 3 in, broad, quasi-petiole up to 8 by 3 in. Scape 12 10.
long, stout. Head 1} in, in diam., obscurely subecompound. Bracts to the spikelets
4-4 in. long, narrowly oblong.
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Sierra del Crystal, Mann, 1641!
Imperfectly known species.
8. M. amplivaginata, K. Schum. in Notisbl. Kénigl. Bot. Gat.
Berlin, iii. 105. Leaves with large sheaths, 8-10 by 1 in., 3-nerved ;
margins not scabrid; petioles 2-4 in. long. Scape 8-10 in. long.
Head #? in. in diam., enclosed by two large keeled bracts.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Barombi, Preuss, 484.
9. M. secans, K.Schum. in Notisbl. Kinigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin,
iii, 105. Leaves 3 ft. long by 1 in. broad, 3-nerved; margins very
scabrid nearly to the leaf-base, cutting the hand. Scape 6-8 in. long.
Bract solitary, tubular, obliquely truncate. Head }-2 in. in diam.,
of 25 spikes. Boat-shaped male glumes connate nearly to the top.
Stigmas 2.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Lolodorf, Staudt, 266.
‘At first sight resembles VW. africana, Boeck.”
10. M. dolichostachya, K. Schwm. in Notisbl. Kénigl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin, iii, 106. Leaves up to 2 ft. long by 14 in. broad, 3-nerved, spinu-
lose on the margins and keel beneath, quasi-petiole 24 in. long. Scape
8 in. long. Bracts several, the longest less than # in. long. Head of
5-20 yellowish spikes, each }-2 in. long. Stigmas 3.
Ee ete Guinea. Cameroons: Batanga, Dinklage, 1420; Bipinde, Zenker,
11. M. Deistelii, X. Schum. in Notisbl. Kinigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin,
iii. 106. Leaves up to 3 ft. long by 2 in. broad, 3-nerved, smooth,
glabrous. Scape 1 foot long, at the top } in. thick. Bracts 3, the
lowest as large as the leaf. Head small. Style 2-fid.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Buea, 4000 ft., Deistel, 132.
* Allied to M, Soyauzii, Boeck., and M. ferruginea, Ridley.”
o
Scleria. | CLVI. CYPERACE# (CLARKE). 493
24. SCLERIA, Berg.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1070,
_ Flowers strictly 1-sexual. Spikelets moneecious or dicecious; moneecious
spikelets of 1 basal female flower, and 1 or few male flowers above ;
female spikelets like the moneecious, but the upper male portion reduced
to 1 or 2 empty glumes (or wanting in subgenus Acriulus); male spikelets
like the moneecious, but without the basal female flower, and often with
more numerous male flowers. Glumes concave, open, i.e. the margins
not connate. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stamens 3-1. Style linear, not
dilated at the base; branches 3. Nut bony, ovoid, on a gynophore ;
upex of gynophore often dilated into a 3-lobed dise, or (in Ophryoscleria)
forming a small cup. Stems with nodes throughout their length.
Inflorescence panicled, often scattered, never umbelled.
Species 160; found in all tropical and subtropical regions, exevpt the Medi-
terranean and Orient.
*Hyprorortm.—Moneecious spikelets many. Hypogynous dise obsolete.
: +Hirtelle. Slender plants. Spikelets small, mostly clustered. Clusters sessile
ina simple spike or on the branches of a panicle. Inflorescence not leafy; bracts
small or setaceous.
Annuals. (Nut horizontally muricated or tubercled.)
Panicle reduced to a nearly simple spike.
Spikelets thinly hairy or glabrate.
Clusters smail; spikelets 3-3 in. long.
Spike linear, elongate 1. S. pergracilis.
Spike oblong, denser : - 2. S. pulchella.
5. S. remota.
Spikelets } in. long, 6-12 in a cluster
Spikelets hispid, long-ciliate
Clusters of spikelets deflexed; bracts incon-
spicuous . 3 :
Clusters of spikelets erect ; bracts longer than
the clusters. 4. 8. glomerulata.
Panicle branched more or less (the sessile clusters
of spikelets on tie branches).
Panicle branches developed; the clusters of
spikelets distinct.
3. 8. melanotricha.
Spikelets hairy. 5 ‘ 6. S. hispidula.
Spikelets glabrous : : : . 7. 8. glabra.
Panicle oblong, dense; branches very short . 8. S. ustu/ata.
Perennials with horizontal rhizome.
Panicle reduced to a nearly simple spike, lower
clusters distinct.
Nut smooth.
Clusters of spikelets pendent in fruit.
Basal leaves reduced to sheaths, or short . 9. S. hirtella.
Basal leaves 8-12 in. long : : . 10. S. catopiylla.
Clusters of spikelets suberect in fruit.
Stems thickened quasi-bulbous at the base . 13. 8. Buchanant
Stems not or obscurely thickened at the base,
Spikelets 3-4 in. Jong . : : . 11. S. mechowiana.
pare 5
Spike'ets §—} in. long.
Nearly g’abrous 5 ; . . 12. S. meyeriana.
Hairy . 14. 8S. erythrorrhiza.
494 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Seleria.
Nut reticulated or tubercled.
Stems not dilated at the base.
Spikelets 1-4 in lax clusters, suberect . . 15. 8. dregeana.
Spikelets 8-12 in dense clusters. - . 15, S. schweinfurthiana.
Stems dilated at the base into ovoid bulbs. 17S. bulbifera.
Panicle manifestly compound.
Nut smooth.
Spikelets }-l in. long. : F : . 18. S. Rehinanni.
Spikelets } in. long : : 3 c . 19. S. Welwitschii.
Nut reticulated or tubercled.
Spikelets mostly in clusters of 83-5. : . 20. S. Woodi.
Spikelets many, solitary, some paired.
Panicle lax; branches capillary. 5 . 21. S. multispiculata.
Panicle dense; branches setaceous i . 22, S. poeoides.
ttLithospermee. Less slender. Inflorescence very scattered ; bracts leaf-like.
Perennial : c < . : = ; . 23. S. lithosperma.
**ScLERIA.—Moneecious spikelets none or very few. Hypogynous aise generally
conspicuous.—-Mostly stouter plants than those of tae subgenus Hypoporum, Bracts
similar to the leaves.
+Tessellate. Rhizowe 0 or hardly any, (All the species, except S. gracillima, very
much alike.)
Nut tessellated.
Lowest axillary peduncle remote, much exserted,
capillary, flexuose
Nut 3-} in. long. Spikes undivided, of few
spikelets : ‘ : : : : . 24, S. clathrata.
Nut ;5 in. long. Peduncles often divided, with
many spikelets . 28. S. nyasensis.
Lowest axillary peduncle remote, ecareely exserted,
straight,
Stem smooth or very cates so. Nut large.
Nut ovoid . F 2 ; . 25. S. foliosa.
Nut cylindrie- ellipsoid ‘ é : . 26, S. glandiformis.
Nut globose : 2 2 . 27. S. globonue,
Stem minutely retrorse scabrous. Nut smaller . 29. S. complanata.
Nut smooth.
Stems medium-sized, not very slender.
Nut broader tian long, depressed globose . . 80. S. schimperiana.
Nut longer than broad.
Dise with ovate minutely caudate lobes . . BL. S.canaliculato-
triquetra.
Dise truncate, lobes hardly any. . 82. S. Hildebrandtit.
Stems, as the leaves and inflorescence, most wipuder 33. S. gracillima.
t+tRhizome thick, creeping. All stout plants, with copious inflorescence.
Stems erect.
Nut smooth.
Very stout, 3-6 ft. high, with large terminal dense
panicle. : : . 34. S. oryzoides.
Partial axillary remote panicles present.
Partial panicles linear or linear-oblong dense . 35. S. melanomphala.
Partial panicles pyramidal, open . . 37. S. ovuligera.—
Nut with 40 longitudinal striations : : . 36. S. spiceforms.
Stem rambling, 15 or 20 feet long often . a . 38. S. Bartert.
Scleria. | CLVI, CYPERACE# (CLARKE). 495
***OPHRYOSCLERIA.—Moneecious spikelets none. Lobes of the dise forming a cup
holding the base of the nut; margin of disc ciliate. Stout plants. Leaves (and
lower bracts) unequally premorse on the sides near the top.
Nut smooth,
Nut large ; margin of disc densely ciliate . . 39. S. racemosa,
Nut medium-sized; margin of disc slightly ciliate , 40, S. Vogelii.
Nut verrucose, often tubercled . ; . 41. S. verrucosa,
****ACRIULUS.—Female spikelets with no male rndiments, so that the female
flower appears terminal. Hypogynous disc merely the stalk of the nut. Rather
stout plants, with copious panicles . c i - 42. 8S. griegifolia.
1. S. pergracilis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 354. Glabrous, or nearly so,
annual. Stems tufted, 1-2 ft. long, very slender. Leaves 4-12 by
zo-zz in. Spikelets (many 2-sexual) in clusters of 2—5, 1-1 in. long,
sessile on a subsimple spike 2 to 6 in. long ; bracts to the clusters ovate,
acute, and rarely longer than the clusters. Moneecious spikelet of
about 7 glumes; the 2 lowest empty, the third {-} in. long, elliptic-
oblong, not acute, dark-brown, carrying the nut; the upper glumes
male or empty. There also occur many male spikelets, similar to the
moneecious, except that they are without the 3rd. nut-bearing glume.
Stamens 1-3; antherscrested. Nut ,j, in. in diam., obovoid, trigonous,
white, verrucose or muricate. Style linear, not dilated at the base.
caducous ; branches 3. Pores on the stalk of the nut very obscure.—
Boeck. in Linnza, xxxviii. 438, and in Flora, 1879, 569; C. B. Clarke
in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 685, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 673. Hypoporum pergracile, Nees in Edinb. New Phil.
Journ. xvii. (1834) 267, and in Wight, Contrib. 118.
Upper Guinea. Upper Senegal, Lécard, 289! Sierra Leone, Afzelius ! Niger
Territory : Nupe, in swainps, Barter, 1006!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2472!
Also in India.
2. S. pulchella, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot, ii. 168.
A glabrous, slender annual. Stems 3-8 in. long, setaceous. Leaves as
long as the stem (or half as long) setaceous. Inflorescence }-1 by }-}
in., denser than in S. peryracilis, and more or less branched, sub-
panicled. Spikelets nearly 4 in. long, chestnut-brown, 3-8 on one
branch of the inflorescence. Nut zo in. leng, obovoid, trigonous,
white, transversely muricate-verrucose ; on each face of the trigonous
stalk 4 or 5 minute pores are excavated.—CU. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 674; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
151; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129; Rendle in Cat. Afr, Fi,
Welw. ii. 134. S. Hilsenbergti, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 34, not of Ridley.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilia ; in the lofty pastures of Empalaca, Wel-
witsch, 7141 ! River Callanca, Newton, 7!
Mozamb. Dist. British Centrai Africa:
Buchanan, 19! and. D!
3. S. melanotricha, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 511. A hairy
annual. Stems 4-24 in. long, slender. Leaves often }—3 the length of
Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
496 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Scleria.
the stem, ;',-} in. broad. Cluster of spikelets }—4 in. in diam., of 3-12
spikelets, sessile, pendent, in a simple spike 2-7 in. long, ciliate with
long hairs which may be black-red or white; bracts to the clusters
inconspicuous, shorter than the clusters. Spikelets + in. long, black-red
or pallid. Nut ,4, in. long, obovoid, trigonous, straw-coloured, trans-
versely muricate-verrucose.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 673. S. hirtella, var. 3, y, partly, Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvill. 440, 441, and in Flora, 1879, 570.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Same; Gapd’a, Schimper, 830! British East Africa,
Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, ser. iii. 191
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; plateau of Mount Zomba,
5000-6000 ft., Whyte /
The black-red colour of the hairs in S. melanotricha is not a constant character,
they are white in Schweinfurth 191.
Var. 8 glabrior, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Sch’nz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 673.
Stems 4-5 in. long. Clusters of spikelets smaller, paler, suberect on the spikes.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: near Regent, Scott-Elliot, 4187!
This variety might be appended, perhaps as conveniently, to S. glomerulata,
Oliver ; the clusters of spikelets are considerably smaller than in either species.
4. S. glomerulata, Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 170, ¢. 110 B.
A hairy annual. Stems 6-9 in. long, slender. Leaves 4-3 the length
of the stem, up to } in. broad. Clusters of spikelets 4 in. in diam., of
6-12 spikelets, sessile, suberect, in a simple spike 2-4 in. long, ciliate
with white hairs; bracts setaceous, lower as long, or twice as long, as
the clusters. Spikelets } in. long, pale rusty-brown. Nut }, in. long,
obovoid, trigonous, white, strongly transversely muricate.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Madi; among débris of Madi rocks, Speke
§ Grant, 668 !
According to Capt. Grant’s label, the whole plant is sweetly scented.
This is very near S. melanotricha, differing in the suberect clusters overtopped by
yracts.
5. S. remota, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 169.
Annual, densely hairy or nearly glabrous. Stems 12 in. long, very
slender. Leaves 4—8 by j/;-;1; in., often flexuose. Cluster of 2-4
spikelets sessile, erect, }—1 in. apart, in a simple (often flexuose) spike
2—9 in. long; bracts inconspicuous, the lowest hardly longer than the
clusters. Spikelets } in. long and upwards, ellipsoid-oblong, brown,
sparsely hairy or very nearly glabrous. Nut ;!, in. long, obovoid, tr-
gonous, white, horizontally muricate.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 674; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 134. S. flexuosa, Boeck. Cyp. Nove,
i. 33; K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 128.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, in damp places; near Catete,
Welwitsch, 7130! between the Serri de Pedras de Guinga and Candumba, Wel-
witsch, 7129! in the Presidium on the higher siopes of Funda Quilombo, Welwitsch,
7131 partly! heights of Pedra Songue, Welwitsch,7131B!
Mozamb. Dist. Bricish Central Africa: Nyasiand; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan, 60! :
Seleria. | CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). 497
6. S. hispidula, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 511. Annual, thinly
hairy. Stems 4-12 in. long,slender. Leaves 4-8 by 4 in., thinly hairy
or glabrous. Panicle 2-4 by 4~1 in., the lower branches up to 3 in.
long; bracts } in. long, setaceous. Clusters of 3-8 spikelets, erect,
shortly hispid with black-red or white hairs. Spikelets 1} in. long,
ovoid-lanceolate, chestnut marked with green. Nut }, in. long, obovoid,
trigonous, white, reticulated, scarcely muricate or tubercled.— Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxviii. 443; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI.
Afr. v. 672; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150. SS. interrupta,
Schlechtend. in Linnea, xx. 544, not of A. Rich.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Gafta, Schimper, 1277! Tacazze River, Quartin-
Dillon & Petit! Begemeder; mountains near Senka Berr, Schimper, 1266, and
without precise locality, Schimper, 538 !
Var. B hispidior, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 672.
Much more hairy. Glumes covered all over by black hairs. Nut black, strongly
transversely muricate, tubercled on the shoulders.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder ; Debra Ari, Schimper, 1278!
7.8. glabra, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 35. A glabrous annual. Stems
1-2 ft. long, rather stouter than in others of this group. Leaves up
to 12 by 4 in. Panicle 2-5 in. long, with erect capillary branches
1-23 in. long, sometimes again divided. Clusters of 4—1 spikelets, sub-
erect; bracts shorter than the clusters. Spikelets }—} in. long, chest-
nut-coloured. Nut ,1,—}; in. long, obovoid, trigonous, white, transversely
muricate-verrucose.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
"ame 2! Mandala, Scott-Elliot, 8507! and without precise locality, Buchanan,
B!
8. S. ustulata, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 168.
An annual, nearly glabrous except the basal leaf-sheaths. Stems 8-16
In. long, slender. Leaves 8-12 by 34—;'5 in. Panicle 2 by 4-4 in.,
dense of numerous spikelets; lowest branches usually } in. long, occa-
Sionally up to 1 in. long; bracts setaceous, longer than the clusters.
Spikelets 1 in. long, yellowish-brown marked with chestnut-colour.
Nut ;}, in. in diam., obovoid, white, verrucose-tubercled.—C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 675; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 133.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; banks of the River Cuanza,
Welwitsch, 7134!
This species is very close to S. pulchella, Ridley ; there is no considerable differ-
ence in the inflorescence, but the present is a considerably stouter plant.
9. S. hirtella, Swartz, Prod.19. Thinly hairy or almost glabrous,
except the spikelets. Rhizome horizontal, 4} in. in diam. Stems
8-24 in. long, slender, narrowed at the base. Uppermost leaves 4—8
by 34,4 in., lower shorter, the lowest reduced to tight sheaths. Spike
(in appearance) simple, 2-5 in. long ; clusters of 3-12 spikelets, standing
4-1 in. apart, pendent in fruit ; bracts setaceous, usually shorter than
VOL, VIII. 25K
498 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Scleria.
the clusters, the lowest sometimes longer. Spikelets 4 in. long, chest-
nut or brown, hispid. Nut 5), in. long, ovoid, round-trigonous, smooth,
white ; pores 3 or 4 on each face of the stalk, minute.—Kunth, Enum.
ii. 8353; Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 160, and in Linnea, xxxvill. 439
part of a only; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 671, and in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 294; Fngl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
150; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128; Urban, Symb. Antill.
ii. 140. Hypoporum hirtellum, Nees in Linnea, ix. 303,
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, 4fzelius! Morson! Smeathmann,85 | Lagos:
Abeokuta, Irving /
Wile Land. British East Africa : Ruwenzori; Kasamagas, 5000 ft., Scott-
Elliot, 7629! Uganda; Buddu, Scott-Elliot, 7441!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: River Gaboon, Mann, 1025! Munda; Sibange
Farm, Soyaux, 351! Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, 900 ft., Hens, B, 58! Kisantu,
Gillet, 1900! Kimuenza, Gillet, 1877 !
South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 1070! 1077!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : North Nyasaland, Scott !
Also in South Africa, Madagascar, and America.
10. S. catophylla, C. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 670. Leaves all close to the base of the stem, 8-14 by 4-3 in.,
with many spreading white hairs; otherwise as S. hirtella, Sw.—
C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 294; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
ii, 1382. 8. hirtella, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 439 partly. S. hirtella,
var. aterrima, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 166; Engl.
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Smeathmann! Afzelius, 496! Niger Territory :
Old Calabar, Rodd ! Nupe, Barter, 1561! Cameroons : Sanaga, Zenker, 1472!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; on the higher spongy slopes of Morro de
Lopollo, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 7143 !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 141!
Also in Natal.
11. S. mechowiana, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 510. Rhizome
not seen. Stems 12-20 in. long, somewhat densely hairy. Leaves
8-12 by } in., suberect, hairy. Spike (apparently simple) 4—8 in. long;
rhachis nearly glabrous. Spikelets }-1 in. long, in clusters of 5-8,
suberect, chestnut-brown. Flower glumes nearly glabrous. Nut white,
smooth, or obscurely tessellate.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 672.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Malange, Mechow, 345!
12. S. meyeriana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 354. Nearly glabrous.
Rhizome horizontal. Stems about 1 foot long, slender, not thicken
at the base. Leaves 8-12 by }-} in. broad. Spike apparently simple,
1-3 in. long; bracts setaceous, lower often longer than the clusters.
Clusters few, of 3-8 spikelets, brown, erect in fruit. Spikelets pet
long, glabrous. Nut ;!, in. long, subglobose, white, smooth ; base
pores most minute.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 441; C. B. Clarke 12
Seleria. | CLV{, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 499
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 673, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii.
294; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133. JS. cespitosa, Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 167.
LowerGuinea. Angola: Huilla; in the woods of Monino, Welwitsch, 7137
partly! Pungo Andongo; in marshy meadows between Condo and Quisonde,
Welwitsch, 7135! in the Presidium on the higher slopes of Funda-Quilombo,
3300 ft., Welwitsch, 7131 partly !
Also in South Africa.
13. S. Buchanani, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 33, emending the character.
Sparsely hairy. Stems 12-20 in. long, the basal sheaths forming ovoid
bulbs 4-1 in. in diam., usually in a row on the horizontal rhizome.
Leaves 4-12 by Lin. Spike (apparently simple) 3-6 in. long; lower
bracts often longer than the clusters. Spikelets 1 in. long, in clusters
of 4-10, suberect in fruit. Nut ay in. long, obovoid-ellipsoid, white,
smooth.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 669,
and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 295; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.
128,
Nile Land. Upper Sennar: Fazokl, Figari/ British East Africa : Uganda ;
River Kalungu, Scott-Elliot, 7221!
Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa: Morambala Mountain, 2000 ft.,
Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 32 partly !
1272! Plains of Zomba, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte? Zomba and vicinity, Whyte and
without precise locality, Buchanan, 1272!
Also in South Africa and Madagascar,
14. S, erythrorrhiza, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii.
167. Hairy. Rhizome horizontal, 1-1 in. indiam., clothed by short ovate
striate scales. Stems 12 in. long, rather slender, scarcely thickened at
the base. Lower leaves short; upper 4-6 by fin. Spike (in appear-
ance) simple, 1-24 in. long; rhachis glabrous ; lower clusters distinet,
erect in fruit; bracts 1-2 in. long. Spikelets } in. long, the 5 lower
glumes hairy. Style 3-fid. Nut (fide Welwitsch) smooth.—C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 670; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI.
Welw. ii. 133.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in wooded meadows near the base of
Morro de Ferrao da Sola, Welwitsch, 7136!
Numerous species of Scleria, annuals as well as perennials, have red or dark-red
Toots,
15. S. dregeana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 394. Very thinly ae or
glabrate. Rhizome horizontal, 4 in. in diam. Stems 1-2 ft. long,
slender, not thickened at the base. Leaves 4~12 by ya~$ in. Panicle
2-6 in. long, in the type apparently simple, but in Kirk’s example has
lower branches 4-4 in. long; clusters distinct ; bracts setaceous, the
lower often longer than the clusters. Spikelets {—} in. long, ellipsoid-
oblong, chestnut, in erect clusters of 4-8. Nut 4, in. long, ners
ellipsoid, round-trigonous, white, with tubercles on the shoulders, and a
few transverse murications.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 443; Ridley
500 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Scleria.
in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 167; C. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 670, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 295 ;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. C. 128; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl.
Welw. ii. 133. S. setulosa, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 33.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Ukamba, 5000-6000 ft., Scott-Elliot,
6409 !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in the woods of Monino, Welwitsch, 7137
partly!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan, 36! near Sochi Hill, 3000 ft., Kirk /
Also in South Africa.
In this group of Scleria, the contraction of the panicle into a single rhachis with
clusters of sessile spikelets dotted along it is by no means an absolute character ; 1m
several species so described, short branches in the panicle may be seen occasionally.
16. S. schweinfurthiana, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 570. Clusters of
spikelets 10-14 on a rhachis 4-8 in. long. Spikelets numerous, often
10-12 in the clusters which are denser, less sub-erect ; otherwise as
S. dregeana.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
674; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2193 !
This must be very close to S. dregeana, Kunth, the nut being identical. The
rhizome has not been seen. In S. dregeana the spikelets are more loosely aggre
gated and point upwards, giving the inflorescence a different aspect.
17. S. bulbifera, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 510. Stems 1-2 ft.
long, each from a bulb 4-2 in. in diam., distinct on a rhizome § in. 1D
diam. Leaves 8-12 by ;,—} in., broader than in the adjacent species,
sometimes exceeding } in. in breadth, all springing near the base of the
stem, usually nearly glabrous, sometimes with many long spreading
white hairs. Panicle very narrow, 4—5 in. long, sometimes apparently
a simple spike, sometimes with lower branches } in. long ; bracts ortten
longer than the suberect clusters. Spikelets 3-7 in a cluster, 5 1D.
long, chestnut and green, the bracts and lower glumes nearly always
distinctly bristly. Nut 4, in. long, subglobose, white, reticulate an
slightly verrucose-tubercled ; 3 or 4 minute pores excavated in each
of the 3 faces of the stalk.—Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxviii. 442; C. B.
Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 669; Engl. Hoe
gebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133. S. atrosanguinea, Steud. Syn.
Pl. Glum. ii. 175. . cenchroides, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 21»
not of Kunth. 3S. dudbosa, var. pallidiflora, Ridley in Trans. Linn
Soc. ser. 2, Bot, ii. 167.
Mile Land. Abyssinia; Tigre; Mount Sholoda, Schimper, 827! Adows
Quartin-Dillon & Petit ! mountains near Dochli, Schimper, 1557! Begemeder
Senka Berr, Schimper, 1277! 1557! and without precise locality, Parkys *
British East Africa: Leikipia ; Larabwal, Gregory, 68! ag
Lower Guinea, Angola: Pungo Andongo; in damp meadows near Sobato
Mota-Lucala, Welwitsch, 7133 !
Scleria. | CLYI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 501
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 5500 ft.,
Volkens, 2113! British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft.,
Whyte!’ Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte / Ndurandi, Scott-Elliot, 8460 !
18. S. Rehmanni, (. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 674. Slightly hairy or glabrate. Rhizome f in. in diam.,
stout, rugged. Stems 12-10 in. long, not tufted, nor bulbous at the
base. Leaves 4-12 by }-Lin. Panicle 2-3 in. long, nearly glabrous,
loose ; branches slender, lower up to 1-2 in. long; bracts setaceous,
mMconspicuous, clusters of few (usually 3) spikelets, chestnut-coloured.
Spikelets 4 in. long. Nut less than 3, in. in diam., depressed-ovoid,
smooth, white.—C. B, Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 295.
naples Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 47! 1424!
5c!
Also in the Transvaal.
19. S. Welwitschii, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
fl. Afr. v. 675. Nearly glabrous, except the leaf-sheaths. Rhizome
Zin. in diam., shining yellow after the scales have worn off. Stems
1-2 ft. long, stouter than in the preceding species. Leaves 8-12 by
4+4 in., many of the lower abbreviated or reduced to sheaths. Panicle
4-6 by 1-8 in., compound, rather robust, ovoid-lanceolate. Spikelets
d in. long, brown, Nut ;\, in. in diam., obovoid, smooth, white.—
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133. S. junciformis, Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 168, not of Thwaites.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; in wooded meadows near Catumba, Wel-
witsch, 7138! in marshy meadows between Monino and Eme, Welwitsch, 7139!
20. S. Woodii, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr, v. 675, Nearly glabrous. Rhizome hardly #, in. in diam. Stems
12-16 in. long, slender, not dilated nor bulbous at the base. Leaves
8 by tin. Panicle up to 6 by 3 in., exceedingly lax, with very distant
clusters ; branches wavy, almost capillary. Clusters of 3~5 spikelets,
brown marked with green; bracts setaceous, shorter or somewhat
longer than the spikelets. Nut 54, in. long, obovoid, reticulated,
white.—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 295; Rendle in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 133.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; near the banks of the River Quipum-
punhime, Sobato de Humpata, rare, Welwitsch, 7140 partly!
Also in South Africa and Madagascar.
21. S. multispiculata, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 36. Nearly glabrous.
Stolons very numerous, }—1 in. long, filiform. Stems 12-20 in. long,
very slender, apparently in tufts. Leaves 8-12 by jy in. Panicle 2-4
by 1-2} in., compound, dense, with capillary branches ; bracts setaceous,
inconspicuous. Spikelets nearly all solitary, sessile, a few paired,
chestnut-brown, $-} in. long, flattened, glabrous or obscurely puberu-
lous. Lower 5 or 6 glumes distichous, keeled, empty. Nut scarcely
zy in. long, obovoid, white becoming discoloured, with minute trans-
502 CLVI. CYPERACE% (CLARKE). [ Scleria.
verse lines and tubercles ; hypogynous disc 0.—C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 673 (multispiculosa); K. Schum. in
Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 133.
Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe; in a swamp near Lom, Barter,
1349!
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla ; in meadows on the banks of the River
Quipumpunhime, Sobato de Humpata, Welwitsch, 7140 partly! Pungo Andongo;
marshy places near Quibanga, Welwitsch, 7132!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan, 1!
22. S. poxoides, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 170.
Nearly glabrous except the leaf-sheaths. Rhizome very slender.
Stems 8-16 in. long, slender. Leaves 4-12 by jin. Panicle 13-3
in. long, ovoid, compound, dense, with capillary branches. Spikelets
numerous, many solitary, {-} in. long, chestnut-brown. Nut minute,
verrucose-tubercled ; hypogynous disc 0.—C. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 674; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw.
ii. 184.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla ; in spongy places at Quilebe, near Huilla,
Welwitsch, 7142!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland, Buchanan, 14528!
This differs little from S. multispiculata but in the denser panicle. Buchanan’s
example is imperfect, and may not be S. po@oides, but it must be of this small
group as the ripe nuts show.
23. S. lithosperma, Swartz, Prod. 18. Nearly glabrous, except
the leaf-sheaths. Rhizome horizontal. Stems 14-3 ft. long, medium-
sized or slender, not tufted. Leaves 6-12 by 4-1 in. Panicle strag-
gling; the remote axillary peduncles carrying a few-flowered irregular
corymb or often only a spike of 1-5 separate spikelets; lowest bract
altogether similar to the highest leaf. Spikelets in small clusters OF
solitary, 4 in. long, pale brown marked with green, many moncecious.
Nut 7st in. long, obovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, white; hypogynous
dise hardly any.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 349; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv1.
451; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 685, and in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. FJ. Afr. v. 672; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.
129; Urban, Symb. Antill. ii. 141. 8. puzzolanea, K. Schum. in Engl
PA. Ost-Afr. C. 129. Scirpus lithospermus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 51.
Wile Land. British East Africa : Mombasa, Taylor !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa : Usambara ; Amboni, Holst, 2792.
Throughout tropical and subtropical regions.
24. S. clathrata, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 510. A nearly
glabrous annual, but in one stem a small slender stolon is seen. ss
6-12 in. long, rather slender, tufted. Leaves 4—12 by } in., 3-nervet,
mostly with peduncles in their axils (i.e. they may be taken as bracts).
Peduncles carrying 1-4 female flowers, the lowest distant 2-) I+
Seleria. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 503
capillary, }-2} in.long, nodding. Nut-bearing spikelets exceeding } in.
in length, pale yellow-green or purple-red; bract to a spikelet about
as long as it, narrowly lanceolate. Nut ellipsoid, $~} in. long, hardly
apiculate, strongly reticulated, glabrous, white or discoloured leaden-
purple; dise short funnel-shaped, pallid, the 3 short lobes ovate, thin,
straw-coloured, suberect.—Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxviii. 472; Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 170; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
151; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 670;
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 134.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder Province, Schimper, 1236! 1271! 1336!
and without precise locality, Schimper, 1603 !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo; in the higher meadows of Pedras
de Guinga and Matta de Quilanga, and between Caghuy and Sansamanda, Wel-
witsch, 7124!
25. S. foliosa, A. Rich. Tent. £71. Abyss. ti. 509. Lowest axillary
peduncle hardly exserted from the sheath. Nut ovoid rather than
ellipsoid ; otherwise as S. clathrata.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 455;
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 170; Engl. Hochgebirgsfi.
Trop. Afr. 150; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 670; K. Schum. in Engl. Pil. Ost-Afr. C. 128; Rendle in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 134. S. Dilloniz, Boeck. in Flora, 1878, 38. S. dwmicola,
Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 169. S. Hildebrandtii,
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129 partly.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: damp places near Gafta, Schimper, 1332! Plain of
Hamedo, 6000 ft., Schimper, 210! Shireh Province, Quartin-Dillon § Petit!
British East Africa: Unyoro, Speke § Grant !
Lower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo, in wet places ; between Quilanga
and Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 7122! and in meadows on the banks of the
River Cuanza, near Muta-Lucala, }) elwitsch, 7123!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Taylor! German East Africa: Usambara; Doga,
Hoist, 3218!
The stems vary in length from 6 to 24 in., the leaves vary up to 18 by ¢ in.
The spikelets are chestnut-purple to pale brown. Nearly the whole of the present
section are exceedingly alike in general appearance; in the Shireh examples two
tufts of S. foliosa are mixed with 3 of S. schimperiana, and it would be very difficult
to sort them without looking at the nut.
26. S. glandiformis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 458. _ Nearly
glabrous, except the ligule. Rhizome hardly any. Stems 16-24 in.
long. Leaves up to 12 by } in. Lower peduncles remote, nearly
included in the sheath of the bract, carrying oblong inflorescences with
6~12 nuts, whence bracts $—-1 in. long diverge. Spikelets nearly 4 in.
loug, straw-coloured marked with brown. Nut 4 in. long, cylindric,
obtuse, tessellated, glabrous ; disc short, pallid, the 3 lobes ovate, erect,
straw-coloured, hardly longer than the stalk of the nut.— Boeck. in
Flora, 1879, 571; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
V. 071.
504 CLVI, CYPERACE# (CLARKE), [ Scleria.
. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heude/ot,662! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter,
1042 !
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2389
partly ! 2500!
27. S. globonux, C. 2. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 671. Leaves with spreading hairs or glabrate. Nut large,
globose, tessellate, margins of the reticulations glandular or minutely
hairy ; 3 lobes of the dise subquadrate ; otherwise as S. glandiformis.—
S. tessellata, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 571, not of Willd.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas. Schweinfurth, 2560!
S. tessellata, Willd., is a common plant in India. All the species of the
Tessellate series are very closely allied ; as to the present plant, it appears doubt-
folly distinct from S. glandiformis.
28. S. nyasensis, ('. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 1-2 ft-
long. Leaves 4-8 by 1 in. Lowest peduncle remote, often exserted,
1-4 in., filiform, flexuose and nodding, divided with 8—15 spikelets.
Spikelets } in. long. oblong, from straw-coloured to chestnut. Nut
7g in. long (considerably smaller than in the preceding species), cylindric-
ellipsoid, tessellate, white or often dusky, nearly glabrous; disc nearly
truncate, the division into 3 lobes obscure.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; near Mount Sochi, _
3000 ft., Kirk! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte? Mount Malosa, 4000-
6000 ft., Whyte!
Near S. clathrata, A. Rich., but the inflorescence much more copious in spikelets,
and the nut smaller.
29. S. complanata, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 571. Stem 3 ft. long,
minutely rough from rusty downwards-pointing points. Nut small,
subglobose, coarsely tessellated, pale or discoloured bluish ; otherwise
ee foliosa.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v.
70.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2389
partly !
Perhaps only a variety of S. foliosa or of S. glandiformis : the nut is sensibly
smaller,
30. S. schimperiana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 466. Slightly
hairy or glabrate. Rhizome 0. Stems 16 in. long. Leaves 1? by
% in., tapering at the tip. Lowest axillary peduncle exserted 1-2? 1”,
flexuose, slender, thickened triangular at the top, carrying Sb: ae
Female spikelets } in. long, chestnut-brown. Nut large, depressed-
globose, smooth, white ; 3 lobes of the dise small, oblong, obtuse, pallid.
—Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 674.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; Senka Berr, 7500 ft., Schimper, 1235!
Var. hypoxis, C. B. Clarke, Leaves } in, broad and upwards, very —
the tip. Lover peduncles stouter.—S. hypovis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii, 465.
Wile Land. Gallabat: region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 2054!
Scleria. | CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). 505
31. S. canaliculato-triquetra, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 573.
Robust ; stem 3-5 ft. long. Leaves 8-12 by }-} in. broad. Lowest
axillary peduncle remote, often carrying 20-50 spikelets, often exserted
3-6 in., flexuose, not very slender. Nut } in. long or more, ovoid or
ellipsoid, longer than broad, white, smooth ; 3 lobes of the disc small,
ovate, tipped by minute tails—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 670; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 135. JS.
diurensis, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 573. WS. cervina, Ridley in Trans.
Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 171.
Upper Guinea. Lagos: Abeokuta, Irving !
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2389
partly ! 2474!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, Gillet, 730. Angola: Pungo
Andongo; marshy places near Quilanga, Welwitsch, 7126! spongy places between
Mutollo and Candumba, Welwitsch, 7127!
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga,
2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Plains of Zomba, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte !
32. S. Hildebrandtii, Boeck. in Flora, 1880, 454. Nearly
glabrous. Rhizome 0. Stems 12-16 in. long. Leaves up to 12 by
4 in., 3-nerved. Lower peduncles remote, often nearly basal, exserted
2-6 in., flexuose, slender, but dilated and triquetrous upwards, carrying
about 3 nuts. Nut } in. long, cylindric-ellipsoid, smooth, white; disk
short, obpyramidal, nearly truncate, i.e., the 3 lobes difficult to make
out.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 671 ;
K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129.
Wile Land. British East Africa: near Mombasa, J7ildebrandt, 2044!
33. S. gracillima, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 570. Glabrous, very
slender. Stems 16-24 in. long, almost capillary, each bearing only 2
or 3 nuts. Leaves 4-8 by ,-74 in. Panicle most slender, with few
branches, the lowest peduncle remote, capillary, exserted 4-1} in.,
nodding, with 1 nut. Spikelets appear all 1-sexual, the female fewer,
$-} in. long. Nut globose, ;4, in. in diam., smooth, white ; lobes 3,
very short, rounded, subauriculate.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ser. iii.,
189!
Boeckeler says this species is allied to the American S. torreyana, Walp., i.e. he
places it in the Tessellate group, which appears right—but it is not near any
other of the African Tessellate.
34. S. oryzoides, Presi, Rel. Haenk. i. 201. Glabrous, robust.
Stolons elongate, } in. in diam., without scales, probably floating.
Stems 3-6 ft. long, stout ; sheaths 3-winged. Leaves 3 ft. by % in., or
the upper 10 in. by more than1in. Panicle apparently terminal without
bracts (a small axillary remote one rarely added), 6 by 3 in., dense
with innumerable branches and spikelets; usually the upper spikelets
on the branches are male, a few of the lower female. Spikelets 4 in.
long, oblong, sessile, a rich brown. Nut 4 in. in diam., subglobose,
506 CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE). | Scleria.
smooth, white; disc obpyramidal, truncated, with a narrow. rusty
brown rim, hardly 3-lobed.— Kunth, Enum. ii. 356; C. B. Clarke in
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 691, and in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 673; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 492 (orizoides). S. cortacea,
G. Bertol. in Rendiconti Accad. Bologna, 1854, 34, and in Mem. Accad.
Scienz. Istit. Bologna, ser. 1, v. 474, t. 27, fig. 1-8, not of Liebm.
S. Bertolonit, Martens in Flora, 1857, 570.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Zanguebar, Kirk, 4! Portuguese East
Africa : Mozambique, Bertoloni.
Also in India, Malaya and Tropical Australia.
35. S. melanomphala, Kunth, Enum. ii. 345. Robust, hairy,
or more often glabrate, except the inflorescence. Rhizome creeping,
qs} in. in diam. Stems 2-3 ft. long, very scabrous or nearly smooth
on the 3 angles. Leaves up to 24 by 4 in., very scabrous on the
margins; sheaths triquetrous or narrowly winged. Inflorescence
straggling 1-2 ft., compound, the partial panicles (often long peduncled)
dense, oblong or almost linear. Spikelets 1-sexual, }-4 in. long,
commonly green broadly marked with chestnut, but frequently green,
sometimes pale brown. Nut } in. long exclusive of the disc, ovoid,
smooth, white, the tip often black. Hypogynous disc obpyramidal,
Jarge, black-red, glandular, the margin triangular, yellow; lobes 0,
except so far as represented by the margin.—Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxviii, 476; Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 171;
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 672, incl. the
var., and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 296 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl, Ost-Afr. C-
129; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 310; Rendle in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 134. 8. macrantha, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 572, not
Boeck. in Flora, 1858, 647.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone; near Franziga, Scott-Elliot, 5046!
Nile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam; in a swamp at Huuh (Hoo)
River, Schweinfurth, 3746! Uganda; Buddu, Scott-Elliot, 7482!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Stanley Pool, 900 ft., Hens, B, 67! Kisantu,
Gillet, 321! 323! Angola: Huilla; by streams near Lopollo, Welwitsch, 7144+
Pungo Andongo; marshy banks of streams near Quilongo, Welwitsch, 7145!
South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 712A! Nlempu, Butaye !
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Shire Highlands,
Buchanan, 51! Mount Zomba Plateau, 5000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Tanganyika Plateau
at Fort Hill, 4300-6000 ft., Whyte ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 691!
Also in South Africa and Madagascar.
The black apex of the nut often fixes this species at a glance, but it is some”
times perfectly white.
36. S. spiceeformis, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 556. Somewhat
hairy. Rhizome horizontal, 1 in. in diam. Stems 16—24 in. long, $ in.
in diam., leaf-sheaths 3-winged. Leaves 8 by 4 in. Partial panicles
oblong, dense, 2 in. long, on very shortly exserted remote axillary
peduncles. Spikelets exceeding } in. in length, dusky brown. Nut 76 “ai
in diam., globose-ellipsoid, white, smooth, with about 40 longitudina
Scleria. | CLVI. CYPERACE (CLARKE). DOF
striations ; disc obpyramidal, short, pallid; lobes 3, short, rounded,
subreflexed.—C, B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 675.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: lower slopes of Sugarloaf, Scott-Elliot, 3952!
Smeathmann! Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 107!
37. S. ovuligera, Nees in Linnea, ix. 303. Sparsely hairy.
Rhizome woody. Stems 1-2 ft. long, } in. in diam. Leaves 8-12 by
+ in.; leaf-sheaths triquetrous, hardly 3-winged. Partial panicles 3 or 4,
remote, pyramidal, their rhachises glabrous, on erect peduncles exserted
0-lLin, Spikelets $ in. long, nearly glabrous. Nut ;'; in. long, ovoid,
round-trigonous, smooth, white or sometimes discoloured leaden or
black-purple ; disc obpyramidal, short, pallid, the 3 rusty-brown lobes
thick, round, reflexed and auriculate.—Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 497 ;
C. B. Clarke in Durand «& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 673 ; Durand &
Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 310; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 135,
not of Steud. S. Flagellum, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 555; Ridley in
Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 171. S. nawmanniana, Boeck. in Eng].
Jahrb. v. 94, and in Engl. Gazelle Reise, Bot. 18.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Afzelius! Beauvois! Don! Smeathmann !
Cape Verd, Smith ! Liberia: Monrovia, Nawmann ! Grand Bassa, Vogel, 60! Ansell f
Cameroons : Batanga, Bates, 342!
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Lutete, 1500-1800 ft., Hens, A, 249! Ban-
gala, 1000 ft., Hens, C, 182! Caha, Zilman, 77! Kimuenza, Gillet 792! Angola:
Ambriz; damp rocks between Ambriz and Quizembo, Welwitsch, 7125!
South Central. Congo Free State, Dupuis, 34! Dewevre, 526!
38. S. Barteri, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 504. Thinly hairy,
extensively (15 ft., Jann) rambling, “climbing about 20 ft. above the
ground in dense bush” (Scott-Elliot). Stems branching, ;',—} in. thick.
Leaves up to 8 by } in., very scabrous on the margins; sheaths
triquetrous, hardly winged; ligule ovate (or sometimes elongated
quadrate), scarious. Axillary peduncles remote, 0-2 in, long, erect,
bearing pyramidal panicles 1-14 by lin. Spikelets } in. long, nearly
glabrous, chestnut-coloured. Nut ;',-} in. long, ovoid, smooth, very
minutely hairy, white or frequently discoloured (brown or shining-
purple); dise obpyramidal, black-red ; the lobes brown-red, forming a
smail triangular platter, auriculate.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 669; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, 1. 309 ;
Durand & De Wild. in. Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 90. 4.
reflewa, Benth. in Hook. Niger FI. 555, not of H. B. & K.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Kambia, on the River Scarcies, Scott-Elliot,
4388! Gold Coast: Ashanti, Cummins, 238! Lagos, Millen, 97! Lower Niger :
Onitsa, Barter, 1786! Cameroons: Yaunde, 2800 ft., Zenker & Staudt, 376! 423 !
Batanga, Bates, 342! Fernando Po, Vogel ! Mann, 113! Roscher, 87!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda; Sibange Farm, Soyaux, 240! Lower
Congo: Leopoldville, Duchesne, 11! Kisantu, Gillet, 457! 468! 1089! Kimuenza,
Gillet, 1705!
508 CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Scleria.
39. S. racemosa, Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vii. 6. Glabrous, robust.
Rhizome thick, covered with ovate-oblong striate black-red scales.
Stems 3-6 ft. long, }-} in. indiam. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 4-1} in. broad,
3-nerved, scabrous on the edges, near the top suddenly narrowed (pree-
morse) on each margin; sheaths 3-winged, two wings much stronger
than the third ; ligule ovate-triangular, often } in. long. Inflorescence
often 12 in. long; partial panicles 2-3 in. long on stout axillary
peduncles, running into a terminal compound panicle. Spikelets all
1-sexual, 3} in. long, pallid or dusky. Female glumes ovate, much
shorter than the nut. Nut (but see var. 3) ovoid, 1} in. long, smooth,
shining, white or variously discoloured chestnut or greenish-brown, top
conic, tipped for a time by the style-base; disc large thickened, the
lobes forming a cup, the subentire margin of which is densely ciliate
with yellow-brown hairs.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 344; Boeck. in Linnea,
XXxviii. 522; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 169, +t. 111; C. B.
Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v, 674; K. Schum. in
Engl, Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo, 1.
310; Durand & De Wild. in Comptes-rendus Soe. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 905
Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 135. S. ciliolata, Boeck. in Flora, 1882,
31. S. palmifolia, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 171, not of
Schlechtend. Ophryoscleria racemosa, Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. u. 1. 183.
. € !
Nile Land. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ee
Madi; by the side of a stream, Speke & Gravt ! Western side of Ruwenzor!, Scott-
Elliot, 7368 !
Lower Guinea. Congo River, Burton! Laurent! Angola: Golungo Alto;
marshes by the River Cuango, near Sange, Welwitsch, 7128 !
South Central. Congo Free State, Dewevre, 935! Nlempu, Butaye, 1184!
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Kirk! British Central Africa: Nyasaland 5
Songui to Karonga, 1700-2000 ft., Whyte ! Namasi, Cameron, 4!
Also in the Mascarene Islands. 2
Var. 8 depresso, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v- 674.
Nut broader than long, flat or depressed at the top, often with a circular groove.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia: on the shore, Heudelot, 368! fag
Michelin! Cape Verd, Perrottet ! Gambia, Ingram! Lagos, Millen, 96! 18
Territory : Nupe; in shady ravines, Barter, 921! i.
This is a striking variety in its extreme form, Lut there is a complete series .
forms pas-ing into typical 8. racemosa.
40. S. Vogelii, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. ie
Afr, v. 675. Less robust than S. racemosa, Poir. Ligule very we ‘
often truncate or nearly so. Nut about 5}, in. in diam., Cons ae
smaller than that of S. racemosa ; margin of the disc somewhat lobed,
with scattered white hairs; otherwise as \S. racemosa.—/S. racemosa *
Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 555.
2 el,
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone, Smeathmann! Liberia: Grand cose ory
59! Lagos: Abeokuta, Irving! and without precise locality, Mil rie
Cameroons: Batanga, Bates, 317! and without precise locality, Braun, 44!
Lower Guinea. Gaboon River, Mann, 1023! Buchholz!
Seleria. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 509
41, S. verrucosa, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 313. Nut large, ovoid, verru-
cose, longitudinally plicate-rugose, sometimes tubercled, more often the
roughness only indicated by a horizontal median row of obscure depres-
sions; otherwise as S. racemosa.—Schumach. Beskr. Guin. PI. 4038;
Kunth, Enum. ii. 344; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 523; C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 675; K. Schum. in Engl, PA.
Ost-Afr. C. 129; Durand & Schinz, Etudes FI. Congo; 1.°311;.° 8.
spinulosa, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, ii. 30.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: Samu Country, near the sea, Scott-Elliot,
4218! Gold Coast: Aburi, Johnson, 232! 474! Lagos, Millen, 94! Cameroons:
Abo, Buchholz! Yaunde, Zenker & Staudt, 585 !
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: above Stanley Pool, Johnston / and without
precise locality, Smith !
Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1350!
The examples of this species with spinulose nuts are easily distinguished from
S. racemosa ; but some of the material is scarcely separable.
42. S. griegifolia, C’. B. Clarke. Glabrous or nearly so. Stolons
slender. Stem 12-16 in. long, with only 1 leaf-bearing node in the
middle. Leaves (close to the base) several, 8-12 by 4-4 in., flat, 3-
nerved (prominently on the upper surface), bristle-scabrous on the.
edges and on the keel beneath; stem-leaf only 3 in. long. Panicle
9 in. long, cf numerous partial peduncles and slender branches; bracts
remarkably few. Spikelets all 1-sexual, 4 in. long, ellipsoid. Stamens
3; anthers linear-cristate as usual in Scleria, Female spikelet of 3
glumes, uppermost ovate-lanceolate containing the pistil. Style very
short; branches 3, long. Nut ;’; in. long, ovoid, round-trigonous,
smooth.—Acriulus griegifolius, Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 336,
and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 166, t. 22, fig. 1-5; C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 675; Rendle in Cat. Afr.
Pl. Welw. ii. 132.
Lower Guinea. Angola: Huilla; marsheson the River Cacolobar, near Lake
Ivantala, rather rare, Welwitsch, 6959!
43. S. Acriulus, (. 2. Clarke. Stems up to 3 ft. long, often with
several nodes and leaves. Leaves 1-2 ft. long, scarcely 4 in. broad,
keeled, in the dry state folded; otherwise as S. griegifolia.—Acriulus
madagascariensis, Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc.xx. 336,and in Trans. Linn.
Soe. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 166, t. 22, fig. 6-7; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 128.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Uganda, Stuhlmann (ex K. Schumann).
Also in Madagascar.
In this species, as in the preceding, the 2 forming the genus Acriulus of Ridley,
the style is rather short, the 3 branches long,
Imperfectly known species.
44, S. Buettneri, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 36. Stem 1 ft. long,
slender, compressed, with acute angles, smooth, glabrous, with several
leaves in the middle. Leaves a fine green, stiff-herbaceous, slightly
510 CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). | Scleria.
longer than the stem, flat, 4 in. broad, on the edge very scabrous
retrorsely; ligule membranous, elongate, obtuse, coloured, glabrous.
Panicles few (about 3), far apart, subtriangular, loose, terminal with
several branches, 14 in. high ; branches subsessile, the lower 3 with leaf-
like bracts; lateral panicles small, }-3 in. high, peduncled, with 3
branches, supported by 3 very long (8-9 in.) bracts ; peduncles 1-} in.
long, compressed; rhachis hairy; bracteoles setaceous, long. Male
spikelets 2—3 together, several flowered ; female spikelets paired. Glumes
variegated with red. Nut hard, stalked, scarcely shorter than the
glumes, ovoid, attenuate at the tip, trigonous, minutely hairy, pale
violet (or sometimes pallid), shining; margin of disc separated from
the nut, very short, rigid, papery, shallowly 3-lobed, plicate wrinkled,
pallid ; disc persistent on the rhachilla, patelliform, orbicular, pallid
within.—Boeck. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxxi. 71.
Lower Guinea. (Gaboon: Sibange Farm, Buettner, 8 (ex Boeckeler).
Somewhat allied to S. Flagellum, Benth,
25. DIPLACRUM, R. Br. Prod. 240.
Spikelets all 1-sexual; female without rudiment of upper flowers,
so that the 1 flower appears terminal ; otherwise as Scleria.—Scleria,
Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1070, partly.
Species 6, in Tropical and Subtropical regions, 3 in the Old World, 2 in the
New, besides 1 common to both regions.
There is no real line between this genus and Scleria ; in many small species of
Scleria the rudiment of the male flower, of 1 or 2 small glumes, is reduced to
nute scales or wanting; and the female flower then appears terminal.
Stems 2-5 in. long, slender “ rs : . 1. D. africanum.
Stem 20 in, long, robust . : : s = . 2. D. longifolium.
1. D. africanum, ©. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. A ifr. v. 668. A weak, nearly glabrous annual. Stems tufted,
2—5 in. long, slender, leafy their whole length. Leaves 1-1} by 3-3 in.,
tip rather suddenly acuminated. Inflorescence of minute axillary heads
of spikelets, often continued nearly to the base of the stem ; lower heads
on peduncles rarely exserted so much as}in. Spikelets ,—;'5 in. long,
ovate-lanceolate, green or yellowish. Glume to female flower ovate-
lanceolate, entire at the tip, 3-nerved, concave at the base. Nut
minute, subglobose, white, with 10-14 longitudinal strie from summit
to base which do not anastomose.—K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr.
C. 129. D. pygmeum, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 434 (excl. the
Australian examples), and in Flora, 1879, 569; Oliver in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxix. 170, not of Nees. D. caricinum, T. Thoms. in Speke, Nile,
Append. 654, not of R. Br.
Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 675! Sierra Leone, Scott-Elliot,
4341! Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter, 1041!
Nile Band. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2573 |
Madi, Speke §& Grant !
Diplacrum.] CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). o11
2. D. longifolium, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect.
Fl. Afr. v. 669. Nearly glabrous. Stolons slender. Stem 20 in. long,
robust, triquetrous. Leaves 24 by }-} in. Inflorescence of 5, distant,
short-peduncled, axillary, globose, pale heads } in. in diam. ; bracts 6 in.
long and upwards. Spikelets numerous, female ! in. long. Female
glumes elliptic, mucronate, boat-shaped, many-ribbed, not winged on
the keel. Nut about 3, in. long, white, smooth, with obscure longi-
tudinal striations which partially anastomose.—Urban, Symb. Antill. ii.
153. Pteroscleria longifolia, Griseb. Fl. Brit. West Ind. 579; Benth.
fe Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1347;
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: marshy ground near Mofari, Scott-Elliot,
4406 !
Frequent in Trinidad and Brazil.
Scott-Elliot’s 4406 is the only piece of the section Pferoscleria yet obtained in
the Old World.
26. ERIOSPORA, A. Rich.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1070.
Spikelets very small, 2—3-flowered, collected in close spikes _ré-
sembling the spikelets of Scirpus, mostly monecious, about 4-glumed ;
lowest flower female, upper 1—2 male or sterile. Glumes ovate, boat-
shaped, obscurely distichous, very minutely mucronulate, lowest empty,
next female. Hypogynous hairs numerous, very fine, or (in Z. villosula)
bristles much stouter. Stamens 3-1; anthers not crested. Nut from
an ovoid base, tapering into an elongate conical trigonous beak (style-
base); linear part of style short, persistent, branches 3, longer.—
Perennials, with linear leaves. Stems with nodes their whole length
bearing leaves or bracts. Spikes on slender peduncles in an elongate
panicle, copious in the typical species, reduced in #. Oliveri to few
spikes.
Species 7, scattered through Tropical Africa, the Transvaal and Madagascar.
The majority of the species of this extraordinary genus have the leaf-sheaths
exactly like those of grasses; they are equitant, more or less distichous, deeply split
down one side, with a ring of white hairs entirely simulating the ligule of grasses at
the mouth. The illusion is so complete that where (as in many herbarium examples)
the plant has been broken in half, a botantist dealing with a single sheet has de-
scribed the EHriospora and assumed the basal half to be that of some grass
accidentally pasted down on the same sheet, This hypothesis would at all events
explain to some extent the way in which competent botanists have dealt with species
of Eriospora. Still more surprising is it to findin Z. pilosa (and its var.) the leaf-
sheath and ligule exactly as of Scleria.
*SCLERIIFOLIZ.—Sheaths of the leaves triquetrous, with entire mouth closed by
a short-ovate ligule ‘ : . ° : - . I. £. pilosa.
**GRAMINIFOLIZ,—Sheaths of the leaves compressed, split deeply down one
side, with a ring of short hairs in the mouth,
Stems glabrous. Inflorescence copious, spikes exceed-
ingly numerous,
Spikes }-4 in. long, brown or chestnut . . .
Spikes 4 in. long, yellowish-straw-colour ° .
2. E. abyssinica,
3. E. schweinfurthiana.
512 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). | Lriospora.
Stems hairy. Inflorescence much less copious,
Stems with 4-7 spikes. Hypogynous hairs exces-
sively fine . : : : : 4 . 4. E. Oliveri.
Stems with about 30 spikes. Hypogynous bristles
stiff, scabrid A ‘i 3 A ° . 5. £&. villosula.
1. E. pilosa, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xiv. 30, t. 1842. Minutely and
thinly hairy. Base of stem decumbent, 2-3 by ? in. including the densely
packed leaf-bases. Stems 1-2 ft.long, triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves 8-12
by + in.; sheaths triquetrous, mouth entire and closed by a depressed
rounded ligule as in most Sclerias. Panicle 4-12 by 1-3 in., the lowest:
peduncle remote; peduncles often 4—10 from each axil, capillary, some
again paniculately divided. Spikes ovoid, }—} in. long, straw-coloured,
of 6-20 spikelets, solitary ; peduncle to the spike ,4,—} in. ; bracts to
the spikelets ovate, acuminate, shortly mucronate. Spikelets i; in.
long. Nut 5 in. long; hypogynous sete 4 the length of the nut,
exceedingly slender, nearly simple.—C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676. Trilepis pilosa, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix.
Upper Guinea. Gold Coast: Afram Plains, Johnson, 708! Lagos: Isheri,
Lagos Government, 11! interior of western Lagos, Rowland! Niger Territory
Nupe, Barter, 1560!
Var. 8 longipes, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676.
Spikes rather larger, purple-brown, bracts to the spikelets more mucronate ;
peduncles to the spikes longer, sometimes up to 3 in. long.
Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone: “common on bare rocky gneiss, eaten by
deer,” Scott-Elliot, 5644!
2. E. abyssinica, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 508. Stems com-
pactly tufted, perennial, 1-2 ft. high, compressed at the base, round-
trigonous upwards, glabrous. Leaf-sheaths very stout, straw-coloured,
much imbricated, strongly striate, split as in grasses with a ring of
minute hairs in the mouth. Leaves 4-16 by } in., nearly smooth,
tough, much rolled up in the dry state. Panicle 8-14 in. long, with
usually several peduncles arising from each sheath; these peduncles
3-6 in. long often carrying narrow panicles, nearly smooth. Spikes
$+} in. long, ovoid or ellipsoid, pale-brown or brown; bracts to
spikelets ovate, acuminate, sometimes mucronate. Spikelets 4-3 1-
long. Nut including the beak 4-+ in. long, long attenuate from a
ovoid base, smooth, more or less scabrous on the 3 angles of the beak 5
hypogynous hairs about 4 the length of the nut (beak included),
numerous, simple.—Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 11. 166 ;
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676; Engl.
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 150; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl]. Welw. 1. 182.
Rynchospora trigyna, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, i. Intell. 21. Trileps
abyssinica, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 9.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre ; Mount Semayata, Schimper, 233 ! Begemeder ?
Anadehr, 7800 ft., Schimper, 578! -
Lower Guinea. ‘Angola: Loanda, 1000 ft., Welwitsch, 7157! Pungo
Eriospora. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARE). 513
Andongo; in fissures of rocks on the heights of the Presidium, 3300 ft., Welwitsch,
684 !
Var. B castanea, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl, Afr, v. 676.
Spikes a deeper chestnut colour,
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Shireh Province, Quartin-Dillon & Petit ! Bege-
meder ; Gerra, 8200 ft., Schimper, 1262! and without precise locality, Schimper,
690 !
Bentham, in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl, iii. 1070, observes that this plant
appeared to him a separate species; I have been unable to find any difference
except in colour,
3 3. E. schweinfurthiana, (’. B. Clarke in Durand &: Schinz, Con-
spect. Fl. Afr. v. 676. Stems 2 ft. long. Leaves } in. broad, some-
times minutely hairy on the margins. Spikes } in. long or rather
more, narrowly ovoid, or dusky straw-yellow colour; otherwise as
EL. abyssinica.—Carphu schweinfurthiana, Boeck. in Flora, 1879, 569.
Nile Land. British East Africa: Niamniam; Baginse Mountain, Schwein-
Surth, 3820!
This is, very likely, not really distinct from HZ. abyssinica, The inflorescence
and colour might do for some species of Carpha.
4. E. Oliveri, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl.
Afr. v. 676. Stems closely tufted, perennial, 6-12 in. long, setaceous,
terete, rather closely covered by very slender white hairs: basal leaf-
sheaths deeply split on one side. Leaves nearly as long as the stems,
setaceous, hairy. Panicle depauperated, of 4—7 spikes (in the 22 stems
present). Spikes 4—} in., ellipsoid, fuscous, more or less purple ; bracts
to the spikelets acuminate, mostly mucronate. Hypogynous bristles
nearly as in the preceding species, 3 the length of the nut (beak
included), excessively slender, with minute teeth visible under the
microscope.—K. Schum.in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.C.128. Trilepis Oliveri,
Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 38.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: between the coast and Uyui, Taylor !
British Central Africa : Nyasaland; Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 25! at Ndurand',
Scott-Elliot, 8459 ! :
5. E. villosula, C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 54.
Stems 10-20 in. long, rather stouter, rather less hairy. Panicle more
evolute, often with 30 spikes or more. Spikes rather broader, brighter
chestnut colour. Hypogynous bristles about 12, white, but rigid, rather
stout, densely scabrid ; otherwise as /. Oliveri.—C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 676; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.
C.128. £. viryatu, K. Schum. in Engl. Pil. Ost-Afr. C. 128.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Merue, Fischer, 624! British
Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Mlanji, Whyte / Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft.,
Whyte!
The other differences between this and FE. Oliveri are of smull moment; but the
ypogynous bristles do not resemble those of any of the other species here de-
Scribed.
VOL. VIII. 2L
514 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Carex.
27. CAREX, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1073.
Spikelets unisexual, female 1-flowered, male (at least in appearance)
many-flowered ; female arranged in spikes, male often solitary. Female
flower consisting of a pistil only, completely enclosed in a utricle (a
bottle-like sac), really the bract to a branch of the axis; within this
utricle is sometimes a bristle as long as the utricle representing the
axis which the utricle subtends. Stamens 3-1; anthers linear-oblong.
Style-branches 3 or 2. Nut trigonous or flattened.— Perennial herbs;
leaves grass-like.
Species 1400, scattered throughout the World, from the Arctic Circle to the
Southern limits of Phaencgams ; mostly in moist places.
*“VIGNEA.—Styles 2-branched.
+Capituligere. Stem with 1 spike.
Stem triquetrous; beak linear, 4-4 the length of
the utricle . : : : : : . 1. C. monostachya.
Stem subterete, striate; beak linear, hardly + the
length of the utricle : : : :
+tMuricate. Panicle dense, of many ovoid spikes
female at the base, some male at the top.
Utricle nerveless on the plane face, obscurely 2-3-
nerved on the convex face.
Utricle ovoid-triangular, beak triangular or hardly
any 3 s : 5 : : :
Utricle ellipsoid, acuminated into a lanceolate-
linear beak . : : : : : . 4. C. leptosaccus.
Utricle with 5-9 nerves on the convex face.
Utricle } in. long, long-lanceolate, attenuate at both
ends . - > i 2 ‘ . 5. OC. Koestlini,
Utricle 4 in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, subsessile.
Leaves } in. broad ; utricle with 7 strong ribs
on the convex face . : ; : . 6. C. erythrorrhiza.
Leaves 3 in. broad; utricle with 7 nerves on the
convex face
““CAREX.—Styles 3-branched.
tSpikes (many of them) female at the base, male at
the top; panicle long.
Spikes ovoid or oblong, 3 in. loug or less (except in
C. Steudneri), numerous, usually very numerous.
Utricle glabrous. Partial panicles oblong (or in
C. leptocladus obscurely pyramidal),
Beak much shorter than the body of the utricle.
Leaves ;4—4 in. broad ; panicle thin, utricle
qs in. long A 3 c : :
Leaves 4 in. broad; panicle rather copious ;
utricle ;1, in. long ¢ : : :
Leaves }-4 in. broad; panicle rather copious ;
utricle 3-4 in. long 5 : . 10. C. nyasensis.
Beak nearly as long as the body of the utricle.
Panicle-brauches firm ; utricle + in. long, firm 11. C. chlorosaccus.
Panicle-branches capillary; utricle 3-4 in.
long, delicate : . 12. C. leptocladus.
2. C. runssoroensis.
3. C. conferta.
con
C. Lycurus.
8. C. schimperiana.
9. C. echinochloe.
Carex. | CLVI. CYPERACEZ (CLARKE).
Utricle (often minutely) hairy.
Utricle more than + in. long, linear-lanceolate ;
nut stalked c : : :
Utricle about 2 in. long, ellipsoid, beaked.
Panicles on axillary peduncles, open pyramidal 13.
Panicles on axillary peduncles, dense, oblong .
Spikes linear-cylindrie, 1 in. long at least,
Utricle exceeding + in. in length, linear-lanceolate 16.
ells
Utricle 3-2 in. long, ellipsoid
trStem with 5-10 elongate cylindric spikes; terminal
spike male at the base, with (nearly always) utricles
in the upper part.
Lower spikes male at the base.
Utricles 1-1 in. long, scabrous on the beak
Utricles 4 in, long, smooth on the beak
Lower spikes female at the base; utricles 4 in, long.
Beak of utricle minute, subentire
. 14.
15.
515
C. Steudneri.
C. spicato-
paniculata,
C. condensata.
C. Johnstonii.
CO. Vallis-Rosetto.
C. simensis,
. C. longepedunculata.
. C. petitiana.
. C. Fischeri.
Beak 4-3 the length of the utricles, bifid
++tStem with 5-12 elongate cylindric spikes; terminal
spike wholly male, or (rarely) with some utricles at
the base.
Utricles straight, narrowed upwards into the beak . 22. C. boryana.
Utricles curved, inflated upwards, suddenly contracted
into the minute beak . 23. C. cyrtosaccus,
1. C. monostachya, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 512. Glabrous.
Rhizome short. Stems tufted, 8—22 in. long, triquetrous, rough on the
angles ; basal sheaths chestnut-red. Leaves often as long as the stems,
hardly } in. broad, triquetrous in the upper part. Spike 1 on each
stem, 1} by } in., male at the top, female below, from chestnut-red to
ferrugineous-brown. Female glumes }-} in. long, lanceolate, acute;
margins scarious. Anthers } in. long, linear. Utricle (without beak)
nearly } in. long, narrowly obovoid, obtuse, very much compressed,
indistinctly nerved, glabrous, rarely slightly scabrid; beak exactly
linear, }—} the length of the utricle, very shortly split; rhachilla of
the rudimentary spikelet linear, green, included in one margin of the
utricle, often as long as the nut. Nut narrowly ellipsoid, flattened,
much narrower than the utricle ; style 4 as long as the nut, branches 2,
much longer than the nut, red-brown, conspicuously exserted.—Boott,
Carex, ii. 80, t. 221; Boeck in Linnea, xxxix. 80; Engl. Hochgebirgsfi.
Trop. Afr. 151; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.
v. 687; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129. C. parasitica, Kunze,
Suppl. Schkuhr’s Riedgr. 83 in note. (. triquetrifolia, Boeck. in Engl.
Jahrb. vii. 279; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 353; Engl.
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153. Uncinia digyna, Hochst. in Schimper,
Exsicc. 687.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Mount Silke, Schimper, 687! Mount Bachi:,
Schimper! Begemeder; Mount Guna, 13,100 ft., Schimper, 1413! and without
precise locality, Schimper, 83!
Mozamb. Dist. (German East Africa: Kilimanjaro, 12,300 ft. Volkevs,
1146! Johnston, 120!
516 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Carex.
Boott says the style is sometimes 3-fid; I find all 2-fid in Boott’s examples; the
utricle is pressed so very flat (as is the nut) that I am surprised to find a 3-fid
style even by accident. The name of Kunze has priority ; but, as his description
may be esteemed insufficient, it is more convenient not to unearth his name.
2. C. runssoroensis, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129.
Stem terete, smooth with very many striations. Uppermost leaf # in.
long, not green. Utricle (without beak) + in. long, oblong, much
flattened, with 6 nerves on the convex face, reddish, beak scarcely } the
length of the utricle, otherwise as C’. monostachya.
Wile Land. British East Africa: Ruwenzori, 12,400 ft., Stuhlmann, 2454!
This species is exceedingly near C. monostachya, A. Rich.; the one stem at Kew
appears almost a scape; the utricle is less obovoid and much less beaked than the
utricle of any example of C. monostachya. A rudiment of the male spikelet is in
the utricle.
3. C. conferta, Hochst. ex A.Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii.512. Glabrous.
Rhizome creeping, divided, up to 6 in. long in dried examples. Stems
1-3 ft. long, medium-sized, triquetrous, rough on the angles. Leaves
nearly as long as the stem, } in. broad. Inflorescence 2 by 3 im., a
dense little-interrupted oblong panicle; lowest bract shorter than the
panicle, often only } in. long, not sheathing. Spikes } by 4 in., dense,
female at the base, some male at the top. Female glumes ,', in. long.
ovate-triangular, not acuminate, a rich brown, keel yellow. Utricle 3'5 in.
long, sessile, ovoid-triangular, hardly beaked, plano-convex, glabrous,
straw-yellow, without nerves on the plane face, obscurely 2—3-nerved
on the convex face; beak deeply split on the convex face, margins
scabrous ; style-branches 2, linear.—Boctt, Carex, ii. 76, t. 208; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxix. 91; Engi. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 151; C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 681.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; by streams near Enjedcap, Schimper, 576!
near Debra Eski, Schimper, 931! Begemeder; near Gafat, Schimper, 1323 !
Compared by Boott with C. vulpina, Linn., of which it has the habit and
characters, but a less beaked and less ribbed utriele. It is equally near the corre-
sponding group in South America, of which C, bracteosa, Kunze, is a representative.
4. C. leptosaccus, (. B. Clarke. Inflorescence ovoid, 24 by
1 in., dense, compound, straw-brown; lowest bract as long as the
panicle. Spikes }-} by 1in., female at the base, a few male at the
top. Female glumes +}, in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, hardly mucronate,
ferrugineous, keel green. Utricle 4 in. long, hardly stalked, elliptic-
lanceolate, beaked, plano-convex, glabrous (a very few hairs on the
margins), white, very thin, without nerves on the plane face, obscurely
3-nerved on the convex face; beak lanceolate, 1-4 the length of whole
utricle, deeply split on the convex face; style-branches 2, linear very
long, brown-red. Nut ellipsoid, plano-convex, dark brown.
Mozamb, Dist. (ierman East Africa : Kilimanjaro, 10,000 ft., Thomson !
De, Cy Koestlini, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 199.
Glabrous. Rhizome 4-4 in. in diam., whence descend thick smooth
Carex. | CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 517
red roots. Stems 14-3 ft. long, rather stout, triquetrous, rough on
the angles. Leaves nearly as long as the stem, }-} in. broad. In-
florescence up to 64 by } in., very dense (sometimes interrupted at the
base), from straw-colour to rusty brown; lowest bract not sheathing,
usually as long as the panicle, but in one example nearly a foot long.
Spikes exceeding } in. in length, female at the base, some male at the
top. Female glumes }—1 in. long, elliptic, acuminate, hardly mucronate.
Utricle 4-} in. long, elongate-lanceolate, attenuated at either end,
plano-convex, thin, appearing winged, smooth, with 3-5 thin nerves on
the plane face, 9 thin nerves on the convex face, finally straw-coloured ;
beak elongate-conic, split nearly to the base on the convex face, margins
Sparingly scabrid; style-branches 2, linear, long.—Boott, Carex, ii. 75
(excl. var. 8), tt. 204, 205; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 101; Engl.
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 151 excl. C. Steudneri; C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 686.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; near Demerki ou Mount Bachit, 10,500 ft.,
Schimper, 66! 1244! and without precise locality, Schimper, 1036 ! 1037!
In this critical series, Schimper’s 1244 (figured by Boott, 1. c. t. 205) is the
type of the species; but the description above given is taken from Schimper’s 1036,
1037, which are figured in Boott, 1. c. t. 204; because in these latter the utricles and
nuts are tully ripened.
6. ©. erythrorrhiza, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 103. Leaves + in.
broad. Inflorescence 2 by $-1 in., excessively dense, chestnut-brown.
Utricle 4 in. long, sessile, ovoid-lanceolate, irregularly nerved on the
plane face, with 7 strong ribs on the convex face; beak lanceolate ;
otherwise as C’. Koestlint.—Eng]. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 151; C. B.
Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 684. C. Koestlini,
var. /3 minor, Boott, Carex, 11. 76, tt. 206, 207.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen ; near Demerki, on Mount Bachit, 10,500 ft.,
Schimper, 170! 1704! near Debra Eski, 9000 tt., Schimper, 170B! Debra Kana,
9300 ft., Schimper! Begemeder; Mount Guna, 11,400 ft., Schimper, 1556!
This species is founded on Schimper, 1556; the descriptiou above given is taken
from Schimper, 170, which is Boott’s t. 206.
It is very doubtful whether Boeckeler should be followed in giving Boott’s var. 8
Specific rank; Boeckeler had very poor material compared with Boott; and, in
grounding his species on the red roots, he was unaware that the remarkable roots are
just the same in typical C. Koestlint. Both the species appear to have been
collected at nearly or quite the same localities. On the other hand, the difference
between the utricles in Schimper 1036 (Boott, 1. ¢. t. 204), and Schimper 170
(Boott, 1. ¢. t. 206) appears too great to combine the two under one species. Boott
discusses the question, and considers his series shows a perfect gradation from the
one to the other; but it appears that several of these “intermediates” are not well
ripened.
7. C. Lycurus, K. Schum, in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129. Glabrous.
Stems 3 ft. long and upwards, stout, triquetrous, rough on the angles.
Leaves # the length of the stems, $ in. broad or even more. Inflor-
escence 3 by 3-3 in., dense, somewhat interrupted at the base, dusky
green; lowest bract 1-2 in. long, setaceous. Spikes }-} in., female at
518 - CLVI, CYPERACEH (CLARKE). [ Cares.
the base, some male at the top. Female glumes } in. long, ovate, acute,
in fruit pale brown and very thin. Utricle } in. long, sessile, ovoid-
lanceolate, plano-convex, with 7-9 thin nerves on the convex face,
hblack-green, smooth ; beak lanceolate, slightly scabrous on the margins.
Style-branches 2, long.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara; Heboma, Holst, 2554!
Kwa Mshuza, Holst, 8971 }
K. Schumann justly compares this species with C. vulpina, Linn., from which it
differs but little; the leaves are rather broader, while the utricle is smaller, less
elongate, and gets very black when ripe.
8. C. schimperiana, Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 373. Green, nearly
glabrous. Rhizome short, woody, slender. Stems 8-24 in. long,
slender. Leaves 8-12 by ;1,-} in. Inflorescence 8-14 by }-1} in.,
very thin, lower peduncles. remote with only 2—6 spikes. Spikes 4-3
by 4-} in., uppermost with 3-5 utricles and a small oblong scarious-
yellow male termination. Female glumes (including bristle) about as
long as the utricle, ovate, 2 the length of the utricle, scarious white,
glabrous, the green keel excurrent in a rough bristle. Utricle yz 1.
long, ellipsoid, trigonous, glabrous, green, finally black-brown, with
about 24 well-marked nerves; beak about } the length of the utricle,
smooth ; nut ellipsoid, trigonous, quite filling the utricle.—C. B. Clarke
in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 690; Engl. Hochgebirgstl.
Trop. Afr. 152. C. ramosa, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129
partly, not of Schkuhr.
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Begemeder; near Debra Tabor, 8500 ft., Schimper,
1318! British East Africa: Ruwenzori, 6000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7455!
Mozamb. Dist. German Hast Africa: Usambara; Kwa Mshuza, Holst,
8953!
_ 9. ©. echinochloe, Kunze, Suppl. Schkuhr's Riedgr. 47, t. 12.
Glabrous except the densely and minutely hairy branches of the panicle.
Lateral basal offshoots equivalent to short stolons. Stems 13-8 ft.
long. Leaves 14 by Jin. Panicle 6-14 by 2 in., oblong, lower peduncles
remote, carrying oblong (not pyramidal) loose partial panicles 7
6-30 spikes, bracts overtopping the panicles, or rather shorter.
Spikes in fruit }-} by 1 in., greenish-yellow, with about 5-8 utricles,
male at the top; lowest empty glume bract-like, often caudate with a
bristle } in. long (whence the specific name); but sometimes on the
type specimens the bristle is obsolete. Female glume as long as pes
utricle, acuminate, shortly aristate, from a broad ovate base, several-
nerved in the middle of the back, smooth, scabrous only on the bristle.
Utricle (including beak) 1, in. long, broadly ellipsoid, trigonous,
narrowed at each end, glabrous, with about 18 well-marked ribs ; beak
scarcely 4 the length of the utricle, scabrid, shortly 2-toothed. ms
ellipsoid, trigonous, dark-brown, not closely filling the utricle.—A. Rich.
Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 513; Boott, Carex, i. 62, t. 166, and in Journ.
Linn. Soe. vii. 226; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 340; C. B. Clarke in Durand
& Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 683; Eng]. Hochgebirgsfi. Trop. Afr.
Carex. | CLVI. CYPERACEH (CLARKE). 519
152. C. ramosa, K. Schum, in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129 partly, not
of Schkuhr.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons; Cameroon Mountain, 7000 ft., Mann, 1359!
2106!
Wile Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; in open stony places on the upper part of
Mount Scholoda, Schimper, 26! Adowa, Quartin-Dillon &§ Petit ! Alsega, on moun-
tains, 6000 ft., Schimper, 538! Begemeder ; Senka Berr, 8200 ft., Schimper, 1314!
British East Africa: Ruwenzori; Kivata, 6000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7579!
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa; Usambara; at Mbaruma, Holst, 2484!
This is nearly allied to C. schimperiana, and sorted with it by K. Schumann; it
has broader leaves and a more copious inflorescence.
10. C. nyasensis, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous except the densely
and minutely hairy branches of the panicle. Stems 14-3 ft. long.
Leaves 14 by }-+ in. Panicle 8-16 by 2 in., oblong, lower peduncles
remote carrying oblong (not pyramidal) partial panicles of 6-15 spikes ;
bracts mostly overtopping the inflorescence. Spikes in fruit $ by } ir.
(sometimes larger) with about 10 utricles, male at the top, rusty green.
Female glume as long as the utricle, acuminate, shortly aristate, from
a broad ovate base, several-nerved in the middle of the back, smooth,
scabrous on the bristle. Utricle (including beak) }—} in. long, ellipsoid,
trigonous, narrowed at each end, with about 18 ribs; beak 4 the
length of the utricle, scabrous, deeply bifid into 2 long-lanceolate teeth.
Nut ovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, dark-brown, well filling the utricle.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; North Nyasa, Whyte /
Masuku Plateau, 6500-7000 f{t., Whyte! Zomba Plains, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte! and
without precise locality, Buchanan, 165! 584!
11. ©. chlorosaccus, (. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiv.
298. Nearly glabrous, the panicle branches scabrid, hardly hairy.
Stems tufted, perennial, 1-2 ft. long. Leaves 6-15 by } in. Panicle
4-14 by 1-3 in.. green; lower peduncles remote, with oblong (not
pyramidal) panicles of 8-20 spikes; bracts overtopping the inflor-
escence. Spikes in fruit 4-1 by } in., with 8-10 utricles, male at the
top. Female glume (including the bristle) much shorter than the
utricle, ovate, acuminate, aristate, greenish-yellow with 3 green nerves
on the back, glabrous, the bristle scabrous. Utricle (including the
beak) + in. long, narrowly ellipsoid, attenuate into a beak forming % at
least of the fruit, very green, glabrous, with 5 strong nerves ; beak
linear, smooth, with 2 short lanceolate teeth; nut oblong, trigonous.—
C. wahlenbergiana, Boott in Journ. Linn. Soc, vii. 225 ; Engl. Hochge-
birgsfl. Trop. Afr. 152; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129 partly ;
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 691 partly.
C. ramosa, K, Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 129 partly.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po: Clarence Peak, 8000 ft., Mann, 653 !
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 7200 ft.,
Volkens, 1274! Johuston!
12. C. leptocladus, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous, the panicle-branches
thinly scabrous-hairy. Root woody, rugged. Stem (panicle included)
520 CLVI, CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Caren.
14 in. long, rather slender. Basal leaves many, 20 by 5; in., tough,
3-nerved. Panicle 9 in. long, thin, of few peduncles ; lowest peduncle
6 by 2 in., almost capillary, with delicate little-divided branches and
14 spikes; bracts overtopping the inflorescence. Spikes } by 4 in,
very slender, with 8 utricles, male at the top. Female glumes ovate,
acuminate, aristate, about 2 the length of the utricle, glabrous, 3—0-
nerved on the back, yellowish-green, very thin, distant. Utricle (beak
included) 4-1 in. long; beak longer than the small oblong-ellipsoid
yellow-green glabrous delicate utricle, nearly linear, scabrous with
2 short teeth. Nut ellipsvid, trigonous, filling the utricle.—C. eruciata ?
Boott in Journ. Linn. Soe. vii. 225; C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 681. C. filicina? Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.
152 in obs.
Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas: summit of the peak, Mann !
This is not near any form of C. cruciata, Nees; it may bea state of C. filicina,
Nees; but no Indian example of C. filicina has such very slender peduncles aud
utricles.
13. C. spicato-paniculata, C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz,
Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 690. Glabrous, except the panicle-branches and
utricles. Stems 2-3 ft. long. Leaves 18 by }-} in. Inflorescence up
to 16 by 4 in., of 4—7 axillary peduncled compound pyramidal panicles ;
panicle-branches densely pilose ; spikes 50-150 to a stem, 4 in. long,
ovoid in fruit, with 6-8 utricles, male at the top. Female glumes ovate,
acute, mucronate, as long as the utricles, bright ferrugineous-brown,
glabrous, striate for nearly their whole breadth. Utricle (nearly ripe)
green, 4 in. long (beak included), ellipsoid, contracted into a beak
hardly 5 its own length, 12—15-ribbed, minutely hispid from the top to
below the middle, straight; beak scabrous, with 2 lanceolate teeth ;
nut ellipsoid, black, filling the atricle-—C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap.
vii, 304.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Hannington !
Also in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands.
There also may be conspecific with Hannington’s plant Scott-Elliot’s 6899
(collected in Man District, British East Africa, at an elevation of 7000 ft.), with
hairy utricles; and Schimper 1314 ? (collected in Abyssinia at Senka Berr), exceed-
ingly young.
14. C. Steudneri, Boeck. in Linnea, x1. 364. Glabrous except
the minutely scabrous panicle-branches and utricles. Rhizome stout.
Stems 2-4} ft. long, robust. Leaves 2 ft. by } in., stout. Panicle 11 |
by 2 in., the partial panicles narrowly oblong, erect, dense, chestnut or
deep brown; bracts overtopping the panicle. Spikelets { by ¢ in.,
with 6-8 utricles, male at the top. Female glumes elliptic-lanceolate,
sometimes mucronate, rather shorter than the utricles, brown or chest-
nut, hardly striate except near the keel, minutely hispid over the top
of the back. Utricle exceeding + in. long, linear-lanceolate, triquetrous,
densely hispid, beak about 4 the length of the utricle, linear, very
hispid, deeply split at least on the convex face. Nut ;'5 in. long,
Carex. | CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 521
oblong, dark-brown on a long yellow stalk.—C. B. Clarke in Durand &
Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 690, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiv. 297.
C. wahlenbergiana, var. 6, Boott, Carex, ii. 102, t. 304.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Mount Silke, 9000—10,000 ft., Schimper, 545 !
near Demerki, 11,000 ft., Schimper, 1088! Begemeder Province, Schimper, 1559 !
See remarks under C. chlorosaccus above.
15, ©. condensata, Vees in Wight, Contrib. 123. Axillary
peduncled panicles oblong, dense, ferrugineous or chestnut-red. Spikes
usually with 1—4 utricles at the base and several males above. Female
glumes (in the Mlanji example) with minute suberect hairs on the
upper part; otherwise nearly as C. spicato-paniculata.—Boott, Carex,
ii. 86, tt. 247, 248; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 716, and
in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 305.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Mount Mlanji, Whyte !
16. ©. Johnstonii, Boeck. in Lngl. Jahrb. vii. 278. Stems 2-3 ft.
high, robust. Leaves up to 2 ft. by 4 in., nearly glabrous, but when
young minutely scabrous hairy on some of the numerous nerves.
Panicle 10-16 by 1-2 in., the lower peduncles long but erect; partial
panicles very narrow; whole number of spikes 20—40, green, ferrugineous-
brown-marked. Spikes 1-14 by scarcely } in., linear, with large distant
suberect utricles, male at the top. Female glumes lanceolate, not
aristate, pale hyaline, shorter than the utricle. Utricle ;°; in. long,
linear-lanceolate, pallid with few obscure nerves, thinly hairy nearly to
the base; beak hardly } the length of the utricle with 2 lanceolate
teeth ; style-branches 3, red-brown, long exserted ; nut oblong, trigonous.
—Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 853; C. B. Clarke in
Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 686; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 151; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.C. 129. C. Volkensti,
K, Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 130.
Nile Land. British East Africa : Ruwenzori; Kivata, Scott-Elliot, 7778 !
Mozamb. Dist. (erman East Africa : Kilimanjaro; above Marangu, Volkens,
1124! Johnston !
17. C. Vallis-Rosetto, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-A/r. C. 130.
Glabrous, or nearly so. Stems 2 ft. (at least) long, robust. Leaves as
long as the stems, }—} in. broad. Panicle 8-12 in. long, of 6-12 loosely
scattered spikes; bracts as long as the panicle. Spikes 1-3} by {-
4 in., rusty-brown, male at the top. Female glumes as long as the
utricle, ovate, glabrous, rusty-brown, the 1—3-nerved green keel ex-
current as a mucro or short bristle. Utricles {-} in. long (beak
included), ellipsoid, trigonous, green, glabrous, very irregularly nerved,
contracted into a beak less than } their length, smooth or nearly so,
with 2 rather small lanceolate teeth.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 6500 ft.,
Volkens, 1291! and at the foot of Kifiniki Voleano, 8800 ft., Volkens, 1342!
The spikes in 1291 are 1 in. long, in 1842 are 3 in. long; but by K. Schumann
considered (I think correctly) conspecific. A curious feature in this species is
522 CLVI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). [ Carex.
the irregularity in the utricle ; some of its nerves are very strong, some very weak,
some are continued to the beak, others become obscure in the upper part of the
utricle.
18. C. simensis, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 514.
Glabrous, stoloniferous. Stems 2-3 ft. high, with 4-9 spikes. Leaves
12-18 by }-} in. Spikes $-24 by } in.; terminal male, with utriclesin
the upper part or to the top; lower spikes female, often with a few
males near the base; upper peduncles short, lower often remote, then
2-4 in. long. Female glumes shorter than the utricles, rusty-brown cr
chestnut, elliptic-lanceolate, with a very short mucro or quite muticous.
Utricles 4 in. long or ‘rather more, ellipsoid, trigonous, obscurely
or slenderly ribbed, glabrous, dotted with red glands, tapering at the
top; beak less than } the length of the utricle, linear-conic, scabrous on
the margins, teeth 2, lanceolate, rather short. Nut rather large,
sessile, narrowly obovoid, trigonous.—Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.
295. C. ethiopica, Boott, Carex, iii. 110 partly, ie. tt. 343, 344, and
in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 226; Boeck. in Linnza, xli. 285 partly;
C. B. Clarke in Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 679 partly;
Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 152.
Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Cameroon Mountain, 7000-10,000 ft., Mann,
2099!
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; on Mount Bachit, Schimper, 1180! Bege-
meder ; Mount Guna, 11,400 ft., Schimper, 1289! near Gafat, 8800 ft., Schimper,
eo British East Africa: Ruwenzori ; Kivata, 6000-8000 ft., Scott-Elliot,
578 !
Boott has called this “ C. ethiopica” and has noted that the spikes are all
male at the base. In the true C. ethiopica of Schkuhr (the South Africa plant)
the terminal spike is wholly male; and what is of more importance the lower spikes
are not male at the base. In the C, ethiopica of Schkuhr, the female glumes are
definitely bristle-tipped and longer than the utricle.
Whether the present tropical plant be esteemed a species or only a variety of
C. ethiopica, it is geographically sevarable,
19. C. longepedunculata, K. Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afr. 0:
130, Female glumes longer than the utricles, muticous. Utricles § in.
long ; beak not scabrous ; otherwise as (’. simensis.
Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Kilimanjaro; near the Noholu cave,
10,400 ft., Volkens, 2015!
This has all the spikes female at the base ; and is much nearer C. simensis than
either is to C. ethiopica, The lowest remote peduncle is long, as also in C.
simensis,
20. C. petitiana, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 513. Glabrous,
stoloniferous. Stems 3 ft. high, with 5-7 spikes. Leaves 2 ft. by 4 in.
Spikes 2-4 in. by 1-4 in. ; terminal spike male at the base, female above,
sometimes with males at the top. Male glumes 4} in. long, narrow-
lanceolate, muticous, a rich brown. Female glumes as long as the
utricles, similar to the males, cuspidate or muticous. Utricles 4 ee
long, narrow-ellipsoid trigonous, with 8-10 slender nerves, glabrous,
Carex. | CLYI. CYPERACEE (CLARKE). 523
dotted by red glandular marks; beak linear, not 1 the length of the
utricle, very narrow, glabrous, with small subentire mouth.—Boott,
Carex, ii. 88, t. 259 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 411; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl.
Trop. Afr. 152; C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 306. C. anomala,
Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 230; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295.
C’. robusta, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 230.
Nile Land. Abyssinia: Samen; Demergui (Demerki), 11,000 ft., Schimper,
1038 ! Begemeder, Schimper, 1299! Quartin-Dillon & Petit (ex Boott).
In this species the spikes vary much in thickness, and the female glumes in
length and acuteness. The characteristic feature is the minute subentire beak of
the utricle.
21. C. Fischeri, A. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C.130. Spikes
2} by tin. Utricles (beak included) } in. long, with numerous slender
nerves ; beak 4-3 the length of the utricle, with 2 lanceolate teeth :
otherwise as C. petitiana.
Mozamb. Dist. British East Africa: Abori, Fischer, 640!
This has the spikes more slender than the slenderest examples of C. petitiana, and
the distinctly bifid beak to the utricle distinguishes it. It appears to be allied to
C. petitiana, but the description of K. Schumann is so short, and the example seen
so fragmentary, that it is possible it may be nearer C. pendula, Hudson.
22. ©. boryana, Schkuhr, Riedgr, ii. 43, t. ggg, fig. 191. Glabrous.
Stems 2-3 ft. long, with 6-12 scattered spikes. Leaves 18 by }—-} in.
Spikes 14-3 by 1-1} in., elongate-cylindric, terminal (sometimes 2 or 3
terminal), wholly male in nearly all the Tropical African material, some-
times terminal spike female at the base, lower spikes always female at
the base usually with a few males at the top. Glumes male and
female elliptic-lanceolate, acute, hardly bristle-tipped, chestnut or
bright brown, green on the back, female rather shorter than the
utricle. Utricles (beak included) }-} in. long, ellipsoid, narrowed
gradually into the beak, sessile, plano-convex, smooth, with 5 nerves on
the plane and 9 on the convex surface, more or less variegated or dotted
with red ; beak about 4+ the length of the utricle, linear-conic or linear,
smooth or very sparingly scabrous, with 2 well-marked lanceolate teeth.
Nut narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, dark-brown.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 506 ;
Boott, Carex, iii. 110, tt. 345-347, and var. minor, t. 348 (which is
drawn from G. Mann’s plant cited below), and in Journ. Linn. Soe. vi.
22, vii. 225; Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 283 excl. var. y; Engl. Hochge-
birgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153.
Upper Guinea. Fernando Po: Clarence Peak, 7500-8500 ft., Mann, 661!
1478 !
Wile Land. British East Africa : Ruwenzori; Yeria River, 10,000 ft., Scodt-
Elliot, 7873 !
Also in the Mascarene Islands.
The examples of G. Mann and of Scott-Elliot agree very fairly with some of the
small C, boryana from Bourbon ; and the above description is narrowed down to
these. The large Madagascar C. boryana has utricles exceeding ; in. long, with
aristate glumes 4 in. long.
524 CLVI, CYPERACEZ (CLARKE), | Caren.
23. ©. cyrtosaccus, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous, Stems 2 ft. long,
with 6-10 scattered spikes. Leaves 14 by } in., somewhat 3-nerved.
Spikes up to 34 by 4 in., uppermost 1-3 wholly male, or (even the
terminal) sometimes female at the base; lower spikes female with
usually a few males at the top. Glumes a fine brown or chestnut,
green or yellow on the back; female glumes oblong, truncate at the
top, often minutely torn or subciliate, with a very short mucro.
Utricles (beak included) } in. long, oblong-obovoid, strongly curved,
inflated upwards, suddenly narrowed into the beak, glabrous, yellow-
green, with about 3 nerves on the plane and 5 on the convex face;
beak hardly } the length of the utricle, linear, hardly at all scabrid,
with 2 lanceolate teeth. Nut narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, brown-
black.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Mlanji, Whyte !
Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., W, hyte ! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte /
Very closely allied to C. boryana.
ADDENDA.
ORDER CX[LITa. MAYACEAS. (By N. E. Brown.)
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx infericr; sepals 3, her-
baceous, narrowly imbricate in the bud, persistent. Petals 3, hypogy-
nous, obovate or suborbicular. Stamens 3, hypogynous, free; filaments
short ; anthers erect, basifixed, subtetragonal, 4-celled, opening by a
terminal pore or by a short apical tube. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with
3 parietal placentas; style filiform, stigma entire; ovules numerous,
orthotropous. Capsule 3-valved ; valves placentiferous down the middle.
Seeds numerous, ovoid or globose, with a basal hilum and terminated by
a small tubercle, striate, often rugulose or pitted ; albumen farinaceous?;
embryo minute, very shortly and broadly conical or sublenticular,
seated at the apex of the albumen.—Small herbs, somewhat moss-like,
growing in wet places or in slowly running streams. Stems densely
covered with linear or filiform leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils of
the leaves, 1-3 to a branch, or several clustered at the apex of the stem,
on long peduncles.
A small monotypic order of about 8 species, all natives of America with the
exception of the following, which has recently been discovered in Angola.
1, MAYACA, Aubl.; Benth, et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 843.
Characters as for the Order.
1. M. Baumii, Giirke in Engl. Jahrb. xxxi., Beibl. 69,1. Stem
growing to a en it of 20 in. Leaves 6-7 lin. long g, $ lin. broad, sessile,
linear-subulate, 2-toothed at the apex. Peduncles 2-3, umbellately
clustered near ‘the apex of the stem, bent downwards after flowering,
3-1 in. long. Sepals 3-34 lin. long, lanceolate, obtuse. Petals 4—5
fin, long and about as broad, obovate- suborbicular. Stamens 3; fila-
ments } lin. long; anthers $ lin. long, cup-shaped, opening by an apical
pore, in the young state covered by a callous dome-shaped operculum.
Style simple ; stigma entire, truncate.
Lower Guinea. Angola; Benguela; in the River Quiriri, near Sakkemecho,
3900 ft., Baum, 811.
526 ADDENDA.
I have not seen a specimen of this; it is stated to be allied to W. longipes, Mart.,
but easily distinguished by its shorter peduncles.
1. Medemia Argun, P. G. von Wiirttemberg. Add; Areca?
Passalacque, Kunth. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1 sér. viii. 420; Hemsley in
Nature, xxviii. (1883) 111.
5a. Aponogeton hereroensis, Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2,
sér. i. 764. A small plant arising from a thickened base. Leaves
petiolate, about 3 in. long, either narrowly linear, 1 lin. or more broad
and gradually tapering at the base, or oblong-elliptic, 5 lin. broad and
suddenly contracted at the base, flaccid, acute. Spikes 9 lin. long,
dense-flowered. Male flowers not seen. Female flowers: Petals
broadly elliptic, 14 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, white, delicate. Carpels 6;
styles about 1 lin. long ; stigmas brown.
Lower Guinea. (rman South-west Africa: Hereroland; pool east of Wind-
hoek, Dinter, 589, plain north of Waterberg, Dinter.
25a. Kyllinga Pilicula, C. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Roots fibrous.
Stem 1 ft. long, thread-like, not thickened at the base. Leaves thread-
like, one as long as the stem. Head of 1 globose white spike, } in. in
diam., of about 12 spikelets; lower bract as if continuing the stem,
3 in. long, thread-like; upper bract 3 in. long, pendent, thread-like.
Spikelets each perfecting one nut. Nut-bearing glume ovate, hardly
acute, strongly nerved, not scabrous on the wingless keel. Nut flat,
round, ellipsoid.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu; on the Inkissi River, Gillet, 439!
12a. Pycreus chorisanthus, (. B. Clarke. Annual. Stems
4-8 in. long, very slender. Leaves long, very slender. Umbel of spikes
simple, rays 1-4, up to 1? in. long; bracts 3—4, very slender, lowest
3-8 in. long. Spikelets 3-6 in a spike, } by ;4, in., 6-flowered, very
flat, green to yellowish. Glumes standing far apart, keeled, mucronate.
Style (including its two branches) much shorter than the nut. Nut 3}
the length of the glume, unequal-sided, oblong-obovoid, flattened, dark
brown ; outermost cells subquadrate.
Lower Guinea. German South-west Africa: Hereroland, Dinter!
The examples seen were raised in the Ziirich Botanic Garden. The species 1s
allied to P. pumilus, Nees (i.e. Cyperus hyalinus, Vahl), but the spikelets and glumes
are much smaller.
4a, Mariscus oblongi-nux, (. B. Clarke. Glabrous. Basal
bulbs large, ovoid, in clusters. Stems 15 in. long, rather stout. Leaves
4-8 by £ in. Inflorescence of one ovoid dense pale head, $—} in. in
diam.; bracts 3-4, lowest 1-2 in. long. Spikelets very numerous, per-
fecting 1 or 2 nuts. Flower-glume straw-coloured, 4 in. long, thin,
aaa Nut ;5 in. long, oblong; style short, branches 3, very
elicate.
Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Namasi, Cameron, 90!
ld
ADDENDA. ny,
19a. Fimbristylis splendida, (. 4. Clarke. Stem exceeding
4 ft. in length. Leaves exceeding 2 ft. in length. Umbel dense, with
erect branches and numerous spikelets. Spikelets 4 in. long, bright
brown ; otherwise as /. complanata, Link.
Lower Guinea. Lower Congo: Kisantu, on the Inkissi River, Gillet, 818 !
This is closely allied to ¥. complanata, but considerably larger than any example
of that species. In F. splendida, the umbel is repeatedly closely compound, with
the branches and branchlets erect.
2. Premna longipes, Baker in Dyer, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 288, is a
synonym of Hoslundia opposita, Vahl; Baker, l.c. 377.
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
—+> +
The Synonyms and Species incidentally mentioned are printed in Italics.
Page
Abildgaardia
barbata, Beauv. 433
monostachya, Vahl 424
pilosa, Nees. . . 425
tristachya, Vahl 424
Acriulus
griegifolius, Ridl. . 509
madagascariensis,
Rid. 7. . 509
Aglaonema
Mannii, Hook. f. 179
Alisma) ©. 2.207
apetalum, Wall. 209
arcuatum, Michal. . 208
enneandra, Hochst. 213
glandulosum, Thw. 209
humilis, Kunth . . 212
Kotschyi, Hochst. . 210
obtusifolium, Thw.. 210
oligococcum, £. Muell 208
arnassifolium, Bassi 208
lantago, Linn.. . 207
var. arcuatum,
Dnr. & Sch. . 208
sagittifolia, Willd. . 210
ALISMACER. . . . 206
Alocasiophyllum
kamerunianum,
Rug...) 6.182
Amelina
Wallichii,C. B.Cl.. 65
Amorphophallus . 144
160
157
156
abyssinicus, V.£.Br.
accrensis, V.H.Br. .
angolsnsis, V.Z. Br.
Barteri, N. #. Br. . 151
Baumannii, N.L.Br. 153
calabaricus, N.£. Br. 155
consimilis, Bl. . . 154
difformis, Bl. . 163
doryophorus, Ridl. . 152
dracontioides,
NOE. Bre. . 148
VOL. VIII.
Amorphophallus (con-
tinued)
Eichleri, Hook. 7.
Elliotii, Hook. f.
Fischeri, N. #. Br..
flavovirens, V.#. Br.
Fontanesii, Kunth .
gallaensis, V. 4. Br.
Goetzei, VN. EH. Br. .
gratus, NV. #. Br.
Johnsoni, V.Z. Br. .
laxiflorus, N.#. Br.
leonensis, Lem. .
var. elegans,
Ve Ee Br
var. latifolia,
N. E. Br.
var. spectabilis,
INGE Br.
leopoldianus,
INS BoB ee
maculatus, V. #7. Br.
Mannii, NV. #. Br. .
maximus, NV. £. Br.
mossambicensis,
Klotzsch
Preussii, NV. #. Br..
Schweinfurthii,
No LB
Staudtii, VN. £. Br..
Teuszii, V. H. Br. .
Zenkeri, N. HL. Br. .
Anchomanes is
Boehmii, Zngl. .
difformis, Engl. .
dubius, Schott
giganteus, Hngl.
Hookeri, Henriq.
Hookeri, Schott . .
var. pallida, Hook.
Welwitschii, Rendle
Ancistrophyllum
leve, Drude .
‘age
Page
Ancistrophyllum (con-
tinued)
opacum, Drude . 115
secundiflorum,
Wendl. . 115
Aneilema Share 62
adherens, Kunth 65
zequinoctiale, Kunth 65
africanum, Beauv.. 85
angolense, C. B. Cl. 67
var. magis-lutea,
Co Be CL 67
beniniense, Kunth . 68
var. oxycarpa, Hua 68
bracteolatum, K. Br. 69
Clarkei, Rendle . 78
dregeanum, Kunth. 70
Ehrenbergii,C.B.Cl. 74
Ehrenbergii, Rendle 67
Forskalei, Schweinf. 66
giganteum, C.B.Cl. 64
vracile, C. B. Cl. 73
hirtum, C. B. Cl. 72
hirtum, A. Rich. . 74
Johnstonii, K.Schum. 67
lanceolatum, Benth. 72
var. evolutior,
OB. Cle: the
lanceolatum, C.B.Cl. 72
letocaule, K. Schum. 73
longifolium, Hook. . 64
Nicholsoni, C.B.Cl. 70
nyasense, C. B.Cl.. 66
ovato-oblongum,
Beauv. . 69
var. nigritana,
i BEC 69
pedunculosum,
COBOL. 73
var. lutea,
CVBS CE. 67
Petersii, C.B. Cl. . 70
Rendlei, C.B. Cl. . 68
2M
530
Aneilema (continued)
rhodospermum, K.
Schum.. . ee?
rivulare, A. Rich. 86
Russegeri, C. B. Cl. 75
Saclenxii, Hua 874
Schweinfurthii,
CEBLOL ral
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page Page : : Page
Anubias (continued) Ascolepis (continued) :
rue fete Engl. 184 protea, Welw. . . 474
lanceolata, N.L.Br. 183 var. bellidiflora, .
mana, Engl... = 186 Welw. . . . 475
Aponogeton : e216 var. santolinoides, e
abyssinicus, Hochst. 218 Welw. 2.33. 475
abyssinica, "Rendle . 217 pusilla, fidl.. . . 476
Boehmii, Engl.. . 218 speciosa, Welw.. . 476
hereroensis, Schinz 526 tenuior, Steud. . . 458
sepalosum, ©. B. Cl. 75
simplex, Kunth. . 65
sinicum, Lindl... . 63
var. longifolia,
COBIO G4:
var. simplex,
Coby Ch 64
Smithit, C.B. Cl. 70
somalieusis, CB.Cl. 69
soudanicum, C.B.Cl. 71
sp.n.1,T.Thoms.. 73
spekei, O..B. Ol... 72
tacazzeanum, Baker 72
tacazzeanum,Hochst. 66
tacazzeanum,A.Rich. 65
Taylori, C B.C. 74
tetraspermum, K.
Schum... Zul
Welwitschii, O.B.CL. 71
Why tei, C.B. Cl. eee
Anosporum
Colymbetes, Boeck. . 317
cubense, Bueck. . 452
macrostachyum,
Boeck, .. . ~ 317
nudicaule, Boeck. - 316
Schinzii, Boeck. . 452
Anthericopsis viedo 96
Fischeri, Engl. . . 75
sepalosa, Engh ..-.°°%6
Antrolepis
anthemiflora, Welw. 475
elata, Welw.. . . 476
leucantha, Welw. . 475
leucocephalc, Welw. 475
santolina, Welw. . 475
sp., T. Thoms. . 475
sulphurea, Welw. . 475
Annbias . . “6 182
Afzelii, Engl. - . 184
Atzelii, Schott . . 183
auriculata, Engl. . 184
Barteri, Schott «3 185
var. glabra,
AN. Bode... 24 185
congensis, V.#.Br. 184
hastifolia, Hngl. . 185
var. sublobata,
Mg TRS
heterophylla,
ede Bh 85
Heudelotii, Engl. 5 Pay
Holubii, Oliv. > Duly
kraussianum, Hochst. 217
leptostachyos, E.
Mey. . :
Rehmanni, Oliv.
spathaceus, Z. Mey.
Stublmannii, Engl.
subconjugatus,
Sch. & Thonn. . 217
vallisnerieides, Baker 219
5 AWS
2 218
216
218
Areca: 3. ; OS
Catechu, Tio: 99
Passalacque, Kunth 526
Arisema. . oe L438
enneaphyllum,
Hoe os
ruwenzoricum,
NB Bes FAS
schimperianum,
Schott . . 143
AROIDEE 9625. 9197
Aroides
angustilobum,Rendle 169
hastatum, Rendle . 169
Arodes
angustilobum,O.Kze. 169
hastatum, O. Kze. . 169
Arum
abyssinicum,A. Rich. 160
abyssinicum,
Schweinf.. . . 142
aphyllum, Hook. . 148
dicolor; Ait: —..-. 166
trifidum, Desf. . - 159
Ascolepis : . 473
anthemidiflora,
K. Schum. . . 475
anthemiflora. Welw. 475
brasiliensis, C.B.Cl. 478
capensis, Ridl. . . 477
var. lacera, ©. B.C]. 477
elata, Welw.. . . 476
var. gracilior,
Be Cl. 476
eriocauloides, Book 475
eriocauloides, Steud. 474
eriocauloides, Steud. 474
kyllingioides, Steud. 474
pinguis, C.B.Cl.. . 475
vatkeana, Boeck. . 476
Asterochete. . . . 483
Atomostylis
cyperiformis, Steud. 316
Jlavescens, Steud. . 316
Borassus . . a alle
ethiopum, Mart. . 118
flabellifer,
var. eethiopum,
Warb. . eedae
Jflabelliformis, Murr. 117
Brachyspatha
consimilis, Schott . 154
Bruniera
vivipara, Franch. . 205
Baforrestia .- . 76
imperforata, C. B.Cl. 76
Mannii, 0.B.Cl. . 76
minor, K. Schum. . 76
tenuis, C. B Cl. ait
Bulbostylis pie
abortiva, 0. B.Cl. . 441
andongensis, CB. Cl. 448
var. glabra, Ridl. . 443
hyllanthoides
OBO. E86
argenteobrunea,
OBO: . 440
atrosanguinea,
CBO eS
barbata, Kunth. . 431
Buchanani,C€.B.C1. . _
Burchellii, C2 B.C. .
Camporum, K.
Schuke eon, ASE
capillaris,
var. trifida,
O.B.Cl. ©. 438
cardiocarpa, C.B. Cl. 434
var. Holubii,
COB. oe
cardiocarpa,
GBCL.. . . 434
cinnamomea, C. B. Cl. 432
coleotricha, _B.Cl. 442
var. lanifera,
OBO Ee
var. lanifera,
CBD 7a
Burnatia .
AlAMUS =~ cay
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page
Bulbostylis (continued)
collina, Kunth . . 432
cylindrica, C.B.Cl. . 446
erratica, O.B.Cl. . 434
festucoides, Kunth . 430
filamentosa, Kunth. 433
var. barbata,
OBO es. 433
filiformis,,C.B.Cl. . 441
Johnston, C.B.Cl. . 442
langsdorffiana,
Kennth , too)
laniceps, C.B.Cl. . 433
macra, C.B.Cl. . . 444
megastachys, C.B.Cl. 444
melanocephala,
CB OL ce eee
oritrephes, C..B.Cl. . 445
oritrephes, C.B.Cl.
443, 445
parva, C.B.Cl. . . 443
. puberula, Kunth . 439 |
pusilla, C.B.Cl. . . 440
rarissima, O.B.Cl. . 431
schimperiana,
OB CEs page
schenoides, C.B.Cl.
435, 436
scleropus, C.B.Cl. . 436
spherocarpa,C.B.Cl. 430
striatella, C.B.Cl. . 429
subumbellata, K.
Schum. . . 436
Taylori, C.B.Cl.. . 439
trabeculata,C.B.Cl.. 437
transiens, U.B.Cl. . 444
trichobasis, C.B.Cl. . 445
trifida, Kunth . 438
Willdenowti, Kunth 431
zambesiaca, C.B.Cl. 430
Zeyheri, C.B.Cl. . 437
436
: . 212
enneandra, Mich. . 213
Butomopsis . . . - 214
lanceolata, Kunth . 214
Butomus
senegalensis, Perr. . 214
Caladium . . 165
bicolor, Vent. . 166
esculentum, Sch. &
Thonn. . S21GD
petiolatum, Hook. . 163
scandens, Willd. . 174
zamicefolium, Lodd. 195
. d07
Barteri, Becc. . 109
Cabre, De Wild. &
Dur. 110
Page
Calamns (continued)
cuspidatus, Mann &
Wendi... . 4 1h}
deerratus, Mann &
Wendl. . 108
Heudelotii, Becc. 110
Hookeri, Mann &
Wendl... ..: iy
levis, Mann &
Wendl. . : 115
macrocarpus, Mann
& Wendl. . 113
Mannii, Wendl. 111
niger, Willd. . 109
opacus, Mann &
Wendl. . e115
Schweinfurthii,
Becca os. 216
secundiflorus, Beauv. 116
sp., Mann & Wendl.. 110
Calla
elliottiana, Knight . 167
oculata, Lindl. . 168
Callopsis . wees os 186
Volkensii, Hngl. . 186
Carex . Ole
ethiopica, Boott . 522
anomala, Steud. . 523
boryana, Schkuhr . 523
var. minor, Boott 523
bracteosa, Kunze . 516
chlorosaccus, C. B. Cl. 519
condensata, Nees . 520
conferta, Hochst. . 516
cruciata, Boott . . 520
cyrtosaceus, C.B.Cl. 524
echinochloe, Kunze 518
erythrorrhiza, Boeck. 517
filicina, Engl. . - 520
Vischeri, K.Schum. 523
Johnstoni, Boeck. . 521
Koestlini, Hochst. . 516
yar. minor, Boott
leptocladus, C.2.Cl.
leptosaccus, C.B.Cl.
longepedunculata,
K. Schum. . « 522
Lycurus, K. Schum. 5
monostachya, A.
Rich. ss
nyasensis, C.B.Cl. .
parasitica, Kunze. 5
petitiana, A. Rich. 522
ramosa, K. Schum.
518, 519
robusta, Hochst. 523
runssoroensis,
Schum. acs DLO
schimperiana, Boeck. 518
Page
Carex (continued)
simensis, Hochst. . 522
spicato-paniculata,
(CEBIOU oe. 520
Steudneri. Boeck. . 520
triquetrifolia, Boeck. 515
Vallis Rosetto, A.
CHUM: «oe. Dat
Volhensii, K.
Schum. . 521
vulpina, Linn. 516
wahlenbergiana,
Boott : 519
var. 6, Boott . 521
Garpha = 633.86 uaso
Emini, C.B.Cl. . 483
schweinfurthiana,
Boeck. . . . O13
Caulinia.
fragilis, Willd. . . 227
Gercestis .. .. ; .- 180
Afzelii, Schott . 180
congensis, Lgl. 181
congoensis, Dur. &
Schites sas. 181
Dinklagei, Engl. 181
kamernnianus,
INGHSBr, Ve as 182
stigmaticus, V.#.Br. 181
Cheetospora
circinalis, Schrad. , 485
nigricans, Boeck. 435
nigricans, Kunth . 484
Chamexiphium
clandestinum,
Hochst. 461
Gladium, . 2; 484
germanicum, Schrad. 485
jamaicense, Crantz. 484
Mariscus, R. Br. . 485
Coc08 St. bee 126
nucifera, Linn. . 126
Colocasia.;, =. + 164
Antiquorum, Schott, 164
Commelina. . . . 33
acuminata, R. Br.. 60
equinoctialis, Beauv. 65
ethiopica, C.B.Cl.. 59
africana, Linn. . 45
var. krebsiana,
COBiGl 2 3 al
var. polyclada,
CiBiOli ss ae
agraria, Kunth . 36
albescens, Hassk. . 57
albescens, K.Schum. 58
31
ambigua, Beauv.
amplexicaulis,Hassk.
angolensis, C.B.Cl, .
532 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
: Page | ! Page : : Page
Commelina (continued) Commelina (continued) ll Commelina (continued)
angustifolia, Hassk. 57 hirsuta, Hochst. scaposa, U.B. Cl. 38
angustissima, K. Holubii, C.B.Cl.. . Me schimperiana, Hochst. 58
Schum. . oe 39 huillensis, C.B.Cl. . 52 Schweinfurthii,
aspera, Benth. . 56 imberbis, Hassk. 49 | OBO, 41
var. firma, C.B. Cl. 56 var. loandensis, | senegalensis, Zinn.. 61
aspera, C.B.Cl. 58 | OLE OIE 50 simplex, Vahl 65
Bainesii, O.B.Cl. 57 | involucrosa,C.B.Cl. 45 | sp.n.1, T.Thoms.. 44
var. glabrata, involucrosa, A. Rich. 46} sp.n.2,T.Thoms.. 40
Rendle . 57 harooica, | Sp, Hook.f. . . 48
barbata, Rendle . 37 var. Barbare, Hua 47 | _ spectabilis, C.B. Cl.. 51
var. villosior, | kilimandscnarica, var. ramosa,
CUB oe aT | K. Schum. . 42 OBC. 51
beccariana, Martelli 46 | Kirkii, C.B.Cl. . 48 spheerosperma,
benghalensis, Z. . 41 Kotschyi, Hassk. 49 CEG, 58
var. hirsuta, C. B.C. 42 Kotschyi, K. Schum. 44) — striata, Hochst. . 38
var. longepetiolata, krebsiana, Kunth . 47 subaurantiaca,
Hasski 2... 41 var. villosior, Hochst. 2: 38
beniniensis, Beauv... 68 CBC se 47 subcucullata, CB. Cl. 53
boehmiana, K. Schum. 48 lagosensis, C. B CLs 57 subulata, C.B.CL. 40
boissieriana, C.B.Cl. 44 latifolia, C.B.Cl. . 49 subulata, Roth . . 38
bracteosa, Hassk. . 55 latifolia, Hochst. 42, 43 var. heterantha,
bracteosa, K. Schum. 57 var. angustifolia, CBS | 39
Buchanani,C.B.Cl.. 47 Schweinf. 52 sulcata, Benth. . 56
canescens, Vahl . 41 latifolia, Rendle 50 trilobosperma, K.
capitata, Benth. . 54 latifolia, A. Rich. 50 Schum... » 39
Carsoni, C.B.Cl. 52 linearifolia, Kunth 38} umbellaia, Thonn. 55
Cecile, C.B.Cl.. . 51] Livingstoni, C.B.Cl. 59| umbrosa, Vahl . . 69
Chantransia,R.& 8. 85 longicapsa,C.B.Cl. . 55 uncata, C.B.Cl. 42
ceelestis, Willd. . 40 madagascarica, venusta, C.B.Cl. 58
communis, Baker 44 OBC. : 52 violacea, C.B.Cl. 39
communis, Walt. . 36 Mannii, C.B.Cl. . 48 vivipara, Ritchie 42
condensata, C.B.Cl. 43 var. Lyellii,C. B.Cl. 49 Vogelii, C.B.Cl. . 56)
congesta, C.B.Cl. . 48 mensensis, Schweinf. 56 Welwitschii, 0. B.Cl. 53
cordifolia, A. ‘Rich. 7.47 multicaulis, Hochst. 58 wernereana, Hassk. 36
crassicaulis, C.B.Cl. 41 neurophylla, C.B.Cl. 538 zambesiaca, C.B.Cl. 43
cucullata, L.. . 41 nigritana, Baker 40 Zenkeri, C.B.Cl. 59
cuneata, C.B.Cl. 51 nigritana, Benth. 55 | CoMMELINACE 25
demissa, (.B.C1. . 52 nudiflora, Linn. . 36 | Corypha
ebracteata, Khrenb. 75 var. wernereana, africana, Lour. . 119
echinosperma, K. Hassk. . 36] Courtoisia . 403
CORUM 6 54 nyasensis, C.B.Cl. . 40 assimilis, CB. cl. . 404
edulis, A. Rich. 46 | obscura, K. Schum. 60 cyperoides, Nees . 404
edulis, A. Rich.. . 49 opulens, C.B.Cl. . 58 var. africana,
Elliotii, ©. B, Ol. & ovato-oblonga, R.& S. 69 C.B.Cl. 404
Rendle. . 45 Petersii, Hassk. 50 olivacea, Boeck. 452
falcata, Hassk, . 44 procurrens, Schlecht. 41 | Corynophallus
firma, Rendle 56 | purpurea, C.B.Cl. . 40 Afeelii, Schott . . 148
sa, Welw.. 84 pyrrhoblepharis, var. spectabilis,
frecunda, Hochst. . 80 Hassk.. . « 60 Mast. . . 148
Forskailii, Hochst.. 49| radiciflora,R. Br.. 42 var. elegans, Mast. 148
Forskalexi, Vahl, 44 rhizocarpa, Afz. . 42 var. latifolia,
Gambiz, C.B.Cl. 38 rufociliata, C.B.Cl.. 54 Mast. . . « 148
Gerrardi, C.B.Cl. 58 Sabatieri, C.B.Cl. . 37 angolensis, O. Kze. - 156
grossa, C.B.Cl. . 60 sagittifolia, Hassk.. 50 consimilis, O. Kze.. 154
guineensis, Hua. . 55 saltiana, Steud. . 60 Fontanesii,O. Kze.. 159
heterantha, Welw. . 39 sambesiaca, K. gratus, O. Kze. 152
Heudelotii, C.B.Cl,. 43 Schum. . é 44 leonensis, Engl. . « 48
hirsuta, R. Br. . 42 scandens, Welw. . 37 var, elegans, Engl. 148
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
: Page
Corynophallus (con-
_ tinued)
var. latifolia, Engl. 148
var. spectabilis,
Engl. . 148
maximus, O. Kze. . 158
mossambicensis, O.
Kze. os 6s 150
Crepidocarpus.
cubensis, Klotzsch . 452
Cucifera.
thebaica, Del. . 120
Culcasia . celts
angolensis, Welw. . 178
var. angustifolia,
Eng]. . 178
barombensis,
DG BR eat
Dinklagei, Hngl. . 177
falcifolia, Hngl. . . 175
gracilis, N.H.Br. . 179
insulana, V.E.Br. . 175
lanceolata, Hngl. . 176
lancifolia, N.H#.Br, . 175
Mannii, Hngl. . . 178
obliquifolia, Hngl. . 177
parviflora, N.A.Br.. 176
scandens, Beauv. . 174
striolata, Hngl. . . 179
tenuifolia, Hngl. . 176
Cyanastrum
cordifolium, Oliv. . 1
Cyanopogon. . . . 83
ep aechweint, 4. 36 SU
| Cyanotis . . oe
abyssinica, Hook. f. 83
abyssinica, A. Rich. 79
augusta, Gb. Ol... 19
barbata, Schweinf. 79, 80
cespitosa, Kotschy
& Peyr. ce
cephalotes, Fenzl . 84
djurensis, C.B.Cl. . 82
Dybowskii, Hua . 84
flexuosa, C..B.Cl... 84
feecunda, Hassk. . 80
hirsuta, Baker . . 56
hirsuta, Fisch. &
Mey sa 78
var. glabra, K
Schum. . 79
lanata, Benth. . . 80
var. Schwein-
Surthit, C.B.Cl. 81
sublanata,
CBC. 2) 7 80
longifolia, Benth. . 81
var. ccespitosa,
C.B.CL -: 81, 82
Cyanotis (continued)
Mannii, 0.B.Cl. . 83
montana, K. Schum, 80
nodiflora, Kunth . 82
var. madagas-
carica, C.B.Cl. 84
parasitica, Hochst.. 79
pauciflora, A. Rich. 81
polyrrhiza, Hassk.. 82
Schweinfurthit,
Hassk, s2 2 =... 80)
somaliensis, C.B.Cl. 83
Cymodocea . 228
equorea, Konig. . 229
equorea, Kunth 229
australis, Zrimen . 229
ciliata, Hhrenb.. . 229
isoétifolia, Aschers. 229
nodosa, Aschers. 229
rotundata, Aschers.
& Schweinf. . . 230
serrulata, Aschers. &
Magnus . 229
CYPERACE® . 266
Cyperus: 3... - 310
abyssinicus, Hochst. 290
var. monocephala,
Boeck. -e-
actinostachys, Rid-
ley. ee a4
acutiflorus, Steud. . 325
Adansoni, C.B.Cl. , 335
adoensis, Hochst. . 367
adoensis, Hook. f. . 359
equalis, Vahl . . 339
var. 8, Boeck.. . 340
290
Athiops, Welw... 298
Afzelii, Boeck. . . 301
var. capillifolia,
Boeck. 301, 331
Ajax, C.B.Cl. . . 348
albiceps, Ridl. . 286
albomarginatus, K.
Schum. . . 388
albomarginatus,
tends: 0-4, , GUD
alopecuroides, Presl 371
var. dives, Boeck. 372
alopecuroides, Rottb. 307
alpestris, K. Schum. 401
alternifolius, Linn. . 337
amabilis, Vahl . . 327
var. macer, Dur.
& Sch 5. 2 3528
var. macra, C.B.C1.328
amauropus, Steud. . 385
amblyleptos, Steud. . 358
ambongensis, Boeck. 320
amnicola, Kunth . 318
Cyperus (continued)
amomodorus, K.
Schum.) 6 6
andongensis, Rendle
andongensis, Ridl.
Andschoa, A. Rich,
angolensis, Boeck. .
angulatus, Nees.
apricus, Hidl.
arcuatus, Boeck.
argenteus, Ridl. .
argyreus, Steud.
aristatus, Fottb. .
aristatus, T. Thoms,
articulatus, Zinn.
assimilis, Steud.
aterrimus, Boeck. .
aterrimus, Steud. .
atractocarpus,
Aes ic ee
atronervatus, Boeck.
atronitens, Hochst.
atrosanguineus,
Hochst: 3:
atroviridis, C.B.Cl.
Aucherii, Jaub. &
Spach 5
aurantiacus, H.B.
& K ee
aureobruneus,
OSB Clos.
aureorufus, Boeck. .
aureus, H. B. & K.
auricomus, Sieb.
auricomus, Sieb.
var. minor,
OLB Ol:
var. subalatus,
Asch. & Schw.
badius, Desf. .
Baikiei, C.B.Cl.
barbatus, Poir. .
Baroni, C.B.Cl. .
Barteri, Boeck. .
betschuanus, Boeck.
biceps, Vahl
bidentatus, Vahl
biglumis, C.B.Cl.
blysmoides, Hochst.
blepharoleptos,
Steuds 2.3 «
Boehmii, Boeck.
brunneo-ater, Boeck.
Buchholzii, Boeck. .
Buettneri, Boeck. .
bulamensis, Steud. .
bulbiferus, Dietr.
bulbocaulis, Boeck. .
bulbosus, Vahl .
534
e
Cyperus (continued)
var. spicatus,
| Cyperus (continued)
- Boeck. . . 354
var., Steud. . . 385)
Cadamosti, Bolle . 375 |
callistus, Ridl. . 355
cancellatus, Ridl. . 327 |
canescens, Vahl. . 397 |
capillifolius, A. Rich. 301
capitatus, Retz.. . 329
caracasanus, Boeck. 398
cephalostachyus,
Steud... 327
chlorostachys, Boeck. 306
chrysostachys, Boeck. 346
cimicinus, Presl. . 303
cireumclusus,
Schweinf... . . 387
clandestinus, Hochst. 461
clarkeanus, K.
Schum. . . 342, 384
clavinux, C.B.Cl. . 319
coloratus, Vahl . . 381
Colymbetes, Kotschy
& Peyr. vs B17
commutatus, Steud. 295
compactus, Lam. 319
var. flavissimus,
C.B.Cl. . 320
var. tenerior,
CBCle 0 255320
complanatus, Steud.
compressus, Linn. .
congensis, C.B.Cl. .
conglomeratus, T.
Anders. ‘
conglomeratus, Rottb, 524
var. Aucheri,
C.B.Cl. .
var. effusus, Boiss.
var. major, Boeck.
consocius, Steud.
corymbosus, Lottb. .
crassipes, Vahl. . 327
cruentus, Boeck. 380
cruentus, Rottb.. . 325
var. excisus,
C.B.Cl. . 325
cuanzensis, Ridl. 301
curvulus, Boeck.
. 325, 326
cuspidatus,H.B. & K. 329
cylindrostachys,
Boeck. . . 389, 392
deciduus, Boeck. 394
Deckenii, Boeck. 342
densifolius, Nees . 295
densus, R. Br. . . 826
denudatus, Boeck. . 336
Page
denudatus, Linn. f. 338
var. delicatulus,
C.B.C1. . . 338
denudatus,T. Thoms. 338
depauperatus, Steud. 375
deremensis, K.
Schum. . . 345
derreilema, Steud. . 343
dichromeneformis,
var. major, Boeck. 340
dichroostachyus,
Hochst. . . 331
difformis, Linn.. . 330
diffusus, Vahl . 343
digitatus, Roxb. . . 372
dilatatus, Sch. d:
Thonn. . . 375
dilutus, Vahl . 402
diphyllus, Retz.. . 358
Jissolutus, Boeck. . 349
distans, Linn. f. . 349
var. -kilimandscha-
rica, K. Schum. 359
var. niger, C.B.Cl. 350
distichophyllus,
Steud. . . 295
diurensis, Boeck. . 382
dives, Del. . 371
djurensis, K. Schum. 382
dubius, Boeck. 381, 384
forma macrocep-
hala, Boeck. . 381
dubius, Kottb. . . 380
durus, Kunth . 397
eburneus, Thonn. . 321
effusus, Rotth. . 3825
elatior, Boeck. . . 361
elatus, Pres] . . 349
elegans, Ridl. . 841
elegans, Sw. . . 343
elegantulus, Steud. . 302
eleusinoides, Kunth 350
eleusinoides, Ridl. . 350
elongatus, Lej. . . 358
elongatus, Steud. . 297
Eragrostis, Krauss 291
Eragrostis, Kunth. 294
Eragrostis, A. Rich. 295
Eragrostis,Schweint. 303
esculentus, Desf.. . 365
esculentus, Zinn. . 355
esculentus, Ridl. . 305
escuientus, Sieb. . 358
eurystachys, Ridl. . 398
exaltatus, Retz.. . 370
var. dives, C.B Cl. 370
excisus, Boeck. . . 325
Jalcatus, Boeck.. . 325
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page
Cyperus (continued)
fenzelianus, Steud. . 368
Senzelianus, Steud. . 360
Jerax, L.C. Rich. . 403
Jerrugineus, Poir. . 299
tertilis, Boeck. . 341
fischerianus, Schimp. 342
fissus, Steud., . . 368
Jistulosus, Ehrenb. . 357
flabelliformis, Rottb. 336
flagellatus, Hochst.. 337
Jlavescens, Linn. . 290
var. abyssinica,
C.B.Cl. . . . 300
flavescens, A. Rich. . 294
flavescens, T. Thoms. 301
flavidus, Retz... . 333
Hlavissimus, Schrad. 320
flavus, Henrig. . . 395
Jlavus, Ridl. . . 393
flexifolius. Boeck. . 373
fluminalis, Rid]. . 300
foliosus, K.Schum. 399
Frerei, C.B.Cl. . . 327
Fresenii, Steud... 331
fucatus, Boeck.. . 397
falgens, C.B.Cl.. . 355
Julvus, Ridl. . ? 303
galegensis, C.B.Cl. . ne
Ginge, Welw. . - ¢
glaucophyllus, Boeck. 344
glaucoviridis, Boeck. 396
globosus, All. 298, 300
globosus, Boeck. 297, 299
var. nilagirica,
C.BOL . «= 604
gondanus, Boeck. . 382
gracilinux, C.B.Cl. 362
grandibulbosus,
OBO ae 353
grandis, C.B.Cl. . 372
Grantii, Boeck. . - 334
hamulosus, M. Bieb. 348
Haspan, Linn. . - es
Haspan, Rottb.. .
Alepeencicien: C.B.Cl. 331
hemispheericus,
Boeck.» ss wl
Hensii, Dur. & Sch. 334
heterophyllus, Boeck. 326
Heudelotii, C.B.Cl. 364
hexastachyos, Rottb. 365
Hildebrandtit,
Boeck. . . .,- 401
Hildebrandtii, K.
Schum.. . . + 299
Hochstetteri, Krauss 305
holostigma,
Schweinf. . . 318
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
: Page
Cyperus (continued)
huillensis, Ridl.. . 336
var. aphyllus,
Rigi: 336
hyalinus, Vahl 296
hyleus, Ridl. . . 345
ibeensis, K. Schum. 369
immensus, (.B.Cl.. 371
var. Taylori,
CBC. 5 BY:
impubes, Steud.. . 395
ingratus, Hook. tf. . 341
intactus, Vahl . . 297
intermedius, Steud. 291
var. tenuis, Boeck. 292
involutus, R. Br. . 326
Tria, Linn. . 346
ischnocormis, Steud. 303
isocladus, Kunth . 339
Jacquini, Fenzl. . 350
Jardini, Steud.. . 327
jeminicus, Retz. . . 353
jeminicus, Rottb. . 324
junciformis, Desf. . 309
Kerstenii, Boeck. . 392
Kirkii, C.B.Cl. . . 318
kleinianus, Hochst. 404
kotschyanus, Fenzl 351
kyllingieeoides, Vahl 380
letus, Ridl. . 397
kevigatus, Linn, . 309
lamarckianus,
Hochst. . . 368
Laneeola, Ridl.. . 341
lanceolatus, Poir.
291, 300
lanceolatus, Ridl. . 291
lanceus, Thunb.. . 303
var. angustifolius,
Ridl. .
var. Grantii,
C.B.Cl. . . 304
var. macrostachya,
Kunth
lanceus, T. Thoms. . 304
Jatifolius, Poir. . . 351
latifolius, idl. .7s0L
laxiusculus, Steud.. 295
lacus, R.Br... - 353
lepidus, Hochst. . 328
leptocladus, Boeck. . 341
tocladus, Oliv. . 342
leptophyllus, Hochst. 385
leptophyllus,
Schweinf. . . 389
var., Boeck. . 854
leptostachys, Nees . 333
leucocephalus, Retz. 323
ligularis, Linn. . . 396
Cyperus (continued)
Page
locuples, C.B.Cl. . 362
longus, Boeck. . 365
var. adoensis,
Boeck. . 367
var. maculatus,
Boeck. . 363
var. pallescens,
CBO: ene
longus, Hochst. . . 358
var. elongata,
C.B.Cl. . 395
longus, Linn. . 366
var. tenuiflorus,
Boeck. . 366
longus, Linn. . 358
lucentinigricans, K.
Schutio. 2 2 «339
lucidulus, C.B.Cl.
360, 361
lucidus, Klein . 356
macer, K. Schum. . 392
macranthus, Boeck. 293
macreilema, Jardin . 397
macrocarpus, Boeck. 393
macropus, Boeck. . 383
maculatus, Boeck. . 363
maderaspatanus,
Willd s.. = £00
Manime, H.B. & K. 352
Mannii, C.B.Cl.. . 341
Mannii, K. Schum. 344
mapanioides, C.B.Cl. 340
maranguensis, JA.
Schum. . :
var. ferrugineo-
viridis, C.B.Cl. . 359
margaritaceus, Vahl 321
var. pseudonivea,
359
COBOL 255322
marginatas, Thunb. 339
marginellus, Nees . 352
maritimus, Poir. . 326
var. crassipes,
CO BiClx.5..<.826
melanocephalus,
Re Bre scl 43s 802
melanopus, Boeck. . 303
melanorrhizus, Del. 356
michelianus, Del. . 308
microbolbos, C.B. Cl. 354
microcarpus, Boeck. 333
microlepis, Boeck. . 330
microstachyos, Vahl 328
minimus, K. Schum. 302
miquelianus, Zarb . 376
mollipes, K. Schum. 387
monostachyos, Linn. 424
monroviensis, Boeck. 334 |
age
Cyperus (continued)
mossambicensis,
Klotzsch 5 eye!
mucronatus, Rottb. 309
Muelleri, Boeck. . 376
Mundtii, Kunth =. 294
Myrmecias, Ridl. . 392
natalensis, Hochst. . 362
var. longibracteata,
BIC cas 2 863
natalensis, Hort. . 397
naumannianus,
Boeck. . f 305
Neesti, Kunth . . 372
neuerensis, O.B.Cl.. 367
nevrotropis. Steud, . 294
nigricans, Stend. . 292
nilagiricus, Hochst. 299
niloticus, Forsk.. . 357
nitens, Retz. . « 295
nitidus, Boeck. . . 304
niveoides, (.B.Cl. . 319
niveus, Retz. ole,
var. polyphyllus,
OOCK, 7-520
nosstbeensis, K.
Schumii.2:...- «oul
nubicus, C.B.Cl. . 360
nudicaulis, Poir. . 316
nudiculmis, Sieb. . 358
nuerensis, Boeck. . 367
nutans, Vahl. 7350
obtusiflorus, Vahl . 320
var. flavissimus,
Boecks ai.4:. 67320
VaT.; idl 2.4 bee
ochreoides, Steud. . 368
ochrocarpus, K
Schum. . . 345
ochrocephalus,
CB.Ch. 28 , o22
ochrocephalus,
O:5.Cl. . . 321
odoratus, Linn. 297, 403
olfersianus, Kunth . 300
olivaceus, Fenzl. . 368
ornithopodioides,
Del. 2 313
ornithopioides, Zarb 370
ovularis, Boeck.
389, 390
pallescens, Boiss. . 368
pallidus, Willd... 397
paniceus, Bueck. . 393
Papyrus, Linn. . . 374
var. Antiquorum,
OBC: . 374
patens, Vahl . 299
patuliflorus, Boeck. 205
536 INDEX OF GENERA
Page
Cyperus (continued)
pauper, A. Rich. . 292
pectinatus, Vahl. 316
pelophilus, Ridl.. . 298
pennatus, Lam.. . 397
petersianus, Boeck. . 337
Pethericki, C.B.Cl. . 371
pheeorhizus, K,
Schum... . 331
pha ymatodes, Mahl. . 356
phumatodes,
Schweinf... . . 358
pilosulus, K. Schum. 384
pilosus, Vahl. . . 351
podocarpus, Boeck, . 333
pecilus, C.B.Cl.. . 323
polystachyos, R Br. 296
var. fe-ruginea,
CBG ee 8299
var. ferrugineus,
Tieck, 45 299
var. micans,
Ris Oh gc 290
polystachyos, Rottb. 297
pratensis, Boeck. . 352
var. laxa, C.B.Cl. 352
var. radiata,
ape 1 5) Sa ers GY
procerus,
var. lasiorrhachis,
Fook fo. 634 B52
prolifer, Lam. . . 339
proteinolepis, Boeck.
324, 365
proteinolepis, Steud. 325
protractus, Del... . 297
protractus, R. & 8. . 330
proximus, Stend. . 337
pseudoflavus, K.
Bebuiy. os BOD
pseudoniveus, Boeck. 322
pseudostrigosus,
Steud. : . 403
pubescens, ‘Stend. . 439
pulvinatus,T.Thoms. 333
pumilus, Linn... 295
pumilus, Nees . . 296
pungens,. Boeck. . 324
var. elatus, Boeck. 324
var. multiculmis,
Boeck, . .. 835
purpureus, Boeck. . 335
pustulatus, Ridl. . 347
pustulatus, Vahl. 307
pycnocephalus,Steud. 300
pygmeus, Rottb. . 308
quadriflorus, Boeck. 395
racemosus, Boeck.
370, 373
Page
Cyperus (continued)
radiatus, Vahl . . 369
rarissimus, Steud. . 432
recurvus, Vahl . . 376
reduncus, Boeck. . 329
rehmannianus, Boeck.291
.Renschii, Boeck. . 345
resinosus, Hochst. . 346
retusus, Stend. . . 305
rhaphiostachys,
IBOCCK a. fig ONS
rhaphiostachys,
Kunth . . 403
Richardi, Steud. . 287
rigidifolius, Steud. . 367
rigidus, Vahl . . 326
Rohlfsii, Boeck... 395
rotundus, Benth. . 363
rotundus, Boeck. . 368
rotundus, Hochst. . 366
rotundus, Kunth . 353
var., Benth. . . 356
rotundus, Zinn... . 364
var. laxata,
CEB. Oa 365
var. platystachys,
CB. Cl. ==. 500
var. spadiceus,
Boéck... «4 366
rubescens, Schrad. . 396
rubicundus, Kunth. 317
Rudioi, Boeck. . 365
rupestris, Kunth ie BIT
sabulicolus, Ridl. . 334
sambesiensis, K.
Schum... . 342
sanguinolentus, Vahl 294
Schimperi,K.Schum. 283
schimperianus, Sleud. 358
Schinzii, Boeck. . 335
schweinfurthianus,
Boeck. - . 61
var. levicaulis,
C.B.Cl.. . . 361
scirpoides, K. Br.
331, 356
scirpoides, Spreng. . 380
scirpoides, Vahl. . 327
semidives, Steud.
307, 370
semitrifidus, Schrad.
335, 353
Serra, A. Rich... 317
seslerioides, Ridl. . 323
setaceus, Retz. . . 409
sexangularis, Fenzl 337
sexangularis, Nees . 338
sieberianus, K.
Schum, . . 389, 392
AND SPECIES.
Page
Cyperus (continued)
var. polyphylia,
C.B.Cl. . 389, 393
smithianus, Ridl. . 301
socialis, C’. B. Ol. = 351
somaliensis, C.B.Cl. 324
Sonderi, J. A.
Schmidt... +4. 207
Sorostachys, Boeck. 323
Soyauati, Boeck. . 394
sp., Benth. . . . 287
sp.n. 15, T. Thoms, 334
sphacelatus, Rid). . 360
sphacelatus, Rottb,. 346
var. tennior,
CBCL. a ae
spherocephalus, Vahl 320
spherospermus,
Schrad. Bae
var. triqueter,
CBC. ae
spicatocapitatus,
Jardii.: ee
spissiflorus, K.
Schum... 3 >. 80"
squamulatus, Steud. 349
squarrosus, Kotschy 295
squarrosus, Linn.
348, 400
squarrosus, T.
Thoms... . . >. $29
steudelianus, Boeck.
389, 390, 393 '
stipens, Forst. . . 397
stoloniferus,
var. 8, Boeck.
var. pallidus,
Boeck. . . . 365
Stuhlmanni, C. B. Cl. 354
Stuhlmannii, K.
Schum, =... ~ 354
stuppeus, Forst., . 397
subalatus, Boeck. . 373
subaphyllus, Boeck. 309
subcapitatus, C. B. Cl. 297
submonostachyus,
Stead. . . . . 809
sulcinux, C.B.Cl. . 298
sylvestris, Ridl. . . 344
sylvicola, Ridi. . . 345
syriacus, Parl. . . 374
tanyphyllus, Ridl. . 391
Taylori, C.B.Cl., . 367
tegetum, C.B.Cl.. . 358
tegetum, Roxb. . . 358
tenax, Boeck, . . 334
Teneriffe, Poir. . . 317
tenuiculmis, Boeck.
360, 361, 362
. 363
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page
Cyperus (continued)
tenuiflorus, Balf. f. . 368
teretifolius, A. Rich. 309
terminalis, Steud. . 295
tetragonus, Elliott . 391
tetraphyllus, Beauv. 297
tetrastachyos, Dest.. 365
thyrsiflorus, Boeck. 396
tomaiophyllus, K.
Schum. . . 892
tremulus Poir. . 306
triflorus, Linn. , . 424
triqueter, Boeck. . 328
truncatulus, Steud.. 295
truncatus, A. Rich. 358
tuberosus, Rottb. . 368
forma tenuiflora,
Roxb. . 369
turfosus, Krauss. 295
umbellatus,C.B.Cl. . 390
umbellatus, Henriq. 398
umbellatus, Oliv. . 392
umbilensis, Boeck. . 397
uncinatus, Poir.. . 328
usitatus, Boeck. . 385
usitatus, Burch.. . 353
vaginatissimus,
K. Schum. . 5 ott}
vartegatus, Boeck.
383, 387
var. alrosanguineus,
Boeck. . 386
venustus, Nees . 372
venustus, Pres . 373
vestitus, Hochst. . 385
viridis, Schweinf. . 384
Volkensii, K. Schum.
366, 368
Wiestii, Steud. . . 373
awanthocomus, Link . 373
xanthopus, Steud, . 351
zambesiensis, C..B.Cl.
345
zambesiensis, C.B.Cl. 342
zanzibarensis, C. 23. Cl.323
Zollingeri, Steud. . 360
var. parva, C.B.Cl. 361
‘Cyrtosperma . 197
Afzeiti, Engl. . 198
congoensis, L. Lind. 163
senegalensis, Hngl.. 198
Deemonorops
melanochetes, Mart. 109
niger, Blume . 109
Denhamia
scandens, Schott . 174
Dianella
triandra, Afz. . . 32
Page
Dichostylis .
aristata, Palla . 848
cuspidata, Palla. . 329
nitens, Palla . . 295
patens, Palla . . 295
pygmea, Nees . 308
Dichrolepis .
pusilla, Welw. . 249
Dichromena
candida, Rid. . 481
micrantha, Kunth . 481
Diplacrum i es OLO
africanum, C.B.Cl. . 510
caricinum, T. Thoms. 510
iongifolium, C.B. Cl. 511
pygmeum, Boeck. . 510
Diplanthera
tridentata, Steinh. . 229
Dipseudochorion
sagittifulizm, Buchen.
- 210
Dissecocarpus
Kotschyi, Hassk. 49
Dithyrocarpus
glomeratus, Kunth. 87
sp., T. Thoms. 86
Dracena
hirsuta, Thunb. . 32
triandra, Schultes . 32
Dupatya
Wahlbergii, O. Kze, 263
Echinodorus. . . . 211
enneander, A.Br. . 213
humilis, Buchen. 211
Schinzii, Buchen. . 212
Echinolytrum
413
dipsaceum, Desv. .
Fichornia. . . . . 4
natans, Solms . . 4
lds oo st
guineensis, Jacq. 125
var. macrosperma,
Welw. . 125
var. microsperma,
Welw. « « 125
Eleocharis ote £04
acutangula, Schult. 406
anceps, C..B.Cl.. . 410
atropurpurea, Kunth 407
capitata, R.Br... 407
var., Benth. . . 407
chetaria, 2. d& S. . 408
complanata, C.B.Cl. 409
fistuiosa, Link . . 406
fluitans, Hook. . 449
Hildebrandtii,
CRO... |
Kirkii, C.B.Cl . . 410 |
537
Eleocharis (continued)
limosa, A. Rich. . 410
marginulata, Steud. 410
media, Schult. . 406
microcarpa, Tori. . 410
mnitrata,
var. africana,
C..B.Cl. . . 406
monandra, Hechst. 407
mutata, R.Br. . 407
naumanniana, Boeck. 411
palustris, 2.Br.. . 408
plantaginea, R.Br. 405
setacea, R.Br. 408, 409
striata, Hochst.. . 410
Trilophus, C..B.Cl. . 409
Eremospatha . . . 111
cuspidata, Wendl. . 112
Hookeri, Wendl. . 112
macrocarpa, Wendl. 113
ERIOCAULEX . . 230
Kriocaulon . 231
abyssinicum, Hochst, 257
afzelianum, Wikstr. 250
amboense, Schinz . 258
andongense, Welw. . 247
Autunesii, Lngl. &
Ruhl. . 242
bitistulosum, Van
Heurck . . . 239
bongense, Engl. &
Ruhl Se es ZED
ciliisepalum, Fendle 256
decipiens, V..Br.. 245
Dregei, Hochst... 245
elegantulum, Hngl.. 254
JAluitans, Baker . . 240
fulvum, V.2.Br. . 248
giganteum, Afz.. . 261
gilgianum, Ruhl. . 257
guineense, Steud. . 261
Hanningtouii,
N.E.Br. -. . . 258
Heudelotii, N.L.Br. 258
huillense, Engl. &
Ruhl so. 200
infaustum, V./.Br. 253
lacteum, Rendle. . 245
latifolium, Sm. . . 243
limosum, Engl. &
Rubl.. 240
longipetalum, Rendle 236
Mannii, V.L£.6r. . 241
melanocephalum,
Kunth . . 240
mesanthemoides,
Rubhl. . 244
minimum, Rubl.. . 258
mutatum, V.#.Br.. 256
5388
Eriocaulon (continued)
plumale, V.Z. Br.. 251
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page Page : : Page
Fimbristylis . . 411 | Fimbristylis (continued)
abortiva, Steud,. . 441 laniceps, K. Schum. 434
estivalis, Boeck. . 414 lanifera, K.Schum. 442
prescottianum, Bong,262
pulchellum, Koern. . 237
pumilum, 4/2. 237
quinquangulare,
Tnnn. ss . . 259
radicans, Benth. . 261
Richard’, Koern.
rivulare,G. Don . 243
Schimperi, Aoern. . 243
schimperianum,
Koern.. . . . 244
Schlechteri, Ruhl. . 255
Schweinfurthii,
Engl. & Rubl. 240
senegalense, NV. #.Br. 251
setaceum, Lim. . . 240
sexangulare, Mart.. 259
sexangulare,A. Rich. 258
sieboldianum, Sieb.
& Zuce. 259
sonderianum, Koern. 245
sonderianum,Rendle 245
spadiceum, Lam. . 448
stoloniterum, Welw.. 241
Stuhlmanni, V.H.Br. 259
submersum, Tate . 241
submersum, Welw.. 240
subulatum, N.H.Br. 255
Teusczii, Engl. &
Bulle = 249
Thunbergii, Wikstr. 239
trilobum, Ham.. . 254
Volkensii, Hngl. . 238
Welwitschii, Rendle 249
var. pygmeum,
Rendle . . 249
Woodii, N.E.Br. . 242
xeranthemoides,
Van Heurck . . 237
zambesiense, Ruhl . 252
Eriospora. . . . . 511
abyssinica, A. Rich, 512
var. castanea,
OBO oe B18
Oliveri, C.B.Cl.. . 513
pilosa, Benth. . 512
var. longipes,
C.B.Cl. . . 512
echweinfurthiana,
OBO) kc ix B18
villosula, C.B.Cl. . 513
virgata, K.Schum. . 513
Wiemis . s,s 80
clandestina, Boeck. . 461
filiformis, Schrad. . 460
gracilis, Schrad. . 461
africana, Dur.d> Sch. 424
andongensis, Ridl. . 443
var. glabra, Ridl. 443
aphyllanthoides, Rid).437
atrosanguinea, Volk. 435
autumnalis, Boeck. . 423
laxa, Vahl . 415
lioniana, Steud. . 420
longiculmis, Steud.. 417
macra, Ridl.. . . 444
melanocephala, Ridl. 444
miliacea, Vahl. . 421
barbata, Benth. . . 431
barbata, Ridl. . 438
Barteri, Boeck. . . 422
Burchellii, Fic. &
Hiern’ 22. 440
capillacea, Steud. . 438
capillaris, K.Schum. 438
cardiocarpa, Ridl. . 434
castanea,
var. thonningiana,
Boeck. . 416
cinerea, Ridl. . 445
cinnamomea, K.
Schum. . . 432
cioniana, P. Savi . 420
coleotricha, Hochst. 442
collina, Ridl. . . 433
communis, Kunth . 415
communis, Ridl. . 416
complanata, Link . 422
debilis, Steud. . 415
dichotoma, Vahl . 414
diphylla, Vahl . . 415
dipsacea, Benth. . 413
exilis, Dur &
Schinz . 424
exilis, R. & S. . 418
var. levinux,
C.B.Cl. . . 419
var. oligostachya,
C.B.Cl... . .. 419
falcifolia, Boeck. . 425
ferruginea, Vahl . 417
var. graminea,
Rendle . 417
filamentosa, K.
Schum. . . . 433
filiformis, Thonn. . 470
flexuosa, Ridl. . 441
fuscatu, Steud. . . 415
glomerata, Boeck. . 423
Hensii, C.B.Cl.. . 419
Hildebrandtii, Rid-
WY es pe BIS
hispidula, Boeck. . 440
var. cioniana,
Boeck. . . . 420
hispidula, Kunth . 418
huillensis, Ridl.. . 440
kunthiana, Ridl. . 435
minima, Hochst. . 426
monostachya,Hassk. 424
mucronata, Boeck. . 422
muricata, Walp. . 420
muricatula, Steud. . 420
muriculata, Benth.. 420
nigritana, C..B.Cl. . 418
obtusifolia, Kunth . 423
oligostachya, K.
Schum... . . . 426
oligostachys, Hochst. 423
oritrephes, Ridl. . 445
orytrephes, K.
Schum. . . . 445
oxylepis, Steud. . . 420
parva, Ridl . . 443
pilosa, K. Schum.
416, 425
pilosa, Vahl . . 416
polymorpha, Boeck. 415
polytrichoides, 2. Br. 413
purpureo-ater, Engl. 424
pusilla, C.B.Cl. . . 440
quaternella, Ridl. . 443
quinquangularis
Kunth . . eee
rigidula, Ridl. . 423
rivularis, Steud. . 418
sambesiaca, K.
Schum. . . . . 430
sansibarensis, Boeck. 417
scabrida, Schumach. 422
schimperiana, Boeck. 436
scheenoides, K.
Schum... . . - 435
schweinfurthiana,
Boeck. . + - 420
var, angustior,
C.B.Cl.. . . 421
setifolia, A. rag ai . 426
spherocarpa, K.
y an ; 431
splendida, C.B.Cl. . 527
squamulosa, Hochst. 415
squarrosa, A. Rich.
squarrosa, Vahl. .
subaphylla, Boeck. . 421
subumbellata, K. :
Schum.. . . «+ 436
Tuylori, K. Schum. 439
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
ao re Peta
Fimbristylis (continued)
tenera, R.d S.. . 420
var. obtusata,
C.B.Cl. . . 420
var. oxylepis,
C.B.Cl. . . 420
tertia, Steud. . 415
thonningiana, Boeck. 426
tomentocarpa,
Hochst, . . 417
triflora, K. Schum. . 424
tristachya, Thw. . 424
vestita, Steud. . 418
FLAGELLARiEZ . 90
Flagellaria oe ac QU
guineensis, Schumach. 90
indica, T. Thoms. . 91
Floscopa. . . + - 84
alricana, UC, B. Cl. 85
var. majuscula,
C.B.CL. . 85
aquatica, Hua 87
axillaris, C. B.C. 87
Elliottii, C. B.Cl. =
7
flavida, C. B.C. .
glomerata, Hassk. . 86
Manrii, C.B.Cl.. . 86
pauciflora, C.B.Cl.. 88
rivularis, C.B. Cl. 86
Schweinturthii,
COBOL...) 87
tuberculata, C.B.Cl. 87
Forrestia. . - - - 77
africana, K. Schum. 77
tenuis, Benth. 77
Fuirena . . . . . 461
abnormalis, C..B.Cl. 462
Buchanani, Boeck . 464
calolepis, K. Schum. 467
canescens, Steud. . 467
canescens, Vahl. . 466
chlorocarpa, Fidl. . 465
ciliaris, Roxb. . . 466
var. angolensis,
Schinz 466
ciliata, Steud. 466
cinerascens, Ridl. . 467
glomerata, Boeck. . 466
glomerata, Lam. 465
var. angolensis,
C.B.Cl. . 465
Hildebrandtii,
Boeck. « . «+. - 466
leptostachya, Oliv. 466
var. nudiflora, K.
Schum. . . . 466
macrostachya, Boeck. 464
nana, A. Rich. . . 468
ochreata, Nees . . 466
539
i Page Page
Fuirena (continued) Heteranthera (continued)
pachyrrhiza, idley 464 kotschyana, Fenzl. 3
paniculata, Linn. f. 467 Potamogeton, Solms 3
pentagona, sp., Rendle... 2
Schumach.. . . 467 | Heterostigma
pubescens, Kunth . 463 heudelotianum,Gaud. 131
var. Buchanani, Hoslundia
C.B.Cl.. . . 464 opposita, Vahl . . 527
pygmea, Ridl. . . 464 | Hydrosme
var. Menyharthi, angolensis, Welw. . 156
O.B.Cl. . . 464 Baumannii, Eng). . 153
schweinfurthiana, consimilis, Engl. . 154
Boeck. . . . 466 | dracontioides, Engl. 149
op; Oli. os. ov «ABA Eichleri, Eng\. . . 154
sp. n. 3, T. Thoms. 466 Fischeri, Engl. . . 158
stricta, Steud. . 465 Fontanesii, Schott . 151
umbellata, Rotth, . 466 gallaensis, Engl. . 155
Welwitschii, Zidl. . 463 Goetzei, Engl. . 151
. grata, Engl... . 151
Gillettia leonensis, Engl.. . 148
sepalosa, Rendle . 75 var. latifolia, Dur.
Gonatopus . . . . 196 & Sch. . 148
angustus, V.A.Br. 197 var. spectabilis,
Boivinii, Hook.f. . 196 Dar. & Sch. . 148
leopoldiana, Mast. . 157
Halodule maxima, Engl. . . 158
australis, Mig, 229 mossambicensis,
Wrightii, Aschers. . 225 Schote. 2 <2) 35100
Hansalia Preussii, Engl... 152
Fontanesii, Schott . 151 prieuriana, Schott . 154
grata, Schott 151) Schweinfurthii,
Hedwigia Eng)... + 160,100
africana, Medic. 45 sparsiflora, Engl. . 152
Heleocharis Staudtii, Engl... 154
anceps, Ridl.. 410| Teuszii, Engl. . . 149
atropurpurea, Koch 407 | _ Zenkeri, Engl. . . 159
capitata, Boeck... 408 | Hypalyptum
chetaria, Boeck. 409 albiceps, K. Schum, 471
complanata, Boeck. 409 argenteum, Vahl . 470
Jistulosa, Boeck.. . 406 jiliforme, Vabl . . 470
Hildebrandtii, nemorum, Beauv. . 487
Roenk..4 435)... 0 pulcherrimum, K.
marginulata, Boeck. 410 Schum.. . . 473
microcarpa, Boeck.. 410 | —senegalense, K.
palustris, Boeck. . 411 Schum.. . . . 470
palustris, Lindl... 408 sphacelatum, Vahl. 471
plantaginea, Boeck. 406 Hypelytrum
plantaginea, Ridl. . 406 nemorum, Dietr. . 487
schweinfurthiana, Hyphene. : , 118
Boeck.:. «+» - 410 Argun, Mart. . 124
Hemicarpha. . 446 aurantiaca, Dammer 122
Isolepis, Nees . 459 benguellensis, Welw. 125
Schraderi, Kunth . 459 compressa, Wendl. . 123
senegalensis, Steud, 459 coriacea, Gaertn. . 119
subsquarrosa, Nees 460 var. minor, Drude 119
Hemichlena crinita, Gertn. . . 121
bulbosa, Hochst. 354 | Goetzei, Dammer . 121
Heteranthera . . . 2j| guineensis, Sch. &
calletolia, Reichb. 2} Thonn. . sa2U
540
Page
Hyphene (continued)
macrosperma, Wendl. 123
natalensis,G. Kunze 121
petersiana, Klotzsch 121
thebaica, Mart.. . 120
turbinata, Wendl. . 123
veutricosa, Kirk . 122
Wendlandii, Dammer119
Hypolena . . . . 265
Mahoni, N.E.Br. . 265
Hypolytrum . . 486
africanum, Nees. . 488
aschersonianum,
Boeck. 2-4. yi. 490
buchholzianum,
Boeck. . . 487
capillare, Schrad. . 460
congense, C.B.Cl. . 487
heterophyllum, Boeck .487
lancifolium, C.B.Cl. 488
latifolium, Benth. . 487
longiscaposum,
C.B.CL. . . 489
macranthum, Boeck. 491
nemorum, Henriq. . 488
nemorum, Spreng. . 487
scaberrimum, Boeck. 490
senegalense, C. B.Cl. 488
senegalense, Pers. . 470
Soyauxii, Boeck. . 490
sp., Benth. & Hk. f. 488
Hypoporum
hirtellum, Nees . . 498
pergracile, Nees. 495
Isolepis
articulata, Nees . 453
Ascolepis, A. Rich. . 474
barbata, R. Br... 431
Beckeleri, Oliv... 381
capillaris, F. Muell. 438
collina, Steud. . 432
consocialis, Steud. . 418
corymbosa, R.& S.. 455
costata, A. Rich. . 451
dichroa, Steud. . . 407
dieca, Kunth . 451
dipsacea, R. & S. . 413
echinocephala, Oliv. 452
elachista, Schult. . 413
Jestucoides, Steud. . 430
Jilamentosa, R. & S. 433
Jluitans, R. Br... 449
Suscescens, Steud. . 449
gracillima, Hochst. . 441
grandispica, Steud. 456
humillima, Hochst... 430
Hystrix, Schrad. . 459
inclinata, Del. . 455
INDEX OF
Page
Isolepis (continued)
kyllingioides,A. Rich. 457
lupulina, Nees . . 454
micheliana, Benth. . 308
micrantha, R. & S.. 460
nervosus, Hochst. . 449
numidiana, R. & 8. 450
obtusifolia, Beauv. . 423
pentasticha, Boeck. . 452
Perrottetii, Steud. . 418
polycolea, Steud. . 452
polyphylla, A. Rich. 458
prelongata, Kunth . 453
proxima, Steud. . 452
ptycholeptos, Steud. 450
pubiculmis, Hochst. 418
riparia, R. Br. . . 450
saviana, Schult... . 450
schimperiana,
Hochst. . 436
schweinfurthiana,
Oliv. . 441
senegalensis, Hochst. 453
setacea, R. Br. 450
var. abyssinica,
Boeck. . . 451
setifolia, A. Rich. . 407
Siebert, Schrad. . 439
simillima, Steud. . 452
sp., Oliv. .
squarrosa, R. & S.. 458
subtristachya,
Hochst. . 431
supina, R. Br. 452
trifida, Nees . 438
uninodis, Del. 453
Willdenowiti, Steud.
JUNCACEH . . . . QI
Juncellus.
alopecuroides,
CEB Olt 307
levigatus, C.B.Cl. .
var. junciformis,
CBC. .
minutus, C.B.Cl. .
pustulatus, C.B.Cl. . 2
pygmeus, C.B.Cl. .
PONCUS 2085. ote es 92
articulatus, Desf. . 94
Bachiti, Hochst.. . 94
bufonins, Zinn... . 95
capitatus, Weig... 95
communis
var. effusus, E. Mey. 92
effusus, Linn. . . 92
Fontanesii, J. Gay. 94
Kraussii, Hochst. . 93
lomatophyllus, Spreny.94
GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page
Juncus (continued)
maritimus. Lam. . 93
oxycarpus, 1. Mey. 93
punctorius, Linn. f. 93
pyramidatus, Laharpe 94
quartinianus, A. Rich. 94
Schimperi, Hochst.. 93
Killingia
umbellata, P. Beauv. 390
Kyllings . ., 3.4.5 aoe
alata, Nees - . 272
alba, Nees 271
var, alata, CB.Cl. 272
alba, Steud. . 271
alba, T. Thoms. . 275
albiceps, [?endle . 286
ambigua, Steud. . 458
aphylla, Kunth . . 278
appendiculata, K.
Schum... . . 283
aromatica, Rid]. 275, 276
atrosanguinea, Steud.284
aurata, Hochst.. . 280
aurata, Nees. . 274
aurea, T. Thoms. . 287
blepharinota, Hochst .271
bracheilema, Steud. 279
brevifolia, Boeck.
277, 282
brevifolia, C.B.Cl. . 279
brevifolia, Rotth. . 273
Buchanani, C.B.Cl. 285
bulbocaulis, Boeck. 285
bulbosa, Beauv. . . 280
bulbosa, Steud. . . 386
ceespitosa, Nees. . 282
cespitosa, Ridl.
“i 271, 280, 283
var. angustifolia,
Ridl. . . 279
capitata, Beauv. . 278
cartilaginea, K.
Schum. . . 272
chlorotropis, Engl. . 280
chlorotropis, Steud. 279
chrysantha, K.
Schum.. .« 284
consanguinea, Kunth 274
controversa, Steud. . 270
var. subexalata,
CBO. <5. 3B
crassipes, Boeck. . 275
cristata, Afz. . 270
cristata, Kunth . . 272
cylindrica, Henriq.. 282
saivadricd, Nees . 282
var. appendiculata,
CBO . . . 3
var. major, C..B.Cl. 283
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
: Page
Kyllinga (continued)
cylindrica, Oliv. . 283
dipsacoides, Sch. &
honn. . . 270
dorsocrenata, Nees. 271
echinophora, K.
Schum. . ONE
elata, Boeck. . . 276
elata, Steud. . . 276
elatior, C.B.Cl. . . 276
elatior, Kunth . 275
erecta, Sch.d&: Thonn. 274
eriocauloides, Steud. 474
exigua, Boeck. . . 286
eximia, C.B.Cl. . . 287
var. Kelleri,
OBO. <3 4 288
Filicula, C.B.Cl. . 526
flava, C.B. Cl. . 281
geminiflora, Steud. . 280
globosa, Beauv. . . 278
gracilis, Afz. . . 282
leucantha, Boeck. . 287
leucocephala, Boeck. 287
macrantha, Boeck. . 276
macrocephala, C.B.Cl.
287
var. angustior,
C.B:Cl.. . . 286
macrocephala, Hook. f.
283
macrocephala, A.
Rich: < . ... 280
macrocephala, T.
Thoms. . ee 2a
melanosperma, Nees 277
microcephala, Steud. 457
microstyla, C.B.Cl.. 281
monocephala, Benth.
274, 283
monocephala, Hockst.
271
monocephala, Nees. 282
monocephala, Rotth. 272
monocephala, Zarv . 270
naumanniana, Boeck.
282
var. Bennii, Boeck.
* 282
var. tenuis, Boeck. 282
nervosa, nce ae ae
ni 8,0.B.Cl. .
ei sea C.B.Cl. . 272
oblonga, C.B.Cl. . 284
obtusata, Presl . . 277
odorata
var. gracilis, Boeck.
282, 283
parvula, Rendle. . 279
Page
Kyllinga (continued)
pauciflora, Ridley . 273
peruviana, Lam. . 278
planiceps, C.B.Cl. .. 276
polyphylla, Benth.
274, 282
polyphylia, Kunth.. 276
Lah oh he Willd. . 276
pulchella, Kunth . 284
pumila, Mich. . . 281
pumila, Steud. . . 280
pungens, Link . 277
rigidula, Steud.. . 282
ruwenzoriensis,
OBiOln 6 4288
Schimperi, Hochst. . 280
senegalensis, C.B. Cl. 276
Sojauxii, Boeck. . 274
sp.n.1, T. Thoms. 285
sphzrocephala,
Boeck... 6.» Bit
var. brunnescens,
C.B.Cl. . . 277
var. glandulosa,
OBC... 215
squamata, Vahl. . 270
270
squamulata, Vahl .
27C
squamulosa, Kunth
tenuifolia, Steud. . 282
teres, C.B.Cl. . 276
triceps, Afz. . . 283
triceps, Engl. . 282
triceps, Lam. . 471
triceps, /ottb. . 280
var. ciliata, Boeck.
271, 281
var. longispicuta,
Ridley .
var. obtusifolia,
Boeck.. .
var. pumila,
Boeck. . . . 281
triceps, Schweinf. . 271
wmbellata, Rottb. . 390
vaginata, Lam.. . 278
viridula, Hochst. . 282
Welwitschii, Ridl, . 281
283
Laccosperma
opacum, J. Br. & K.
Schum... . . . 115
Lamprodithyros
adherens, Hassk. . 65
e@quinoctialis,Hassk, 65
beniniensis, Hassk.. 68
dregeanus, Hassk.. 70
Ehrenbergii, Hassk. 75
gracilis, Kotschy &
Poy i soe. 11
d41
Page
Lamprodithyros(continued)
hirtus, Hassk. 74
Petersit, Hassk. . 71
rivularis, Hassk. . 86
Russegeri, Fenzl . 75
tacazzeanus, Hassk. 66
Lasiomorpha
Afzelii, Schott . . 198
senegalensis, Schott 198
Lemna gee Z01
sequinoctialis, Welw. 203
angolensis, Welw. . 203
arrhiza, Linn. . 205
gibba, Linn. . . 201
hyalina, Vel . . 204
minor, Hegelm.. . 202
minor, Linn. . . 202
ovata, A. Br. . 202
paucicostata, Hegelm.
202
polyrhiza, Linn. . 201
polyrrhiza, Sowerb. 201
Lemnacez . . . . 200
Limnophyton . . 209
obtusifolium, Mig. . 209
Lipocarpha . . . . 468
albiceps, Zid. . 471
argentea, 2. Br. . 469
atra, Ridl. . 472
atropurpurea, Boeck.
473
Barteri, C.B.Cl. , 472
tiliformis, Kunth . 470
microcephala, R. Br. 459
multibracteata,
C.B.Cl.... 34 £12
prieuriana, Steud. . 471
pulcherrima, Ridl. . 473
urpureolutea,
F Rial. e aye ATL
Rautanenii, Boeck. 459
schweinfurthiana,
Boeck. . . . . 471
sphacelata, Kunth . 470
var, Barteri,
C.B.Cl. . . 471
tenera, Boeck. . 473
triceps, Nees. . . 470
Lophiocarpus . 210
guyanensis, Mich. . 211
Lophotocarpus . . . 210
guyanensis, Dur. &
Sch... 210
Tosola 3 5. 8D
abyssinica, Parl. . 96
campestris,
var. Mannii,
Buchen.. . . %6
Jobnstoni, Buchen.. 96
542 INDEX OF GENERA AND
Page
Luzula (continued)
macrotricha, Steud.
spicata, :
var. simensis,
Hochst.. . . 96
Volkensii, Buchen.. 96
LIyprolepis
denudata, Steud. . 278
Malacochete
littoralis, Nees . . 457
pterolepis, Nees. . 457
Mapania. . . . 489
africana, Boeck.. . 490
amplivaginata, K.
Schum... 492
Deistelii, K. Schum. 492
capes sae K.
Schum... . 492
ferruginea, Ridl. * 490
var. purpuriceps,
CBO 491
var. subcomposita,
OBC =, 491
Mannii, C.B.Cl. . 491
oblonga, C.B.Cl. . 491
var. elliptica,
OLB Cl. AG?
scaberrima, C..B.Cl. 490
secaus, K. Schum. . 492
subcomposita,
CB.Cl. .. . 490
superba, C. B. Cl. . 491
Mariscus. . . 877
albescens, Guud. . 397
albomarginatus,
CB.Cl.. 387
albopilosus, C.B.Cl. 394
alpestris, C.B.Cl. . 401
alternifolius, Vahl . 390
aphyllus, Vahl . . 278
atrosanguineus,
Hochst... . 386
aximensis, C.B. Cl. . 898
biglumis, Gertn. . 389
bulbocaulis, Hochst. 386
var. atrosanguinea,
-B.Cl. . . . 886
forma, A. Rich. . 387
, Steud.. . 386
circumclusus, CB. CL. 387
coloratus, Nees . . 381
var. macroce-
phala, C.B.Cl. . 381
concinnus, C.B.Cl.. 386
cupreus, Hochst. » 395
cylindristachyus,
Steud. . 390
dactyliformis, C.B.Cl. 400
Page
Mariscus (continued)
deciduus, C.B.Cl. . 394
diurensis, C.B.Cl. . 881
var. gondana,
CB Cla 382
dregeanus, Kunth . 380
var. incrassatus,
OBiCG ee -o3 381
durus, C.B.Cl. . . 397
eurystachys, C.B.Cl. 398
ferax,C.B.Cl. . . 403
firmipes, C.B.Cl. . 382
flabelliformis, AZ, B.
Che. sO
flavus,
var. humilis,
CLB.Cl.... ..... 893
foliosissimus, Steud. 402
foliosus, (.B.Cl. . 399
globifer, C.B.Cl. . 387
Gregorii, C.B.Cl. . 401
hemisphericus,
CoB CL =... 400
Hochstetteri, Walp. 386
inflatus, C.B.Cl. . 384
Kerstenii, C.B.Cl. . 392
Kraussii, Hochst. . 380
kyllingic formis,
Boeck. . 380
leptophy]lus, C.B.Cl. 385
luridus, C.B.Cl.. . 399
macer, "Kunth pn 2092
macrocarpns, Kunth 393
macropus, C.B.Cl. . 383
maritimus,C.B. Cl. . 382
microcephalus, Presl 402
mollipes, C.B.Cl. . 387
Myrmecias,C.B.Cl.. 391
nossibeensis, Steud. 391
oblonginux, C.B.Cl. 526
Phillipsie, C.B.Cl. . 391
pilluliferus, G. Bert. 480
pilosulus, C.B.Ci. . 384
plateilema, Steud. . 386
var. atro,anguinea,
Stend. . . . 386
plateilema, Steud. . 383
polyphyllus, Steud. . 393
procerus, A. Rich. . 395
pseudoflavus, C. B.Cl. 392
pseudopilosns, Dur.
De Wild. . . 402
psilostachys, C.B.Cl. 384
remotus, C.B.Ql. . 382
Richardi, Stend. . 395
Roblfsii, C.B.Cl. . 394
rufus, H.B. dé K. . 396
var. spicatocapi-
tatus, C.B.Cl.. 396
SPECIES.
Page
Mariscus (continued)
Schimperi, Hochst. . 383
var. compactior,
Hochst. . . * 387
sieberianus, Nees . 388
var. evolutior,
C.B.Cl. . 389
var. polyphy yllus,
C.B.Cl. 393
var. subcomposita,
O.B:Cl . —. +889
somaliensis, C.B.Cl 383
Soyauxii, .B.Cl. . 393
sp. n. 2, T. Thoms.. 400
squarrosus, C.B.Cl. 400
sublimis, ates af 390
tanyphylius, ¢.8.Cl.
yphy ai
Taylori,C.B.Cl. . 384
thomensis, C.B.Cl. . 395
tomaiophylius, C.B.CL.
392
trinervis, C.B.Cl. . 399
umbellatus, Oliv. . 393
umbellatus, Vahl . 390
umbellatus, Vahl . 388
umbilensis, C.B.Cl. 396
vestitus, C.B.Cl.. . 385
viridis, Hochst.. . 384
viridis, Schweinf. . 380
Maschalocephalus . . 89
Dinklagei, Gilg &
K. Schum. . . 89
MayacEza ... . 525
Mayaca . . et Oo)
Baunii, Gurke . . 525
Medemia. . , 133
abiadensis, Wendl. . 124
Argun, P. G@. von
Wartt 124, 526
Mesanthemum. . 260
rescottianum Koern.
. : 261
radicans, Koern. . 260
Metroxylon
Ruffia, Spreng. . - 105
vinijerum, Spreng. 3
Monochoria .
106
5
africana, NV. E.Br.. 5
natans, 'T. Thoms.. 5
sp., T. Thoms. aca
vaginalis, Kirk . 3
vaginalis Presl . 6
var. africana,
Solms. 5
NAIADACEH .. . 215
Naias. . es Bee
affinis, Rendle fay 210
australis, Bory . . 228
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page
Naias (continued)
graminea, Del. . . 226
horrida, Al. Br. . . 228
interrupta, K.Schum.
228
madagascariensis,
Rendle . . 228
marina,
var. muricata,
Al Br. . 226
minor, All. 22
pectinata, Magnus . 228
Sch weinfurthii,
Magnus . 227
Welwitschii, Rendle 227
Nemum
spadiceum, Desv. . 448
Nephthytis . . . 169
Afzelii, Schott = algal
constricta, NV.H.Br. 170
liberica, N.E.Br. . 171
picturata, N.E.Br. . 172
Poissoni, N.H#.Br. . 171
Oligogynium . 170
constrictum, Engl. . 170
Gravenreuthit, Engl. 171
libericum, Engl.. . 171
Poissoni, Engl. . . 171
Oacocalamus. . 110
acanthocnemis,
Drude . ~ bbl
Mannii, Wendl. . 111
Ophryoscleria
racemosa, Nees. . 508
Oreograstis
Emini, K. Schum. . 483
Ouvirandra
Heudelotii, Kunth . 217
Hildebrandtii, Hort.
Berol. . . . . 218
Pachymitra
. candida, Nees . . 481
Peepalanthus. . 262
pulvinatus, V.2.Br. 263
Wahlbergii, Koern. 263
Welwitschii, Rendle 262
Palisota . 27
ambigua, C.B.Cl. . 31
Barteri, Hook. f. . 29
bicolor, Mast. . . 32
bracteosa, C.B.Cl. . 28
congolana, Hua . 32
hirsuta, K.Schum, 32
laxiflora, C.B.Cl. . 30
Maclaudii, Cornu . 32
Mannii, C. B. Cl. 20
micrantha, K, ‘Schum. 31
Page
Palisota (continued)
ombrophila, K.Schum.29
plagiocarpa, Hua . 32
preussiana, A. Schum. 30
prionostachys, C. B.Cl. 32
prionostachys, Cum-
MINS = 26s. | 32
Sch weinfurthii,
O.B.Cl.. 29
Schweinfurthii,
CBC... 30
Tholloni, Hna 31
thyrsiflora, Benth. . 31
Palma
conifera, C. Baub. . 106
vimfera Theveti, C.
Bauh. 106
PALM# . 97
PANDANEX 127
Pandanus 127
barterianus, Rendle 133
Candelabrum, Beawv. 132
Candelabrum, Hcok. 131
Goetzei, Warb.. . 130
Hahnii, Warb. . . 130
Heddei, Warb. . . 129
heudelotianus, Balf. f.
131
kamerunensis, Warb. 132
Kirkii, Rendle . 129 |
leonensis, Hort. Lodd.
133 |
livingstonianus,
Rendle . 2 1B UI
Petersii, Warb.. . 131
platycarpus, Warb. 129
rabaiensis, Rendle . 130
sessilis, Boj. . . 133
Stuhlmannii, Warb. 130
Teuszii, Warb. . . 133
thomensis, Henrig. . 129
Welwitschii, Rendle 131
Papyrus
Antiquorum, Link . 374
Antiquorum, Willd. 374
mossambicensis, Parl. 375
Sicula, Parl. . . 374
venustus, Nees. . 472
Pentasticha . . . 461
madagascariensis
Turcez. . 465
Philodendron
sp., Hook. 198
Phenix. . ..- . - 102
abyssinica, Drude . 102
dactylifera, Eng}. . 103
dactylifera, Linn 102
leonensis, Lodd 103
reclinata, Jacq. . . 103
Phenix (continued)
senegalensis, Van
Houtte . Oe
spinosa, Schum. &
Thonn. .
Phucagrostis
ciliata, Ehrenb. &
Hempr.
Pistia . Sooke
cethiopica, Fenzl
africana, Pres] .
Leprieuri, Bl.
natalensis, Garcke .
natalensis, Klotzsch
Stratiotes, Zinn.
Platylepis
brasiliensis, Kunth.
capensis, Kunth.
Podococcus . . . .
Barteri, Mann &
Wendl. .
Pollia . TE
condensata, C.B.Cl..
Mannii, C.B.Cl. .
Polygala
axillaris, Poir. .
Polyspatha . . . .
paniculata, Benth. .
Pontederia
natans, Beauv. .
| PoNTEDERIACEZ:
Posidonia
serrulata, Spreng. .
Potamogeton . .
acutifolius, Link
alpinum, Balb. .
americanus, Cham. .
var. Lichardi,
Solms-Laub.
coloratum, Hornem..
crispnm, Linn. .
densum, Linn.
filiforme, Pers. .
fluitans, Roth
foliosus,
var. californicus,
Morong .
Friesti, Rupr.
helodes, Dum.
Hillii, Morong
huillensis, Welw.
javanicus, Hassk. .
javanicus, Hassk. .
Livingstonei, A,
Benn, Ss
longifolium, Gay
lucens, Linn.. .
var. fluitans, Coss.
& Germ.
544
_ Page
Potamogeton (con-
tinued)
macrophyllus, Wolfg. 221
marinum, Linn.. . 223
natans, Linn. . 224
natans, A. Rich. . 220
var. jfluitans,
Cham. . . . 219
parvifolia, Buchen. 221
pectinatum, Linn. . 223
perfoliatum, Linn. . 224
plantagineus, Du
Croz. . - 222
Preussii, A. Benn, . 222
pusillum, Linn.. . 222
Richardi, Solms-
Laub. . . . 219
Robbinsii, Oakes | 224
Schweinfurthii, A.
Benn. . 220
tenuicaulis, F. Muell. 221
trichoides, Cham. . 224
Zizi, Roth . 224
Premna
longipes, Baker . . 527
Pseudohydrosme . 161
Buetineri, Dur. &
Sch... - 160
Biittneri, Encl... 160
gabonensis, Dur, &
Sch... . 161
gabunensis, Engl. . 161
Psilocarya
candida, Nees . . 481
Teneriffe Torr.. . 481
Pteroscleria
longifolia, Griseb. . 511
Pycreus . . . 288
Zthiops, C.B.Cl. 297
albomarginatus, Nees 305
angulatus, Nees. . 305
atronervatus, C.B. Cl. 294.
betschuanus, C.B.Cl. 304
capillaris,
var. ee bale
C.B.Cl.. . . 299
capillifolius, C.B.Cl. 300
chorisanthos,C. B.C. 526
cuanzensis, C.B.Cl.. 301
debilissimus, C.B.Cl. 291
elegantulus, ‘C.B Cl. 302
ferrugineus, C.B.Cl. 298
flavescens, Reichb. . 290
var. abyssinica,
C.B.Cl. . . . 290
flavescens, Reichb. . 300
globosus,
var. nilagirica, .
C.B.Cl.. . . 299
Pycreus (continued)
Hildebrandtii,C. B.Cl.299 |
intermedius, C.B.Cl. 290 |
levigatus, Nees. . 309 |
lanceolatus, C.B.Cl. 291 |
macranthus, C.B.Cl. 293
var. angustifolius,
C_B.C1. . 293
melas, C.B. Cl. e302
minimus, C.B.Cl. . 302
monocephalus
C.B.Cl. . . 300
mucronatus, Nees . 309
Mundtii, Nees . . 294
nigricans, C.B.Cl. . 292
nitens, Nees. . . 295
nyasensis, C.B.Cl, . 304
olfersianus, Nees . 300
pauper, C.B.Cl.. . 291
pelophilus, C.B.Cl. . 298
polystachyus, Beauv. 296
var. laxiflora,
Benth. . 2.297
Propinquus, Nees . 300
pumilus, Nees . 296
pygmeus, Nees. . 308
rehmannianus,
C.B.Cl. . 291
sanguinolentus, Nees 293
.smithianus, C.B.Cl. 301
spissiflorus, C.B.Cl. 304
subtrigonus, C.B.Cl. 292
sulcinux, C.B.Cl. . 298
tremulus, C.B.Cl. . 306
umbrosus, Nees. . 303
var. Grantii,
C.B.Cl. . . 304
Pythonium
Hookeri, Kunth . 163
RapaTEace# . , , 88
Raphia : . 104
angolensis, Rendle | 107
Gertneri, Mann &
Wendl.. . 105
Hookeri, Mann &
Wendl. 107
longiflora, Mann &
Wendl. . - 106
maxima, Pechuel-
Loesche . 107
Monbuttorum, Drude 105
pedunculata, P.
Beauv... . - 105
Ruffia, Mart. . . 104
textilis, Welw. . . 105
vinifera, P. Beauv. . 106
vinifera, Drude. . 106
Welwitschit, Wendl. 105
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page Page
| Raphidophora . . 199
africana, N.H. Br. . 200
pusilla, ‘N.E.Br. 199
Rautanenia . - . 212
Schinzii, Buchen. | 212
Remirea . . 485
maritima, ‘Aubl. . . 486
pedunculata, R. Br. 486
ResTiace® . . . . 264
Rhektophyllum. . . 172
mirabile, N.H#.Br, . 172
Rhynchospora . . 478
Arechavalate, Boeck. 480
aurea, R.Br. . . 480
bulbocaulis, Boeck. . 387
candida, Boeck.. . 481
cyperoides, Mart. . 400
glauca, R. & 8... 482
Henkei, Presl . . 479
laxa, R.Br. . *. . 482
micrantha, R. & §.. 481
polycephala, Kunth. 480
sparganioides, Boj. . 480
spheerocephala,
Boeck. . 480
surinamensis, Nees. 480
wallichiana, Kunth. 479
Richardia. 167
angustiloba, Schott . 169
elliotiana, W. Wats. 167
hastata, Eng). 169
hastata, Hook.f. . 168
Lutwychei, N.E.Br. 168
macrocarpa, W.Wats.169
melanoleuca,
var. tropicalis,
NEBr. . 68
Pentlandii, ee: 169
Ruppia... . 224
acaulis,Gay . . . 224
maritima, Rendle . 224
var. spiralis,
Ne ; 224
rostellata, Koch . . 224
spiralis, Dum. 224
Rynchospora. . . 478
adscendens, O.B. Cl. 481
aurea, Vahl . . . 480
Barteri, C.B.Cl.. . 482
candida, C.B.Cl. . 481
cyperoides, Britton 479
erinacea, O.B.Cl. . 479
glauca, Vahl. . . 482
micrantha, Vahl . 481
ochrocephala, Boeck.
321, 322
senegalensis, Steud. 482
trigyna, Hochst. . 512
wallichiana, C.B. Cl. 478
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page
Sagittaria
cordifolia, Roxb. . 211
guayanensis, H. B.
& K.. . 211
nympheifolia, Hochst.
210, 211
obtusifolia, Linn. . 210
Sagus
Sarinifera, Gertn. . 105
Palma-pinus,
Gertn. . . . . 106
pedunculata, Lam. . 105
Ruffia, Jacq. . . 105
Sauromatam. . . . 141
abyssinicum, Engl. . 142
abyssinicum, Schott 160
angolense, NV.£.Br. 142
ferox, Linden . 163
nubicum, Schott . 141
Schelandia
gabonensis, Cornu . 1
Schcenoplectus . . 460
senegalensis, Palla . 460
Scheenus . cece 480
circinalis, Schrad. . 485
coloratus, Linn. 273, 381
var. 8, Linn, . - 380
cyperoides, Sw. . - 480
ervnaceus, Ridl.. . 479
erraticus, Hook. f. . 435
Mariscus, Linn. . 485
memorum, Vahl. . 487
nigricans, Linn. . 484
miveus, Murr. . . 380
pilosus, Willd. , . 425
Scirpps . . . . - 446
egyptiacus, Decsne. 457
Gaimentia. C.B.Cl. 448
annuus, All.. . . 415
antarcticus, Thunb. 431
articulatus, Zinn. . 453
atropurpureus, Retz. 407
atrosanguineus,
Boeck. . . . 435
barbatus, Boeck. . 439
barbatus, Rottb. . 431
beckelerianus,
Schweinf. . . 432
brachyceras, Hochst. 455
buettnerianus, Boeck. 446
capillaris, Linn. . 438
capillifolius, Boeck. 440
capitatus, Linn.. . 408
cernuus, Vahl . 450
chetarius, Spreng. . 409
ciliaris, Linn. 466
cinnamomeus, Boeck. 432
coleotrichus, Boeck. 442
collinus, Boeck. . . 432
VOL. VIII.
Page
Scirpus (continued)
var. beckelerianus,
Schweinf. . 432
complanatus, Retz. . 423
corymbosus, Forsk. 456
corymbosus, Linn. . 480
corymbosus, Hoth . 455
costatus, Boeck.. . 451
cubensis, Poepp. &
Endl. . . . . 451
cyperoides, Linn. . 388
var. cylindrostachys,
C.B.Cl. . . 388
dichotomus, Linn. . 415
diecus, Boeck. . . 451
diphyllus, Retz.. . 415
dipsaceus, Rottb. . 413
ferrugineus, Linn. . 417
festucoides, Poir. . 430
jllamentosus, Vahl . 433
filiformis, Poir. . . 470
Jimbrisetus, Del. _. 457
jimbristyloides, K.
Schum. . . 436
Jistulosus, Forsk. . 453
fistulosus, Poir. . . 406
fluitans, Linn. . 449
glomeratus, Retz. . 423
gracillimus, Boeck. 441
granulato-hirtellus,
Boeck.. . . . 418
Hildebrandtii, Boeck.
418
hispidulus, Vahl . 418
Hochstetteri, Boeck. 440
Hystrix, Thunb. . 459
Isolepis, Boeck.. . 459
hamerunensis, K.
Schum. . . . 435
kyllingioides, Boeck. 457
lacustris, Linn. . . 454
leteflorens, C.B.Cl. 456
laniferus, Boeck. . 442
lateralis, Forsk. . 453
leucocoleus, K.Schum.
461
lithospermus, Linn. 502
littoralis, Schrad. . 456
Lugardi, C.B.Cl. . 458
maritimus, Linn. . 455
var. nobilis, Rendle
456
micranthus, Vahl . 459
miliaceus, Thunb. . 421
mucronatus, Linn. . 454
mucronatus, Roxb. . 453
pervesus, Boeck. . 449
obtusifolius, Lam. . 423
oligostachyus, Boeck. 426
545
Page
Scirpus (continued)
palustris, Linn.. . 408
pilosus, Poir. . . 416
plantaginoides, Rottb.
406
polycoleus, Notaris . 452
polytrichoides, Retz. 413
pterolepis, Kunth . 457
puberulus, Poir.. . 439
pubescens, Lam.. . 463
purpureo-ater, Boeck.424
quinquangularis,
Vahl... . 421
quinquefarius, Bocck, 454
ranosus, Boeck.. . 449
Rehmanni, Ridl. . 459
riparius, Pres] . . 457
schimperianus, Boeck.
436
Schinzii, Boeck. . 451
schenoides, Engl. . 435
schweinfurthianus,
Boeck.. . . . 441
senegalensis, Lam. 470
setaceus, Zinn. . . 450
setaceus, Linn. . . 450
spadiceus, Boeck. . . 448
var. ciliatus, Rid]. 449
sp.n.77, Rottb. . 421
spherocarpus, Boeck.431
squarrosulus, Steud. 456
squarrosus, Linn. . 458
squarrosus, Poir. . 414
Steudneri, Boeck. . 458
subulatus, Vahl. . 457
supinus, Linn. . 452
Var. uninodis,
. C.B.CI. . . 453
trialatus, Boeck.. . 345
trichobasis, Baker . 445
triqueter, Gren. &
Godr. . . «3. 457
verrucosulus, Steud. 450
verruculosus, Nees . 450
Zeyhert, Boeck.. . 437
Scleria . .. . . . 493
Acriulus, C.B.Cl. . 509
atrosanguinea, Steud. 500
Barteri, Boeck. . ~. 507
Bertolonii, Martens 506
Buchanani, Boeck. . 499
Buettneri, Boeck. . 509
bulbifera, A. Rich.. 500
bulbosa,
var. pallidiflora,
Ridk 7; 000
cespitosa, Ridl.. . 499
canaliculato-triquetra,
Boeck... . . + 505
2N
546
Page
498
500
Scleria (continued)
catophylla, C.B.Cl.
ra eT Hochst.
cervina, Ridl. . . 505
ciliolata, Boeck. . 508
clathrata, A. Rich. . 502
complanata, Boeck. . 504
coriacea, G. Bertol. 506
Dillonii, Boeck.. . 503
diurensis, Boeck. . 505
dregeana, Kunth . 499
dumicola, Ridl. . . 503
erythrorrhiza, ee 499
Flagellum, Benth. . 507
flecuosa, Boeck. . 496
foliosa, A. Rich. . 503
glabra, Boeck. . 497
glandiformis, Boeck. 503
globonux, C.B.Cl. . 504
glomerulata, Oliv. . 496
gracillima, Boeck. . 505
a ifolia, C.B.Cl. . 509
ildebrandtii, Boeck. 505
Hildebrandtii, K.
Schum. . . . 503
Hilsenbergii, Boeck. 495
hirtella, Boeck.. . 498
var., Boeck. . . 496
hirtella, Sw. . . 497
var. aterrima,
Ridl. . . . 498
hispidula, A. Rich. 497
var. hispidior,
C.B.Cl.. . . 497
hypoxis, Boeck. . . 504
interrupta, Schlecht. 497
Sunciformis, Ridl. . 501
lithosperma, Sw. . 502
macrantha, Boeck. . 506
mechowiana, Boeck. 498
melanomphala,
Kunth. . . . 506
melanotricha, A.
Rich. . . . . 495
var. Tie
C.B.Cl.. . . 496
at Seeeser Kunth . 498
multispiculata, Boeck. 501
multispiculosa,
C.B.Cl.. . . 502
naumanniana,
Boeck... . . . 507
nyasensis, C.B.Cl. . 504
orizoides, Boeck. . 506
oryzoides, Presl. . 505
ovuligera, Nees . . 507
palmifolia, Ridl. . 508
pergracilis, Kunth . 495
poroides, Ridl.. . 502
Scleria (continued)
pulchella, Ridley
puzzolanea, K.
Schum. .
pygmea, Nees .
racemosa, Benth. .
racemosa, Poir. .
var. depressa,
C.B C1.
reflexa, Benth. .
Rehmanni, C.B.Ci. .
remota, Rid.
schimperiana, Boeck.
var. hypoxis,
C.B.C1. .
schweinfurthiana,
Boeck. . “
setulosa, Boeck. .
spiceformis, Benth.
spinulosa, Boeck. .
tessellata, Boeck.
torreyana, Walp.
ustolata, Ridl. .
verrucosa, Willd.
Vogelii, C.B.Cl. .
Welwitschii,C.B.Cl.
Woodii, 0. B. Cl.
Sclerosperma :
Mannii, Wend. .
Sorostachys
kyllingioides, Steud,
oschesnus
Wallichit, Arm. &
Spi hae ean
ir
polyrrhiza, Schleid.
Stylochitn. . . .
angolensis, Hngl. .
Barteri, NV.Z.Br.
borumensis, V.EZ.Br.
gabonicus, NV. #. Br.
seins vile
ypogeum, Lepr. .
hypogeus, Engl. .
kerensis, V.#.Br. .
lancifolius, Kotschy
Peyr, . .
lobatus, V.2.Br.
maximus, Engl.. .
puberulus, V. E. Br.
salaamicus, V. E. Br.
similis, V.E.Br..
Zenkeri, Engl. . .
Teganocharis
alismoides, Hochst.
cordofana, Hochst.
lanceolata, Dur. &
Sear 2S.
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page
Telmophace
cylindracea, Welw. 206
gibba, Schleid. . . 202
Tetraria . . . . . 485
circinalis, C.B.Cl. . 485
usambarensis, K.
Schaum... . 485
Thalassia
ciliata, Konig . . 229
Torulinium . . 402
confertum, Ham. . 403
Serox, Kunth . 403
Tradescantia
glomerata, R.& S.. 86
Trichelostylis
obtusifolia, Nees . 423
pilosula, Nees . . 418
schimperiana,
Hochst. 418
sp., T. Thoms. . 418
Triglochin . . . . 215
Barrelieri, Loisl. . 216
bulbosum, Linn. . 215
striatum, Ruiz & Pav. 216
Trilepis
abyssinica, Boeck. . 512
Oliveri, Boeck. . . 513
pilosa, Boeck. . . 512
Tuckeya
Candelabrum, Gand. 132
a
triceps, Roxb. . 471
Typha . . ... - 184
equinoctialis, Welw. 137
ethiopica, Kronf. . 135
angustata, Bory &
Chaub. . :
< . 134
. ceethiopiea,
bs ee sae
var. leptocarpa
Robe 134
angustifolia, Hook. . 135
var. australis,
Rohrb. . . 135
angustifolia, Zinn. . 135
angustifolia, A.
Rich, . . 135, 136
australis, Sch. &
Thonn. . . 135
capensis, Rohrb. . 136
elephantina, Schimp. 136
var. Schimpert,
Graebn. . . 136 -
latifolia, Krauss 137
latifolia, Linn. . 136
macranthelia, Webb
& Berth. . 136
Schimperi, Rohrb, . 136
TYPHACEZ . - , 188
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
547
Page Page Pa
Typhonodorum. . . 166} Xyris (continued) sd Xyris (continued) eS
lindleyanum, Schott 166 var. medullosa, Welwitschii, Rendle 15
madagascariense, N.E.Br. 14 zombana, NV.E.Br.. 13
Eogl . . . « 106 var. nilagirensis,
Engl. 5 14 | Zamioculcas . . 195
Uncinia congensis, Bitt.. . 23 Boivini, Decsne. . 197
digyna, Hochst. 515 decipiens, N.E.Br.. 22 Loddigesii, Schott . 195
dispar, V.£.Br. 12 | Zannichellia . ag eyy!
Wisneria 5 ck ops! erubescens, Rendle. 21 palustris, Zinn.. . 225
Schweinfarthii, filiformis, N.E.Br.. 19 | Zantedeschia
Hook. f. ele: filiformis, Zam. . . 21 angustiloba, Engl. . 169
Wolffia : . . 203 foliolata, Nilss. . 10 hastata, Engl. . . 168
arrhiza, Wimm. 205 fugaciflora, Rendle. 18 Lutwychei, Dur. &
conguensis, Welw. . 205 Hildebrandtii, Sch...) 33,168
cylindracea, INGE ees 3 84 macrocarpa, Engl. . 169
Hegelm. . . « 205 huillensis, Rendle . 18} Zostera . . . . . 225
Delilii, Schleid.. . 204 humilis, Kunth . 17 ciliata, Forsk. 229
hyalina, Hegelm. . 204 var. minima, marina, Linn. 225
Micher ii, Schleid. . 205 Niles, . . . 25 minor, Nolte . 225
repanda, Hegelm. . 204 humpatensis,N.£.Br. 15 nana, Roth . . . 225
Welwitechii, laxifolia, Benth. . 22 pumila, Le Gall. . 225
Hegelm. . . 205 makuensis, N.Z.Br. 17 serrulata, Targ.-
minima, Steud. . . 25 Tonge... 6 220
Xyrmez# .... 6 multicaulis,N.£.Br. 20 uninervis, Forsk. . 229
Ri a I nitida, Nilss. . 24 | Zosterospermum
affinis, Welw. . 16 nitida, Willd. 13 gracile, Desv. 481
anceps, Lam. +. . 12 nivea, Welw.. . 14| Zyganthera . . . . 160
angularis, N.EZ.Br.. 22 obscura, NV.£.Br. 16 Buttneri, N.L.Br. . 160
angustifolia, De platycaulis, Poir. 13 | Zygomenes
Wild. & Dur. . 20 pumila, Rendle . 20 abyssinica, Hassk.. 79
anisophylla, Welw.. 18 reptans, Rendle . 14 cespitosa, Kotschy
aristata, V.H.Br. 11 rigidescens, Welw.. 11 & Peyr. . ..- 8
Barteri, V.Z.Br. 22 scabridula, Rendle . 15 parasitica, Hassk. . 79
batokana, N.E.Br.. 23 straminea, Nills. 19 pauciflora, Hassk.. 81
capensis, Thunb. 13 Umbilonis, Nilss. 25 polyrrhiza, Hassk.. 82
Page
96, 39
29
ERRATA.
6, headline, for Hichornia read Monochoria
», 50, line 7 from the bottom, for Héhnel. read H6hnel,
64, headline, for Aneilem read Aneilema
94, line 4, for Infloresence read Inflorescence
8 from the bottom, for Fl. read PI.
125, headline, for CXLIII. read CXLVII.
158, line 16, for Arace read Aracecee
en 161, lines 1, 6 and 8, for Pseudhydrosme read Pseudohydrosme
line 3, for Z. read P.
10, for PSEUDH YDROSME read PPEUDOH Y DROSME
5 from the bottom, for Oligogynum read Oligogynium
2? 29
> > 2?
35° AUS 55
197, 3. 8 45 99. 99 for Hook read Hook.
», 239, 5, 1, for Wickstr. read Wikstr.
», 245, ,, 4 from the bottom, for Hochst, read Hochst.,
15, for trigonous; glabrous read trigonous, glabrous
548
ERRATA.
Page 272, line 7, for Dinter read Dinter
275, ,, 8 from the bottom, for Heus read Hens
282, ,, 16, for nawnanianna read naumanniana
», bottom line, for hort read short
295, line 2, for A. read C.
300, ,, 1, for Scott-Elliott read Scott-Elliot
BY BY ey Z from the bottom, for Kyllingia read Kyllinga
329, ,, for Ghttas read Ghattas
BBBY S for Schweinfurth read Schweinfurth
Spa a ot "from the bottom, for Schinz. read Schenz,
341, ,, 32, for Conspect read Conspect.
348, ,, 4 from the vottom, for Append read Append.
356, ,, 24, for Cardosa read Cardoso
359, ,, 9, for Fi. read Pfi.
363, ,, 27, for zmaculatus read maculatus
367, ,, 10, for C. neuerensis— read —C. neuerensis,
387, ,, 14, for Schweinf read Schweinf.
410, ,, 31, for Antill read Autill.
416, ,, 38, for Isert read Isert
429, ,, 8 from the bottom, for 33 read 38
433, ,, 1, for 21 read 210
471, ,, 7, tor Luja read Luja
473, ,, 16, for Welw read Welw.
474, ,, 25, before A. brasiliensis insert 9
480, ,, 9, for Rendicosti read Rendiconti
494, ,, 4, for 15 read 16
510, ,, 25, for nute read minute
511, ,, 14 from the bottom, for botantist read botanist
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